BUKU E PROSIDING EFAMB

1

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e-Prosiding
FESTIVAL AGRO MAKANAN & BIOTEKNOLOGI

(e-FAMB) 2020

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e-Prosiding
FESTIVAL AGRO MAKANAN & BIOTEKNOLOGI

(e-FAMB) 2020

INNOVATING FUTURE AND IMPROVING LIVES WITH GREEN
TECHNOLOGY IN NEW NORMAL

11, 12 & 15 OKTOBER 2020

Disunting oleh
Azierah Zawiyyah Binti Azmi, Siti Nazurah Binti Md Zaid, Siti Norhazirah Binti Rahim,
Mohamad Afifi Bin Ismail, Halimatul Sa’diah Binti Talid, Rahizana Bt Mohd Ibrahim, Faiznur

Izzaty Binti Sulaiman Shah, Dr. Syaripah Za’imah Binti Haji Syed Jaafar,
Dr. Anis Sakinah Binti Zainal Abidin, Zaihasrah Binti Masron

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e-Prosiding
FESTIVAL AGRO MAKANAN & BIOTEKNOLOGI

(e-FAMB) 2020

Innovating Future And Improving Lives With Green Technology In New Normal

Cetakan Pertama 2020
@Hak cipta Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

Hak cipta terpelihara. Tidak dibenarkan mengeluar ulang mana-mana bahagian artikel,
ilustrasi dan isi kandungan buku ini dalam apa jua bentuk dengan cara apa jua sama ada
secara elektronik fotokopi mekanik, rakaman atau cara lain sebelum mendapat izin bertulis

daripada Penerbit. Perundingan tertakluk kepada perkiraan royalti dan honorarium.

Reka bentuk kulit
Adil Hakam

eISBN 978-967-18387-3-0

Diterbitkan oleh:
POLITEKNIK TUN SYED NASIR SYED ISMAIL

KEMENTERIAN PENGAJIAN TINGGI
Hab Pendidikan Tinggi Pagoh
KM1, Jalan Panchor
84600 Pagoh Muar
JOHOR DARULTAKZIM

Tel: 06-974 2288; Faks: 06-974 2395
Website: http://www.ptsn.edu.my

Email:[email protected]

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ISI KANDUNGAN 3
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ISI KANDUNGAN 5
SEKAPUR SIRIH 6
SEULAS PINANG 130
TINTA PENGARAH 433
PENGENALAN & OBJECTIF 436
ABSTRAK PANJANG PRODUK/PROJEK INOVASI
KERTAS KAJIAN PENUH SEMINAR
JAWATANKUASA PELAKSANA PROGRAM E-FAMB 2020
PENGHARGAAN

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SEKAPUR SIRIH

Bersyukur ke hadrat Allah S.W.T kerana dengan limpah kurnia-Nya,
saya diberikan kesempatan untuk merakamkan kata alu-aluan dalam
buku program ini. Terlebih dahulu, saya mengucapkan syabas dan
tahniah kepada Unit Teknologi Pertanian (UTP), Bahagian Kurikulum
(BK), Jabatan Pendidikan Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti (JPPKK)
bersama Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail (PTSN) kerana telah
berjaya menganjurkan E-Festival Agro Makanan Dan Bioteknologi 2020
(E-FAMB2020) secara atas talian.

E-FAMB2020 yang bertemakan “Innovating Future and Improving Lives with Green Technology in
New Normal” merupakan acara tahunan di bawah UTP, BK, JPPKK dan penganjuran kali ke-6 ini
dibuat secara atas talian selaras dengan norma baharu pasca-COVID19 dengan mematuhi
prosedur operasi standard (SOP) bagi membendung penularan COVID-19 dan telah melalui
pelbagai tema dan institusi penganjur sepanjang tahun penganjurannya.

Dalam usaha memperkasakan pendidikan negara selaras dengan Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan
Malaysia 2013-2025, 17 Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan (SDGs) dan Pelan Strategik Politeknik
dan Kolej Komuniti (2018-2025) budaya penyelidikan perlulah sebati dengan jiwa para pendidik
di semua peringkat warga Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti seluruh Malaysia agar dapat
merealisasikan matlamat negara bagi kepentingan generasi masa hadapan supaya lebih berdaya
saing, berinovasi dan mampan.

Bagi pihak JPPKK, saya menyokong penuh penganjuran E-FAMB2020 dan berharap
penganjurannya dapat diteruskan pada tahun-tahun akan datang seiring dengan Pelan
Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia 2013-2025, 17 Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan (SDGs) dan
Pelan Strategik Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti (2018-2025).

“Selamat Maju Jaya”

Ts. Haji Mohamad Amin Bin Hamat
Timbalan Ketua Pengarah (Governan)
Jabatan Pendidikan Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti
Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi

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SEULAS PINANG

Alhamdulillah, tahniah dan syabas diucapkan kepada semua pihak
terutamanya kepada pihak penganjur iaitu Bahagian Kurikulum,
Jabatan Pendidikan Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti bersama
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail yang terlibat dalam
menjayakan program E-FAMB 2020 - Festival Agro, Makanan dan
Bioteknologi ini. Bagi pihak kerajaan negeri, saya memuji usaha
murni yang dilaksanakan oleh pihak penganjur biarpun pada ketika
ini seluruh dunia sedang menghadapi pandemik COVID19, program E-FAMB 2020 tetap berjaya
dianjurkan secara atas talian (online).
Saya juga ingin menzahirkan rasa bangga dan mengambil kesempatan mengucapkan setinggi-
tinggi tahniah kepada semua peserta yang berusaha sedaya upaya menulis kajian dan mencipta
inovasi di dalam bidang agro, makanan dan bioteknologi. Tidak lupa juga saya ingin merakamkan
setinggi penghargaan kepada jawatankuasa pengurusan yang sentiasa memberi sokongan dalam
terus memacu bidang agro, makanan dan bioteknologi di negara kita.
Saya berharap pelaksanaan festival tahunan ini dapat memberi manfaat kepada banyak golongan
terutama industri, usahawan tani, pendidik dan pelajar. Ia dapat meningkatkan produktiviti dan
pengeluaran melalui bantuan teknologi terkini hasil kajian dan inovasi yang dihasilkan. Selain itu,
para penyelidik dari institusi pendidikan yang mempunyai ilmu pengetahuan yang tinggi dapat
mengaplikasikan kepakaran dan pengetahuan teknologi secara terus kepada golongan sasaran
khususnya dalam sektor pertanian. Melalui usaha-usaha ini, pengetahuan teknologi dapat
berkembang secara melusa sekaligus merangsang ekonomi.
Akhir kata, ucapan setinggi-tinggi perghargaan dana terima kasih kepada smeua pihak yang
terlibat dalam menjayakan Festival Agro, Makanan dan Bioteknologi 2020 ini. Semoga usaha ini
membawa seribu manfaat kepada kita semua terutama bagi generasi yang akan datang. Selamat
Maju Jaya.

YB Tuan Haji Mazlan Bin Bujang
Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Pendidikan, Penerangan, Warisan dan Budaya Johor

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TINTA PENGARAH

Assalamualaikum WBT dan Salam Sejahtera Bersyukur kita
kehadrat Allah SWT kerana dengan limpah kurnia dan izin-
Nya, kesinambungan program Festival Agro Makanan dan
Bioteknologi (e-FAMB) 2020 dapat diteruskan untuk kali
keenam dengan bertemakan “Innovating Future and
Improving Lives with Green Technology in New Normal”.
Atas keprihatinan dan kesedaran bahawa banyak ilmu dan
inovasi baru yang dicetuskan di institusi pengajian tinggi
perlu diperhalusi dan dikentengahkan ke khalayak bagi memenuhi tuntutan di era
Revolusi Industri 4.0, penganjuran program e-FAMB 2020 adalah amat bertepatan sekali.
Ini juga menunjukkan kesungguhan dan hasrat sektor pengajian tinggi dalam
memartabatkan bidang inovasi dan penyelidikan.
Saya berharap sesi pembentangan dan perbincangan yang akan berlangsung bakal
mencetuskan pemikiran, anjakan paradigma dan pendekatan baharu yang boleh
merancakkan inovasi berkaitan agro, makanan dan bioteknologi. Saya percaya program
seperti dapat in meningkatkan ilmu pengetahuan peserta dan masyarakat, serta
membudayakan pembelajaran sepanjang hayat.
Akhir kata, saya ingin mengambil kesempatan ini untuk mengucapkan tahniah kepada
semua pensyarah, pelajar, peserta dan para pembentang yang mengambil bahagian.
Semoga festival kali ini akan dapat berjalan dengan lancar dan mampu mencapai
matlamat yang ditetapkan, seterusnya memacu pendidikan negara ke tahap yang lebih
cemerlang, gemilang dan terbilang.

Tn. Hj. Abd Razak bin Senan
Pengarah Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail

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PENGENALAN

Bahagian Kurikulum, JPPKK bersama Jabatan Teknologi Kimia dan Makanan,
Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail (PTSN) mengambil langkah proaktif
bagi menganjurkan satu program di peringkat kebangsaan iaitu E-Festival
Agro Makanan dan Bioteknologi 2020 (E-FAMB 2020). Penganjuran program
E-FAMB kali keenam pada tahun ini bertemakan “Innovating Future and
Improving Lives with Green Technology in New Normal”.
Atas faktor keselamatan dan kebimbangan terhadap penularan wabak
COVID-19, program E-FAMB 2020 ini dijalankan secara atas talian
mematuhi garis panduan yang telah dibangunkan oleh Pusat Penyelidikan
dan Inovasi (PPI), JPPKK dan Majlis Keselamatan Negara (MKN).
Matlamat utama festival ini adalah untuk menggalakkan penglibatan
pensyarah dan pelajar dalam bidang teknologi pertanian khasnya untuk
berkongsi hasil inovasi melalui aktiviti seperti seminar dan pembentangan
kertas kerja.

OBJEKTIF

Festival ini dijalankan bagi mengetengahkan hasil penyelidikan dan inovasi
pelajar dalam bidang pertanian dan teknologi makanan sekaligus
meningkatkan kebolehpasaran graduan Politeknik dan Kolej Komuniti.
Disamping itu, festival ini turut menjadi platform kepada pensyarah dan
pelajar untuk berkongsi kemahiran, kreativiti dan ilmu pengetahuan serta
mengetengahkan produk inovasi dan penyelidikan yang dihasilkan melalui
aktiviti seminar dan pembentangan kertas kerja.

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e-FESTIVAL AGRO MAKANAN DAN BIOTEKNOLOGI 2020

PRODUK / PROJEK
INOVASI

e-FAMB 2020

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e-FESTIVAL AGRO MAKANAN DAN BIOTEKNOLOGI 2020

SENARAI KANDUNGAN BAGI ABSTRAK PANJANG PRODUK/PROJEK INOVASI

NO TAJUK MUKA
SURAT
1. IOT Fertigation Kit 9 - 12
13 - 15
2. Study On The Growth Of Spinach Spinacia Oleracea Plant By Using Different 16 - 17
Concentration Of Oriental Herbal Nutrient (Ohn) 18 - 25
26 - 32
3. Innovation Of Pineapple Harvester 33 - 36
37 - 40
4. Formulation Of Natural Permanent Hair Dye By Using Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) 41 - 46
As A Main Ingredient 47 - 51
52 - 54
5. Low-Cost Bio-sorbent for Dye Wastewater Treatment in Textile Industry
55 - 57
6. Organic Red Dyed Pellet For Red Cherry Shrimp (Neocaridina Davidi) 58 - 64
65 - 68
7. A Potential Used Of ‘Ketapang’ Leaves In Juvenile Culture Of Macrobrachium 69 - 75
Rosenbergii (Pelet Catappa) 76 - 83
84 - 88
8. Smart Pellet Dispenser 89 - 91
92 - 94
9. Organic Jelly Insect Repellent 95 - 97
98 - 100
10. Extraction Of Oil From Mexican Mint Leaf And Lemongrass Leaf For Scent In
Natural Balm

11. Wastewater Treatment By Flocculation Using Musa Acuminata Peel (Banana
Peel) And Glycine Max Hull (Soybean Hull) As Flocculating Agents

12. Production Of Bioplastic Bottle From Starch

13. Self-Distill Irrigation For Floating Planting Pot

14. Mesin Pemampat Botol Plastik Mudah Alih Dengan Ciri Keselamatan

15. Production Of Bioethanol From Cassava Peel Under Solid State Fermentation

16. The Evaluation Of Physico-Chemical Characteristic Of Jackfruit Rind Based
Nugget

17. Penghasilan Jeli C. Ananas Berasaskan Empulur Nanas

18. Penghasilan Biskut Hampas Kelapa: Cocokis

19. Patti Burger Udang Lipan

20. Dragon Fruit Dipping Sauce

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e-FESTIVAL AGRO MAKANAN DAN BIOTEKNOLOGI 2020

NO TAJUK MUKA
SURAT
21. Ais Krim Tapai 101 - 103
104 - 106
22. Roselle Calyx Vinegar (Rcv)
107 - 109
23. Kajian Awal Penghasilan Cauli Oat Kraker Berasaskan Bunga Kobis Dan Rolled
Oat 110 - 112
113 - 114
24. Keropok Jantung Pisang 115 - 117
118 - 121
25. Real Soybean Squeeze 122 - 123
124 - 126
26. Vege Noodles 127 - 129

27. Premix Kuih Bingka Ubi Kayu

28. Crispy Nugget Soy (Nugget Hampas Soya Ranggup)

29. Kajian Awal Penghasilan Rendang Jerami Nangka

30. Okara Bread Loaf

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IOT FERTIGATION KIT

Muhamed Harries bin Sazali Sharizat bin Mokhtar Saeidah binti Md.Kamil
Kolej Komuniti Jelebu. Kolej Komuniti Kuala Pilah Kolej Komuniti Rembau
Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract tanaman [2]. Kaedah sistem penanaman secara fertigasi
juga dikenali sebagai kaedah penanaman tanpa tanah di
Penggunaan Internet of Things (IoT) sewajarnya terus mana media tanaman seperti cocopeat, sekam padi,
diperkembangkan lagi dalam bidang pertanian di rootwool, perlite, zeolite dan vermiculite boleh digunakan
Malaysia bagi meningkatkan hasil pengeluaran sumber bagi menggantikan penggunaan tanah. Walau
makanan yang berkualiti dan berkhasiat kepada bagaimanapun, cocopeat dan sekam padi biasa digunakan
pengguna serta dapat menampung permintaan dalam secara meluas dalam sistem fertigasi kerana harganya
negara khususnya [1]. Masalah yang berlaku dalam yang murah dan ringan mudah untuk digunakan.
kaedah fertigasi sedia ada adalah ia tidak mengambil
kira kadar pemberian air baja secara tepat dan efisen Rajah 1 menunjukkan contoh asas model sistem
dan boleh menyebabkan limpahan air dan baja pada pengairan fertigasi sedia ada yang biasa digunakan oleh
pokok secara berlebihan. Seterusnya menyebabkan tanah petani. Pada dasarnya kaedah sistem fertigasi ini
menjadi terlalu lembap serta mudah terkena serangan digunakan adalah untuk mengurangkan serangan penyakit
penyakit. Teknologi IoT merupakan satu keperluan untuk yang berpunca daripada tanah yang akan merosakkan
pelajar Sijil Agroteknologi didedahkan dengan teknologi bahagian akar tanaman dan seterusnya keseluruhan
semasa. Objektif inovasi ini adalah untuk membina tanaman.
sebuah kit projek pengairan tanaman secara automatik
dan memantau kadar kelembapan tanah mengikut Rajah 1. Contoh Asas Model Sistem Pengairan
kesesuaian dan keperluan tanaman di ladang Kolej Fertigasi
Komuniti Rembau, serta memberikan pendedahan kepada
para pelajar Kolej Komuniti Rembau tentang teknologi Antara penyakit akar yang berpunca daripada tanah
pengurusan tanaman masa kini. Ia dilaksanakan dengan adalah seperti penyakit Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia
bantuan tiga platform paparan iaitu melalui Liquid dan juga penyakit serangan bakteria yang boleh
Crystal Display (LCD) pada kit, Blynk sebagai aplikasi menjejaskan hasil tanaman [3]. Masalah penyakit ini
dalam telefon pintar dan ThingSpeak sebagai platform di dapat dikurangkan dengan kaedah penanaman secara
laman web. Setiap perubahan yang berlaku akan sistem fertigasi dan diperkemaskan lagi dengan gabungan
dimaklumkan kepada pengguna melalui aplikasi Blynk IoT bagi mempertingkatkan lagi pengurusan tanaman
iaitu notifikasi kadar kelembapan semasa dan status secara efisen serta meningkatkan kualiti tanaman [4]. Ini
perlaksanaan siraman. Inovasi ini akan ditambahbaik secara tidak langsung dapat meningkatkan keyakinan
fungsinya mengikut keperluan pengguna yang boleh petani juga usahawan muda untuk terus bermotivasi
membekalkan maklumat lain seperti nilai pH tanah, kadar dalam menguruskan tanaman mereka.
kepekatan serta bancuhan air baja secara automatik.
Penggunaan IoT bersama sistem fertigasi konvensional Sistem fertigasi sangat sesuai untuk tanaman yang
mampu meningkatkan pengeluaran hasil tanaman serta bernilai tinggi di pasaran seperti tomato, timun jepun, cili
menarik minat golongan muda terutama di kalangan merah, terung dan strawberi. Maka, dalam meningkatkan
pelajar untuk menjadi usahawan dalam bidang ini. lagi kaedah pengurusan tanaman yang sistematik,
seharusnya ianya disesuaikan dengan teknologi semasa
Kata Kunci: yang dapat meningkatkan hasil eksport negara dan
Fertigasi, Internet Of Things, Kelembapan. mengurangkan hasil tanaman import.

