Social Psychology

Secondary appraisals, 499 Separation anxiety, 385 Sign language, 314, 323 Social learning approach. See Social
Secondary reinforcers, 219 Serial killers, 509, 515, 535, 537, 552 Sildenafil (Viagra), 356 cognitive theory
Secondary schools, 17 Serotonin: Similarity rule of perception, 127
Secondary sexual characteristics, Simon, eodore, 285 Socially dependent personality, 533
and drug use, 180, 181, 183 Simplicity rule of perception, 127 Socially oriented groups, 596
339, 408 and gender differences, 84 Singer, Jerome, 361 Social needs, 332, 348
Secure attachment, 385 and mood disorders, 159, 533, 534 Single word stage of language, 314 Social neuroscience, 600
Seizures, 86 and personality disorders, 537 Situational cues, 602 Social norms approach to mental
Selective attention, 548, 565 and schizophrenia, 541 Situational (external) attributions,
Selective serotonin reuptake Sertraline (Zolo ), 525, 534, 537, 547 disorders, 511
“Sesame Street,” 326 585 Social phobias, 363, 510, 518, 522, 525
inhibitors (SSRIs), 491, 517, 534 Set point, 336, 352, 366 Size constancy, 128 Social psychology, 581–609
Self-actualization, 333, 442, 443, 446 Seuss, Dr., 310 Skewed distribution, 610–611
Sex chromosome, 338 Skin, 108, 360 aggression, 601–605
See also Self theory Sex differences. See Gender attitudes, 588–591
Self-actualizing tendency, 443, 444 differences galvanic skin response, 370, 371, attributions, 585–587, 604
Self-analysis, 459 Sex hormones, 339, 408 483 conformity, 581, 592–594
Self-blame, 549 Sexism: defined, 18
Self-concept, 444 and attitudes, 591 See also Touch group dynamics, 581, 596–598
Self-defeating personality disorder, and attributions, 585, 586 Skin color, 294 person perception, 582–584
and brain gender differences, 84 Skinner, B. F., 8, 13, 214, 220, 221, prosocial behavior, 595, 597
516 and developmental psychology, social neuroscience, 600
Self-efficacy, 460 223 student activities, 599, 606–609
Self-esteem, 349, 353, 416, 549 378 Skinner box, 215, 220 Social Readjustment Rating Scale,
Self-fulfilling prophecies, 30, 37, 40, and gender roles, 418 SLANT approach, 351 490
and motivation, 457 Sleep: Social role theory of gender, 395, 396,
135 and person perception, 583 399, 418
Self-handicapping, 349 in psychology field, 14 and biological clocks, 150, 151, Social skills, 549, 605
Self-help programs, 568 and schemas, 584 156, 157 Social support, 497
Self-identity (personal identity), 416 and stereotypes, 583 Social workers, 557
Self-management skills, 8 See also Gender roles and brain structure, 73 Sociocognitive theory of hypnosis,
Self-monitoring, 574 Sex roles. See Gender roles causes of, 157 171
Self-mutilation, 536 Sexual abuse, 250, 251, 265, 400. See and continuum of consciousness, Socioeconomic status, 288, 298–299,
Self-perception theory, 589 also Child abuse/neglect 307, 351
Self-reinforcement, 21 Sexual aggression, 603, 605. See also 149 Sodium amytal (truth serum), 250,
Self-report questionnaires, 369, 474, Sexual abuse deprivation of, 157, 332 251, 544
Sexual behavior, 338–346 and menopause, 425 Sodium pump, 53
475 adolescence, 409, 608 need for, 156–157 Soma (cell body), 50, 382
Self schemas, 584 and aging, 425 problems with, 55, 73, 162–163, Somatic nervous system, 72
Self-serving bias, 586 and AIDS, 345 Somatization disorder, 520
Self-statements, 502 biological factors, 338, 339, 341, 332, 568, 575 Somatoform disorders, 514, 520
Self theory (self-actualization rapid eye movement, 147, 153, 154 Somatosensory cortex, 77, 108, 112,
343 sleep-wake cycle, 150–151, 155 173
theory), 444–445, 472 drug treatments, 31, 356 stages of, 152–154 Sonata, 162
Selye, Hans, 487 gender differences, 339, 342 See also Dreams Sound waves, 100–101, 104, 115
