vedanta samajik book 6 CTP (2078) Final

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

-3_ hg;ª\Vof clenv] ljsf;f]Gdv' bz] x¿df a9L ko| fu] df kfOG5 . - _
-ª_ gdg' f ;jI{] f0f hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ ;ª\sngdf hgu0fgfsf] ljsNksf]

¿kdf ko| fu] ug]{ ljlw xf] . - _

@= hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf ;|f]tx¿dWo] j'mg ;|f]t ;a}eGbf a9L
ljZj;gLo xG' 5 < cfˆgf] tjm{ lbgx' f;] \ .

#= hgu0fgfsf kmfObf / a]kmfObfsf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

$= gdg' f ;j]I{ f0f / k~hLs/0fsf larsf] km/s 56' \ofpgx' f;] \ .

%= æhg;ªV\ ofsf] ;xL ;"rgf kf| Kt ug{ hg;ªV\ of tYofª\ssf
;|f]tx¿ dxŒjk0" f{ xG' 5g\ .Æ tYo;lxt k'li6 ug'x{ f];\ .

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 251 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 /fli6«o hgu0fgf
(National Census)
*=#

‘hgu0fgf’ zAbn] dflg;x¿sf] u0fgf ug{] kl| jm| ofnfO{ a'emfp5F . jm' g} klg :yfgdf
jm] s:tf wd{, ;+:jm[ lt, k/Dk/f dfGg] slt dflg;x¿ a;fa] f; u5{g\ < pgLx¿n]
j]m s:tf sfd u5g{ \ < pgLx¿ j]m s:tf efiff af]N5g\ < h:tf j'm/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L
xg' ' h?/L x'G5 . o:tf] hfgsf/Ln] b]zsf] ljsf;df dbt k'¥ofp5F . o;/L bz] el/sf
dflg;x¿sf] u0fgf ug{] sfo{nfO{ hgu0fgf elgG5 . xfd|f] bz] df x/]s b; b; jifs{ f]
cGt/fndf hgu0fgf ul/G5 .

gk] fndf lj= ;+= !(^* -;g\ !(!!_ df klxnf] k6s /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] ;?' jft
ul/Psf] lyof] . k|mfG;df ;g\ !^^% df, :jL8]gdf ;g\ !&$( df, cdl] /sfdf ;g\
!&() df / a]nfotdf ;g\ !*)! df klxnf] k6s hgu0fgf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;
;dodf gk] fnn] clxns] f] h:tf] cfwl' gs lsl;dsf] hgu0fgfsf] k4lt ckgfPsf]
lyPg .

klxnf] k6s lj=;=+ !(^* df hgu0fgf ubf{ gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof %^,#*,&$(
dfq lyof] . lj=;+= @)^* df gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of @,^$,($,%)$ ku' ]sf] 5 .
lj= ;=+ !(&& / !(*& df ul/Psf] hgu0fgfn] hg;ªV\ ofdf sdL cfPsf] bv] fPsf]
lyof] . To;kl5sf x/]s b; jif{df ul/Psf hgu0fgfn] g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4
ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . hgu0fgf ug]{ 56' 6\ } lgsfo 5, h;nfO{ j]mGbL| o tYofª\s ljefu
elgG5 . gk] fndf lj=;=+ @)!% df o; ljefusf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . o;n] x/]s
b; b; jifd{ f hgu0fgf ug{] sfd u5{ . o;n] tYofª\ssf] ;ªs\ ng, kz| fw] g, ljZn]
if0f tyf k|sfzg ug{] sfo{ klg u5{ .

j]bfGt 252 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

hgu0fgfdf tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug{] ljlw M

(Methods of Collecting Data in Census)

hgu0fgfdf tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ubf{ d'Vo tLg lsl;daf6 ul/G5 . tL j}wflgs
pkl:ylt (De-jure) ljlw, jf:tljs pkl:ylt (De-facto) ljlw / kl/dflht{
:yfoL a;fa] f; (Modified De- jure) ljlw x'g\ . ljleGg bz] x¿n] oL ljlwdWo]
j'mg} Pssf] ko| fu] u/L hgu0fgf u5g{ \ .

-s_ jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw (De-facto Method) M

o; ljlwcg';f/ dflg;x¿sf] hgu0fgf ePsf] ;dodf a;f]jf; ePsf]
:yfgaf6 u0fgf ul/G5 . Hf:t}† gj' fsf6] df :yfoL 3/ eO{ sf7df8f}Fdf c:yfoL
a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;sf] sf7df8fF}df g} u0fgf ul/G5 .

-v_ j}wflgs pkl:ylt ljlw (De-jure Method) M

o; ljlwcg;' f/ dflg;x¿sf] :yfoL a;fa] f; ePsf] :yfgaf6 u0fgf
ul/G5 . Hf:t}M ;'vt]{ df :yfoL 3/ eP/ sf7df8fd}F f c:yfoL a;f]af; ug{]
dflg;sf] ;v' t]{ df g} u0fgf ul/G5 .

-u_ kl/dflh{t :yfoL a;fa] f; ljlw (Modified De-jure Method) M

o; ljlwcg';f/ dflg;x¿sf] :yfoL a;f]af; ePsf] :yfgaf6 u0fgf ul/G5 .
t/ ;do ;Ldf tfl] sPsf] x'G5 . Hf:t}M kfv] /fdf :yfoL 3/ eP/ ^ dlxgfeGbf
a9L ;dob]lv sf7df8fF}df c:yfoL a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;sf] sf7df8fF}df g}
u0fgf ul/G5 t/ ^ dlxgfeGbf sd ;dobl] v sf7df8f}Fdf a;fa] f; u/s] f] eP
kf]v/fdf g} u0fgf ul/G5 . g]kfndf oxL ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L k|To]s b; jifs{ f]
cGt/fndf h]7 @% b]lv c;f/ * ;Dd hgu0fgf ul/G5 .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 253 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

hgu0fgfsf] dxŒj (Importance of Census) M

hgu0fgfsf] cfjZostf / dxŒjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ k|:tt' ul/Psf] 5 M
• hg;ª\Vofsf] cWoog ug{ dbt k'¥ofp5F .
• ;/sf/nfO{ of]hgf lgdf0{ f ug{ ;xofu] k'U5 . ah6] ljlgofh] gdf dbt k'U5 .
• ljBt' \, vfgk] fgL, 6l] nkmfg] h:tf ;]jf ;l' jwfsf] lj:tf/ ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 .
• dtbftf ;r" L tof/ ug{ klg dbt kU' 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

-!_ tkfOF{sf] sIffsf ;Dk"0f{ ;fyLx¿sf] 3/df ePsf dlxnf tyf k?' ifsf]
hg;ªV\ of ;ª\sng u/L :tDe lrqdfk{mt sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ hgu0fgf eg]sf] j]m xf] <
-v_ lj=;+= !(^* ;fndf gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ of slt lyof] <
-u_ gk] fndf j]mGb|Lo tYofªs\ ljefusf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-3_ gk] fndf jm' g ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L hgu0fgf ul/G5 <

jb] fGt 254 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@= hgu0fgfdf tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug]{ ljlwx¿af/] 5f]6s/Ldf
nV] g'xf;] \ .

#= hgu0fgfsf] dxŒj cfˆg} zAbdf n]Vg'xf;] \ .

$= tkfO{“ a;fa] f; ug]{ j8fsf] hg;ªV\ of kQf nufO{ sIffsf7] fdf
k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{F a;f]af; ug{] 6fn] sf] dlxnf, k?' if tyf jm' n hg;ª\Vofsf]
tYofªs\ ;ª\sng u/L sIffsf]7fdf k:| tt' ug{'xf];\ .

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 255 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 gk] fnsf] hg;fªl\ Vos l:yltM
cfsf/, jl' 4b/ / 3gTj
*=$
(Demographic Status of Nepal:

Size, Growth and Density)

hg;ªV\ of Pp6f ultzLn kIf xf] . of] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf kl/jtg{ x'G5 . hGd, dT[ o'
/ a;fO;F /fO hg;fª\lVosLsf tŒjx¿ xg' \ . logLx¿sf] ke| fjn] g} jm' g} klg
7fpF jf If]qsf] hg;ª\Vof 36a9 xG' 5 . jm' g} 7fpdF f dflg;sf] hGd xbF' f / cGo
7fpFaf6 dflg;x¿ a;fOF ;/]/ cfpFbf To; 7fpsF f] hg;ªV\ of a9\5 . dflg;x¿sf]
d[To' x'Fbf / jm' g} 7fpsF f] dflg;x¿ a;fOF ;//] cGoq hfFbf hg;ªV\ of 36\5 .
jm' g} klg b]zsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, j[l4b/, agf]6, ljt/0f / hg3gTj cflb
hg;fª\lVosL l:yltcGtut{ cWoog ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL cWoogdf
hg;fªl\ VosL l:yltn] k|ToIf ke| fj kf5{ . x/]s bz] sf gful/snfO{ cfÇgf] bz] sf]
hg;fª\lVosL l:yltaf/] yfxf x'g h?/L xG' 5 .