1. Pengenalan

Sistem fertigasi merupakan satu kaedah pemberian
larutan air baja terus ke bahagian akar tanaman dengan
menggunakan pengairan secara titisan. Larutan air baja
diberi mengikut keperluan tanaman iaitu antara 3 hingga 6
kali sehari selama 5 hingga ke 10 minit setiap siraman
bergantung kepada cuaca, kawasan, jenis, serta usia

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IoT merupakan konsep yang menghubungkan dan juga merugikan kos air baja serta boleh
komputer dan peranti elektronik melalui Internet dan mengakibatkan serangan penyakit pada tanaman kerana
dapat dikendalikan dari jarak jauh di mana konsep keadaan tanaman menjadi terlalu lembap. Berbeza dengan
terpenting dalam IoT adalah modul sistem maklumat, penggunaan sistem IoT, pemilik tanaman boleh
sambungan Internet dan penyimpanan data di dalam cloud memantau dan mengawal kadar siraman, kelembapan
computing [5]. Kekayaan hasil daripada produk pertanian tanah tanpa perlu hadir ke lokasi tanaman[5]. Selain itu,
ditempatnya diteliti untuk membantu para petani dalam pelbagai maklumat lain seperti nilai pH tanah, kadar
memasarkan produknya melalui e-commerce dengan kepekatan air baja boleh diperolehi daripada penggunaan
menggunakan konsep IoT [5]. Ini bermakna penggunaan sistem IoT ini berdasarkan kepada sistem IoT yang direka
IoT sangat membantu dalam pengurusan tugasan dan maklumat yang ingin diperolehi untuk pemantauan
pertanian bermula daripada peringkat penanaman dari jarak jauh.
sehingga ke pasaran hasil. Galakkan dan pendedahan
seharusnya terus diberikan kepada pengusaha tanaman Hanya dengan menggunakan kemudahan telefon
juga masyarakat dalam menjana pendapatan dengan bimbit sahaja maklumat tentang status operasi sistem
kualiti hasil tanaman yang ditawarkan. tanaman tersebut boleh diterima. Jika hujan turun,
notifikasi akan disampaikan kepada pemilik tanaman
Gajet IoT yang digunakan dalam pertanian merupakan untuk membuat keputusan sama ada memberhentikan
alat pengujian keadaan persekitaran yang menggabungkan seketika pemberian air atau air baja, atau mengurangkan
beberapa sensor dan mengumpulkan data daripada kadar pemberian air kerana media tanaman telah
persekitaran serta menghantar data masa sebenar ke cloud mencapai kadar kelembapan yang sewajarnya. Sistem ini
untuk pemantauan persekitaran yang efisien dan akan juga sesuai digunakan untuk tanaman kecil-kecilan di
memudahkan petani melakukan pertanian dengan rumah di mana tuan rumah tidak perlu bimbang dengan
berkesan bagi meningkatkan kualiti hasil pertanian [6]. keadaan tanaman mereka sekiranya mereka tiada di
Smart IOT agricultural kit yang digabungkan dengan rumah dalam tempoh yang panjang.
teknologi Arduino dan disesuaikan dengan pelbagai
sensor memberikan data masa sebenar secara atas talian 3. Metodologi Penggunaan Arduino Dalam
daripada laman yang dipanggil Fabric.atilze.com, di mana Sistem IoT
projek diuji sebagai projek rintis dalam pertanian yang
memberi ketepatan sehingga 98% dalam pemberian Arduino merupakan papan pengawal elektronik yang
maklumat data dan menjimatkan 40% daripada jumlah dibina oleh syarikat Interaction Design Institute Ivrea di
pembajaan [6]. Selain penggunaan software daripada bertempat Itali. Ia merupakan platform yang memudahkan
laman Fabric.atilze.com, Blynk dan ThingSpeak juga pengguna di seluruh dunia untuk mendapat pengetahuan
boleh digunakan sebagai platform untuk pemantauan tentang penggunaan pemproses elektronik. Objektif
pengurusan tanaman. Ini bermakna kemudahan untuk syarikat ini berjaya dengan adanya Arduino yang boleh
petani dan usahawan muda bergerak seiringan dengan dipelopori oleh pelajar universiti malahan serendah
teknologi semasa bukan sesuatu yang mustahil. Cloud pelajar sekolah. Ianya menggunakan pengaturcaraan C
computing sangat berkait rapat dengan IoT yang mana dengan kaedah program jujukan yang sangat mudah
kombinasi yang sempurna antara kedua-dua elemen boleh difahami.
mempromosikan pembangunan pemodenan pertanian
dengan cepat dan kesedaran dalam teknologi pertanian Sebuah syarikat iaitu Espressif Systems telah
pintar serta penyelesaian yang efektif berkaitan isu menggunakan platform Arduino untuk menggerakkan
pertanian luar bandar dan petani [8]. perkakasan mereka iaitu NodeMCU. Ia digunakan
sebagai platform untuk memperkenalkan IoT dengan
2. Kaedah Fertigasi Konvensional dan lebih meluas pada kos yang sangat rendah. Kesemua
Implementasi IoT. mikropengawal yang dinyatakan dalam artikel ini
merupakan sumber terbuka di mana perisian dan projek
Sistem fertigasi konvensional menggunakan timer boleh dilakukan menggunakan perkakasan yang pelbagai.
sebagai alat penting untuk pelaksanaan siraman pada Cip yang digunakan iaitu ESP8266 merupakan cip
tanaman. Kaedah ini memerlukan pekerja untuk kerap wireless terbina yang boleh disertakan dalam talian
hadir di kawasan tanaman bagi memantau keadaan internet lalu dijadikan komponen utama dalam bidang
tanaman. Jika projek tanaman berskala besar, maka IoT.
tenaga kerja lebih diperlukan untuk pelaksanaan
pemantauan tersebut di mana akan melibatkan kos tenaga
kerja.

Sekiranya hujan turun kaedah siraman mengunakan
timer tanpa sistem IoT akan terus berfungsi kecuali
terdapat pekerja yang memberhentikannya seketika.
Sekiranya pengairan air atau air baja terus dilaksanakan
pada waktu hujan, ini akan mengakibatkan pembaziran air

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Rajah 2 di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana sebuah sistem
fertigasi yang telah diterangkan digabungkan dengan
mekanisma IoT. NodeMCU akan menjadi “otak” yang
mengawal sistem fertigasi. Terdapat dua platform yang
digunakan iaitu Blynk sebagai aplikasi yang berhubung
dengan sistem melalui telefon pintar dan ThingSpeak
sebagai platform di laman web. Setiap perubahan yang
berlaku akan dimaklumkan kepada pengguna melalui
aplikasi Blynk yang memaparkan dua perkara iaitu
notifikasi kadar kelembapan semasa dan status
perlaksanaan siraman.

Rajah 3. Status Sistem Fertigasi dengan IoT
melalui Platform Blynk Dan Thingspeak

Rajah 4 di bawah menunjukkan carta alir bagi
pengoperasian sistem fertigasi bersama IoT.
Mikropengawal akan membaca kelembapan dan akan
mengemaskinikadar pada Paparan Cecair Kristal pada
masa nyata. Telefon pintar melalui platform Blynk dan
juga pengguna boleh melihat status pada laman web
menerusi platform ThingSpeak.

Rajah 2 : Blok diagram projek.

Sebagai contoh, tanaman sayur sawi sesuai ditanam
pada kelembapan media tanaman yang sederhana [7].
Justeru kelembapan rujukan diletakkan pada kadar
anggaran 40% iaitu pada kadar sederhana. Apabila kadar
siraman mencapai 40% tiada sebarang proses yang
berlaku dan Diod Pemancar Cahaya (LED) akan
memancarkan warna putih. Apabila kelembapan tanah
menurun dari 40%, atau kurang daripada nilai % yang
ditetapkan, maka NodeMCU akan menghidupkan geganti
seterusnya pam akan beroperasi sehingga kadar
kelembapan kembali seperti yang ditetapkan. Notifikasi
seterusnya dihantar ke telefon pintar pengguna dengan
paparan makluman bahawa kadar kelembapan telah
berkurang.

Dalam rajah 3 di bawah menunjukkan bagaimana
paparan status maklumat yang diperlukan tersebut melalui
laman web dan ia boleh diketahui dari mana-mana tempat
di dunia yang mempunyai sambungan Internet.

Rajah 4 :Contoh Cartalir Operasi Fertigasi
dengan IoT

11

Rajah 5 menunjukkan ThingSpeak yang berfungsi kepada modul teknologi ini perlu ditekankan kepada para
memberi bacaan kelembapan yang terhasil daripada kadar pelajar supaya mereka akan lebih berpengetahuan tinggi
kelembapan yang diberi pada media tanaman. Pengusaha dalam mempelajari teknologi terkini dalam bidang
tanaman akan dapat mengetahui maklumat siraman dan Agroteknologi.
memantau kadar kelembapan yang diberikan.
Penghargaan
Rajah 5. Graf kadar kelembapan yang diberikan
kepada tanaman Setinggi - tinggi penghargaan kepada Pengarah Kolej
Komuniti Jelebu, Pengarah Kolej Komuniti Kuala Pilah,
4. Penemuan dan Pengarah Kolej Komuniti Rembau serta rakan-rakan
pensyarah Kolej Komuniti di atas sokongan yang
Hasil daripada inovasi ini kadar kelembapan tanaman diberikan kepada kumpulan kami untuk menghasilkan
dapat disesuaikan mengikut keperluan tanaman inovasi ini. Semoga projek ini dapat memberi manfaat
berbanding dengan kaedah anggaran setiap kali siraman kepada petani-petani juga masyarakat dan para pelajar
dalam kaedah fertigasi tanpa IoT. selari dengan perkembangan teknologi masa kini.

5. Cadangan Penambahbaikan Rujukan

Inovasi ini akan diteruskan dengan kajian [1] Suhaimi, "myagri.com.my," 11 July 2018. [Online]. Available:
keberkesanan penggunaannya dan berdasarkan dapatan https://myagri.com.my/2018/07/cara-menentukan-masa-pemberian-air-
yang diperolehi penambahbaikan seterusnya akan baja/. [Accessed 4 August 2020].
dilaksanakan. Selain daripada itu sistem akan ditambah
dengan alat pengesan nilai bacaan pH bagi media [2] I. H. Yahaya, "www.bharian.com.my," 26 August 2019. [Online].
tanaman. Available:
https://www.bharian.com.my/rencana/muka10/2019/08/600119/generasi-
6. Impak Penemuan & Kesimpulan digital-milenium-kunci-pertanian-pintar. [Accessed 4 August 2020].

Dengan adanya inovasi ini, pelajar dapat mempelajari [3] M. H. B. ROSLAN and D. N. M. ALI, "Pertanian Menegak Pintar
teknologi IoT dalam pengurusan tanaman dan membuat Menggunakan IoT," Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, 2018.
perbandingan tanaman yang menggunakan teknologi IoT
dan tanpa IoT. [4] F. M. Arshad, "theedgemarkets.com," 16 July 2016. [Online]. Available:
http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/my-say-iot-solutions-
Pengurusan tanaman yang mudah dan efisien dapat agriculture-sector . [Accessed 04 August 2020].
dilaksanakan di mana-mana. Selain daripada itu, budaya
bercucuk tanam akan menjadi hobi di kalangan [5] M. Krishnan and R. A. Kadir, "Smart IOT Agricultural Kit for Precision
masyarakat serta dapat melahirkan lebih ramai golongan Farming," Politeknik & Kolej Komuniti Journal of Engineering and
usahawan muda di dalam bidang ini kerana mampu Technology, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 82-90, 2019.
menjana pendapatan yang lumayan selain daripada hasil
yang berkualiti. Di peringkat institusi pula, pendedahan [6] F. Tong-ke, "Smart Agriculture Based on Cloud Computing and IOT,"
Journal of Convergence Information Technology, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 210-
216, 2013.

[7] A. Helina, S. Sismadi and S. Sefrika, "Penggunaan Internet of Things
Dalam Pemasaran Produk Pertanian," Jurnal Sistem Komputer
Musirawas, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 82-90, 2018.

[8] Harress, "https://myagri.com.my," 8 August 2017. [Online]. Available:
https://myagri.com.my/2017/06/sawi/ . [Accessed 4 August 2020].