Semantic memory, 246, 248 genetic factors, 338–339, 341, 343 Sleep apnea, 163 Source misattribution, 275
Semantics, 312 and marriage, 423 Sleep deprivation, 157, 332 Source of message, 590
Semicircular canals, 105 and memory, 273 Sleeping pills, 162 Source traits, 462
Sensate focus, 344 and personality, 433 Sleep-wake cycle, 150–151, 155 South American Indians, 59, 177,
Sensations, 93, 124–125. See also problems in, 344, 356, 425, 514 Sleepwalking, 163 181, 321
psychological factors, 338, 340, Slow wave (delta/stage 4) sleep, 152, Spanking, 233
Senses 154, 163 Spatial orientation, 77
Senses, 93–119 341, 343, 425 Smell (olfaction), 106–107, 206, 210, Spearman, Charles, 282. See also G
sexual orientation, 341 382 (general intelligence) factor
and advertising, 210 and smell, 107 Smiling, 364, 367, 374 Specialization areas, 18–19
artificial, 93, 114–115 Sexual dysfunctions, 344, 356 Smith, Susan, 512, 516 Specific phobias, 518, 524
and brain structure, 73, 77, 80 Sexual harassment, 591, 603 Smoking. See Nicotine Speech:
and classical conditioning, 200 Sexual identity. See Gender identity Social cognition, 584 and brain structure, 78, 87, 229
common characteristics, 93, 206 Sexually transmitted diseases Social cognitive psychology. See and cochlear implants, 115
development of, 382 (STDs), 409 Cognitive social psychology; and music, 326
hearing, 78, 100–104, 115, 121, Sexual orientation, 34, 341, 343, 516 Social cognitive theory; Social parentese, 314
Sexual preference. See Sexual psychology and preparedness, 229
122, 210, 241, 382 orientation Social cognitive theory: Sperm, 338, 379, 408
and memory, 107 Shape constancy, 128 and aggression, 196, 224, 602 Spinal cord, 72, 73. See also Nervous
and music, 326 Shaping, 215, 216, 232 cross-cultural approach, 231 system
olfaction, 106–107, 206, 210, 382 Shared environmental factors, 467, and language acquisition, 316 Spirit possession, 546, 572
student activities, 109, 116–119 468 overviews, 8, 473 Split brain, 86–87
synesthesia, 144 Shark attack, 359 on personality, 449, 458–461 Split-brain operations, 86–87
taste, 106, 107, 382 Sheen, Charlie, 407, 417, 419 processes of, 225 Spontaneous recovery, 199, 222
touch, 77, 108, 382, 497 Shi work, 151, 162 on social development, 394 Springer, Jim, 466, 467
vestibular system, 102, 105 Shock therapy (ECT), 535 Social comparison theory, 223, 596 SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake
See also Pain; Perception; Vision Short-term dynamic psychotherapy, Social development, 392–396, inhibitors), 491, 517, 534
Sensitive (critical) period, 228 562 416–417 Standard deviation, 612–613
Sensorimotor stage of cognitive Short-term memory, 240, 242–243, Social facilitation, 597 Standardized tests, 34. See also
development, 389 245, 249, 268, 269 Social factors. See Psychosocial Intelligence quotient
Sensors, 56 Shyness, 449 factors
Sensory adaptation, 93 Social inhibition, 496, 497, 597
Sensory (afferent) neurons, 56 Socialization, 84, 522. See also
Sensory homunculus, 77 Childhood; Gender roles;
Sensory integration, 77 Parenting
Sensory memory, 107, 240, 241, 244
Sentence stage of language, 315

710 S U B J E C T I N D E X

Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility intelligence, 295, 300–303 Surface structure, 313 cross-cultural approach, 321
Scale, 170 introduction, 15, 22–25 Survey research, 28, 29 decision-making, 318
language, 317, 324–327 Survival. See Evolutionary theory egocentric, 389
State-dependent learning, 267 learning, 208–211, 227, 234–237 Susto, 546 problem-solving, 84, 226, 308–
Statistical frequency approach to memory, 252, 256–259, 270, Suzuki, Shinichi, 231
Suzuki method, 231 309, 605