g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, jl[ 4b/ / 3gTj

j'mg} 7fpF jf bz] sf dflg;x¿sf] hDdf ;ªV\ of g} hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ xf] .
hg;ª\Vof a9L ePdf 7n' f] / yf]/} ePdf ;fgf] cfsf/ dflgG5 . jm' g} 7fpF jf
bz] sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/df ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] jflifs{ cf;} tb/nfO{
hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ elgG5 . o;n] cl3Nnf] jif{ / To; jif{sf] j'mn hg;ª\Voflarsf]
kl/jtg{ sf] cgk' ftnfO{ cleJoSt u5{ . hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/n] jm' g} klg b]z jf 7fpsF f]
hg;ª\Vof jm] slt al9/x]sf] 5 jf 3l6/xs] f] 5 eGg] tYo lbG5 . To;} u/L
kl| tPsfO efu} f]lns Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\ ofnfO{ hg3gTj
elgG5 . ;fdfGotof hg3gTj kl| tju{ lsnf]ld6/df dfkg ul/G5 . ctM j'mn

j]bfGt 256 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

hg;ª\Vof / j'mn Ifq] kmnlarsf] cg'kft g} hg3gTj xf] . jm' g} b]zsf] j'mn
hg;ª\VofnfO{ ToxfsF f] jm' n Ifq] kmnn] efu ubf{ cfpg] efukmn g} hg3gTj xf] .

g]kfndf lj=;+= !(^* ;fndf klxnf] k6s hgu0fgf ePsf] lyof] . Tolt an] f
gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof %^,#*,&$( lyof] . To;kl5sf bO' { cf]6f hgu0fgfdf gk] fnsf]
hg;ªV\ of 36/] lj=;+= !(&& df %%,&#,&** / lj=;+= !(*& df %%,#@,%&$
ePsf] lyof] . lj=;=+ @)!* b]lv lj=;=+ @)%* ;Dddf g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof
j[l4b/ a9]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf sf/0fx¿ afnljjfx, ax'ljjfx, clzIff, a/] fh] uf/,
ul/aL, pRr lzz' d[To'b/ cflb xg' \ . cl3Nnf] hgu0fgfsf] tn' gfdf lj=;=+ @)^* sf]
hgu0fgfdf gk] fnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] jl[ 4b/ 36s] f] kfOG5 . o;sf dV' o sf/0fx¿
hg;ª\Vof lzIff, kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf ;fwgx¿sf] pknAwtf, Psn kl/jf/sf]
;ª\Vof a9L xg' ' cflb x'g\ . j'mg} klg bz] sf] Ifq] kmn ;lhn} 36a9 x'Fb}g t/
hg;ªV\ of eg] ultzLn x'G5 . hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf] cg'kftdf b]zsf] Ifq] kmn ga9\g]
x'bF f hg3gTj jl[ 4 x'bF } hfG5 . g]kfnsf] hg3gTj klxnf] tLg cf]6f hgu0fgfdf
kl| tju{ lsnf]ld6/df #* hgf lyof] eg] lj=;+= @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf of]
;ª\Vof sl/a rf/ u'0ffeGbf a9Ln] j[l4 eO{ !*) k'us] f] 5 . gk] fnsf]
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, j[l4b/ / 3gTj lgDg tflnsfdf pNn]v ul/G5 .

g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, jflif{s j[l4b/ / 3gTj !(^*–@)^*

hgu0fgf jif{ hg;ªV\ of j[l4b/ hg3gTj
-lj=;+=df_ -k|ltztdf_ -k|ltju{ ls=ld= df_

!(^* %^,#*, &$( === #*

!(&& %%,&^,&** –)=!@ #*

!(*& %%,#@,%&$ –)=)& #*

!((* ^@,*#,^$( !=@& $#

kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 257 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@))(–!! *@,%^,^@% @=&# %^
@)!* ($,!@,((^ !=#! ^$
@)@* !,!%,%%,(*# @=)% &(
@)#* !, %),@@,*#( @=^@ !)@
@)$* !,*$,(!,)(& @=)* !@^
@)%* @,#!,%!,$@# @=@% !%&
@)^* @,^$,($,%)$ !=#% !*)

;f| t] M j]mGb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu, ;g\ @)!@

ljm| ofsnfk

!= kf7df lbOPsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, j[l4b/ / hg3gTj;DaGwL
tflnsfsf cfwf/df sIffdf 5nkmn u/L tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/
lbgx' f;] \ M

-s_ gk] fndf jm' g jif{df ;ae} Gbf a9L hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4b/ lyof] < o;sf
sf/0fx¿ j]m jm] x'g ;S5g\ <

-v_ hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ 36\bf klg hg3gTj a9\gs' f] sf/0f jm] xfn] f <

-u_ b;fF} hgu0fgf lj=;+= @)%* ;fneGbf P3f/fF} hgu0fgf lj=;=+ @)^*
;fndf slt hgf dflg;sf] ;ªV\ of ylkof] xf]nf <

-3_ bf];f| ] / t];f| ] hgu0fgfx¿df hg;ª\Vof 36g\ s' f] sf/0f jm] xfn] f <

-ª_ hgu0fgf @)!* kl5 @)%* ;Dd hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/ w]/} b]lvgs' f]
sf/0fx¿ j]m jm] xfn] fg\ <

j]bfGt 258 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@= kf7df lbOPsf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df gk] fndf hg;ªV\ of j[l4sf]
k|jl[ Qsf af/d] f Ps cgR' 5]b n]Vgx' f;] \ / sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf;] \ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4b/ eg]sf] xf] <
-v_ hg3gTj eGgfn] jm] a'lemG5 <
-u_ jm' g jm' g hgu0fgfdf g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof 36]sf] lyof] <
-3_ lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of j[l4b/ slt

kl| tzt lyof] <
-ª_ lj=;+= !(^* / lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hg;ª\Voflarsf] km/s lgsfNg'xf;] \ .

@= hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/, jflif{s jl[ 4b/ / 3gTjsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro
lbgx' f];\ .

#= æhg;ªV\ of Pp6f ultzLn 36gf xf] .Æ o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt
kl' i6 ugx'{ f];\ .

$= klxnf] hgu0fgfdf eGbf xfn;Ddsf] clGtd hgu0fgfdf
g]kfnsf] hg;ªV\ of sltn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 < kQf nufO{ cfˆgf]
cg'el" t nV] g'xf;] \ .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 259 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

%= gk] fndf tLj| hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4b/ sd ug{ jm] ugk'{ nf{ <
nV] gx' f];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tLgrf/ hgfsf] ;dx" agfO{ tkfOs“{ f] 6fn] sf @)
3/x¿sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng u/L lgDg tflnsfdf
eg'x{ f];\ .

qm= 3/sf] hft wd{ efiff lnª\u pd]/

;=+ d'nLsf] gfd dlxnf k'?if )–!$ !%–%( ^) eGbf
dfly

260 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[


j]bfGt
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 g]kfnsf] hg;fª\lVos l:yltM
agf]6 / ljt/0f
*=%
(Demographic Status of Nepal:

Composition and Distribution)

g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf6]

hgu0fgfdf dflg;x¿sf] lnª\u, pd]/, hflt, efiff, wd,{ ;fIf/tf, k];f, a;fa] f; If]q
cflb ljj/0f ;ªs\ ng ul/G5 . cfjZostfcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ pSt ljj/0fsf
cfwf/df ljleGg ;dx" df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf] o:tf] ;dx" nfO{
hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 elgG5 . hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6n] ;dfh / ;db' fosf] oyfy{
j:tl' :yltsf] lrq0f u5{ . o;n] /fi6«sf] ultljlwdf klg k|ToIf ke| fj kf5{ . xfdL
o; kf7df lnª\u / ;fIf/tfsf cfwf/df xfnsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] cWoog u5fF}{ .

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 261 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

!= lnªu\ cg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6M

lnªu\ sf cfwf/df hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ dlxnf, k?' if / t;] f| ] lnªu\ L u/L tLg
;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . lnª\ucg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljefhgnfO{
lnªu\ cg;' f/sf] hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] elgG5 . lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/
dlxnf / k'?ifsf] nª} \lus cgk' ft ($=!^ lyof] . j'mn hg;ª\Vof @,^$,($,%)$
dWo] !,@*,$(,)$! k'?if / !,#^,$%,$^# dlxnfsf] lyof] .

@= ;fIf/tfsf cfwf/df hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6M

;fIf/tfsf cfwf/df hg;ªV\ ofsf] cWoog ubf{ % jif{ pd]/eGbf dflysf]
hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] xG' 5 . gk] fndf lj=;+ @)^* sf]
hgu0fgfcg';f/ % jifd{ flysf] ;fIf/tf kl| tzt ^%=( kl| tzt /x]sf] 5 eg]
k'?if ;fIf/tf b/ &%=%! / dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ %&=$ 5 .

j]bfGt 262 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f

j'mg} klg bz] sf] hg;ªV\ of Pjm} 7fpdF f Pslqt ePsf] xF'b}g . ljleGg ufpkF flnsf,
gu/kflnsf, lhNnf, k|b]z, ufp,F ;x/sf ;fy} ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qx¿df 5l/P/
/x]sf] x'G5 . hg;ª\VofnfO{ log} a:tLsf cfwf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}nfO{
hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f elgG5 .

g]kfnnfO{ efu} f]lns cj:yfsf cfwf/df lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ u/L tLg Ifq] df
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . gk] fnsf] j'mn ee" fusf] !% kl| tzt lxdfnL If]qn], ^*
k|ltzt kxf8n] / !& kl| tzt ee" fu t/fOn{ ] cf]u6]sf] 5 . oL efu} f]lns Ifq] x¿df
w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s kIfdf ePsf] ljljwtfsf sf/0f
hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f ;dfg 5}g . hgu0fgf lj=;+= @)^* sf cg';f/ lxdfnL If]qdf
jm' n hg;ª\Vofsf] ^=&# kl| tzt, kxf8df $#=)! kl| tzt / t/fOd{ f %)=@& kl| tzt
hg;ªV\ of /xs] f] 5 . g]kfnsf] ef}ufl] ns Ifq] cg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fnfO{
lgDgfg';f/ tflnsfdf k:| t't ug{ ;lsG5 M

efu} fl] ns Ifq] cg';f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0f @)^*

Ifq] hg;ª\Vof kl| tzt

lxdfn !&,*!,&(@ ^=&#

kxf8 !,!#,($,))& $#=)!

t/fO{ !,##,!*,&)% %)=@&

hDdf @,^$,($,%)$ !))=))

;f| t] M jm] GbL| o tYofªs\ ljefu,;g\ @)!@

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 263 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

lj|mofsnfk

!= kf7df lbOPsf] efu} fl] ns Ifq] cg';f/sf] g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fnfO{
j[Qlrq jf rj|mlrqdf k:| t't u/L sIffdf kb| zg{ ug'{xf];\ .