12

STUDY ON THE GROWTH OF SPINACH Spinacia Oleracea PLANT BY
USING DIFFERENT CONCENTRATION OF ORIENTAL HERBAL
NUTRIENT (OHN)

Masitah Binti Mohamad Jordan Jason A/L Johnson
Department of Agrotechnology and Bio- Department of Agrotechnology and Bio-

Industry, Industry,
Politeknik Jeli Kelantan. Politeknik Jeli Kelantan
Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
[email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract with the use of micro-nutrients [2]. OHN are made of herbal
that function to increase plant robustness, to sterile and keep
Fertilizers are usually added on plants to improve the plants plants warm. OHN heal crops and increase the growth
growth and production. OHN is a fluid form of fertilizers production. It is made from oriental herbs such as Mint leaf,
which consists of leftover of agricultural and wet market Parsley, Turmeric that are fermented, not boiled, to maintain
wastes and also microbes. OHN was fermented and added the rapid growth of crops. This has a lot of potential towards
to the plants when it’s ready to use after 1 week. The self-sustainable agriculture. Molasses plays the main role in
experiment is done to produce organic fertilizer from wet making OHN. Avoid using refined white sugar because
market waste for a better soil fertility and also to increase refined white sugar will lower the quality of OHN. Crude
the growth of spinach plants by using different sugar is best for OHN fermentation or other type of sugar
concentrations of OHN. In this experiment, two different also can be used such as molasses or other types of sugar are
concentrations of OHN were made which is 10% and 20% also being used depend on price and availability. The best
and there was also controlled. The efficiency of this time for fermentation is in between 4-7 days.
experiment was measured by the height of the plant, number
of leaves and the length of spinach. In the end of this 2. Problem Statement
experiment, OHN with a concentration of 20% have shown
an excellent result which have the 21.7 cm height of the Food wastes represents a significantly fraction of
plant, 23 number of leaves, and 7.3 cm length of spinach. municipal solid wastes such as wet market waste. One-third
The study has shown that the OHN with theconcentration of of the food produced for human consumption is lost along
20% able to enhance the growth of the spinach. As a the food supply chain, which includes unconsumed food that
conclusion, the implementation of OHN in plants has been is discarded by food processing industries, retailers,
approved to enhance the growth of plants, reduce amount of restaurants, and consumers, is the single largest component
market wastes and also sustain the fertility of the soil and of the waste stream worldwide.
also known as organic fertilizer.
Municipal Solid Wastes are generated annually and
Keywords much closed to about 150 million tons are disposed to the
Oriental Herbal Nutrients, wet market waste, different landfill sites per annum in some parts of the world. Most of
concentration, organic fertilizer. these wastes are organic wastes which include fruit and
vegetable wastes [4]. Waste, loss or spoilage of food is an
1. Introduction efficiency issue that has attracted increasing attention from
the media, researchers, politicians, companies and the
OHN can be used by applying directly to soil and plants. general public in recent years [3]. In many countries the food
OHN is produced by the fermentation of herbal such as waste in itself creates a problem if it is dumped in landfill
herbals leaves, flowers and plant stems or other type of and generates methane [3]. Food loss and waste have many
herbal that contain NPK. It contains micronutrients and plant negative economic and environmental impacts [1].
growth hormones that encourage the growth of beneficial Environmentally, food loss and waste inflict a host of
microorganisms. The common materials that being used are impacts, including unnecessary greenhouse gas emissions
fresh ginger root (Zingiber officinale), turmeric root and inefficiently used water and land, which in turn can lead
(Curcuma longa), garlic cloves (Allium sativum), the bark of to diminished natural ecosystems and the services they
Angelica acutiloba, licorice root (Glycurrhiza uralensis), provide [1]. Municipal solid waste largely consisted of
and cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum sp.) [2]. Oriental Herbal organic component. It was mainly generated from household
Nutrient (OHN) is a fermented extract of herbs that use and marketplace.
Natural Farming to provide plants and soil microorganisms

13

3. Research Objective of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) plant by using different
concentration of OHN in term of the height of plant, the
● Produce organic fertilizer by using wet market waste. length of leaf size and the number of leaves

● To optimize the growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) 5.1. Data Analysis Method
plant by using different concentration of oriental herbal
nutrient (OHN) in term of the height of plant, the length The data of the study growth of spinach plant by using
of leaf size and the number of leaves. difference concentration will be analyses through Microsoft
excel. Usage of software Microsoft excels very useful in
3.1 Research Scope analyzing the data to prepare the bar graph so collected data
will be easy to understand. Each data reading will observe
The project scope is to study the growth of spinach by the growth of Spinach plant by using difference
using different concentration of Oriental Herbal Nutrient concentration of OHN.
(OHN). This study will be experimented in Politeknik Jeli
Kelantan. In addition, the result will take by testing the main Table 1. Data on the growth of spinach
spinach plant, the height of the leaf size, the width of the leaf
size of the spinach and the number of leaves on spinach. The The The Controlled
height length number
3.2. Important of Research of the of the of the
plant. leaf leaves.
This study was carried out to produce organic fertilizer (cm) size.
(OHN) to prevent wet market wastes such as Peppermint, (cm) (pcs)
Parsley, and Turmeric. This is because day by day the
amounts of wet market waste are increase and bring a lot of Week -
problems to the environment and also to human being. This 1 -
application of organic fertilizer can increase yields on -
agriculture and improve soil fertility. Moreover, the Week -
application of organic fertilizer can increase yields on 2 -
agriculture and improve soil fertility. The use of organic -
fertilizer should be introduced abroad in order to replace the Week -
next generation using fertilizers of the best quality and free 3
from the use of chemicals. The resulting organic fertilizer
helps to increasing plant growth. Finally, the main uses of Week
organic fertilizer are the reduction of chemical residues and 4
also provide awareness for the danger of the use
Week
4. Methodology 5

The polybags were arranged in three row represent three Week
different concentrations. There are 10 polybags in each row. 6
The first row of spinach was for control. Moreover, the
second row of spinach was sprayed with 10% of Week
concentration of OHN. Then, the third row of spinach was 7
sprayed with 20% of concentration of OHN. The spinach
(Spinacia oleracea) was sprayed with OHN 2 weeks of 6. Results
spinach cultivation.
6.1 Height of Spinach
4.1 Method of Making OHN
Based on this graph, the result showed the height of
i. The materials and equipment needed to make OHN spinach by using different concentration of OHN for seven
was prepared. weeks (see Figure 1). The green color bar chart represents for
20% of OHN, red represent for 10% of concentration and the
ii. Crush or chop the peppermint, parsley and blue represent for 0% concentration. The height of spinach
turmeric. those without OHN or 0% concentration of OHN are slow.
At the same time, the height of spinach by using 10%
iii. Weight 1kg peppermint, 1kg Parsley and 1kg concentration of OHN increasing significantly. Besides, the
turmeric. height of spinach that using 20% concentration of OHN
increasing exponentially compare to both. As a conclusion,
iv. Mix the peppermint, parsley and turmeric, and then if used 20% concentration of OHN the height of spinach will
put them in a plastic container. Next, add 1kg grow the most effective.
molasses and 1 litter of coconut wine.

v. After that keep the plastic container closed. After a
week the OHN is ready to use.

5. Data Collection Method

The data of the growth of spinach plant by using
difference concentration are collected to optimize the growth

14

Height of spinach (cm)The height of spinach at different concentration of OHN

Number of leaves (pcs)25 Figure 3: Result on length of spinach at different
concentration of OHN
20
7. Conclusion
15 0% Concentration
In Conclusion, the resulted prove that organic fertilizer
10% from manipulation combination from market waste able
complement element needed for Spinach growth. Survey
10 Concentration results also found Number of Leaves, Length of Spinach and
20% Height of Spinach showing positive change after being
Concentration fertilized with using fertilizer that produce. This study has
5 achieved the objective namely generate organic fertilizer
from market waste for a better soil fertility and increase the
0 growth of spinach plants by using the different concentration
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 of OHN.

Weeks Acknowledgments

Figure 1: Result on height of spinach at different We would like to thank to this Festival Agro Makanan dan
concentration of OHN Bioteknologi (E-FAMB) 2020 because give us an
opportunity to invent our project and a special thanks to
6.2 Number of Spinach Leaves Politeknik Jeli Kelantan for their support and guide us to
build this project successfully until the very end of the
Based on this graph, the result showed the number of project. And thanks for the teammates that cooperate and
spinach leaves by using different concentration of OHN for helped each other to establish this project.
seven weeks (see Figure 2). The number of spinach leaves
that using 0% concentration of OHN is very low better than References
10% concentration and 20% of concentration. At the same
time, the number of spinach leaves by using 10% [1] Brian Lipinski, Craig Hanson, James Lomax, Lisa
concentration of OHN showed better than 0% of OHN. Kitinoja, Richard Waite and Tim Searchinger, Reducing
Besides, the number of spinach leaves that using 20% Food Loss and Waste. World Resources Institute
concentration of OHN increasing exponentially compare to (2013).
both. As a conclusion, if used 20% concentration of OHN
the number of spinach leaves will grow the most effective. [2] Kim C.S. Chang, Joseph M. Mcginn, Eric Weinert, and
Michael W. Duponte, Natural Farming: Oriental
Number of leaves at different concentration of OHN Herbal Nutrient. College of Tropical Agriculture and
25 Human Resources (2014).

20 [3] Mattias Eriksson, Supermarket Food Waste -
Prevention and Management with the Focus on
15 0% Concentration Reduced Waste for Reduced Carbon Footprint. Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences (2015).
10%
[4] Olusola Olaitan Ayeleru, Member, Laeng, Freeman
10 Concentration Ntuli and Charles Mbohwa, Characterisation of Fruit
20% and Vegetables Waste in the City of Johannesburg.
Concentration World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science
5 (2016).

0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Weeks

Figure 2: Result on number of leaves of spinach at
different concentration of OHN

6.3 Length of Spinach

Based on this graph, the result showed the number of
spinach leaves by using different concentration of OHN for
seven weeks (see Figure 3). The length of spinach that using
0% concentration of OHN increasing slowly. Next, the
length of spinach by using 10% concentration of OHN
increasing significantly. Besides, the length of spinach that
using 20% concentration of OHN increasing exponentially
compare to both. As a conclusion, if used 20% concentration
of OHN the length of spinach will grow the most effective.

15

INNOVATION OF PINEAPPLE HARVESTER

Wan Nor Afzan Muhammad Izzat Danial Muhammad Azfar Siti Aisyah Ahmad Simi
Mohd Azmi Department of Agrotech- Irsyaduddin Department of Agrotech-
nology and Bio-Industry, nology and Bio-Industry,
Department of Agrotech- Politeknik Jeli Kelantan Department of Agrotech- Politeknik Jeli Kelantan
nology and Bio-Industry, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia nology and Bio-Industry, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
Politeknik Jeli Kelantan [email protected] Politeknik Jeli Kelantan [email protected]
Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract available, they wrap the cloth around the hands for the protec-
tion they need safely [2].
Pineapple harvesting was having many problems to harvest. It
is because there was no safety features on the tools such as 2. Methodology
machete, sickle or sharp knife that can cut the pineapple stalk
when harvesting which is can lead into an accident if they not This study was conducted between August until September
manage carefully. To overcome this big problem, safety pine- 2020 at ICool Pine, Kuala Krai, Kelantan. The tool was pre-
apple harvester was designed and test effectiveness of pineap- pared on August and the data was collected on September.
ple harvester tool in harvesting technique. The material that
used are aluminum which is the size are 18cm, stainless steel Scope in this research is instrument it was use like aluminum
which size 90 and 97 cm, handles and sickles with 23 cm. The which is the size are 18cm, stainless steel which size 90 and 97
method that used are by manual, semi – manual and innova- cm, handles and sickles with 23 cm (Figure 2). The pineapple
tion. The resulted shows the innovation tool was more effective varieties was tested are MD2 at the age of 12 month because at
and save time during harvesting which is average at 9 second this age is suitable to harvest the pineapple. The sizes of MD2
for one pineapple harvested rather than manual and semi – are within 16 – 17 cm.
manual. The use of innovation which is pineapple harvester
tool was give more beneficial to farmers which are save times, For the purpose of testing the pineapple harvester, the op-
easy to carry and others. eration of pineapple harvesting was conducted. The operation
activity involved one person who performed the harvesting ac-
Keywords tivity using manual (hand), semi – manual (machete) and inno-
MD2 Pineapple, Method of Harvesting Pineapple, Tools of vation (pineapple harvester). Firstly, put the aluminum into a
Harvesting Pineapple, Pineapple Farm Management pineapple (Figure 3). Then, pull the handle and the sickle was
move backward to cut the peduncle. Lastly, the pineapple al-
1. Introduction ready cut.

Farmers do not have equipment and implement such as The parameter was collected during harvesting in terms of
harvester to harvest their pineapple so that they use manual time taken of pineapple harvested in second. The pineapple was
methods that can affect the quality of pineapples. Manual pick- harvested in 3 different methods which the totals are 15 pineap-
ing is easy to cause injury, which seriously reduces the picking ples and 5 replicate for each method.
efficiency of pineapple; second, because pineapple is a peren-
nial fruit with special structure, it is less likely to be mecha- All the data was collected by using Microsoft Excel. The
nized for large-scale mechanization. At present, it is mostly time taken of pineapple harvested using 3 different methods was
targeted for batch picking [1]. calculated and averaged to get the mean (second). So, the mean
(second) was analyzed to make a bar graph (Figure 1).
The purpose of innovation of the pineapple harvester
was designed to replace the existing pineapple harvester tool 3. Result and Discussion
that has been used by farmers. Farmers still used traditional
harvesting techniques using tools such as machete, sickle, knife The study shows that the time taken of pineapple harvested.
and any other sharp tools when harvesting. Besides, for safety The more effective method was innovation that use pineapple
features, farmers use gloves, hand socks or wrap cloth around harvester that are more fasters which the mean at 9 second (Ta-
the hand to prevent injuries from pineapple leaf thorns that also ble 1) for one pineapple harvested. It can save more time during
slowing down the harvesting activities. When the leaves of harvesting rather than manual and semi – manual. New tool
fruits and thorny plants can penetrate the skin during harvest- predicts speed and peak level of adoption by farmers of new
ing, the farmers wears thick gloves or when gloves are not practices [3]. 100% of the respondent harvested their produce
manually [4].

16

Table 1: Time taken of pineapple and average with
different methods

Methods Mean (second) 4.0 Conclusion
15.8
Manual 11.6 This study conclude that the innovation pineapple harvester
Semi – Manual 9 are more beneficial to the farmers which is in the terms of
safety, save time during harvesting, easy to carry and can be
Innovation consistent. The pineapple harvester was more effective rather
than use by hand and machetes.

Acknowledgments

Special thanks are owed to all participants that involved in mak-
ing the study a success including supervisor of Department of
Agrotechnology and Bio – Industry for their kind consultations
and facilities throughout the study. This present study was sup-
ported by ICool Pine that gives the places to test the pineapple
harvester.

Figure 1: 3 different methods in pineapple harvesting References
Figure 2: Pineapple Harvester Tool
[1] Zhang Liangzha, Structure Design Of A Semi – Automatic
Pineapple Picking Machine. (2018)

[2] Frederick Mba, Jurulatih Pasca Perundingan dan Pe-
runding, Satu Tinjauan Mengenai Masalah Kualiti Nanas
dan Kerugian Selepas Tamat Tempoh, Afrika Barat. (2019)

[3] Geoff K., Mike E. Predicting Farmer Uptake Of New Agri-
cultural Practices : A Tool For Research , Extension And
Policy. Journal Of Agricultural Systems (2017)

[4] Iwuchukwu, J.C., Nwobodo Cynthia E., Udoye, C. E..
Problems and Prospects of Pineapple Production in Enugu
State, Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension, 20 (1) :
167 – 180 (2017)

Figure 3: Put aluminium cylinder into pineapple

17

FORMULATION OF NATURAL PERMANENT HAIR DYE BY USING
BEETROOT (Beta vulgaris) AS A MAIN INGREDIENT

Irmawati Akma A. Hapiz Hor Mun Hsin Priyaa D/O Sures Ziha Norfazira Muzali

Dept. of Agrotechnology & Dept. of Agrotechnology Dept. of Agrotechnology & Dept. of Agrotechnology &
Bio-Industry, & Bio-Industry, Bio-Industry, Bio-Industry,
Politeknik Nilai, Politeknik Nilai,
Politeknik Nilai, Politeknik Nilai,
N. Sembilan, Malaysia. N. Sembilan, Malaysia. N. Sembilan, Malaysia. N. Sembilan, Malaysia.
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract their hair [4]. Consequently, development of reliable analyt-
ical methods for checking the prescribed level of marker
The increase in health and environment hazards in the compounds in commercial hair dyes have become utmost
manufacture of hair dye and its application throughout the important.
world is a major concern. In this present study, beetroot
(Beta vulgaris) were used for the extraction of the natural Earlier studies reported that small quantities of dye are
dye material as a main ingredient. The natural hair dye trapped inside the hair shaft [14] and major part of dye
shows permanent dyeing to the human white hair without components are washed out to the environment as salon
causing any hair damage and skin irritation. There was a waste water. When the waste from salons enters neighbour-
significant difference observed in the absorptivity of the hood water bodies, it has good amount of dye present that
hair at (p > 0.05) level which the significant value was can have opposed results on the water assets, soil fertility,
0.047. Out of the 2 formulations, HD-1 was chosen as the and aquatic organisms and on human health by means of
best formulation which beetroot juice was used to dilute the meals chains. Such environmental issues have raised con-
other ingredients. This is because, when it comes to white cerns regarding the disposal of dyes. However, hair dyes
hair that treated with HD-1, the color was strongly pene- have become a part of life style, it is difficult to avoid. The
trated the hair cortex and medulla of the hair when ob- discharge of these dyes has not only a negative aesthetic
served under microscope. Moreover, HD-1 able to with- effect but also the chemical constituents of these dyes are
stand the 3 different conditions which are placed at room toxic. Therefore, the worldwide demand for natural dyes is
temperature, under sunlight and washed with hair shampoo nowadays of great interest due to the increased awareness
for 14 days. The color of treated hair after placing under on therapeutic properties of natural dyes in public.
these 3 conditions were not fade and this shown that the
natural permanent hair dye was produced successfully. Natural dyes are derived from naturally occurring
sources such as plants, insects, animals and minerals.
Keywords Therefore, this project is executing by producing a perma-
Beetroot, permanent dyeing, natural, no harmful effect, nent natural hair dye which natural dyes are eco-friendly,
environment, human health, hair dye. bio-degradable, non-allergic and non-toxic to humans [3].
Natural dyes in the structure consist of catechins, flavo-
1. Introduction noids, ascorbic acid, or others, which show natural antioxi-
dant property [13]. Natural hair dyes solve the problem of
Cosmetics are products or substances that used to en- the destruction of the scalp and hair cuticle which are safe
hance or alter the appearance of the face or fragrance and for use [12]. There is no plant pigments or colorants have
texture of the body. Cosmetic also refer to the product cre- been reported for toxicity from extracts of any species of
ated for cleansing, beautifying, and enhancing the attractive plant. Recently, plant pigments and colorants, including
feature [2]. Hair beauty cosmetics are those that change hair beta-carotene, xanthophylls, quercetin, were revealed as
color or shape. They include temporary setting products non-toxic in both short-term and long-term toxicity profiles,
(such as hair spray, foam, or hair gel), permanent waving or showing no adverse health effects, and proving safe for
straightening products, and hair dyes. Hair dyes are either human consumption even when taken for long duration
temporarily or permanently by removing part of the existing [18].
pigment or adding new pigment.
The main ingredient used in the natural dye are beet-
Nowadays, the usage of hair dye has increased dramati- root. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is the main source of natural
cally world-wide and people all over the world use hair dye red dye, known as “beetroot red”. Beetroot is used as a
products to improve their appearance. Currently, more than vegetable, and its juice and extracts also as traditional med-
50% of the women in the industrial world use hair dyes icine, food colorant and additive to cosmetics [11].
[21]. Approximately 33% of women above age 18, and Betanine is the main component of the red colorant extract-
more than 10% of men over the age of 40 in the USA, color