mental disorders, 511 276–279 Swi , Jonathan, 284 See also Cognitive approach;
Statistics, 37, 610–617 mental disorders, 521, 526–529, Sympathetic division (nervous
Cognitive-behavioral therapy;
descriptive, 610–613 543, 550–553 system), 72, 81, 181, 484, 485, 501 Cognitive processes
inferential, 613–616 motivation, 347, 354–357 Synapses, 50 ompson, Jennifer, 274
student activities, 617 nervous system, 57, 62–65 Synesthesia, 144, 243 ompson, Richard, 511
STDs (sexually transmitted perception, 134, 142–145 Syntax (grammar), 312, 314, 322, 323 orazine (chlorpromazine), 541,
diseases), 409 personality, 447, 452–455, 469, Systematic desensitization, 207, 567 557
Stem cell transplants, 51, 60, 61 orndike, E. L., 196, 214, 226
Stereotaxic procedure, 61 476–479 T oughts. See Cognitive approach;
Stereotypes, 340–341, 395, 516, 581, psychotherapy, 569, 576–579 inking
583, 584. See also Gender roles research, 38, 42–43 Taijin kyofusho (TKS), 522 ought-stopping procedure, 574
Sternberg, Robert, 283, 419 senses, 109, 116–119 Tammet, Daniel, 239, 243 ought substitution, 574, 575
Stimulants, 27, 28, 39, 176–178, 192 social psychology, 599, 606–609 Tardive dyskinesia, 542 ought suppression, 574
Stimulus hierarchy, 567 statistics, 617 Target behaviors, 216, 232 reat appraisals, 482, 483, 486, 494,
Stimulus (perception), 125 stress, 498, 504–507 Task-oriented groups, 596 502
Stimulus substitution theory of Study skills, 20–21, 248, 249, 265, Taste, 106, 107, 382 reat simulation theory of dreams,
classical conditioning, 202 266 Taste-aversion learning, 200–201 161
Stirrup (ear), 102 Subgoals, 309 Taste buds, 106 3-D vision, 129–131
Stomach, 335, 485 Subject selection, 36 TAT ( ematic Apperception Test), resholds, 122–123
Storing (memory), 239, 243, 246 Sublimation, 437 yroid gland, 82
Stress, 481–507 Subliminal perceptions, 121, 122, 135 348, 450, 451 Tibetan monks, 501
and aging, 424 Subliminal stimulus, 122 Taylor, Blake, 27, 28, 30 Tiger bones, 31
appraisal, 359, 482–483, 484, 486, Substance abuse, 188. See also Drug Teens. See Adolescence Time goals, 20
use; Substance-related mental Telegraphic speech, 314 Time management, 20, 21
494, 499, 502 disorders Telepathy, 138 Time-out, 219, 233
and autonomic nervous system, 81 Substance-related mental disorders, Temperament, 384, 386 Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, 267
and child abuse/neglect, 401 514 Temperature, 77, 108, 118 TKS (taijin kyofusho), 522
coping with, 189, 481, 494, 499, Success, 349 Temporal lobe, 74, 78 TMS (transcranial magnetic
Sudan, 546 Tend-and-befriend response, 485 stimulation), 535, 600
502–503, 506, 568 Suggestibility, 265 Teratogens, 380 TM (transcendental meditation), 503
defined, 481 Suicide, 426–427 Terman, Lewis, 289, 296 Tobacco. See Nicotine
and emotions, 482, 491, 495, 496, and alcohol use, 183 Terminal bulbs (end bulbs), 50, 53, Toilet training, 216
and depression, 516, 548 Tolerance, 174, 178, 179, 180, 182
499, 502 and personality disorders, 536 54 Tolman, Edward, 223
and endocrine system, 82 Suicide bombers, 471 Test anxiety, 3, 6–11 Tongue, 106. See also Taste
and endorphins, 113 Summary tests: Testes, 82, 339, 408 Touch, 77, 108, 382, 497
fight-flight response, 81, 484, 486, brain, 88–89 Testimonials, 30, 31, 138, 187, 573 Trait theory, 462–468
consciousness, 164–165 Testosterone, 339, 408 and assessment, 474–475, 478
487, 488, 502 developmental psychology, 402– Tests: evaluation of, 468
and hunger, 337 five-factor model, 463, 467, 468
and immune system, 111, 488–489 403, 428–429 for achievement motivation, 348 genetic factors, 466–467
and memory, 278 drug use/hypnosis, 190–191 assessment, 9, 450–451, 474–475, overview, 473