@= k?' if ;fIf/tf b/eGbf dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ lsg sd ePsf] xfn] f <
sIffdf 5nkmn u/L o;sf sf/0fx¿ / dlxnf ;fIf/tf jl[ 4 ug]{
pkfox¿ ab'F fut ¿kdf l6kf]6 ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ dlxnf / k?' ifsf] n}ª\lus cg'kft

slt 5 <
-u_ gk] fnsf] lxdfnL kb| z] df sd hg;ª\Vof xg' 'sf] jm' g} Ps sf/0f

nV] g'xf];\ .
3_ lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ gk] fnsf] ;fIf/tf kl| tzt slt 5 <
-ª_ hgu0fgf lj=;+= @)^* sf cg';f/ gk] fnsf] t/fO{ k|b]zdf slt kl| tzt

dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ <

jb] fGt 264 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@= ef}uf]lns Ifq] cg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljt/0faf/] 5f]6s/Ldf j0fg{
ug{'xf;] \ .

#= hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6] egs] f] jm] xf] < tkfOs{F f] ;d'bfosf]
hg;ª\Vofsf] agf6] aofg ugx'{ f;] \ .

$= g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf sd hg;ªV\ of x'gs' f] sf/0f jm] jm]
xfn] fg\ < pNnv] ugx{' f;] \ .

%= lxdfnL / kxf8L Ifq] df eGbf t/fOd{ f hg;ªV\ of a9L xg' 'sf]
sf/0fx¿ a'bF fdf nV] g'xf];\ .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 265 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg
*=% (Population Management)

j'mg} If]q jf bz] df ;Lldt kf| j[mlts ;|ft] ;fwgx¿ x'G5g\ . ltg} ;f| t] ;fwgsf] plrt
ko| f]u u/L b]zsf] ljsf; ul/G5 . x/s] b]zdf pknAw kf| jm[ lts ;f| ]t;fwg /
hg;ªV\ oflar ;Gt'ng sfod x'g'k5{ . h;sf nflu hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ ;xL
¿kn] ljt/0f ug{'k5{ . ;f| t] ;fwg / hg;ª\Voflar ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ sfon{ fO{
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

bz] df pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtfsf cfwf/df hg;ªV\ of a9fpg' jf
36fpg' g} hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg xf] . /fi6«df pknAw ;|ft] ;fwgn] wfGg g;Sg] u/L
hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 eP ;dod} hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 /fS] gk' 5{ . To:t} j'mg} cj:yfdf
kf| jm[ lts ;|ft] kl/rfng ug{ ;fdfGoeGbf ;fdfGo hgzlSt klg pknAw gePsf]
xg' ;S5 . To:tf] cj:yfdf hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4 ugk'{ 5{ . gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vof a9\bf]
j|mddf 5 eg] hfkfgsf] 36b\ f] jm| ddf /xs] f] 5 .

j]bfGt 266 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf dxŒj

(Importance of Population Management)

bz] df ljBdfg ;f| t] ;fwg / hg;ªV\ oflar ;Gt'ng sfod ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] . x/s] b]zn] cfÇgf] hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ cfjZos vfBfGg, lzIffbLIff, :jf:Yo
;j] f / /fh] uf/L ;d'lrt lsl;dn] pknAw u/fpgk' 5{ . o;sf nflu hGd, dT[ o' /
a;fO;F /fOnfO{ Jojl:yt ugk'{ 5{ . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] oL cfjZostfnfO{
k/" f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDg a'Fbfdf k|:6 kfg{
;lsG5M

;'vL tyf :j:y
hLjg lhpg

jftfj/0fLo hg;ª\Vof cfwf/e"t
;Gt'ng sfod Joj:yfkgsf cfjZostfsf]
kl/kl" t{ ug{
ug{ dxŒj

b]zsf] cfly{s
ljsf; ug{

!= ;v' L tyf :j:y hLjg lhpg (To Live a Happy and Healthy Life)

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgn] bz] df pknAw k|fj[mlts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] cj:yfnfO{

ljrf/ u//] hg;ªV\ ofsf] jl[ 4 b/nfO{ ;Gtl' nt tyf Jojl:yt /fVg ;xof]u

u5{ . o;n] tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . bz] df pknAw ;|f]t;fwg

/ hg;ªV\ oflar ;Gtn' g sfod u/fp5F . h;n] ubf{ ;v' L tyf :j:y hLjg

lhpg ;xofu] kU' 5 .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 267 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@= cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf] kl/kl" t{ ug{ (To Fulfill Basic Needs)

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgn] tLj| hg;ªV\ of jl[ 4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;xofu] u5{ .
bz] sf] ;f| ]t;fwgn] wfGg ;Sg] u/L hg;ª\VofnfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . vfgf, sk8f,
cfjf;, lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jf / ;l' jwf dflg;sf cfwf/et" cfjZostf
xg' \ . o:tf cfwf/et" cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn]
;xh agfpF5 .

#= jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ (To Maintain Ecological Balance)

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] bz] df pknAw ;|f]t;fwg / jftfj/0fsf] l:yltcg';f/
tLj| hg;ªV\ of j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ . h;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod
x'G5 .

$= b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; ug{ (To Develop a Country Economically)

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf dfWodaf6 k|fj[mlts ;f| ]t;fwgsf] plrt k|of]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] hg;ªV\ of j[l4nfO{ sd u/L bz] nfO{ rflxg] 9frF fdf
hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4 sfod /fV5 . o; sfon{ ] ubf{ bz] sf] cfly{s tyf
kj" f{wf/sf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 .

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

(Challenges and Solution Measures of Population Management)

xfd|f] b]zdf tLj| hg;ªV\ of j[l4n] hg;ª\Vof / pknAw ;f| ]t;fwgsf lar ;Gtn' g
ug{ cK7\of/f] 5 . o;n] lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L cflbsf Ifq] df ljleGg vfnsf
;d:of pTkGg u/fPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ljBdfg hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf dV' o d'Vo
;d:ofx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ /xs] f] kfOG5 M

!= ;fg} pd/] df ljjfx ug{] / aRrf hGdfpg] kj| [lQ,

j]bfGt 268 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@= kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] cefj,
#= clglR5t uew{ f/0f,
$= dlxnf ;fIf/tf / /f]huf/Ldf sdL,
%= 5f]/f5f]/Llardf e]befj .
Dffly pNnv] ul/Psf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu lgDg
pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
!= k|hgg :jf:Yosf] b[li6sf]0fn] jm] 6f / j]m6Lsf] ljjfxsf] pd/] sDtLdf

@) jife{ Gbf a9L xg' k' g{] wf/0ffnfO{ sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg,]
@= kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] plrt ko| f]un] hg;ªV\ of lgoGq0fdf ;xofu]

kU' g] xg' fn] x/s] If]qdf o;sf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ug,]{
#= dlxnfnfO{ ;fIf/ agfO{ l;kdn" s tflnd k|bfg u/L /f]huf/sf] Joj:yf ug,{]
$= 5f/] f 5f/] Llarsf] ljeb] sf sf/0f hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'g] x'gfn] of] lje]b x6fpg

hgr]tgf km} nfpg],
%= cJojl:yt ¿kdf a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vof j[l4 xg' ] x'gfn] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt

ug]{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L kf7df plNnlvtafxs] xfd|f] bz] df ljBdfg
hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

@= hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf tkfOx{F ¿n] ug{ ;Sg] ;xofu] af/]df 5nkmn
u/L ;r" L tof/ ugx'{ f];\ .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 269 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg eg]sf] jm] xf] <
-v_ hg;ª\Vofn] s;/L jftfj/0fdf c;/ kf5{ < Ps jfSodf nV] g'xf];\ .
-u_ gk] fnsf dlxnf ;fIf/tfdf sdL xg' s' f] j'mg} Ps sf/0f nV] g'xf];\ .
-3_ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf] j'mg} Ps ;d:of n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-ª_ kh| gg :jf:Yosf] bl[ i6sf0] fn] j]m6f / j]m6Lsf] ljjfxsf] pd/] sDtLdf

slt x'gk' 5{ <

@= hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg eg]sf] jm] xf] < o;sf] dxŒj cfˆg}
zAbdf j0f{g ug'{xf;] \ .

#= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] cfly{s ljsf;df s;/L ;xofu]
u5{ < JofVof ugx{' f;] \ .

$= hg;ªV\ ofnfO{ b]zsf] ;f| ]t;fwgn] wfGg ;Sg] u/L lsg
lgoGq0f ugk'{ 5{ < cfˆgf] tj{m lbg'xf];\ .