18

ed from Beta vulgaris. Betanine is a water- soluble pigment dirt. The 8 strands of white hair were dipped into each for-
belonging to betalains, a class of highly bio-available natu- mulation and kept in a weighing bowl for 20 hours, air-
ral pigments [8]. The major commercially exploited beta- dried and washed with tap water. The washed coloured
lain crop is red beetroot (Beta vulgaris), which contains two strands of hair are divided into three categories to observe
groups of betalains, the red violet betacyanins and the yel- the effects at room temperature, under the sunlight and
low orange betaxanthins of which betanin and vulgaxanthin washing with a hair shampoo. (The Ayurvedic Formulary of
are the predominant pigments, respectively [16]. Beetroot India, 2003).
extract has been approved by the Food and Drug Admin-
istration (FDA) and the European Union, as a natural red- 2.5. Skin sensitive test
violet coloring agent (E162) and is used worldwide for col-
oring food, beverages, cosmetics and drugs (US Food and 2.5.1. Patch Test
Drug Administration, FDA 2009; EFSA Panel, 2015). A small amount of aqueous solution of natural hair dye

2. Methodology is put on inner elbow in an area of 1sq.cm and leaving it to
2.1. Extraction of beetroot juice dry. Signs of irritation or feeling of non-wellness is noted, if
any. Irritancy, redness, and swelling were checked and no-
Fresh beetroots are purchased from a local market. The ticed for regular intervals up to 24 hours.
beets were washed thoroughly in running tap water to get
rid of any impurities adhered to the surface of the vegeta- 2.6. Physical evaluation
ble. Peeled beetroots are sliced by using a slicer. The beet-
root was arranged orderly and placed in the bowl. The tap 2.6.1. Stability Test
water was filled until the water covered surface of the beet-
root. Heat for 2 hours and maintain the temperature at 60⁰ C Stability testing of the prepared formulation is per-
until 80⁰ C. After 2 hours, the flesh and the liquid were sep- formed by storing it at different temperature conditions for
arated. The liquid was stored for further use. the time of 2 weeks. The different hair dye formulation was
stored at room temperature and was evaluated for the phys-
2.2. Collection of white hairs ical parameters like colour, odour, pH, texture, and
smoothness.
The human white hair was collected from volunteers.
2.7. Microscopic structure of human gray hair be-
2.3. Preparation of natural hair dye fore and after apply hair dye

The amount of each ingredient for both formulations for The original white hair was observed under the micro-
the indigo powder, bhringraj powder, aloe vera gel as well scope. After the hair were immersed into the difference
as sodium benzoate were weighted as the amount men- formulation of hair dye, the coloured hair was then placed
tioned in the Table 1 and stirred to dissolve in a warm beet- under microscope to observe.

root juice or warm distilled water. 2.8. Statistical analysis

Table 1. Formulation of natural hair dye ANOVA test was applied in this study to compare the
*HD = Hair Dye formulation of hair dye and the absorptivity of the colour on
human white hair at the 5% significance level. The statisti-
INGREDIENT HD-1 HD-2 cal analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010
software, and the differences were considered significant
Beetroot juice 3.0ml 0.0ml when p ≤ 0.05.

Distilled water 0.0ml 3.0ml The coloured strands of white hair were divided into
three categories to observe the effects at room temperature,
Indigo powder 1.0g 1.0g under the sunlight and washing with a hair shampoo. (The
Ayurvedic Formulary of India, 2003).
Bhringraj 0.5g 0.5g
2.9. Studies on dyeing effect
Aloe vera gel 2.0g 2.0g
2.9.1. Effect of room temperature on coloured hair strand
Sodium Benzoate 0.2g 0.2g
The coloured hair strand is pasted on a white paper
2.4. Application of the natural hair dye on human sheet, covered with transparent cellophane sheet and then
white hair kept for 2 weeks at room temperature. Photographs of this
sheet are taken at an interval of 0, 7, and 14 days.
After the hair dye was prepared as Table 1, about 8
strands white hair were wash with hair shampoo to removes

19

2.9.2. Effect of sunlight on coloured hair strand Table 3. Observation of Stability Test
The coloured hair strand is pasted on a white paper
PARAMETER OBSERVATION
sheet, covered with transparent cellophane sheet and kept in
day sunlight for 2 hours daily for 2 weeks. Photographs of Before After
this sheet were taken at an interval of 0, 7, and 14 days.
HD-1 HD-2 HD-1 HD-2
2.9.3. Effect of hair shampoo on coloured hair strand
The coloured hair strand is washed with hair shampoo Colour Dark Brownish Very Very
green dark dark dark
for 5 min on alternate days for 2 weeks and then air-dried green greenish greenish
after each washing. Photographs of these hair strand are
taken at an interval of 0, 7, and 14 days. Odour Herb Herb Less Less
smell smell herb herb
2.10. Further analysis Texture smell smell
pH Smooth Smooth Dry Dry
2.10.1. Porosity Test 7.03 7.33
6.83 7.41
The hair was washed and allow to dry. Then, a beaker
of tap water was taken at room temperature. The hair was 3.3. Colour Absorptivity Under Microscope
placed in it for 10 minutes. The hair reaction was observed
and are recorded as low porosity, medium porosity, and A BCD
high porosity.
EF G
2.10.2. Incompatibility Test
The ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was mixed with

6% of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the ratio of 1:20. The
hair was then placed into the mixture. The hair was allowed
to leave for 30 minutes. The result was observed.

3. Results Figure 1. Observation of hair under light micro-
3.1. Patch Test scope

Table 2. Observation of Patch Test A shown the original grey hair under microscope. B
shown White hair after applied HD-1 (Batch 1). C shown
OBSERVATION White hair after applied HD-2 (Batch 1). D shown white
hair after applied HD-1 (Batch 2). E shown white hair after
DUPLICATE 1 2 applied HD-2 (Batch 2). F shown white hair after applied
HD-1 (Batch 3). G shown white hair after applied HD-2
PARAMETER HD-1 HD-2 HD-1 HD-2 (Batch 3).

INDIVIDUAL A B A B C D C D

Redness - -- - - - - -

Irritant - -- - - - - -

Swelling - -- - - - - - 3.4. Absorptivity Range

Table 4. Observation of hair colour absorptivity

*A = Individual A, B = Individual B, C = Individual C, D = FormulationColor BATCH 1 BATCH 2 BATCH 3
Individual D 3 2 3
Absorptivity 1 2
+ = Positive result
HD-1
- = Negative result

HD-2 1

3.2 Stability test 0= no color absorb
1= slightly color absorb
2= medium color absorb
3= fully color absorb

20

3.5. Statistical Analysis Further Analysis

3.7.1. Porosity Test

Table 5. Result of Porosity Test

Batch Formulation Duplicate OBSERVATION

Before After

HD-1 1 Low Low

1 2 Medium

HD-2 1 Low Low

2 Low

HD-1 1 Low Low

2 2 Low

HD-2 1 Low Low

2 Low

HD-1 1 Low Low

3 2 Low

HD-2 1 Low Low

2 Medium

3.7.2. Incompatibility Test
Table 6. Result of Incompatibility Test

Observation
Batch
Formulation Before After
Duplicate
Bubbles
Colour
changes
Heat
Bubbles
Colour
changes
Heat

Figure 2. Result of Statistical Analysis HD-1 1 √ × ×× × ×
2 ×× ×
3.6. Effect of dyeing effect
1 HD-2 1 √ × ×× × ×
3.6.1. Kept in room temperature 2 √× ×
There is nothing different observed from Day 0 & 14.
HD-1 1 √ × ×√ × ×
3.6.2. Kept under sunlight for 2 hours 2 ×× ×
There is nothing different observed from Day 0 & 14.
2 HD-2 1 √ × ×× × ×
3.6.3. Washed with hair shampoo on alternative day 2 √× ×
There is nothing different observed from Day 0 & 14.
HD-1 1 √ × ×× × ×
3.7. 2 ×× ×

3 HD-2 1 √ × ×× × ×
2 ×× ×

21

4. Discussion nent hair dye were all-natural ingredient which natural dyes
4.1. Formulation of Permanent Hair Dye are eco-friendly, biodegradable, non-allergic and non-toxic
to humans [3].
Figure 3. HD-1 and HD-2
4.3. Physical Evaluation
HD-1 and HD-2 permanent hair dyes are low molecular
weight chemicals, which can penetrate the hair shaft and are 4.3.1. Stability Test
retained in the hair shaft by weak polar and Van der Waals According to the Table 3, it summarizes the stability test
attractive forces, thus lasting through 6 to 10 times sham-
pooing [7]. They are coloured compounds and do not re- of the natural permanent hair dye’s physical parameters like
quire any oxidation for their coloring action. The final col- colour, odour, pH, texture, and smoothness. These are eval-
our of each strand of hair depends on its original colour and uated at room temperature for 2 weeks. The results shown
porosity, giving a more natural look with subtle variations the physical appearance before carrying out the stability test
compared to the synthetic permanent dye. Natural perma- were in good condition and after carrying out the stability
nent dyes are best suited for patients with less than 30% test it shown in good condition too. The colour of the hair
gray hair that want to restore their natural color [25]. This is dye before stability test was dark green, herb smell, smooth
done by selecting a dye color that is lighter than the natural texture in HD-1 and brownish dark green, herb smell and
hair color since the dye will penetrate both the gray and the smooth texture for HD-2. After 2 weeks, the colour become
non-gray hairs, resulting in an increased darkening of the very dark greenish, very less herb smell and dry texture of
non-gray hairs. In this research, the permanent natural hair the both HD-1 and HD-2. This is because the hair dye does
dye was successfully produced by using beetroots juice to not store well in a proper container and this allow water in
dissolve all other ingredients such as indigo powder, the hair dye evaporate to the environment. The hair dye has
bhringraj powder, aloe vera and sodium benzoate and can not shown any contamination occur since the hair dye was
be seen in above Figure 3. The hair dye was given an in- protected by the sodium benzoate which act as a preserva-
credibly good response to the human white hair as well as tive. The pH of the hair dye was 7.03 and 7.33 in HD-1 and
the color absorptivity especially HD-1 formulation which HD-2 respectively before carrying out the stability test and
shown in Figure 3 (at the left one). The hair dye was then were 6.83 and 7.41 in HD-1 and HD-2 respectively after 2
evaluated to a few test and the treated hair strands were also weeks. A study shown that the colour which was obtained at
evaluated in the study of dyeing effect to see the effective- pH 7 was better than that of pH 6, 8 and 9 [15].
ness of coloured hair at 3 different conditions which are at
room temperature, under sunlight for 2 hours and wash with 4.4. Colour Absorptivity Under Microscope
hair shampoo on alternate day for 2 weeks.
In this experiment, the penetration of small molecules
4.2. Skin Sensitivity Test into human hair fibers is a process of significant interest to
the personal care and cosmetic industry. For hair-color
4.2.1. Patch Test products the penetration of the dye precursors and oxidants
In this experiment, result can be seen on Table 2. In into the hair is crucial for the achievement of the desired
color [19]. Electron microscopy techniques have been in-
spite of the fact that synthetic hair dyes are released world- strumental in understanding and inspecting the morphology
wide for human use, studies have shown that these com- of the fine structure of both the surface as well as the interi-
pounds may induce toxic effects in both, people who have or of the hair [6]. According to the picture shown in Figure
their hair dyed and those applying the dyes [5]. Therefore, a 1, the human white hair was placed under light microscope
worldwide growing consciousness for the use of eco- to see the morphology of the original white hair. There were
friendly products has generated an interest on the part of no colour pigments in the cortex and medulla of the hair.
consumers in using natural hair dyeing products. The patch The colour absorptivity of the human white hair under mi-
test shown there were 4 individuals carried out for the test croscopic photograph shown before and after applied with
and they were all experienced negative results to all the different formulation of hair dye. From Figure 1, (B & F) it
parameter which are redness, irritant and swelling. This is shown the colour of hair dye have successfully penetrated
because the ingredients used to produce the natural perma- the cortex of the white hair and show a red maroon colour
under the microscope. However, from the Figure 1, (C &
G), it shown the colour of the hair dye have not penetrate
the cortex of the white hair. In addition, from the Figure 1
(D), it shown that the colour of hair dye has successfully
penetrated the cortex and the medulla of the white hair and
shows a light red maroon colour under the microscope.
Whereas from Figure 1 (E), it shown that the colour of the
hair dye has not penetrate the cortex or the medulla of the
white hair. Thus, the desired of colour can be obtained by