and mood disorders, 533 emotions, 372–373 person-situation interaction, 464,
and pain, 111 intelligence, 300–301 478 468
and personality, 494–497, 499 introduction, 22–23 intelligence, 14, 286–287, 290–291, and positive psychology, 495
and personality disorders, 552 language, 324–325 stability, 465
positive, 493 learning, 208–209, 234–235 296 Tranquilizers, 517, 525
psychosocial factors, 488–489, 497 memory, 256–257, 276–277 lie detector, 370–371 Transcendental meditation (TM),
and psychosomatic symptoms, 81, mental disorders, 526–527, neurological, 512 503
personality assessment, 9, 450– Transcranial magnetic stimulation
233, 486–487, 503 550–551 (TMS), 535, 600
and schizophrenia, 540 motivation, 354–355 451, 474–475, 512 Transduction, 93, 96, 103, 107, 125
and sleep problems, 162 nervous system, 62–63 and research, 34 Transference, 560, 562, 563
stressors, 490–493, 506 perception, 142–143 See also Summary tests; Test Transformational rules, 313
student activities, 498, 504–507 personality, 452–453, 476–477 Transmitters, 54–55. See also
and test anxiety, 6 psychotherapy, 576–577 anxiety Neurotransmitters
See also Trauma research, 42–43 Tests of statistical significance, Transplants, 51
Stress management programs, 189, senses, 116–117 Transsexuals, 340
502–503, 568 social psychology, 606 614–616 Trauma:
Stressors, 490–493, 506 statistics, 617 Texting, 166 and dissociative disorders, 544
Stress resistance (resiliency), 394, stress, 504–505 Texture gradient, 131 and mental disorders, 518, 545
441 Summers, Lawrence, 84 and personality disorders, 536
Structuralism, 12, 126 Sumo wrestlers, 335 alamotomy, 61 posttraumatic stress disorder, 491,
Structured interviews, 470 Superego, 436, 437 alamus, 61, 80, 97, 99, 363 510, 519, 573
Student activities: Super-recognizers, 254 THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), 186 and stress, 482, 491
benefits of, 20 Superstitious behavior, 215 ematic Apperception Test (TAT), See also Child abuse/neglect;
brain, 83, 88–91 Supertasters, 106 348, 450, 451 Environmental factors; Stress
classical conditioning, 203 Supertraits, 463 eories of personality, 433. See also
consciousness, 158, 164–167 Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 150, 151, Personality S U B J E C T I N D E X 711
developmental psychology, 398, 155, 157, 159 eory of evolution, 305. See also
Evolutionary theory
402–405, 421, 428–431 eory of linguistic relativity, 319
drug use/hypnosis, 184, 190–193 erapy. See Psychotherapy
emotions, 368, 372–375 inking, 306–311
concept formation, 306–307
and creativity, 305, 310–311

Trials (classical conditioning), 197, and stress, 493 school shootings, 523 Wertheimer, Max, 13, 140
198 Unconsciousness, 149 and stress, 491 Whale fat, 110
Underachievement, 349 See also Aggression; Child abuse/ White, Shaun, 494
Triangular theory of love, 419 Underwood, Carrie, 445 Whitman, Walt, 284
Triarchic theory of intelligence, 283 United States: neglect; Trauma Williams, Donna, 3–10
Trichromatic theory of color vision, Virginity, 423 Williams, Montel, 51
adoption, 377 Virtual reality, 58, 141, 524, 578 Williams, Tennessee, 311
98 aging, 424 Virtual support groups, 497 Wilson, Bill, 470
Trust vs. mistrust stage of AIDS, 345 Visible spectrum, 94 Wiltshire, Stephen, 311
assisted suicide, 427 Vision, 94–99 Winfrey, Oprah, 352, 369
psychosocial development, 393 autism, 11 WISC-III (Wechsler Intelligence
Truth serum (sodium amytal), 250, beliefs, 27 artificial, 114
dental fears, 205 and brain structure, 79, 97 Scale for Children), 286
251, 544 drug treatment, 179 color, 98–99 Witelson, Sandra, 297
T tests, 614–615 drug use, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, depth perception, 129–131, 132, Withdrawal symptoms, 174, 178, 179,