%= æpknAw ;f| t] ;fwg / hg;ª\Voflar ;Gt'ng sfod xF'bf
;v' L tyf :j:y hLjg lhpg ;xofu] kU' 5 .Æ pSt egfOnfO{
pbfx/0f;lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f];\ .

^= 5f/] f5f/] Llarsf] eb] efjsf sf/0f s;/L hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'G5 <
pbfx/0f;lxt JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .

jb] fGt 270 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf
Kff7 :yfgLo lgsfo /
*=^ ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] el" dsf

(Role of Local Body and Social Organisations
in Population Management)

:yfgLo
lgsfo / ;ª\3

;+:yfx¿

/fi6«sf nflu hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg Ps dxŒjk0" f{ sfo{ xf] . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg
ug{' ;/sf/sf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ bfloTj klg xf] . To;n} ] ;/sf/n] hg;ª\Vof
Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo txb]lv /fli6o« tx;Dd ljleGg ;+/rgfut Joj:yf
u/s] f] x'G5 . gk] fndf :yfgLo txdf gu/kflnsf / ufpkF flnsfnufot ;/sf/L tyf

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 271 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

u/} ;/sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfx¿n] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;lj|mo ¿kdf sfd
u5g{ \ .

ljBfno, :yfgLo :jf:Yo rfs} L, :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt c:ktfnx¿, kl/jf/
lgof]hg ;ª\3sf zfvf, /]l8of,] 6]lnlehg tyf kqklqsfsf sfof{nox¿ cflb
;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u k¥' ofp5F g\ . :yfgLo lgsfox¿n]
klg hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿ ;~rfng u5g{ \ . ljleGg
;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] sfox{ ¿ cg'udg ug,]{ hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL ljleGg tYofª\sx¿sf]
clenv] /fVg,] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLlt tyf sfoj{ m| dsf] thd'{ f u/L
sfof{Gjog ug{] cflb :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿n] ug{] j]mxL
sfo{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

-s_ :yfgLo txdf ;~rflnt :jf:Yo rfs} Ln] dlxnf :jod;\ ]ljsfdfkm{t
:yfgLoaf;Lx¿nfO{ dftl[ zz' tyf kh| gg :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;Nnfx / ;e' mfj
lbG5g\ . kfi] f0f;DaGwL sfoj{ |mdx¿ ;~rfng ug{] / :j:y hLjgsf nflu
hgrt] gf k}mnfpg] sfd u5{ . kl/jf/ lgofh] g;DaGwL ;j] fx¿ tyf ljleGg
vfk] x¿ kb| fg ug]{ sfd klg :jf:Yo rfs} Ln] g} u5{ .

-v_ ljBfnon] hg;ªV\ of lzIff;DaGwL ljifoj:t' lzIf0f u/fO{ hgr]tgf
km} nfpg] sfd u5{ .

-u_ :yfgLo :t/df ;~rflnt kl/jf/ lgofh] gsf zfvfx¿ / c:ktfnx¿n]
kl/jf/ lgofh] g;DaGwL ;]jfx¿ / hg;ª\Vof lzIff k|bfg u5{ .

-3_ :yfgLo :t/sf /]l8of,] 6l] nlehg tyf kqklqsfn] hg;ªV\ of
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;r" gf lbg] / ;f] sfos{ f] k|rf/ k;| f/ u5g{ \ .

j]bfGt 272 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

lj|mofsnfk

!= hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;db' fosf dflg;x¿nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ /
;ª\3;:+ yfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ k]|l/t ugs{ f nflu r]tgfdn" s ;8s gf6s
tof/ u/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .

@= hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u ug]{ tkfO{“sF f] :yfgLo txdf ePsf
:yfgLo ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿ ;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg eg]sf] jm] xf] <
-v_ :yfgLo txdf ;~rflnt :jf:Yo rf}sLsf dlxnf :jod\;l] jsfn] j]m

sfd ul5g{ \ <
-u_ ljBfnon] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{ s:tf] sfd u5{ <
-3_ :yfgLo :t/sf /]l8of], 6l] nlehg tyf kqklqsfn] jm] sfd u5g{ \ <

@= :jf:Yo rfs} L / pk:jf:Yo rf}sLn] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf
s:tf] ;xofu] k¥' ofpF5g\ < pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \ .

#= tkfO{“n] ljBfnodf hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg;DaGwL jm] s:tf 1fg
/ l;k hfGg] / l;Sg] df}sf kfpge' of] < jm| d};uF n]Vgx' f];\ .

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 273 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

$= :yfgLo :t/sf ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿n] hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf
k¥' ofpg ;Sg] of]ubfgsf] pNn]v ub}{ ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vgx' f];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOsF{ f] Ifq] df /xs] f] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf sfo/{ t :jf:Yo :jod;\ ]ljsfnfO{
e]6L tkfOs{“ f] ;d'bfodf k|hgg :jf:Yo, hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg,
ue{ lg/fw] s ;fwgx¿sf] k|ofu] , kl/jf/ lgof]hg cflbsf] cj:yf s:tf]
5 < hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ / ;f;] DaGwL Ps kl| tjb] g n]Vg'xf];\ .

jb] fGt 274 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

PsfO j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

9 cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw,

;d;fdlos 36gf / ;r" gf k|ljlw

(International Relation, Contemporary
Affairs and Information Technology)

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 275 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

PsfO kl/ro

o; PsfOdf xfdL g]kfnsf] cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw / ;xofu] sf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L
lng] 5fF} . ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kl/ro lnO{ ltgsf] plrt k|of]usf] cfjZostfaf/]
l;Sg] 5fF} . o;sf ;fy} ;d;fdlos ultljlw / 36gfx¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L To;sf]
k|efjaf/] 1fg xfl;n ug]{ 5f}F . o; PsfOsf] cWoogkZrft\ l;sf?x¿df l;sfO
l;k, /rgfTds Pjd\ ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k, lg0fo{ tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k
/ ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; u/L ;xsfo{, ;xofu] tyf ;dfg'el" tsf] efjgf ljsf;
ug{] nIo lnOPsf] 5 .

ljleGg ;r" gf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;r" L ÷ tflnsf ÷ tl:a/ k|ofu] u/L kb| z{g
/ 5nkmn ljlwåf/f, afxo\ ;xof]udf ePsf sfdx¿sf] rf6{ ÷ tl:a/, gS;fsf]
k|of]u u/L ;d;fdlos 36gf ;ªs\ ng ug{ nufO{ xflh/Lhjfkm k|ltofl] utf ;~rfng,
a'n]l6g af]8{ lgdf0{ f tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{ nufO{ dfly plNnlvt ljleGg
l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] 5 .

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿n] lgDg l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug]{ 5g\ M

gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw / ;xof]usf] kl/ro lbg / dxŒj atfpg,
gk] fnsf l5ds] L b]zx¿;uF sf] cfk;L ;xof]u / ;DaGw pNn]v ug,{
;r" gf k|ljlwsf] kl/ro lbg / plrt k|of]u ug{,
;d;fdlos ultljlw / 36gfx¿ ;ª\sng u/L To;sf] k|efj atfpg .

j]bfGt 276 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 g]kfnsf] cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw /
(=! ;xofu]

(International Relation and Cooperation of Nepal)

dflg; ;fdflhs kf| 0fL xf] . pm hLjge/ PSn} a:g ;Sbg} . p;nfO{ afFRgsf nflu
ljleGg k|sf/sf] ;xof]u rflxG5 . To;n} ] p;n] c¿;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt u/L
kl/jf/sf] lgdf{0f u5{ . cfk;L cl:tTjsf nflu ;xofu] sf] cfbfgkb| fg ug{
kl/jf/x¿ ldn]/ ;d'bfo aG5 . ;d'bfox¿n] ;dfh agfpF5g\ . tL ;d'bfox¿
/ ;dfhx¿ ldn/] Ps 7n' f] ;dfhsf] ¿kdf /fi6«sf] lgdf{0f u5g{ \ . To;} u/L
/fi6«x¿ ldn/] ljZj lgdf{0f u5{g\ . ctM h;/L dflg;x¿ cfÇgf] ;xcl:tTjsf nflu
kl/jf/df ldn/] a:5g\ . To;} u/L /fi6x« ¿ klg cfk;L ;dembf/L, zflGt /
;xofu] sf nflu ljZjdf ldn/] a:5g\ . o;n} fO{ cGt/f{li6«o ;dembf/L, zflGt /
;xofu] elgG5 .

ljZj

/fi6«

;dfh
;db' fo

kl/jf/

JolSt

ljZjsf ;a} bz] x¿ cfTdlge{/ 5}gg\ . ;a} /fi6«x¿nfO{ Ps csf{sf] ;xof]usf]

kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 277 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cfjZostf k5{ . ljsf;fG] dv' b]zx¿nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ j:tx' ¿sf]
cfkl" ts{ f nflu / ljleGg ljsf; sfo{x¿ ug{sf nflu ljsl;t bz] x¿sf]
;xof]u rflxG5 . oL bz] x¿n] ljsl;t bz] x¿df pTkflbt j:tx' ¿sf]
pkef]u u5{g\ / ToxfFsf pBfu] x¿nfO{ wfGg dbt u5{g\ . ljsl;t b]zx¿n] klg
ljsf;fG] dv' bz] x¿af6 ;xofu] lnO/xs] f xG' 5g\ . ljsl;t bz] x¿n] cfÇgf
pBfu] x¿nfO{ rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ / ;:tf dhb/' x¿ ljsf;f]Gdv' bz] x¿af6 cfkl" t{
u5{g\ . To;} u/L ljsl;t b]zx¿n] ljsf;fG] dv' b]zx¿sf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;sf nflu
cfly{s / kf| ljlws ;xof]u k'¥ofO/x]sf x'G5g\ . bz] x¿larsf] /fdf| ] ;DaGw ePdf
dfq o:tf ;xof]u cfbfgkb| fg ;Dej xG' 5 . To;}n] ljZjdf /fi6« /fi6l« ar cf}krfl/s
¿kdf ljleGg ks| f/sf ;DaGwx¿ :yflkt ePsf xG' 5g\ . ljZjsf b]zx¿larsf]
o; ;DaGwnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw elgG5 .