22

using beetroot juice and others proper proportions of indigo further analyse the treatment of hairs after applying the nat-
powder, bhringraj powder, aloe vera gel and sodium benzo- ural permanent hair dye.
ate. Summary for colour absorptivity of hair dyes were
shown in Table 4. Both formulations HD-1 and HD -2 were 4.7.1. Porosity Test
compared with and without of beetroot juice. The various This test will indicate what category of the hair falls into
constituents present in these plants powder such as colour-
ing principles produces desired burgundy to the white hair before and after applied the HD-1 and HD-2 hair dye. From
[17]. Greying of the scalp hair is an inevitable physiologic the Table 5, it shown the hairs before applying the hair dye
process in human aging and is caused by the loss of the have low porosity. Low porosity is often “virgin hair” that
pigmented forming melanocytes from the hair follicles, which has not been subject to any chemical treatment or any
which reflects loss of the melanocyte stem cell population colouring before. The table shows that during the observa-
in the aging hair follicles [10]. tion the hair does not sink. After applying the formulation
hair dye, there were most of the hairs in HD-1 and HD-2
4.5. Statistical Analysis remain as low porosity. However, there was a medium po-
rosity hair in HD-1 batch 1 duplicate result and in HD-2
ANOVA test was applied in this study to compare the batch 3 duplicate result, it means that hair was slowly sinks.
formulation of hair dye and the absorptivity of the colour on Medium porosity hair responds well to styling, chemical,
human white hair at the 5% significance level. Before the treatments and coloring which puts it in danger of overdo-
ANOVA test were carry out, the treated hair strands were ing it. There are no hairs fall in the category of high porosi-
divided and recorded into 4 categories. From the result, it ty which high porosity sinks quickly in water and high po-
shows that HD-1 in batch 1 and batch 3 have the fully color rosity hair are those tend to leave the hair shaft quickly too
absorption whereas HD-1 in batch 2 have the medium color and often leaving hair dehydrated and malnourished. Hair
absorption. However, HD-2 in batch 1 and batch 2 have product that contain high chemicals may affect hair by
only slightly color absorption while HD-2 in batch 3 have make open cuticles and can be caused by daily heat styling,
the medium color absorption. The results obtained were pool water, pH imbalances, chemical and color treatments,
then used to performed statistical analysis using Microsoft and overexposure to the sun can all have chances to cause
Excel 2010 software, and the differences were considered high porosity. When the hair dye is alkaline and the pH is
significant when p ≤ 0.05. According to the result shown, over pH 8 it will increase the permeability but will influ-
there were a significant difference between HD-1 and HD-2 ence on porosity of the hair too [9]. This natural hair dye
which was 0.047 which is smaller than 0.05. The value ob- with a neutral pH with is 7 will not cause any damage effect
tained from Figure 2 shown there was significant different to the hair fibre.
between HD-1 and HD-2. It shown that the mean absorptiv-
ity of HD-1 (mean = 2.67) was obviously higher than that 4.7.2. Incompatibility Test
of HD-2 (mean = 1.33). The higher the mean absorptivity, This test indicates whether the presents of metallic salt
the higher the color absorptivity on human white hair. Thus,
the color absorption of HD-1 is higher than the color ab- can cause any reaction. From Table 6, there were bubbles
sorption of HD-2. produced when the original white hair was placed in the
mixture of ammonia hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide in
4.6. Studies on Dyeing Effect the ratio of 1:20. This indicates that there is metallic salt
present in the hair. After the white hairs were treated with
From the research, there were no changes in colour of the hair dye which are HD-1 and HD-2, the results were
treated hair when kept at room temperature, under sunlight shown 5 out of 6 hairs from HD-1, have no bubbles pro-
for 2 hours and washed with shampoo on alternate day for duced from the hair. It can be said that the hair dye that
14 days. When the treated color of hair was kept under sun- applied on the white hair has the ability to treat the hair and
light for 2 hours daily, the color does not fade. There was a decrease the metallic salt in the hair. However, 4 out of 6
study shown that the color of a natural hair dye got faded in hairs from HD-2 have no bubbles produced by the hairs. It
sunlight gradually and after a period of 15 days it remained can be said that HD-2 hair dye has the ability to treat the
half of the original colour. It indicates that ultraviolet rays hair and decrease the metallic salt in the hair but lower than
present in sunlight affected the colour of treated hair pro- the hair treated with HD-1. In addition, there were no heat
duced by herbal hair colorants [23]. When hair was washed and colour changes before and after applying the hair dye
with shampoo for 7 washing, their red colour was retained formulations. The bubbles produced from the hair tells us
as such. that the hairs are damaged and do not proceed with any
hairdressing process that contains hydrogen peroxide. Hy-
4.7. Further Analysis drogen peroxide is a harmful chemical that can cause hair
loss. Using peroxide continuously could also damage hair
The hairs were further analysed by doing the porosity follicle [20].
and incompatibility test which to know hair's ability to ab-
sorb moisture and the present of metallic salts in hair and to

23

5. Conclusion [8] Esatbeyoglu, A., Wagner,V. & SchiniKerth, G. Rim-
bach., “Molecular Nutrition & Food Research”. 5936–
This study was carried out with the aim to formulate a 47 , (2015)
permanent natural hair dye by using natural ingredients and
to investigating the potential of producing hair dye based on [9] Feughelman, M., Morphology and Properties of Hair.
beetroots mixed with indigo powder, bhringraj powder, aloe In Hair and Hair Care; Johnson, D.H., Ed.; Marcel
vera gel and sodium benzoate which have different proper- Dekker: New York, NY, USA (1977).
ties. The objectives were said to be achieved by producing
a permanent hair dye, there was a significant color observed [10] Kim D, Shin D, Lee S, Chung S, Kim. J., “Statistical
under the light microscope and lastly, the effectiveness of and clinical study of gray hair. Korean J Dermatology”
the hair dye on human white hairs were good. The hair dye ;37:1567–75 (1999).
was done by carried out the mixing process. The advantages
of natural based cosmetics are their non-toxic nature. In this [11] Henry, B., “Natural food colours. In: Natural Food
research, we found effective properties of the natural hair Colorants” (Hendry G. and Houghton J., eds.). Chap-
dye and further studies are needed to be performed to ex- man & Hall, London, UK, pp 40-79 (1996).
plore more useful benefits of this natural hair dye. Natural
remedies are widely accepted with open hands nowadays as [12] Iqbal, Z. ̧ Liaqat, L. ̧ Waheed‚ A. & Mahmood‚ K,.
they are safer with minimal side effects as compared to the “World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research”. 5‚1,
chemical-based products. Natural formulations are in great 1598-1602 (2016).
demand to fulfill the needs of the growing world market.
[13]Kilinca ̧ M., Canbolata ̧ S., Merdana ̧ N., Dayioglua, H. &
Acknowledgments kinb, F., Procedure, Social and Behavioral Sci-
ences. 95, 2152 – 2159 (2015).
Special thanks to the Agrotechnology and Bio-Industry
Department in Politeknik Nilai for providing workplace for [14] Meuling, W., Hueber-Becker,8. F., Roza, L., Benech-
our research. Also, our gratitude also goes to our supervisor Kieffer, F., Leclaire, J. & Nohynek, G. “Percutane-
Miss Irmawati Akma binti Abdul Hapiz, coordinator Sir ous Absorption of Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) After
Ahmad Yazid Bin Rahman for expertly guided and encour- Application of a [14C]-PPD-Containing Hair Dye to
aged. Our sincere thanks also go to all our colleagues and Human Volunteers”, Toxicology Letters 144
family members who have aided at various occasions di-
rectly and indirectly. (Suppl. 1) 160 (2003).

References [15] Madhusudan Y, Shayeda R & Sujatha P., “Formulation
and Evaluation of cCommonly Used Natural Hair Col-
[1] Agarwal, R., Pruthi, N. & Singh, J., “Effect of Mor- orants”. Natural Product Radiance, Vol. 7(1), 2008,
dants on Printing with Marigold flower Dye”, Natural pp.45-48 (2008).
Product Radiance; 6(4): 300-309 (2007).
[16] Neelwarne, S. & Halagur, B. Red beet: An Overview
[2] Agarwal, S., “Brand Ambassadors & Their Impact on in: B. Neelwarne (Ed.), “Red Beet Biotechnology:
Consumer Behavior”- Indian Journal of Marketing, Food and Pharmaceutical Applications”, Springer,
Dec 2009; 39: 3-8 (2009). NewYork, pp.1–43 (2012).

[3] Ali S, Hussain T. & Nawaz R., “Optimization of Alka- [17] Punjani B & Kumar V., “Plants Used in Traditional
line Extraction of Natural Dye from Henna Leaves and Phytotherapy for Hair Care by Tribals in Sabarkantha
its Dyeing on Cotton by Exhaust Method”. Journal of District, Gujarat, India”. Indian Journal of Traditional
Cleaner Production 17, 61-66 (2009). Knowledge ; 2:74–8 (2003).

[4] Andrew, A., Schned, A., Heaney, J. & Karagas, M., [18] Richins, R., Hernandez, L., Dungan, B., Hambly, S.,
“Bladder Cancer Risk and Personal Hair Dye Use”. Holguin, F. & Connell, M., “A‘‘Green’’Extraction Pro-
International Journal of Cancer, 109: 581–586 (2004). tocol to Recover Red Pigments from Hot Capsicum
Fruit”. HortScience 45 (7), 1084-1087 (2010).
[5] Ahn H & Lee W., “An Ultrastuctural Study of Hair
Fiber Damage and Restoration Following Treatment [19] Robbins C., Chemical and Physical Behavior of Hu-
with Permanent Hair Dye”. Int. J. Dermatol. 41, 88–92 man Hair, 233 –261 3rd ed. Springer Verlag, New
(2002). York (1994).

[6] Birbeck M & Mercer. E., “The Electron Microscopy of [20] Seo J, Bae I, Jang W, Kim J, Bak S, Han S, Park Y &
the Human Hair Follicle. Part II: The Hair Cuticle,” J. Lim K., “Hydrogen peroxide and monoethanolamine
Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 3 215–221. 0095-9901 are the key causative ingredients for hair dye induced
(1957). dermatitis and hair loss”. Journal of Dermatological
Science; 66: 12-10 (2012).
[7] Corbett J “Hair Coloring Processes”. Cosmet Toi-let
106:53–57, (1991). [21] Sosted H, Rastogi S., Anderssen K, Johansen J &
Menne, T., “Hair Dye Contact Allergy: Quantitative
Exposure Assessment of Selected Products and Clini-
cal Cases”. Contact Dermatitis, 50: 344–348 (2004).

24

[22] The Ayurvedic Formulary of India, Part-I (Second Re-
vised English Edition) New Delhi: Govt. of India,
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dept. of Indian
System of Medicine and Homoeopathy; p. 3. (2003).

[23] Vijender S, Mohammed A & Sukirti U., “Study of
Colouring Effect of Herbal Hair Formulations on Gray-
ing Hair”, Pharmacognosy Research; 7(3): 259–262
(2015).

[24] Wagner R, Kiyohara P, Silveira M & Joekes, I. “Elec-
tron microscopic observations of human hair medulla”.
Journal of Microscopy. 226, 54–63 (2007).

[25] Zviak C., “Hair Coloring, Nonoxidation Coloring”. In:
Zviak C (ed) The science of hair care. Marcel Dekker,
New York, pp 235–261 (1986).

25

Low-Cost Bio-sorbent for Dye Wastewater Treatment in Textile Industry

Ilakhiya Paavai A/P Azra Shafy binti Nur Farahin binti Kamal Norshazila binti Senawi
Arunasalam M Azmi Bahrin Department of Agrotech-
Department of nology and Bio-Industry
Department of Department of Agro-
Agrotechnology And Agrotechnology And technology And Bio- Nilai Polytechnic
Bio-Industry. [email protected]
Bio-Industry. Industry.
Nilai Polytechnic Nilai Polytechnic Nilai Polytechnic
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract methylene blue and crystal violet are chemically complex
compound that enters the ecosystem due to various textile
Textile wastewater contains dyes mixed with various con- industry processes like dyeing and cloth completing pro-
taminants at a variety of ranges. The dye wastewater is cess. Chemicals evaporate into the air we breathe or are
high in colour, pH, suspended solids (SS), chemical oxygen absorbed through our skin may cause harm to human life
demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). If (Parisi et al., 2015). Methylene blue is a synthetic dye that
dye wastewater is not properly treated by industries, as a is non-degradable in nature. Dye wastewater from textile
result it will accumulate in the Biochemical Oxygen De- industry will interfere the transmission of sunlight through
mand (BOD) and decrease in the dissolved oxygen in water water. This reduce the photosynthesis activity of aquatic life
bodies. It causes negatively impact to the ecosystem by and also disturbs the natural equilibrium and affects the
blocking sunlight to penetrate the water for photosynthetic aquatic food chain (Dewevedi, 2014). This causes an in-
life and disturbs the natural equilibrium. In this study, crease in the Biological Dissolved Oxygen (BOD) and
coffee grounds were evaluated as bio-sorbent for the re- decrease in the dissolved oxygen in water bodies. Most of
moval of dye wastewater. In this study, the coffee ground the chemical and physical methods used to treat dye
waste was processed and molded in a tablet form. The wastewater but their usage is restricted due to high cost
ability of low-cost and eco-friendly coffee tablets able to (Altaher, 2014). Historically, activated carbon was the
absorb the dyes were studied under various factors such as primary biosorbent that was used but the major disad-
dosage of tablets, contact time and pH. The dye removal vantages of using this biosorbent to its high price and its
efficiency optimum at dosage 20g and contact time is 24hrs high regeneration cost. This has led researcher to look for
with the dye removal efficiency of 39.58% for Methylene more economic biosorbents. As the country well known for
blue and 97.14% for crystal violet. While for the pH, tab- its culture of coffee drinkers, modern and traditional coffee
lets perform best at pH 3 solution. This study showed that shops are found everywhere and become most favorable
this biosorbent could be employed as low-cost and effective beverage in Malaysia. According to Malaysian Biotechnol-
sorbent for the removal of dye for Textile wastewater. ogy Information Centre in 2014, more than nine million
tons of spent coffee grounds were sent to landfills. Coffee
1. Introduction grounds contain a 3-high amount of nitrogen. They have the
potential to slowly release nitrogen into the soil which can
Nowadays, large amount of dye wastewater is produced kill weeds that are surrounded. Industrial and agricultural
in dye production and usage. Commercially, more than waste such as coffee grounds have potential as a biosorbent
100,000 dye are used and available in colour index today in dye wastewater treatment (Nattapong, Parnuwat and
(Pathania, Sharma and Siddiqi, 2016). Dye are stable to Chantra, 2017). It can be recycled and convert to make
light and can be classified in several ways based on their effective absorbent because it has abundant amount of natu-
structures. All the organic materials present in the dye ral fiber that can trapped dye molecule thus, coffee ground
wastewater are of great concern in water treatment because waste provides an alternative low-cost bio-sorbent. In this
they react with many disinfectants, especially chlorine. It is study, the coffee grounds will be formulated as a commer-
estimated that 5000 tons of dye wastewater are discharged cial tablet as a commercial tablet which will be used in dye
into the environment every year (Altaher, 2014). Dyes like

26

wastewater treatment and to reuse coffee ground waste to 2.4 Effect of dosage and contact time
provide a low-cost biosorbent for textile industry. The ef-
fect of various parameters such as contact time, pH, absor- The experiment was carried out by preparing 3 sets of 500ml
bent dosage and amount of binder were studied in order to conical flask containing 100 ml of 2 different types of sample
determine the rate of dye absorption. dyes wastewater. Different amount of coffee ground tablets (1, 2,
3) was added into each flask. The experiment was carried out
2. Material and Methods using an orbital shaker 150 rpm at room temperature. The sample
was withdrawn at a determine contact time (5 hours, 8 hours, 12
2.1 Sample Preparation hours and 24 hours) and filtered using filter paper. The adsorption
The coffee waste was collected from a coffee shop named as efficiency was then determined by spectrophotometer. The per-
Starbucks. The coffee waste was placed in a sterile container next centage of adsorption was calculated as shown in the following
to the espresso machines, to avoid contamination. The coffee formula. (Tesfaye and Semegn, 2014).
ground was cleaned with tap water and boiled in distilled water to
remove adhering dirt and colour. Then, the coffee ground was % Dye removal =
dried in the oven at 70oC for 1 hour 30 minutes. Finally, they
were stored in polyethylene bags at room temperature (Ridha, E = x 100
Anouar, Amor and Hameed, 2014).
Where Co and Ct refer to initial dye concentration (mg/L) and
2.2 Tablet preparation the final dye concentration, V is the volume of the solution and
Ms is the mass of absorbent
The coffee ground tablet was prepared by wet granulation
technique. The coffee ground was mixed with xanthan gum and 2.5 Effect of pH
starch according to formulation Table 1.1. Distilled water was
added until the mixture is wet and granulated. The granules ob- The effect of the pH on the rate of dye wastewater absorption
tained was moulded into a mould and dried for 1 hour 30 minutes was investigated over different pH values. The experiment was
at 70 C (Ridha, Anouar, Amor and Hameed, 2014). conducted using a centrifuge tube where the optimal dosage of
coffee ground tablet and 50mg/L of the dye wastewater was
Table 1.1: Formulation of coffee ground tablet added into it. The pH was adjusted at 3,5,7,10 and 13 using 1M
HCL and 1M NaOH solution. Then the mixture was placed on
Formulation Weight of Weight Weight Total orbital shaker at 150rpm for 24 hours at 35⁰ C until
Coffee of of weight of precipitation formed. The absorbents were separated from the
1 ground sample by using filter paper. The absorbents were measured for
2 (%) starch xanthan coffee supernatant solu- tion by using UV- spectrophotometer. The
3 (%) Gum (%) ground percentage of adsorp- tion was calculated using a formula for
98 tablet (g) percentage of dye remov- al (Li.L, Shiso and Yung, 2018) and
97.5 11 (Hettiarachchi and Ra- japakse, 2018).
97 1.25 1.25 10
1.5 1.5 3. Result and discussion
10
3.1 Formulation of Coffee Tablet
10
A comparative study of hardness and dissolvability of all 3
2.3 Preparation of Dye solution formulations were done and time of tablet to dissolve was record-
ed for each tablet. Formulation 1 consist of 2% of binder shows
Methylene blue, and Crystal violet was used as the dye no binding effect on coffee ground where it didn’t combine with
wastewater. The stock solution was prepared by dissolving 1000 the coffee ground. Since it didn’t bind, coffee ground tablet
mg weighed quantity of the dye in 1L of distilled water. The couldn’t be produced, and the coffee ground remained in powder
initial concentration was diluted to 100mg/l from the stock solu- form even though undergoing all the processes.
tion. Desired amount of solutions was taken from this stock solu-
tion for further use (Hettiarachchi and Rajapakse, 2018) and Formulation 2 and 3 which consist of 2.5% and 3% binder
(Li.L, Shiso and Yung, 2018). were successfully combined into a tablet. Both tablets were tested