Twain, Mark, 311
Twelve-step approach, 189 182 133 182, 186
Twins, 67, 69, 379. See also Twin emotions, 367, 374 and dreams, 161 Wolf, Stewart, 497
gender roles, 418 illusions, 132–133 Wolf-Man case, 561, 562
studies hunger, 337 infancy, 382 Wolpe, Joseph, 207, 566
Twin studies, 32, 292, 336, 387, 466– lie detector tests, 371 loss of, 93, 97, 98, 114, 150, 161, 364 Women:
memory, 253 and memory, 241, 272
467, 539, 601 mental disorders, 546 organizational rules, 126–127, 140 and Freudian theory, 440
Two-factor theory of intelligence, mentoring programs, 446 Visual agnosia, 79, 97, 307 genital cutting, 346, 591
sexual aggression, 603 Visual association area, 79, 97 and mental disorder diagnosis,
282 weight, 583, 591 Visual cliff, 382
Two-sided messages, 590 Unresolved conflicts, 449 Visual cortex. See Primary visual 516
Two-word combination stage of Upli s, 490 cortex psychologists, 14
Visual imagery, 524, 575 sexual aggression against, 603, 605
language, 315 V Visual retrieval cues, 272 suicide bombers, 471
Tympanic membrane (eardrum), Volatile substances, 107 and weight, 337, 583, 591
Vagina, 339, 425 Vos Savant, Marilyn, 286, 288 See also Gender differences;
102, 104 Validity, 287, 451, 475 VPN (ventrolateral preoptic
Type A behavior, 496 Validity scales, 474 nucleus), 157 Gender roles; Sexism
Type A Behavior and Your Heart Values, 448, 595 Vulnerability, 394, 548 Words, 312, 319. See also Language
Variability, measures of, 612–613 Workaholism, 496
(Friedman & Rosenman), 496 Variable-interval reinforcement W Working memory. See Short-term
Type B behavior, 496
Type D behavior, 496 schedule, 221 WAIS-III (Wechsler Adult memory
Typical neuroleptic drugs Variable-ratio reinforcement Intelligence Scale), 286 Worrying, 7. See also Anxiety
Written tradition, 253
(phenothiazines), 541, 542, 557 schedule, 221 Wakefield, Dana, 377 Wundt, Wilhelm, 12, 223
Variables, 36, 37 Walker, Herschel, 545
U Vegetative comas, 149 Washburn, Margaret, 14 X
Ventral tegmental area, 175, 330, 366 Washoe (chimpanzee), 323
UCR. See Classical conditioning; Ventricles, 540 Water bottles, 592 Xanax, 162
Unconditioned response Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus Watson, John B., 13, 204, 555, 566 Xanthines, 178
Wearing, Clive, 239, 246
UCS. See Classical conditioning; (VPN), 157 Weber, E. H., 123 Y
Unconditioned stimulus Ventromedial hypothalamus, 335 Weber’s law, 123
Verbal retrieval cues, 272 Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Yano, Sho, 289
Unconditional positive regard, 445 Vertigo, 105 Yerkes, Robert, 296
Unconditioned response (UCR), Vestibular system, 102, 105 (WAIS-III), 286 Yerkes-Dodson law, 365
Viagra, 425 Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Yoga, 503
197, 198, 217. See also Classical Viagra (sildenafil), 356 Young, omas, 98
conditioning Vigilant decision making, 598 Children (WISC-III), 286, 291
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), Violence, 70 Weight, 150, 334, 335, 336, 337, 454, Z
197, 198, 217. See also Classical
conditioning and alcohol use, 183 583, 591 Zener cards, 139
Unconscious, 9, 434 and conformity, 581, 593 Weight-regulating genes, 336 Zero correlation coefficient, 32
and cognitive neuroscience, 441 and media, 230 Weihenmayer, Erik, 329, 330, 331 Zigler, Ed, 287
and concept formation, 307 and prefrontal cortex, 363 Wernicke’s aphasia, 78 Zolo (sertraline), 525, 534, 537, 547
and continuum of consciousness, Wernicke’s area, 78, 229, 316 Zoophobia, 518
Zygotes, 68, 338, 379
149
and divisions of mind, 436
and dreams, 160
and personality, 434–435
and psychological assessment, 451
and psychotherapy, 560, 561, 563
and shyness, 449

712 S U B J E C T I N D E X