oftfoft, ;~rf/ / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] cfh ljZj ;fF3'/f] ePsf] 5 .
b]zx¿ Pscsf{sf] glhs ePsf 5g\ . To;n} ] cfhsf] ljZjnfO{ ljZjuf| dsf] gfd
lbOPsf] 5 . cfh j'mg} Ps b]zdf pknAw gePsf j:tx' ¿ cGo b]zx¿af6 Nofpg
;lsG5 . Ps bz] df a9L ePsf j:tx' ¿ cGo b]zx¿nfO{ a]Rg ;lsG5 . jm' g} Ps
b]znfO{ k|fj[mlts ljkt\ k/]df csf{] b]zn] ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . o;/L ljZjsf
ljleGg /fi6x« ¿n] Pscfk;df ;xof]usf] cfbfgkb| fg u/L cfÇgf] ;DaGwnfO{
dhat' agfPsf x'G5g\ .

dflg; xf;] \ jf /fi6« ;;+ f/sf ;an} fO{ j'mg} g j'mg} Ifq] df Ps csf{sf] ;xof]u
rflxG5 . To;n} ] b]zx¿ xg' \ jf dflg;x¿ Pscfk;df ldn/] a;]sf xG' 5g\ .
;+;f/df hf] sfx] L hlt g} zlStzfnL eP klg p;nfO{ l5d]sL rflxG5 . l5ds] Lsf]
;xofu] p;sf nflu ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . To:t} x/]s bz] nfO{ klg c;n l5ds] L
rflxG5 . Ps b]z / csf{] b]zlarsf] ;xof]un] g} kT| o]s b]znfO{ ;DkGg
agfpF5 . xfdf| ] h:tf] ek" l/j]li7t b]znfO{ t l5d]sLsf] ;xof]u cem a9L cfjZos xG' 5 .
To;}n] x/]s b]zsf nflu cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

jb] fGt 278 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ljZj dfglrqdf gk] fn Ps ;fje{ f}d;Qf ;DkGg :jtGq /fi6« xf] . gk] fn ljzfn
/fi6«x¿ rLg / ef/tsf lardf /xs] f] Ps ek" l/j]li6t b]z xf] . o;sf] tLgtk{m ef/t /
pQ/tkm{ rLg 5 . g]kfnsf] ;lbcf+b} ]lv cfÇgf l5ds] L / ljZjsf w/] } bz] x¿;uF /fdf| ]
;DaGw 5 . g]kfn;uF ;DaGw ePsf /fi6«x¿ g]kfnsf ldq/fi6« xg' \ . gk] fnn] cfÇgf
;a} ldq/fi6«x¿;uF ldn]/ a:g] gLlt ckgfPsf] 5 . gk] fnn] k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt,
c;n+ Ugtf, ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª3\ sf] l;4fGt, cGt/f{li6o« d"No dfGotf cflbnfO{ k//fi6«
gLltsf d'Vo cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] ljZjsf w/] } b]zx¿;uF låkIfLo / axk' IfLo ;DaGw :yfkgf ul/;jm] sf]
5 . ljZjsf j'mg} klg zlSt /fi6«x¿sf] u'6df gnfuL o;n] ;a;} Fu ;dfg Jojxf/
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] xfn;Dd ljZjsf !&) /fi6«x¿;uF bf}To ;DaGw sfod
ul/;j]msf] 5 . ;+oS' t clw/fHo -a]nfot_ ;uF ;g\ !*!^ df g]kfnsf] klxnf]
k6s bfT} o ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] lyof] eg] xfn;Dd clGtd bfT} o ;DaGw ePsf]
b]z uflDaof xf] . gk] fn / uflDaoflarsf] j"m6gLlts ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf ldlt
@)&* h]7 !) ut] ePsf] xf] . g]kfnn] cfufdL lbgx¿df cGo b]zx¿;uF bfT} o
;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ 5 . g]kfn c;+nUg cfGbfn] g (Non- Alignment Movement,
NAM), ;fj{m, cl;Pg (Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN), ;+oS' t
/fi6«;ª3\ / o;sf ljlzi6 ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;lj|mo ;b:o xf] . oL ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf
;b:o /fi6«x¿;Fu o;sf] ax'kIfLo ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .

gk] fnsf] ljleGg d'n'sx¿;Fu ePsf] /fdf| ] ;DaGwsf sf/0f bz] sf hgtfn] w]/}
kmfObf lnPsf 5g\ . lxhfc] fh nfvf}F gk] fnLx¿ pRr lzIff cWoog ug{ c:6«l] nof,
;+o'St /fHo cd]l/sf, hfkfg, rLg, ef/t, an] fot, aª\unfbz] cflb ldq/fi6«x¿df
uO/xs] f 5g\ . nfvfF} g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ stf/, ax/fOg, j'ma]t, Oh/fon, sf]l/of,
l;ª\ufk/' , dn]l;of cflb b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu uO/xs] f 5g\ .

ljleGg ldq/fi6x« ¿n] g]kfnsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;df ;xofu] u/]sf 5g\ . jL/

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 279 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf, sf];L Aof/s] sf] lgdf0{ f, ljleGg ;fgf 7'nf hnljB't\
cfofh] gf lgdf0{ f, ;8s tyf /n] ;j] fsf] lj:tf/ cflbdf ef/tsf] ;xofu] /x]sf]
5 . c/lgsf] /fhdfu,{ k[YjL /fhdfu{, sf7df8fF}sf] rj|mky, lqe'jg cGt/fl{ i6o«
ljdfg:yn cflbsf] lgdf0{ fdf rLgn] gk] fnnfO{ ;xofu] u/s] f] 5 . hfkfgn] jL=kL=
/fhdfu{, s0ff{nLsf] k'n, tgx'F hnljB't\ cfofh] gf cflbsf] lgdf{0fdf cfly{s
;xofu] u/]sf] lyof] . ;o+ S' t /fHo cd]l/sf (USA) g]kfnsf] j}bl] zs Jofkf/df
;xofu] ug{] /fi6« xf] . gk] fnsf] un}Frf / kl:dgf 7'nf] kl/df0fdf cd]l/sfdf lgof{t
ul/G5 . cdl] /sfn] k|Tos] jif{ g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ToxfFsf] ljZjljBfnodf cWoogsf
nflu 5fqjl[ Q k|bfg u5{ .

o;/L ljleGg /fi6x« ¿n] gk] fnsf] ljsf;df ;xofu] u/]sf 5g\ . ljleGg
;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] klg gk] fnsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u k¥' ofPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf dft[lzz'
:jf:Yodf ol' g;k] m (UNICEF) n] ;xofu] u/]sf] 5 . o'g]:sf] (UNESCO) n]
gk] fnsf k|fjm[ lts, wflds{ , Pl] txfl;s ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;"rLj[mt
u//] ;xof]u u/s] f] 5 .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L gk] fnn] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf sf/0f kf| Kt u/s] f
kmfObfx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .

@= ljleGg ;f| t] af6 gk] fn;Fu bf}To ;DaGw sfod u/]sf /fi6x« ¿sf] gfd
;ª\sng ugx{' f];\ . To;nfO{ Pp6f rf6{ kk] /df n]vL sIffdf kb| zg{
ug{x' f;] \ .

jb] fGt 280 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpxF ¿ pkoS' t zAb /fvL jfSo k"/f ug{'xf];\ M

-s_ lxhf]cfh ;;+ f/nfO{ =====================eg/] lrlgG5 .
-v_ ljZjsf ;a} b]zx¿ ==================== 5g} g\ .
-u_ g]kfn;uF bfT} o ;DaGw :yflkt ug{] klxnf] /fi6« ==================== xf] .
-3_ xfn;Dd g]kfn;Fu ljZjsf ==================== /fi6«x¿n] bf}To ;DaGw

sfod ul/;jm] sf 5g\ .
-ª_ jL/ c:ktfnsf] lgdf0{ f ==================== sf] ;xof]udf ePsf] xf] .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ gk] fnsf] k//fi6« gLlt jm] df cfwfl/t 5 < pNn]v ugx{' f];\ .
-v_ cGt/f{li6«o ;dembf/L, zflGt / ;xofu] eGgfn] j]m al' emG5 < JofVof

ugx'{ f;] \ .
-u_ g]kfnsf 5 cf]6f glhssf l5ds] L b]zx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
-3_ cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGwsf jm' g} rf/ cf]6f kmfObfx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f;] \ .

#= s:tf] /fi6n« fO{ ek" l/j]li6t /fi6« elgG5 < j'mg} ^ cf6] f e"kl/j]li6t

/fi6«x¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ .

$= cGt/f{li6o« ;DaGw egs] f] j]m xf] < lsg ljleGg bz] x¿;Fu
ldqjt\ ;DaGw x'g' cfjZos 5 <

%= cGt/f{li6o« ;DaGwsf] dxŒj k|sfz kfb{} ;fyLnfO{ lr7L
nV] gx' f];\ .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 281 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 ;"rgf k|ljlw
(=@ (Information Technology)

jm' g} klg k|sf/sf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ k|zfw] g, e08f/0f, k;| f/0f / u|x0f ug{] Ps j}1flgs
ljlw g} ;r" gf kl| jlw xf] . of] ljB'tLo 9ªu\ n] ;"rgf;DaGwL ;Dk0" f{ sfd ug]{ Ps
gofF k|0ffnL xf] . o; k0| ffnLdf ljleGg vfnsf ;"rgf kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿ ko| fu]
u/L ;r" gfx¿sf] lgdf0{ f, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f, k|;f/0f / ux| 0f ul/G5 . h;sf nflu
Wjlg, tl:a/, cIf/ / cª\s cflbsf] ko| f]u ul/G5 . cfhsf] ou' ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
o'u xf] . lxhf]cfh j'mg} klg ;"rgf k|jfx ug{sf nflu ljz]if vfnsf] k|ljlwsf]
ko| f]u ul/G5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/, pBf]u, j[mlif, Jofkf/ cflb x/]s Ifq] df ;r" gf
k|ljlwsf] k|of]un] ;xh / ;/n ePsf] 5 .

;r" gf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿ (MeansofInformationTechnology)

;r" gf kl| jlw lj1fgn] dfgj ;db' fonfO{ lbPsf] Ps dxŒjk0" f{ pkxf/ xf] .
lj1fgsf ljleGg cljisf/x¿dWo] ;"rgf k|ljlwn] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;df
dxŒjk"0f{ ofu] bfg k'¥ofpg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ;r" gf k|ljlw ‘dfOjm| fO] nS] 6f« ]lgs

jb] fGt 282 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

sDkf]gG] 6’ (Microelectronic component) cyft{ \ ‘lrk’ df cfwfl/t tYofªs\ /
hfgsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;ªs\ ng / kz| f]wg u/L ;'ul7t Pjd\ ;fy{s agfO{ To;nfO{ clt
tLj| ultdf e08f/0f tyf ;~rf/ ug{] ;ae} Gbf ljsl;t / ljZj;gLo cfw'lgs ljlw
xf] . ;r" gf kl| jlwnfO{ cem lj:t[t ¿kdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw (Information
and Communication Technology) klg eGg] ul/G5 . o;cGtu{t sDKo6' /,
;Ç6j]o/, dlN6ldl8of, OG6/g6] , df]afOn, 6l] nkmfg] , Od]n, lel8of], 6]lnlehgnufot
e–" pku|x k0| ffnL h:tf clt ljsl;t ;r" gf k|zfw] g Pjd\ kj| fx ug{ ;Sg] k|ljlwx¿
k5g{ \ . o:tf k|ljlwoS' t ;fwgx¿nfO{ ;r" gf kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿ elgG5 . jm] xLsf]
5f]6f] kl/ro o; ks| f/ 5 M

!= sDKo'6/ (Computer) sDKo'6/
OG6/g6]
sDKo'6/ Pp6f ljleGg vfnsf sfuhft tof/
ug{ ldNg] (programmable) oGq xf] . sDKo'6/
zAb Nofl6g zAb ‘Computare’ af6 cfPsf]
xf] . h;sf] cy{ u0fgf ug{' xf] . ctM lglZrt
lgb{z] gcg;' f/ sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/L glthf k:| t't
ug]{ dfgj lgld{t oGqnfO{ sDKo6' / elgG5 .
sDKo6' /nfO{ g]kfnLdf ‘;';fª\Vo’ elgG5 .

@= OG6/g]6 (Internet)

OG6/g6] ;r" gf cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;3fpg] Ps ljB'tLo
;~hfn xf], h;n] ljZje/sf sDKo6' /x¿nfO{
Ps csf;{ Fu hf8] g\ ;S5 . o; ;~hfnaf6 ;r" gf
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6
dflg;x¿n] h'g;j' m} 7fpaF f6 Ps cfk;df j'm/fsfgL

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 283 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ug{ ;S5g\ . o;n] ;"rgf vfH] g / cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . ljBfyL,{
lzIfs, cg;' Gwfgstf,{ Jofkf/Lnufot ljleGg k;] fsdLx{ ¿sf nflu
OG6/g6] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwg ag]sf] 5 . Ps cfk;df 6f9f a:g] ;fyLx¿,
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ / cfkmGtx¿;uF l56f] / ;xh tl/sfn] ;Dkjm{ ug{ OG6/g]6n]
;xof]u u5{ . OG6/g6] dfk{mt ljleGg rnlrq, uLt, gf6s, vn] x¿ cflb h:tf
dgf/] ~hgsf ;fwgx¿sf] pkofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . OG6/g]6af6 ljleGg vfnsf
k;] f / Joj;fosf] ljsf;sf nflu rflxg] ;Ç6j]/ (Software) x¿ k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 .

#= uu' n (Google) M

uu' n Ps dxŒjk0" f{ ;r{ OlGhg xf] . gk] fndf of] a9L u'un
k|rlnt 5 . of] ;r{ OlGhgaf6 OG6/g6] df /flvPsf
ljleGg ;r" gfx¿nfO{ ;lhn} vf]Hg ;lsG5 .
OG6/g]6df ljleGg ljifoj:t' vf]hL cWoog ug]{
ljBfyLs{ f nflu of] pkof]uL ;r{ OlGhg xf] .

$= Odn] (E-mail) M

OG6/g6] sf] dfWodaf6 k7fOg] ljBt' Lo kq

(Electronic Mail) nfO{ Odn] elgG5 . o;n]

OG6/g]6dfk{mt kqfrf/ ug]{ sfo{ u5{ . h;sf

nflu x/]s Odn] ko| f]ustfn{ ] cfÇgf] gfddf Pp6f Odn]
Od]n PsfpG6 vfN] g'k5{ . Odn] ;j] f k|bfosx¿n]

of] ;]jf lgMzN' s kb| fg u/s] f x'G5g\ . ofx' (Yahoo), lhd]n (G-mail),

x6d]n (Hotmail) cflb xfn k|rlnt Odn] ;]jf kb| fos (e-mail Service

Provider) x'g\ .

j]bfGt 284 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

%= km] ;as' (Facebook) M

k]m;as' dflg;x¿lar ;r" gf cfbfgkb| fg ug]{ Ps
;lhnf] dfWod xf] . xfdf| ] bz] df of] Ps ;lhnf] ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] ¿kdf ko| fu] ePsf] 5 . of] ljzi] f u/L
snh] sf ljBfyL{sf nflu cd]l/sfsf OG6/g6] pBdL
;dfh;j] L dfj{m h's/ju{ (Mark Zuckerberg) n] ;g\
@))$ df lgdf0{ f u/]sf x'g\ . ;g\ @))^ kl5 !# jif{eGbf k]m;as'
dflysf cflwsfl/s Odn] ko| f]ustf{n] k|of]u ug{ ;Sg]
u/L ljZje/ k|of]udf NofOPsf] lyof] . xfn ljZjdf Ps ljlnogeGbf a9L
dflg;x¿n] o;sf] k|of]u u5{g\ . cfÇgf] sDKo6' / jf dfa] fOndf k]m;a'ssf] Pk
8fpgnf]8 u/L cfÇgf] ljj/0f e/L k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . k]m;a's k|ofu] stf{n]
Dof;]Gh/af6 ;r" gfsf] cfbfgkb| fg ug{ ;S5g\ . k]m;a's h:t} M x\jf6;\Pk,
efOa/, :sfOk, 6l\ j6/, lnS+ 8Og, ljrf6, Soh" fg] , 6DAn/, lNkms/ / OG:6fuf| d
cflb klg Wjlg, kmf6] f,] lel8of] / cIf/x¿sf dfWodaf6 ;r" gf cfbfgk|bfg
ug{ ;lsg] Pkx¿ xg' \ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L Od]n / k]m;a'slarsf] km/s 56' \ofpgx' f];\ .

@= ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿ cWoog u/L ;r" gf kl| jlwsf ;fwgsf] ko| f]u ubf{
ckgfpgk' g]{ ;fjwfgL j]m j]m x'g ;S5g\ < ;fjwfgL ckgfpbF f x'g]
kmfObfx¿ a'bF fut ¿kdf nV] gx' f;] \ .

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 285 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] w]/} 5f6] f] pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ ;"rgf k|ljlw egs] f] s] xf] <
-v_ ep" ku|x k|0ffnL eGgfn] j]m al' emG5 <
-u_ u'unaf6 ug{ ;lsg] sg' } Ps sfo{ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ km] ;a's ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf ¿kdf s;n] lgdf{0f u/s] f lyP <

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;r" gf k|ljlw egs] f] j]m xf] < nV] gx' f];\ .
-v_ e"–pku|x k|0ffnL eGgfn] jm] al' emG5 <
-u_ u'unaf6 ug{ ;lsg] j'mg} Ps sfo{ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-3_ km] ;a's ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ¿kdf s;n] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP <

@= ;"rgf k|ljlw egs] f] j]m xf] < ;r" gf kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;r" L
agfpg'xf;] \ .

#= tkfOFn{“ ] k|ofu] ug]{ u/s] f] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf pks/0fx¿ pNnv]
u/L To;n] kf/s] f ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds ke| fjx¿ pNn]v
ugx{' f;] \ .

$= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] plrt ko| fu] s;/L ug{
;lsG5 < cfˆg} zAbdf n]Vgx' f;] \ .

jb] fGt 286 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 ;r" gf k|ljlw tyf ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] plrt k|of]u
(=#
(Proper Utilisation of Information

Technology and Social Media)

;"rgf kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]un] dfgj hLjg ;xh / ;/n ePsf] 5 . o;n]
dfgj hLjgsf ljleGg kIfx¿ h:t} M lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;~rf/, pBf]u, j[mlif, Jofkf/
cflb If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u u/s] f] 5 . sDKo'6/, dfa] fOn, /l] 8of], 6]lnlehg cflb
h:tf ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] k|ofu] n] dflg;x¿lar ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg
ug{ ;xh ePsf] 5 . oL ;fwgx¿sf] ko| f]un] ljZjsf ljleGg Ifq] df 36s] f
36gfx¿sf af/d] f yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . dflg;x¿n] ljleGg ks| f/sf dgf/] ~hg
klg k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .

;fdflhs ;~hfn egs] f] cfÇgf ;fyLx¿, kl/jf/hg, cGo dflg;x¿lar
;femf OR5fx¿sf] cfbfgkb| fg ug{ OG6/g]6df cfwfl/t ja] ;fO6sf] ko| f]u xf] .
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] ko| f]u ;fdflhs p2Z] o, Jofj;flos p2]Zo jf b'j}sf nflu
ul/G5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfn ljleGg tx / tKsfsf dflg;x¿lar ;DaGw :yflkt ug{

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 287 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

pkofu] L b]lvG5 . Pscfk;df ;Dkjm{ ug{, cfÇgf ljrf/ / cge' j ;f6f;f6 ug{ klg
of] pkof]uL / ;xh 5 . Odn] , OG6/g6] , 6\lj6/, k]m;a's, :sfOk, ljlslkl8of cflb
;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿ x'g\ .

Jofkf/Lx¿ / ljleGg k|sf/sf Jofkfl/s ;ª\u7gx¿n] cfÇgf u|fxsx¿;Fu ;Dkj{m
log}sf dfWodaf6 u5g{ \ . pgLx¿sf ;fdfgx¿ lsga]r ug{ klg log} ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] ko| f]u u5g{ \ . ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf dfWodaf6 ljleGg kqklqsf, /]l8of,]
6l] nlehg, ;ª3\ ;:+ yf cflbsf k]hx¿sf] ;Dkj{mdf /x]/ cfk"mn] rfx]sf avt jm' g}
klg ;"rgf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;~hfnaf6 ko| fu] stfx{ ¿n] Ps cfk;df ljleGg
/dfOnf syf, sljtf, uLt, ;ªu\ Lt cflb cfbfgk|bfg u/L dgf]/~hg ug{ ;S5g\ .

;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿ / ;fdflhs

;~hfn dfgj hLjgsf nflu clt

pkofu] L 5g\ . pkof]uL eP/ klg logsf jm] xL

gsf/fTds kIfx¿ klg 5g\ . ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]

b'?kofu] sf sf/0f JolSt, ;ª\3;:+ yf / bz] sf

ufk] gLotfsf ljifox¿ lrGtfsf ljifo

alg/x]sf 5g\ . ;dfhdf lbgx'hF ;f] ;fOa/ ;r" gf kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿
ck/fwsf 36gfx¿ a9b\ f] 5 . ;fdflhs

;~hfndfkm{ t Psn] csf{sf] aO] Hht ug]{ / csfs{ f] uf]Ko ;r" gfx¿ aflx/ NofOlbg]

sfd a9\bf] 5 . JolSt, ;dfh / bz] sf ljifodf gsf/fTds ed| x¿ l;hg{ f ug]{

h:tf 36gfx¿ lbgx'F a9\bf] 5 . ljleGg vfnsf tl:a/x¿, >Job[Zo ;fduL| x¿,

e|fds ;r" gfx¿ cfbfgk|bfg a9\bf] 5 . ljz]if u/L ofj} g cj:yfsf afnaflnsfx¿

c¿sf] bv] fl;sLsf sf/0f ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] cgfjZos k|of]u u5{g\ . o;sf

sf/0f w/] } afnaflnsfx¿df uDeL/ tgfj, lrGtf / l8k|];g h:tf dfgl;s /f]usf

nIf0fx¿ b]lvg yfns] f 5g\ . df]afOn, sDKo'6/ h:tf ;fwgdf ;fdflhs ;~hfn

eP klg PSnn} ] ko| f]u ug]{ x'gfn] PSnfk] g a9b\ f] 5 . o;/L ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]

jb] fGt 288 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

k|ofu] n] dflg;x¿df c;fdflhs dfgjLo Jojxf/ a9\bf] 5 . To;n} ] ;fdflhs
;~hfnsf] plrt ko| f]u cfhsf] cfjZos ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

;r" gf kl| jlwsf ;fwgx¿ / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] plrt k|ofu] sf nflu lgDg
jm' /fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M

• sDKo6' /, Nofk6k, df]afOn h:tf ;r" gf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿ cgfjZos ¿kdf
w/] } ko| f]u ug'{ x'bF }g .

• Odn] nufot ljleGg ;fdflhs ;~hfnx¿sf] k|of]u ul/;j]mkl5 /fd|f];Fu
nucfp6 ug'k{ 5{ .

• nfvf}F dflg;x¿df ;fj{hlgs xg' ] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf cfÇgf] uf]Ko JolStut
hfgsf/Lx¿ /fVg' xFb' }g .

• ;fOa/ ck/fwLx¿sf] d'Vo nIo eg]sf] dfnjo] / sfo{jm| d jf Pk (malware
programs or app) x¿ 8fpgnf]8 u/fO{ em' Sofpg' xf] . o:tf Pkx¿sf]
;xfotfn] pgLx¿n] xfdf| ] JolStut ufK] o hfgsf/L lng] k|of; u5g{ \ . xfdLnfO{
ljleGg vn] x¿df ;xefuL u/fP/ 7Ug] k|of; u5g{ \ . To;n} ] o:tf dfnj]o/
sfoj{ |md jf Pkx¿ 8fpgnf]8 ug'{ xF'b}g .

• OG6/g]6df ;/' Iffsf nflu kf;j8{ k|of]u ul/G5 . ;fdfGotof ;Demg ;lhnf] x'g]
kf;j8{ /fVg] rng 5 . ;fOa/ ck/fwLx¿sf nflu o:tf ;lhnf kf;j8{x¿n]
xfd|f] JolStut ;"rgf rfg] { ;xofu] u5{ . kf;j8{ cIf/x¿, ;ª\Vofx¿ /
ljzi] f lrGxx¿ ld>0f u/L s;n} ] ga'‰g] vfnsf] nfdf] -h:t} M
3/!@˜kfnj' fç_ /fVgk' 5{ / a]nf an] fdf kl/jtg{ ug{'k5{ .

• ;fdfg cgnfOg vl/b ubf{ xfdf| ] jm|] l86 sf8{ jf aª} \s vftfsf] hfgsf/L kb| fg
ug'{kg{] x'g ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf ;fOa/ ck/fwLx¿n] xfdLaf6 uf]Ko ;"rgf
lnO{ aª} s\ vftfdf ePsf] k;} f ;lhn} lemlslbg ;S5g\ . To;}n] ;'/lIft
ljZjfl;nf ;fO6x¿nfO{ dfq aª} s\ sf] hfgsf/L lbg'k5{ .

kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 289 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

• xfdLn] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf kf:] 6 u/]sf] jm' g} l6Kk0fL jf ljrf/ ;wF} cgnfOg
/xg ;S5 . To;n} ] 6lj\ 6 ubf{ jf l6Kk0fL ubf{ ;Eo / dof{lbt efiffsf] ko| fu]
ug{k' 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ;r" gf kl| jlwsf ;fwg / ;fdflhs ;~hfnlarsf]
;dfgtf / leGgtf kQf nufpg'xf;] \ .

@= ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿af6 ;fOa/ ck/fw;DaGwL gLltlgodx¿ ;ªs\ ng
u/L sIffdf hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M

-s_ jm' g} rf/ cf]6f ;r" gf tyf ;~rf/sf ;fwgx¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f];\ .
-v_ ;fOa/ ck/fw egs] f] jm] xf] < Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ OG6/g6] ;'/Iffsf nflu s:tf] kf;j8{sf] k|of]u ug'k{ 5{ <
-3_ ;fdflhs ;~hfndf cfÇgf] uf]Ko JolStut hfgsf/Lx¿ lsg /fVg'

xbF' }g <

@= ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] ko| fu] n] ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf s;/L ;xof]u
u5{ < ;+;f/e/ sf]/fg] f efO/; -sf]le8–!(_ k}mlnPsf an] fdf
o;n] u/]sf] ;xofu] sf] pNn]v ub}{ cfˆgf] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L
nV] g'xf;] \ .

j]bfGt 290 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

#= æclxn]sf oj' fzlStdf ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] cgfjZos
k|ofu] sf sf/0f uDeL/ tgfj, lrGtf / l8k];| g h:tf dfgl;s
/fu] sf nIf0fx¿ b]lvg yfns] f 5g\ .Æ JofVof ugx'{ f];\ .

$= ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] plrt k|of]u ug{ ckgfpgk' g]{ ;fjwfgLx¿
j]m j]m xg' \ < ab'F fdf n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

;r" gf k|ljlwsf ;fwg / ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] pkofl] utf / plrt
ko| fu] sf af/d] f ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿sf] cWoog u/L Ps /rgfTds n]v
tof/ ug'x{ f];\ . To;nfO{ ljBfnon] ks| fzg ug]{ :dfl/sf jf klqsfdf
5fKg lbg'xf];\ .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 291 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 ;d;fdlos ultljlw
(=$ (Contemporary Affairs)

ljZj xfdf| ] ;femf 3/ xf] . xfdL ;a} o; 3/sf ;b:ox¿ xfF} . h;/L Pp6f
3/leq jm' g} sf]7fdf ePsf] ptf/r9fjn] csf{] sf]7fdf a:g]nfO{ c;/ kf5{, To;/L
g} ljZjsf] j'mg} Ps 7fpFdf ePsf] 36gfn] csf]{ 7fpFdf a:gn] fO{ ke| fj kf5{ . ;~rf/
/ oftfoftsf] ljsf;n] ljZj ;fF3'l/bF } uPsfn] o:tf] 36gfsf] ke| fj l56f] kg{ uPsf]
xf] . :jbz] tyf ljbz] sf cflys{ , ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, v]njm' b, lj1fg, k|ljlw
cflb If]qdf ePsf kl/jtg{ x¿sf] hfgsf/L /fVgk' 5{ . o; lsl;dsf] hfgsf/L
/fVg] sfd ;d;fdlos ;fdfGo 1fg xf] . o;sf] cWoogn] xfdf| ] afl} 4s ljsf;
x'G5 . ljleGg kl| tof]lutfdf xfdL cfÇgf] Ifdtf kb| zg{ ug{ ;S5fF} . ljleGg
k/LIffx¿df xfdL ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ ;S5fF} . To;n} ] /l] 8of], 6l] nlehg, OG6/g6] ,
kqklqsf, kmfg] cflbaf6 ljZjdf 36]sf dxŒjk"0f{ 36gfx¿sf] hfgsf/L
/fVgk' 5{ . ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿sf] cWoogaf6 xfdLn] lgDg kmfObfx¿ k|fKt ug{
;S5fF} M

-s_ ljZjsf ljleGg If]qdf ul/Psf vfh] , cGj]if0f tyf cg';Gwfgx¿sf] hfgsf/L
kf| Kt ug{ / To;sf] hghLjgdf kg]{ ke| fjkl| t ;hu /xg,

-v_ /fi6«x¿sf lar låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ;DaGwsf] :yfkgf u/L ljZj ko6{ g,
ljZje|ftT[ j, cGt/f{li6o« ;DaGw, zflGt / ;xofu] sf] ljsf; ug,{

-u_ ;d;fdlos 36gfsf] hfgsf/L lnO{ JolStdf 1fg, l;k / clej[lQsf] ljsf;
ug{ / kl/jltt{ ;dfhdf ;lhn} ;dfof]hg xg' ,

-3_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g, cfly{s dGbL, ljleGg /fu] sf dxfdf/L, o'4 cflb h:tf
ljifoj:ts' f] hfgsf/L u/fO{ To;af6 aRg / ;rt] xg' .

jb] fGt 292 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ljZjdf 36s] f sx] L dxŒk"0f{ ;d;fdlos ultljlwx¿ lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M

sf]/f]gf efO/;-sf]le8–!(_ dxfdf/Lsf ¿kdf ljZjel/ km} lnof]

sf/] fg] f efO/; ljZjel/ k}mlnPsf]

Ps dxfdf/L xf] . o;nfO{ sf]le8–

!(sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 . o;n] ljZjsf

ljleGg d'ns' x¿nfO{ k|efj kf/]sf]

5 . of] efO/; rLgsf] jx' fg ;x/df ;g\

@)!( l8;D] a/df klxnf] k6s bl] vPsf]

lyof] . ;'?sf] cj:yfdf ;fdfGo

?3fvfs] Lsf] h:tf] nIf0f b]lvg] of] sf]/f]gf efO/;-sfl] e8–!(_
efO/;n] Hj/f] cfpg,] 6fpsf] bV' g,]

;f; km] g{ ufx|f] agfpFb} dflg;sf] Hofg} ;dt] lng ;S5 . ljZjdf o; efO/;sf]

;ª\jm| d0f a9\b} uPsfn] ;g\ @)@) df ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\ 7gn] ljZj :jf:Yo

cfkts\ fn 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] nIf0f / ;fjwfgLsf af/d] f lstfasf]

cl3Nnf] k[i7df lbOPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] gofF gS;f ;fj{hlgs

gk] fn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] pQ/ klZrd l;dfgfdf /xs] f Ifq] x¿ lnlDkofw/' f,
lnkn' ]s / sfnfkfgL ;d]6/] gk] fnsf] gofF gS;f hf/L u/s] f] 5 . oL Ifq] x¿nfO{
Jof; ufpkF flnsfsf] gS;fdf bv] fOPsf] 5 . of] ufpFkflnsf ;b' "/klZrd k|b]zsf]
bfr{'nf lhNnfdf k5{ . o; gS;fdf sfnfkfgL glhs kg{] u~' hL, gfeL / jm' 6L
Ifq] x¿ klg ;dl] 6Psf 5g\ , h;n] ubf{ g]kfnsf] Ifq] kmndf xg' ;Sg] kl/jt{gsf
af/d] f ;DalGwt lgsfon] gk] fnsf] cflwsfl/s If]qkmn ks| flzt u/k] l5 kf| Kt xg' ]
5.

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 293 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

gk] fnsf] gofF gS;f

;u/dfyfsf] prfO a9\of]

gk] fn / rLgn] ;o+ 'St ¿kdf Ps sfo{jm| d cfof]hgf u/L ljZjsf] ;jfR]{ r lzv/
;u/dfyfsf] gofF prfO *,*$*=*^ ld6/ ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn / ljZjn]

j]bfGt 294 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

;g\ !(%$ df ‘;j{] ckm OlG8of’ n] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] *,*$* ld6/nfO{ ;u/dfyfsf]
prfOsf ¿kdf dfGotf lbFb} cfPsf] lyof] . gofF prfO o;cl3 gk] fnn] dflgcfPsf]
prfOeGbf *^ ;]lG6ld6/n] a9L 5 . gk] fn / rLgsf ;e]{ clwsf/Ln] 56' 6\ f5'6\6}
u/]sf] ;j{]If0fsf] ;+oS' t ¿kdf kz| fw] g u/L clGtd ¿k lbPsf lyP . ;u/dfyfsf]
prfOnfO{ cgd' f]bg ug]{ lg0fo{ g]kfnsf] dGqL kl/ifb\sf] lj=;=+ @)&& dª\l;/ !)
ut]sf] a7} sn] u/s] f] lyof] . a]Olhªdf cfofl] ht pSt ;df/fx] df lrlgofF
ljb]zdGqL jfªoL;lxt ToxfFsf] gfkL x]g]{ lgsfosf pRr clwsf/Lx¿ pkl:yt lyP .
To;} u/L gk] fnsf tkm{ af6 pSt ;df/fx] df k//fi6«dGqL kb| Lkjm' df/ 1jfnL, el" d
Joj:yf, ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqL kbd\ fjm' df/L cofn{ , k//fi6« dGqfno
tyf gfkL ljefusf pRr clwsf/Lx¿ ;xefuL lyP .

elSt yfkf gofF /fli6o« ljel" t

lj=;=+ @)&* c;f/df g]kfn ;/sf/n] elQm YffkfnfO{
/fli6o« lje"lt 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ !*!% df bp] yndf
ePsf] gk] fn cª\u|h] o4' sf] jm| ddf pgn] &# jifs{ f]
pd/] df bv] fPsf] axfb'/LnfO{ :d/0f ub}{ pgnfO{ g]kfnsf]
!& cf}F /fli6o« ljel" t 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] xf] . pgn] To;
pd/] df Pp6f xftdf t/af/ afs] L lal| 6; ;fdf| Hojfbsf lj?4 n8\bfn8b\ } ;xfbt
kf| Kt u/]sf lyP . pgL ;Dk0" f{ g]kfnLx¿sf k/]| 0ffsf] ;|f]t x'g\ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= tkfOs“{ f] 6fn] df 36s] f] jm' g} 36gfsf] ljj/0f l6kf]6 u/L Pp6f ;dfrf/
tof/ kf/L sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 295 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@= laxfg} /]l8of]df lbOPsf] d'Vo d'Vo ;dfrf/x¿sf] a'Fbf l6kf6] u/L
sIffdf ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿sf] cWoogn] xfdLnfO{ j]m kmfObf xG' 5 <
-v_ sf]/f]gf efO/; -sf]le8–!(_ n] xfd|f] z/L/df kfg]{ jm' g} Ps c;/

nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyfsf] gofF prfO slt ld6/ ePsf] 3f]if0ff

ul/Psf] 5 <

@= ;d;fdlos ultljlwx¿ eGgfn] jm] a'‰ge' of] < o;sf] dxŒj
5f6] s/Ldf pNnv] ug{x' f;] \ .

#= /fli6o« tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿;DaGwL ;dfrf/
k9]/ tkfOnF{ ] xfl;n u/s] f hfgsf/Lx¿ pNnv] ub}{ ljbz] df
a:g] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vg'xf;] \ .

$= cfˆgf jl/kl/ 36s] f j]mxL 36gfx¿df cfwfl/t eO{ Pp6f ;dfrf/
tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

j]bfGt ? kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
296