27

for their ability to dissolve by placing them on orbital shaker at the result, the dosage with 30g of coffee ground has the highest
100rpm to determine the duration it takes for the whole tablet to amount of the dye removal efficiency.
be fully dissolved in dye wastewater. Formulation 2 lasted for 25
minutes and 45 seconds to fully dissolve while Formulation 3 However, the optimum dosage was 20g. The solution became
took 27minutes and 57 seconds to be fully dissolved. Whereas viscous and turbid when 30g of coffee ground was added. It is due
Formulation 3 took 2 minutes 12 seconds longer than Formulation to the binding agent that was used in the table formulation. The
2. optimal dosage was 20g for the dye removal efficiency. The ad-
sorption of the dye wastewater was increase as the number of
In the evaluation of hardness of the tablets, all formulation of dosages increase until it obtains optimum percentage removal of
tablets was evaluated by its hardness when holding and handling the dye wastewater, it become more or less constant.
it by hand. Formulation 1 was not tested for hardness and dissolv-
ability test since there was no production of coffee ground tablet. Table 1.2 shows the final absorbance value of the treated meth-
Formulation 2 had a firm texture with many tiny pores on its ylene blue solution at 660nm. The absorbance reading was taken
surface and unbreakable when handling. However, it left behind three times and the average value was calculated. Based on the
coffee residue on the surface. Formulation 3 has a firm texture; average value, the dye removal efficiency (%) and the amount of
lesser tiny pores compare to Formulation 2 with combination of absorbed dye was calculated.
higher percentage of binder, thus it holds the coffee ground closer
and sturdier with less coffee residue when handling. Therefore, Table 1.2: Effects of dosage and contact time on dye
the tablets which dissolve in water are chosen so they can have a removal efficiency.
fast reaction on absorbing the dye. In conclusion formulation 2
was chosen as the tablet for the next tests as it takes less time to Dosage (Number Contact time The dye removal
dissolve compare to Formulation 3 and it is not too fragile com- of coffee ground (Hours) efficiency (%)
pare to Formulation 1. 5 1.95
tablet) 8 7.74
3.2 Effect of The Dosage and Contact Time 1 12 29.45
24 32.34
The efficiency of dye removal by coffee ground tablets was 2 5 36.68
found to increase with the increased of contact time. The removal 8 36.68
of methylene blue and crystal violet was found to increase with 3 12 38.13
time and attained a maximum value of absorbance which was 24 39.58
0.120 and 0.102 at 24 hours as shown in table 1.3 and 1.4. Figure 5 41.03
1.0, figure 1.1, figure 1.2 and figure 1.3 shows that the absorption 8 39.58
equilibrium was established at 24 hours and it was the absorption 12 39.58
equilibrium time for all other experiment. 24 39.58

The removal of the dye wastewater using crystal violet and Table 1.3 shows the final absorbance value of the treated crystal
methylene blue was found to be rapid at the initial period of con- violet solution at 600nm. The absorbance reading was taken three
tact time which was (5 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours) and times and the average value was calculated. Based on the average
then it started to decreases with the increase of the second period value, the dye removal efficiency (%) and the amount of dye
of contact time. removal was calculated.

This is probably due to the strong attractive forces between
the dye wastewater molecules and the absorbent. So, this may
cause the higher absorption capacity. As contact time increased,
the absorbance value of the dye wastewater also decreased but
after some time it gradually approached an equilibrium which was
24 hours.

For the dosage, the extent of dye removal by coffee ground
tablets was found to increase with the increased of dosage. Most
of the dyes were removed at an adsorbent dosage of 20g and 30g
at initial dye concentrations of 100 mg/L. The maximum adsor-
bent for methylene blue and crystal violet was 0.120 and 0.102 at
the dosage 20g and 30g with the final concentration of 60.42
mg/L for methylene blue and 2.863 mg/L for crystal violet. From

28

Table 1.3: Calculation of the dye removal efficiency and
the amount of dye removal of the treated crystal violet
solution.

Dosage Con- Average Final The The dye
(Number tact value at concentra- amount removal
of coffee time absorbance tion of dye efficiency
ground (Hours reading (mg/L) removal (%)
tablet) )
(660 nm)

5 0.217 5.027 9.5 95

Figure 1.1: Effect of dosage and contact time of

8 0.188 4.380 9.6 95.62 methylene blue vs The amount of dye removal

1 12 0.143 3.376 9.7 96.62

24 0.133 3.153 9.7 96.85

5 0.123 2.930 4.9 97.07

8 0.121 2.885 4.9 97.12

2 12 0.120 2.863 4.9 97.14

24 0.120 2.863 4.9 97.14

5 0.119 2.840 3.2 97.16

8 0.120 2.863 3.2 97.14

3 12 0.120 2.863 3.3 97.14 Figure 1.2: Effect of dosage and contact time of
crystal violet vs Dye removal efficiency (%)

24 0.120 2.863 3.2 97.14

Figure 1.3: Effect of dosage and contact time of
crystal violet vs The amount of dye removal

Figure 1.0: Effect of dosage and contact time of meth-
ylene blue vs Dye removal efficiency (%)

29

3.3 Effect of The Coffee Ground Tablets On The pH of Dye Table 1.5 shows the final absorbance value of the treated crystal
Wastewater violet solution at 600nm for various pH solution. The absorbance
reading was taken three times and the average value was calculat-
With decreasing of pH, the removal rate of dye wastewater ed. Based on the average value, the dye removal efficiency (%)
tended to increase. In table 1.2, the maximum removal of meth- and the amount of dye removal was calculated.
ylene blue and crystal violet was observed at pH 3 where the
absorbance value was at 0.081 and 0.199 as shown in table 1.5 Table 1.5: Calculation of the dye removal efficiency and
and 1.6. the amount of dye removal of the treated crystal violet
solution.
Based on the observation, pH 3 an acidic solution caused the
highest absorption capacity. This concludes that the dye mostly Average Final con- The The dye
absorbs in acidic solution. Meanwhile at pH 13, the absorbance centration amount of removal
value of methylene blue was 0.159 which means the coffee value at efficiency
ground tablet does not absorb the dye wastewater because of (mg/L) dye
initial absorbance value of methylene blue at 0.159 as shown in pH absorbance (%)
table 1.5. (660 nm) removal

Furthermore, there are difference in the graph plotted in the 3 0.081 30.03 3.490 69.97
figure 1.4 and figure 1.5. From figure 1.4 and 1.5 shows the 5 0.112 74.90 1.255 25.1
variation of dyes removal for different adsorbents at various pH 7 0.144 77.79 1.111 22.21
values. Figure 1.4 refers the line graph of the amount of absorb 10 0.157 140.03 2.002 40.03
dye by the methylene blue and crystal violet where it reveals that 13 0.159 142.92 2.146 42.92
the crystal violet has the highest amount compared to methylene
blue. Meanwhile figure 1.5 shows on the removal efficiency by
the two solutions where it determines that crystal violet has the
highest efficiency unlike the methylene blue which is low in
removal efficiency. maximum removal was recorded at pH 3
while minimum removal was recorded at pH 13. Thus, it shows
the effects of this parameter effect due to the process of absorp-
tion. As the pH increased the absorption of both the dyes de-
creased.

Table 1.5 shows the final absorbance value of the treated meth-
ylene blue solution at 660nm for various pH solution. The absorb-
ance reading was taken three times and the average value was
calculated. Based on the average value, the dye removal efficiency
(%) and the amount of dye removal was calculation.

Table 1.4: Calculation of the dye removal efficiency and Figure 1.4: pH of Dye wastewater vs The amount of dye
the amount of dye removal of the treated methylene removal
blue solution

Average Final con- The The dye
centration amount of removal
value at efficiency
(mg/L) dye
pH absorbance (%)
(660 nm) removal

3 0.199 4.625 4.769 95.38
5 0.201 4.670 2.665 53.3
7 0.280 6.433 4.678 93.57
10 0.308 7.058 4.647 92.94
13 0.569 12.882 4.356 87.12

30

Figure 1.5: pH of Dye wastewater vs Dye removal effi- [4] Dewevwdi, S. (2014). Effect of Textile Dye on Spirulina
ciency (%) plantensis. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Research. 5(4) : 66-80.
4. Conclusion
[5] Gnu, N., Min, K., Namju, L. , Youn, H. and J, W. (2017).
This study was carried out with the aim to reused coffee An environmentally Benign Approach for as (V) Absorp-
ground waste as a commercial tablet to provide low-cost bio- tion from Wastewater Using Untreated Coffee Grounds -
sorbent for textile industry. In this study, coffee ground as a bio- Preliminary Results. MDPI. 10.3390.
sorbent was investigated for the removal of dye wastewater. The
result clearly demonstrates that coffee ground, a waste material [6] Hettiarachchi, A. and Rajapakse, C. (2018). Tea Industry
from food and beverage industry, has proven to be good alterna- Waste Activated Carbon as A Low-Cost Absorbent for
tive, low-cost and efficient absorbent for removal of dye Methylene Blue Removal From Wastewater. Research
wastewater. The absorption was affected by various parameters Journal of Chem- ical Sciencess.8(5), 7-18.
which includes contact time, amount of binder, dosage and pH of
the solution. As a result, the optimum absorption was at pH 3 with [7] Li, L., Shiso, F. and Yung, L. (2018). Removal Behaviour of
a contact time of 24 hours and absorbent dosage of 20g. Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Tea Waste :
Kinetics, Isotherms and Mechanism. International Journal
Acknowledgement of Environment Research and Public Health. 10.3390.

We would like to express our gratitude to Politeknik Nilai [8] Mohammad, M., Shitu, A. and Ibrahim, A. (2014). Removal
especially Department of Agrotechnology and Bio-Industry for of Methylene Blue using Low-Cost Absorbent : a review
providing necessary research facilities together with guidance and Re- search journal of Chemical Sciences. 4(1): 91- 102.

giving encouragement to complete this research. [9] Mohd, A. , Norhidayah, A. and Olubenga, J. (2015). Ad-
sorption kinetic studies for the removal of synthetic dye us-
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NEST Journal. 16(4), 707-716. Energy Usage and Environmental Impact Assessment of
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industrial wastewater with an emphasis on improving eco 10.1016.
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[3] Ahamad, S., Wang, Y. and Veloo, K. (2018). Sugarcane Ba-
gasse Powder as Biosorbent for Reactive Red 120 Removal Efficient Production for Coloured Textiles. Journal of
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32

ORGANIC RED DYED PELLET FOR RED CHERRY SHRIMP
(Neocaridina davidi)

Nur Farahiah Binti Zakaria Mohamad Azamuddin Nur Ain Natasya Binti Nor Alia Dalila Binti
JAB, Bin Abd Kadir Md Fauzi Jamil
JAB, JAB JAB
Politeknik Jeli. Politeknik Jeli.
Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia Politeknik Jeli. Politeknik Jeli.
Jeli, Kelantan, Malay- Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia Jeli, Kelantan, Malay-
nurfarahiahzakar- sia azamka-
[email protected] ainna- sia aliadalila-
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract 1. Introduction

Attractive colouration of ornamental shrimp determines its 1.1 Organic approach
commercial value. More color means more money. Pig-
mentation in the shrimp exoskeleton is responsible for Colour plays a major role in the overall preference of
colouration in the shrimp. Moreover, carotenoids are the any pet animals. As fish/shrimp cannot synthesize pig-
key source of that pigmentation. There are various of syn- ments into their body, they rely upon dietary supplementa-
thetic carotenoid that are chemically made in order to tion of carotenoids to maintain their natural colouration
mimic the natural feeding sources in the wild. However, [1]. Previous research shows several natural ingredients
the synthetic carotenoid is expensive and more important, has been used such as red yeast [2], spirulina [3], blue
cause pollution to the environment during manufacturing. green algae [4], azolla and others carotenoid source [5].
Due to that, the objectives of these research is to use natu- According to Vasudhevan et al. (2013) each fish has a
ral sources of carotenoid as an alternative by using ro- specific capacity to utilize carotenoids from diet [6].
selle extract. Previous study shows, natural carotenoid
extracted from carrot, hibiscus, pandan leaves, pea flower For this present research, plant based extract has been
and green microalgae was more effective in enhancing the used in order to replace red synthetic component in the
colour of ornamental organism. The researchers also pellet. The chosen of these plant is mainly because the
proved that natural carotenoid was highly economical and safety of the color extract that has been produced by refer-
user friendly. The method has been done by extracting the ring to the widely utilization in human food and also the
color from roselle by boiling the flower until concentrated availability of these plant. The replacement of these organ-
solution is achieved. Then, this solution was fused into the ic extract into the pellet has been tested successfully
starter pellet by bath technique. Then it was rinsed and through the observation data that has been taken by photo
dried. After the test feeding, the pigmentation appeared on documentation of changing of scale colour.
the exoskeleton of the shrimp was compared by using
standard red scale color by comparing the changes of col- 1.2 Pigmented scale for ornamental fish/ shrimp
or intensity from day 1 until day 40th. The result also was
evaluating by comparing the color changes of experi- Fish feed and feeding is everything in aquaculture to
mental and controlled shrimp. The result shows significant ensure fish growth. But that’s applied to food fish only
effect between experimental and control. Red cherry where we want to achieved certain weight in one produc-
shrimp that has been give enhanced b-carotene diet shows tion cycle. Different to ornamental fish, the model for pel-
more vibrant colors compare to control. It proves that let purposes applied for food fish is not relatable. In orna-
organic approach is better than chemicals. This also mental fish, the main purpose of feed is to enhance the
shows that sustainable aquaculture is there. color of body scale, sporting their best colors and brighten-
ing the aquarium, because the value of ornamental fish
Keywords depends on it [7]. Though, the purpose for growth becomes
Carotenoid, Roselle, Red cherry shrimp, dyed pellet. the second aims.

Normally, to achieved the significant colour in orna-
mental pellet, synthetic dyes such as yellow, green, blue
and red has been corporates into the pellet. This has been
practise widely in commercial feed and feeding for every
ornamental species [8].

33

1.1.2 Chemical substance / Synthetic carotenoid 1.4.1 β-Carotene
Synthetic dyes that has been used to pigment the pellet Generally, Red Cherry Shrimp are red to orange in color.
Therefore, the appropriate source of carotenoid pigment
have harmful effects which can damage skin scale if used for this shrimp is β-carotene. Β-carotene is a carotenoid
for long term and sometime cause negative impact on fish that is specifically responsible for the reddish orange pig-
metabolism [9]. First off, it made up of chemical com- ment.
pounds that can be harmful to humans, especially those
who work and exposed directly in their production. Some 1.5 Roselle flower
of the chemicals found in synthetic dyes are mercury, lead,
chromium, copper, sodium chloride, toluene, and benzene. Roselle flower, is a plant of the hibiscus, has been
Exposure to large doses of these substances can be toxic widely cultivated in Malaysia for beverages, sauces, jellies,
and can have severe effects in the human body [10]. salads, or cooked vegetables [14]. The red intense color of
the petals is high in beta carotene. Significantly, this re-
Other than that, it also damaging the environment dur- search was able to provide safe organic pellet that will be
ing manufacturing process. Mostly it causes water pollu- consume to the red cherry shrimp where it will show red
tion when untreated dye effluent is dumped directly on vibrant color.
bodies of water [11].
2. Methodology
1.3 Red Cherry Shrimp
Figure 1. Flow chart diagram of research design
Red Cherry Shrimp or their scientific name is Neo-
caridina davidi, is a kind of bright red decorative shrimp. 2.1 Roselle flower extraction
The market value of this shrimp are based on the visual
appearance of the color on its body. Beautiful red vibrant 1kg of roselle flower has been purchased online and
color shrimp can go up to Rm 20/ ind [12]. The main red was cut into pieces and blended with 100ml of water until
pigment agent for this shrimp is a carotenoid pigment. smooth consistency. The blended flower petals have been
Carotenoids provide from red to orange tissues pigmenta- filtered and were kept into -20-degree freezer to kill the
tion. The formation of pigment in shrimp occurs mainly bacteria.
due to the absorption of carotenoids from their own diet. In
the natural environment, shrimp meet their carotenoid 2.2 Pellet processing
needs by digesting aquatic plants such as algae, or through
their own food chain. The color of the shrimp is important 300g of starter pelet has been sprayed with the roselle
in terms of camouflage and reproduction. Shrimps do not extract gradually and has been air dried each time.
have their own ability to synthesize carotenoids. Therefore,
coloring agents synthesized by plants, algae and microor- 2.3 Test feeding
ganisms should be included in their diet to promote pig-
mentation in the shrimp body. 3 replicate/tank of experimental pellet which contain
33 individual of red cherry shrimp for each replicate/ tank.
1.4 Carotenoid There is also 3 tank for commercial/control pellet. The
duration of the experiment was 40 days to see the differ-
Carotenoid are among the 800 classes of natural solu- ences of fish scale that measured by using standard red
ble fat pigments found mainly in plants, algae, photosyn- range scale colour. The experiment has been done in con-
thetic bacteria as well as some non-photosynthetic bacteria trolled parameters.
and they play an important role in the photosynthetic pro-
cess. Carotenoids are responsible for red, orange and yel- 2.4 Data collection / Analysis
low pigment. It is also plays a role of other important func-
tions such as pro-vitamin A, antioxidants, immunization During the 40th days of test feeding, observation data
and can also promote functions in reproduction. Based on has been taken by photo documentation of scale. The col-
observations made by previous studies, fish with high lev- oration of the fish scale has been compared with standard
els of carotenoids were found to be more resistant to bacte-
ria and fungal diseases. However, its effect on ornamental
shrimp is not to be known yet. Due to the high cost of syn-
thetic carotenoids, natural sources of carotenoids can be
used as an alternative source for breeders [13].

34

red scale with 9 densities. The scale 9 is the most intense namental industry. Using organic dye pellet commercially
while scale 1 is the most fade colour. with ensure the sustainable agenda will be achieved.

Figure 2. Standard red scale colour Acknowledgment

3. Findings This research was supported by Politeknik Jeli Kelantan.
The authors are thankful to the Director and Head of the
Results indicates that, experimental and control tank 1 Department for providing the necessary facilities to con-
with red cherry shrimp fed with organic dyed pellet shows duct the research works and their encouragement.
exoskeleton color changes from scale 2 become scale 6
while for control from 2 to scale 4. Then, for tank 2 shows References
scale 1 becoming scale 4, and for control changing from 1
to scale 2. Lastly, for tank 3, shows changing from scale to [1] Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). "Red
1 to 4 and same goes with control. These results shows cherry shrimp" in Fish Base. February 2014 version.
that natural or organic pigmentation shows better results
in scale colour transition. [2] Bubbles & Bettas: Tail Types and Patterns". Bubbles
& Bettas. Archived from the original on 2016-11-22.
This result has been supported by others research that Retrieved 2019-08-31.
also has been using natural colour in the pellet diet. Re-
search conducted by Okada et al., 1991 [15] titled effects [3] Red Cherry spawn: Guide from Preparing Breeding
of spirulina powder in coloration and growth enhancement Tank to Feeding the Fry". Leaffin.com. 8 November
of ornamental fish Trichogaster lalius shows impact in 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2019.
pigmentation of the respective fish in the captive condi-
tion. [4] Vasudhevan, I., James, R., Pushparaj, A. and Asokan,
K. (2013) Effect of Azolla filiculoides on growth, col-
Natural carotenoids provide better coloration to fishes. orationand leucocytes count in goldfish, Carassius au-
Several authors [12-15] used natural carotenoid source to ratus.International Journal of Plant, Animal and Envi-
increase the coloration of various ornamental fish colour. ronmental Sciences, 3(1): 211-219.
Ako et al. (2000) found that cichlids fish became signifi-
cantly coloured when they fed a diet containing Spirulina [5] Teimouri, M., Amirkolaie, A.K. and Yeganeh, S.
platensis [12]. (2013)Effect of Spirulina platensis meal as a feed sup-
plement on growth performance and pigmentation
This shows that, by using organic ingredients rather of rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). World
than synthetic, carotenoids were absorbed in red cherry Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 5 (2): 194-202
shrimp diet like what has been practise by shrimp in their
natural habitat where they consume wild plant/animal with [6] Vasudhevan, I., James, R., Pushparaj, A. and Asokan,
quality required for proper growth, pigmentation, as well K.(2013) Effect of Azolla filiculoides on growth, col-
as nutrient profile. orationand leucocytes count in goldfish, Carassius
auratus. International Journal of Plant, Animal and
While, from the result also indicates that the scale EnvironmentalSciences, 3(1): 211-219
changes for the control fish shows little colour transition
compared to the experimental fish. [7] Stone, BC (1978). "Studies in Malesian Pandanaceae
XVII. On the taxonomy of 'Pandan Wangi' — a Pan-
4. Conclusion/impact danus cultivar with scented leaves". Econ Bot. 32(3):
285–293.
The ability of natural component in the dye extract
might mimic the natural eating behaviour of the fish in [8] Wakte, Kantilal V.; Nadaf, Altafhusain B.; Thengane,
wild habitat and it is more suite the exoskeleton colour Ratnakar J.; Jawali, Narendra (2009). "Pandanus ama-
development. The successful story of sustainable aquacul- ryllifolius Roxb. cultivated as a spice in coastal re-
ture should come from different aspect and one of it is or- gions of India". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolu-
tion. 56 (5): 735–740. doi:10.1007/s10722-009-9431-
5. ISSN 0925-9864.

[9] Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Kumar NS, Heinrich M
(2008). "The Ayurvedic medicine Clitoria ternatea-
From traditional use to scientific assessment". J Eth-
nopharmacol. 120 (3): 291–301.

[10] Nelson, KM; Dahlin, JL; Bisson, J; et al. (2017). "The
Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Curcumin: Miniper-
spective". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.

35

60(5):16201637.doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00975. on blood Astaxanthin concentration in rainbow
PMC 5346970. trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Journal of Aquaculture,
176(4):331-341
[11] Okada, S., Liao, W., Mori, T., Yamagushi, K. and-
Watanabe, T. (1991) Pigmentation of cultured [14] Torrissen, O.J. and Naevdal, G. (1988) Pigmentation
striped profile of Jack reared on diets supplemented ofsalmonids-Variation in flesh carotenoids of At-
with blue-green alga Spirulina maxima.Nippon lanticsalmon. Journal of Aquaculture, 68(4): 305-310
Suisan Gakkaishi,57(7): 1403-1406
[15] Storebakken, T., Sorensen, M., Bjerkeng, B. and Hiu,
[12] Ako, H., Tamaru, C.S., Asano, L., Yuen, B. S.(2004) Utilization of astaxanthin from red
andYamamoto, M. (2000) Achieving natural colour- yeast,Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, in rain-
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[13] Barbosa, M.J., Morais, R. and Choubert, G. (1999)
Effectof carotenoid source and dietary lipid content

36

A POTENTIAL USED OF ‘KETAPANG’ LEAVES IN JUVENILE CULTURE OF
MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII (PELET CATAPPA)

Ahmad Yasir bin Md Yamin
Unit Akademik,

Kolej Komuniti Bera.
Triang, Pahang, Malaysia

[email protected]

Abstract water will become dark chocolate which contain humic
acid and tannin. The presence of tannins can lower the pH
A potential of‘ketapang’ leaves in juvenile culture of Mac- value of polluted water due to their acidic conditon. Fur-
robrachium rosenbergii was used to determine the growth thermore, it will kill the bacteria in the pond (Chitmanat
performance and their survival. In this study, prawn with et. al., 2005). The leaves also will produce a chemical
mean size of 0.04g was used and the research has been compound which can protect from the parasites and insect.
completed. The prawns with juvenile size were obtained In addition, the plant is known as umbrella tree which is
from prawn hatchery, Kampung Acheh, Setiawan at Perak, excellent for treating the fish that has been infected by
Malaysia. The prawns were quarantined for a week before disease and it acts as agent to increase the fish anti-body.
randomly stocked at 30 prawns per aquarium within 12
weeks. Four treatments (T) were used in this experiment. Medically, it has been reported that these leaves have
Two different condition of leaves were used and placed in anti-diabetic activity (Mansoor et. al., 2005). Lately, we
each aquarium for T1 and T2. In T3, 1% of ‘ketapang’ are exposed to issues of environmental pollution that caus-
green leaves were dried in oven for 3 days at 70oC and es low water quality decreases. The water is a vital re-
mixed in the diet. While, T4 is a control. All the treatments source in life and it will continue to be the primary source
are triplicated. The range of the water quality parameter for humans and animals as well as economic and social
e.g.temperature of 28.22-31.43oC, pH of 6.55-8.48, dis- activities (Department of Natural Resources and Environ-
solved oxygen of 3.04-7.37mg/l and ammonia of <0.3 ment 2007). Besides that, the water is also important to
mg/l. From the result, treatment 3 (1% leaves) in diet the ecological system and many type of biological process
shows the best performance and survival compare to the (Rosnani, 2008).
T2>T1 >T4.
2. Literature review
Keywords
Juvenile, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, ‘Ketapang’ leaves 2.1. ‘Ketapang’

1. Introduction The ‘Ketapang’ is one type of tropical plant which be-
longs to the family Combretecea (Gilman et. al., 1994).
Terminalia catappa Linn (Combretaceae) is a species of This plant is from Terminalia catappa species. ‘Ketapang’
tropical tree that grows in Asia. Locally it is known as is widely spread and grown especially in tropical region of
ketapang. It is also known as Indian Almond, Malabar the world such as India, Malaysia and peninsular of New
Almond, and Tropical almond. It is widely believed that Guinea. One of the characteristics of ‘ketapang’ is that
placing the dried leaves of this tree in tank or aquarium their leaves are toxic and containing a secondary metabo-
causes the animals better health and therefore longer life. lite which is anti-bacteria. Dried leaves ‘ketapang’ leaves
The various extracts of of leaves and bark of the plant have are used in rearing and culturing of sensitive species of
been reported to be anti-cancer, anti oxidant, anti-HIV fish (Chitmanat et al., 2005).
reverse transcriptase, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory,
anti-hepatitis, and aphrodisiac (Mansoor et. al., 2005). In addition, ketapang leaves contain flavonoids such as
kaempferol or quercetin. When the leaves are dried they
The leaves are selected to be used as for treatment of will change their appearance color from greenish to red-
fish in ponds especially at Thailand. The ketapang leaves dish pink or brownish yellow. The changes of leaves color
will go through a process of ageing from the green to red is due to their pigment like violaxanthin, lutein dan ze-
light brownish colour. The dried leaves when placed in the axanthin (Chitmanat et al., 2005). Dried leaves of keta-

37

pang when immersed into the water will cause the water to at Perak, Malaysia. The prawns were quarantined for one
change their color to yellow or brown, due to the presence week before randomly stocked at 30 prawns per aquarium
of organic acid like tannin, saponine and phytosterous for 12 weeks. The average size of the prawn were 0.04 g
(Polunin, 1987). Therefore, the leaves excrete the acid initially was stocked in aquarium.
which can maintain pH of water and it can absorb and
detoxifying several type of heavy metal like zinc, alumi- 3.2. Experimental study
num or copper. Tannin can reduce the rate of COD in
water (Chitmanat et. al., 2005). In this experiment, four treatments were used as shown
in Table 1. Two leaves at different condition were used
Ketapang leaves that have fallen into the ground are used and placed in each aquarium for T1 and T2. In T3, 1% of
as herb to treat gallbladder disease (Chan, 1989). The ketapang green leaves were dried in an oven for 3 days at
leaves also contain the agent that can be used as preven- 70oC mixed in the diet. While, T4 is a control. All the
tion of cancer and antioxidant agent because of their fea- treatments are triplicated.
ture of anticlastogenic.
Table 1. Treatments used with different leaves condi-
2.2. Macrobrachium rosenbergii
tion
Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1987) belongs to
the family Palaemonidae and widely known as Giant river Aquarium treatment Leaves condition
prawn. Found naturally throughout the Indo-West Pacific
from Pakistan and Northwest India throughout the entire Treatment 1 (T1) Yellow
Malay Archipelago, including the Philippines, to New
Guinea and Northern Australia. The river prawn lives in Treatment 2 (T2) Green
fresh and brackish water, sometimes even in marine envi-
ronment. This original natural distribution of the species is Treatment 3 (T3) 1 % leaves in diet
widely spread and farmed in many freshwater areas around
the world. Treatment 4 (T4) Control

Males can reach a total length of 320 mm. Meanwhile, 3.3. Experimental design
females 250 mm. Body usually greenish to brownish grey,
sometimes more bluish, darker in larger specimens. An- The experiment was used Randomized Design Method,
tennae often blue and chelipeds blue or orange. A total of RDM (Figure 1).
14 somites within the cephalothorax are covered by large
dorsal shield (carapace). The carapace smooth and hard. Figure 1. Layout of Randomized Design Method (RDM)
The rostrum is long, normally reaching beyond antennal of prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii under four dif-
scale, slender and somewhat sigmoid; distal part curved ferent treatment (T1, T2, T3 and T4). While, R1, R2,
somewhat upward; 11-14 dorsal and 8-10 ventral teeth. R3 and R4 indicate the replicate for each treatment
Cephalon contains eyes, antennulae, antennae, mandibles,
maxillulae, and maxillae. Eyes stalked, except in first lar- 3.3. Data collection
val stage. Thorax contains three pairs of maxillipeds, used
as mouthparts, and five pairs of pereiopods (true legs). The study on the rate of growth and survival were carried
First two pairs of pereiopods chelate which each pair of out for three month (12 weeks). Therefore, growth and
chelipeds equal in size. Second chelipeds bear numerous survival (%) were measured like total length (cm) and
spinules, robust, slender, may be excessively long, mobile weight (g) by sampling every 2 weeks until the end of the
finger covered with dense and though rather short pubes- study period. All the prawn in each aquarium were sam-
cence. Abdomen has 6 somites, each with pair of ventral pled. Other water parameters such as pH, temperature
pleopods (swimmerets). Swimmerets of sixth abdominal (oC), Dissolved oxygen, DO (mg/l) and Ammonia (mg/l)
somite are stiff and hard and, with the median telson, were monitored weekly.
serve as the tailfan (Food and Agriculture Organization,
2002). 3.4. Data analysis

3. Research Methodology All data from the experiment were compiled and stored
3.1. Experimental Animal using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Data will be analyzed
statistically using one way ANOVA and two way ANOVA.
In this experiment, Giant freshwater prawns, M. rosen- The significance of statistical data was set at 5% probabil-
bergii were used. The prawns with juvenile size were ob-
tained from Prawn Hatchery, Kampung Acheh, Setiawan

38

ity level and the means were separated using Duncan and value of 197.11%. Third highest in length gain was treat-
Tukey. The software used was SPSS Statistics version 16. ment 1 (yellow leaves) which had 191.67% and lastly was
in treatment 4 (control) with the value of 182.00%. There
4. Results and discussion are significantly different between treatment 3 to the other
4.4. Survival rate treatments (Table 4).

Prawns in Treatment 3 recorded 86.67% survival rate, Table 4. Length gain of prawns (%)
the highest among all the treatments followed by prawns
in treatment 4 (control) which had 82.23% survival rate Treatment Length gain (%)
and prawns in treatment 2 (green leaves) which had 80.00
% survival rate. Meanwhile, the lowest survival percentage T1 191.67±68.63b
was recorded in treatment 1 (yellow leaves) which had
77.78%. There was no significant different in the survival T2 197.11±10.86b
rate among all the treatment applied. Table 2 shows the
survival rate of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in four differ- T3 424.00±18.34a
ent treatments.
T4 182.00±3.06b

*Mean value ± standard deviation with the same letter are
not significantly different

Table 2. Survival rate of Macrobrachium rosenbergii in 4.7. Discussion
different treatment
The study of potential use of ‘ketapang’ leaves on ju-
Treatment Survival (%)
venile culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii shows a dif-
Treatment 1 77.78±30.25a ferent result on survival percentage and prawns growth.
The result shows that the treatment which had leaves in
Treatment 2 80.00±3.33a the water reduced the survivality. In the other study on
‘ketapang’ leaves it mention that ‘ketapang’ can improve
Treatment 3 86.67±6.67a fish anti-body and can reduced acidity of water. So, the
leaves which soaked into the water in treatment 1 and 2
Treatment 4 (control) 82.23±10.72a causes the ph low and the prawns were very sensitive to
that range. Then, the treatment 3 which used leaves in
*Mean value ± standard deviation with the same letter are feeding purpose shows the highest survival. The fed given
not significantly different (p>0.05). in prawns treatment 3 caused the prawns to survive due to
anti-body from that leaves. Treatment 3 that contain 1% of
4.5. Weight gain leaves in diets gave the best performance of survival com-
pare to other treatment especially treatment 2 and treat-
The highest average prawns weight gain was treatment ment 1. The probabilty of this situation happened because
3 (1% leaves in diet) which had 2583.33%, followed by of the ‘ketapang’ leaves contain anti-microbials. Anti-
treatment 2 (green leaves) with value of 1550.00% and microbials can manipulate and avoid growth of pathogenic
prawns in treatment 4 which had 1333.33%. Lastly, treat- microorganisms (Burt , 2004).
ment 1 (yellow) with value 1025.00%. There was signifant
differences (p>0.05) between treatments in term of body The prawns growth performances based on survival,
weight gain of prawns. This shown in Table 3.
weight increment, and weight gain was dominated by
Table 3. Weight gain (%) of prawns treament 3. Treatment 3 which had 1% leaves in diet

Treatment Weight gain (%) shows the best among the others treatment. It was demon-
strated that the feed prepared for the prawns utilized effec-
T1 1025.00±278.39c
tively and efficeintly. The survivality of prawns in treat-
T2 1550.00±139.19b ment 3 was the highest because of addition content ‘keta-
pang’ leaves into commercial feed significantly affect the
T3 2583.33±312.58a growth performance of the prawns.

T4 1333.33±94.65bc

*Mean value ± standard deviation with the same letter are References
not significantly different (p>0.05).
[1] Burt S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial prop-
4.6. Length gain erties and potential applications in foods--a review.
International journal of food microbiology, 94(3),
The highest average prawns body length gain was 223–253, available at
found in treatment 3 (1% leaves in diet) which had
424.00% and followed by treatment 2 (green leaves) with a <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2004.03.022>

39

[2] Chitmanat, C., Tongdonmuan, K., Khanom, P., um rosenbergii), available at
Pachontis, P., W. Nunsong, W. : ISHS Acta Horticul- http://www.fao.org/3/y4100e/y4100e00.htm
turae 678: III WOCMAP Congress on Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants- Volume 4: Targeted Screening of [4] Gilman, E.F., Watson, D.G.: “Terminalia catappa.
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Economics and Law Tropical- Almond1” Fact Sheet ST-626 (1994).
(2005).
[5] Mansoor, et al., (2005), Anti-Diabetic Activity of
[3] Food and Agriculture Organization (2002), A manual Terminalia catappa Linn. Leaf Extracts in Alloxan-
for the culture of the giant river prawn (Macrobrachi- Induced Diabetic Rats, available at
<http://ijpt.iums.ac.ir>

40

SMART PELLET DISPENSER

Siti Nur Aishah binti Zamuri Ahmad Haikal bin Mohd Jamrus Nurul Huda binti Mahasan
Kolej Komuniti Bera, Kolej Komuniti Bera, Kolej Komuniti Bera,
Bera, Pahang Bera, Pahang Bera, Pahang

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract menghasilkan berat ikan yang diinginkan dalam tempoh
yang ditetapkan. Pada peringkat awal hidup, ikan bergan-
Smart pellet dispenser merupakan bekas penyimpan pelet tung pada mikroorganisma yang disebut plankton sebagai
makanan ikan yang dilengkapi alat penimbang dan ap- sumber makanannya. Apabila saiz ikan semakin besar, ikan
likasi Kod QR yang memberi informasi berkaitan dengan perlu diberi makanan rumusan bagi memastikan tumbesaran
pemakanan ikan. Bekas ini boleh memuatkan sehingga yang baik [1]. Makanan rumusan biasanya mengandungi zat
12kg pelet makanan ikan pada satu-satu masa. Mempunyai pemakanan yang mencukupi untuk ternakan ikan secara
satu butang tekan yang membolehkan pelet makanan ikan intensif [2]. Makanan rumusan biasanya dijual dalam pel-
keluar dari bekasnya dan terus jatuh ke dalam bekas pen- bagai saiz sesuai dengan peringkat-peringkat tumbesaran
imbang. Masalah yang dihadapi pelajar-pelajar adalah ikan yang diternak. Ia juga sering disebut sebagai pelet.
bekas penyimpan pelet makanan ikan dan alat penimbang Secara umunya, makanan tersebut dinamakan kepada tiga
disimpan berasingan. Kadangkala berlaku kehilangan alat kategori iaitu starter, grower dan finisher. Perbezaan keti-
penimbang yang menyebabkan proses menimbang pelet ga-tiga jenis kategori ini ialah kandungan protein dan ba-
makanan ikan terganggu. Aplikasi Kod QR yang ditambah han-bahan lain di dalamnya selain daripada saiz pelet yang
pada alat inovasi ini dapat memenuhi keperluan industri berbeza. Pelet makanan ikan perlu disimpan di tempat yang
4.0 dan seterusnya menyokong aspek go green. Pelajar kering pada suhu bilik di dalam bekas bertutup supaya tidak
boleh mengimbas aplikasi Kod QR tersebut dan seterusnya rosak [2]. Kebiasaannya pelet ini perlu dihabiskan dalam
membaca informasi-informasi yang terdapat di dalamnya tempoh 6 bulan bagi mengelakkan kerosakan kandungan
serta merekod jumlah makanan ikan yang telah digunakan. protein pelet. Pelajar-pelajar Sijil Akuakultur di Kolej
Menerusi Kod QR ini pengguna juga boleh menonton vid- Komuniti Bera tidak terlepas dari tugas menguruskan ma-
eo-video pilihan yang dapat membantu meningkatkan kanan rumusan ikan di bengkel akuakultur. Pelajar perlu
pemahaman dalam pengurusan makanan ikan. Aplikasi ini menjaga induk dan benih ikan agar sentiasa sihat dan tahap
turut menyediakan kalkulator pengiraan purata berat ikan kualiti air yang optimum. Bagi memastikan induk dan benih
(ABW), berat keseluruhan ikan (Biomass) dan jumlah ikan membesar dengan baik, pemberian makanan ikan perlu
penggunaan makanan ikan untuk sehari. Kebanyakkan diberi mengikut kadar yang ditetapkan. Pelajar perlu mahir
pelajar kurang arif dalam pengiraan makanan maka, dalam pengiraan purata berat badan ikan (ABW), berat
dengan adanya kalkulator ini dapat memudahkan pengi- keseluruhan ikan (Biomass) dan jumlah pemberian ma-
raan tersebut. Pensyarah dan pelajar yang menggunakan kanan. Sekiranya pelajar tidak mahir, ikan tidak dapat
inovasi ini untuk sesi pembelajaran dan pengajaran akan jumlah makanan yang mencukupi atau kemungkinan pelet
memudahkan proses menimbang pelet makanan ikan dan makanan akan terbazir akibat terlebih kuantiti. Untuk mem-
mendapatkan informasi berkaitan pemberian makanan buat pengiraan jumlah makanan ikan, alat penimbang perlu
ikan. Selain itu, inovasi ini turut menampakkan ruang kerja sentiasa ada dan berfungsi dengan baik. Pembangunan ino-
di bengkel yang lebih kemas dan teratur serta sistematik. vasi dalam bidang akuakultur sangat membantu dalam
Gabungan bekas penyimpan pelet, alat penimbang dan memudahkan urusan-urusan kerja di bengkel. Selari dengan
aplikasi Kod QR dapat memudahkan proses pembelajaran perkembangan dunia pendidikan kini, peranan internet
dan pengajaran pelajar dan pensyarah. dapat membuatkan sesi pembelajaran dan pengajaran pela-
jar-pelajar lebih menarik dan senang. Kaedah pembelajaran
Kata Kunci : Smart pellet dispenser , bekas penyimpan secara teradun atau blended learning semakin mendapat
pelet, alat penimbang, Kod QR tempat di pelbagai Institut Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) dalam
menjayakan proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran [3].
1. Pengenalan Justeru itu, inovasi Smart Pelet Dispenser dihasilkan bagi
mengatasi beberapa masalah yang selalu dialami pelajar di
Dalam industri akuakultur, perbelanjaan untuk makanan Kolej komuniti Bera. Inovasi ini menggabungkan peralatan
ikan adalah kos terbesar sepanjang tempoh ternakan. Kualiti sedia ada dan dibuat tambah baik bagi memudahkan rutin
makanan yang baik dan mencukupi dapat memberi pulan- harian pelajar di bengkel akuakultur. Aplikasi Kod QR
gan yang lumayan kepada penternak kerana dapat

41

yang ditambah pada alat inovasi ini dapat memenuhi keper- imbang. Aplikasi Kod QR yang ditambah pada alat inovasi
luan industri 4.0 dan seterusnya menyokong aspek go green. ini dapat memenuhi keperluan industri 4.0 dan seterusnya
menyokong aspek go green. Pelajar boleh mengimbas ap-
2. Penyataan Masalah likasi Kod QR tersebut dan seterusnya membaca informasi-
informasi yang terdapat di dalamnya serta merekod jumlah
Pelet makanan ikan perlu disimpan di tempat yang ker- makanan ikan yang telah digunakan. Menerusi Kod QR ini
ing pada suhu bilik di dalam bekas bertutup supaya tidak pengguna juga boleh menonton video-video pilihan yang
rosak. Kebiasaannya pelet ini perlu dihabiskan dalam tem- dapat membantu meningkatkan pemahaman dalam pengu-
poh 6 bulan bagi mengelakkan kerosakan kandungan pro- rusan makanan ikan. Aplikasi ini turut menyediakan kalku-
tein pelet. Di Kolej Komuniti Bera pelet makanan ikan lator pengiraan purata berat ikan (ABW), berat keseluruhan
disimpan di dalam tong dan tong ini diletakkan di atas lan- ikan (Biomass) dan jumlah penggunaan makanan ikan un-
tai. Kaedah ini memerlukan bekas pencedok untuk tuk sehari.
mengambil pelet tersebut. Seringkali pelajar yang mengam-
bil pelet dari tong pelet tidak mengembalikan pencedok dan 5. Cara operasi
tidak menutup tong pelet itu. Ini menyebabkan pelet rosak
akibat terdedah kepada udara dan dimasuki tikus. Bagi Berikut merupakan gambar rajah cara opreasi Smart
memastikan induk dan benih ikan membesar dengan baik, Pellet Dispenser.
pemberian makanan ikan perlu diberi mengikut kadar yang
ditetapkan. Untuk menentukan kadar ini, pelajar perlu men- Gambar rajah 1. Pelet makanan ikan diisi ke
imbang kuantiti pelet makanan ikan yang diperlukan dengan dalam pellet dispenser.
alat penimbang. Ketika ingin menimbang, didapati alat pen-
imbang tiada di lokasi yang ditetapkan kerana pelajar tidak
mengembalikan alat penimbang tersebut. Akhirnya pelet
makanan tidak dapat disukat dan kuantiti yang sebenar tid-
ak dapat diberikan kepada ikan. Pemberian makanan ikan
memerlukan pelajar mahir dalam pengiraan purata berat
badan ikan (ABW), berat keseluruhan ikan (Biomass) dan
jumlah pemberian makanan. Sekiranya pelajar tidak mahir,
ikan tidak dapat jumlah makanan yang mencukupi atau
kemungkinan pelet makanan akan terbazir akibat terlebih
kuantiti. Pelajar sering lupa rumus-rumus pengiraan terse-
but yang menyebabkan kuantiti sebenar tidak dapat di-
perolehi.

3. Objektif Inovasi

Objektif inovasi Smart Pellet Dispenser ini dil-
aksanakan adalah untuk:

 Memudahkan proses mengambil pelet makanan ikan.

 Menyediakan tempat simpanan pelet makanan ikan
yang lebih sistematik.

 Memudahkan proses menimbang pelet makanan ikan.

 Memudahkan pelajar mengira ABW, Biomass dan
jumlah makanan ikan.

 Memudahkan pelajar mendapatkan informasi penting
berkenaan makanan ikan.

4. Ciri-ciri Inovasi

Smart Pellet Dispenser merupakan bekas penyimpan
pelet makanan ikan yang dilengkapi alat penimbang dan
aplikasi Kod QR yang memberi informasi berkaitan dengan
pemakanan ikan. Bekas ini boleh memuatkan sehingga
12kg pelet makanan ikan pada satu-satu masa. Mempunyai
satu butang tekan yang membolehkan pelet makanan ikan
keluar dari bekasnya dan terus jatuh ke dalam bekas pen-

42

43

44

45

5. Impak inoavsi

Impak daripada pembangunan inovasi ini adalah:
 Kaedah mengambil pelet makanan ikan menjadi lebih

sistematik.

 Kaedah menimbang pelet makanan ikan menjadi lebih
sistematik.

 Kebarangkalian pelet rosak akibat terdedah kepada
udara dapat dikurangkan.

 Memudahkan dan mempercepatkan nilai ABW, Bio-
mass dan jumlah makanan ikan dikira.

 Memudahkan pelajar-pelajar mendapat pelbagai infor-
masi tentang pengurusan makanan ikan.

 Dapat memenuhi keperluan industri 4.0 dan seterusnya
menyokong aspek go green.

 Memudahkan proses pembelajaran dan pengajaran
pelajar dan pensyarah.

6. Kos Bahan

Kos bahan hanya RM59.90 iaitu pembelian dispenser.
Lain-lain bahan dan peralatan hanya menggunakan bahan
dan peralatan sedia ada di bengkel akuakultur. Pem-
bangunan laman hanya menggunakan google sites (zero
cost).

7. Kesimpulan

Secara keseluruhannya, penghasilan Smart Pellet Dis-
penser dapat menjadikan proses pembelajaran dan pengaja-
ran pelajar dan pensyarah akuakultur lebih sistematik dan
menyeronokkan. Kaedah penyimpanan pelet makanan ikan
dan aktiviti menimbang pelet makanan ikan juga menjadi
lebih sistematik. Pelajar dapat mengakses pelbagai
maklumat tentang pengurusan makanan ikan dengan cepat
dan mudah dalam satu laman yang ringkas.

Rujukan

[1] Osueke, O.C, Olayanju, T.M.A, Onokwai, A.O and
Uzendu, P, Design and Construction of an Automatic
Fish Feeder Machine, International Journal of Me-
chanical Engineering and Technology, 9(10), 2018, pp.
1631–1645.

[2] Bhilave, Madhav. (2018). Study of shelf life of formu-
lated fish feed. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sci-
ence. 6. 174-176.

[3] Chear, S. L. S. (2017). Pengajaran dan pembelajaran
melalui aplikasi Whatsapp dan Telegram. Jurnal Pen-
didikan Malaysia, 42(2)

46