j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
lyP . logn] To;sf] jf:tf gu/s] f] sf/0f /fhLgfdf lbgk' /s] f] lyof] .
/0fhª kf08]sf] /fhLgfdfkl5 /ªu\ gfy kf8} ]n g]kfnsf] dl' Vtof/ eP . To;kl5
k'is/ zfx, kmQh] ª zfx, dfyj/l;+x yfkf Pskl5 csf{] gk] fnsf k|wfgdGqL
eP . o;j|mddf /0fhª kf08] / kmQh] ª zfx b'O{ b'Ok{ 6s gk] fnsf kw| fgdGqL ePsf
lyP . o;/L 5f]6f] ;dodf w/] } k|wfgdGqL kl/jtg{ ePsf sf/0f bz] df /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf /xo\ f] . /0fhª kf08] bf;] |f] k6s dl' Vtof/ xFb' f @ jifb{ ]lv tna gkfPsf] lgxdF' f
g]kfnL ;g] fn] cfGbf]ng u/s] f lyP . ;}lgsx¿sf] pQ]lht le8n] rft} fl/of
ki' s/ zfx, /ªu\ gfy kf}8\ofn, jm' n/fh kf08] cflbsf 3/x¿ Wj:t kf/s] f
lyP . To;kl5 bz] df Pskl5 csf{] u/L ljleGg vfnsf /fhgLlts 36gfx¿ 36] .
JolSt xTofsf] z[ªv\ nf rNof] . dfyj/l;+x yfkf / uugl;x+ h:tf ke| fjzfnL
JolStx¿sf] xTof eof] . sft] kj{, e08f/vfn kj{ / cnf}kj{ h:tf xTofsf08x¿
eP . oL ;a} 36gfx¿sf sf/0f gk] fndf /f0ff zf;gsf] ;'?jft eof] .
;fyLx¿, dn} ] h] k9F,] h] hfg]F o;sf cfwf/df gk] fn cª\uh]| o'4sf af/d] f nv] s] f]
5' . oxfFx¿n] klg ljleGg ;|ft] x¿af6 o; o4' sf af/d] f cWoog ugx{' fn] f .
jm] xL gofF yk jm' /fx¿ ePdf dnfO{ n]vL k7fpgx' fn] f eGg] cg/' fw] sf ;fy labf
rfxG5' . wGojfb¤
tkfO“{xF ¿sf] ;fyL
xl/jm[ i0f bjf8L
lj|mofsnfk
!= g]kfn cªu\ |]h o'4sf af/d] f ljleGg ;f| t] x¿sf] cWoog u/L Ps nv]
tof/ kfg{'xf];\ / sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f];\ .
@= g]kfn cªu\ h|] o'4df gk] fnL of]4fx¿n] bv] fPsf] jL/tfsf] ;Ddfg ub{}
pgLx¿sf] ;Demgfdf b]ze/ ljleGg sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ug{] cfux|
ub}{ gk] fn ;/sf/nfO{ Ps kq n]Vgx' f];\ .
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 151 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ ;u' fn} L ;lGw eg]sf] jm] xf] <
-v_ g]kfn cª\u]|h o'4 slt ;do;Dd rNof] <
-u_ g]kfn cªu\ |h] o'4 x'Fbf gk] fnsf k|wfgdGqL sf] lyP <
-3_ ;'ufn} L ;lGwkl5 gk] fnn] ud' fpg'k/s] f dV' o dV' o ee" fux¿ pNnv]
ug{'xf;] \ .
-ª_ ;u' f}nL ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ gk] fnLx¿ / cªu\ h|] sf] gfd nV] g'xf];\ .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ ;'uf}nL ;lGw gk] fnsf nflu s;/L c;dfg / ckdfghgs bl] vG5 <
sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-v_ olb tkfO{F“ ;u' fn} L ;lGwsf nflu g]kfnsf] k|ltlglw x'g'ePsf] eP x:tfIf/
ug]{ an] fdf s:tf] cge' "t x'GYof] xf]nf < Ps cg'R5]bdf nV] g'xf];\ .
-u_ ;u' fn} L ;lGwsf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .
#= g]kfn cª\u|]h o4' sf sf/0fx¿ pNnv] ub}{ ;fyLnfO{ lr7L
nV] gx' f;] \ .
$= gk] fn cª\uh]| o'4df g]kfnLx¿n] bv] fPsf] jL/tfsf] ;Ddfg ub}{
Ps sljtf jf uLt n]Vgx' f];\ .
%= g]kfn cª\u]|h o4' sf kl/0ffdx¿sf] pNn]v u/L cfˆg}
tl/sfn] d"Nofªs\ g u/L Ps cgR' 5]b nV] gx' f];\ .
^= ;'ufn} L ;lGwkl5sf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts 36gfj|mdsf] 5f6] f]
ljZn]if0f ug{'xf];\ .
j]bfGt 152 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 /f0ffsfnLg /fhgLlts,
;fdflhs / cflys{ cj:yf
%=$
(Political, Social and Economic
Condition During Rana Regime)
gk] fndf ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 ef/bf/L u6' aGbL,
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf, 7n' f ef/bf/x¿sf] xTof
a9\g yfNof] . cª\u|h] /l] h8G] 6 sf7df8fFd} f
ePsfn] gk] fnsf] cfGtl/s gLltdf afx\o x:tIf]k
x'g yfNof] . h;sf sf/0f hªu\ axfb'/ j'mF j/ zlStdf
cfP . pgn] ljleGg ;dodf cfÇgf lj/f]wL ef/bf/
x¿sf] xTof u/L lj=;+= !()# df /f0ff zf;gsf] ;?' jft hª\uaxfb'/ s'jF /
u/]sf lyP . of] lg/ªj\ m' z zf;g lj=;=+ !()# b]lv
@))& ;fn;Dd /x\of] . of] !)$ jif{sf] nfdf] ;dodf g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs
/ cflys{ Ifq] df ljleGg lj|mofsnfkx¿ eP . oL lj|mofsnfkx¿n] gk] fnsf]
/f0ffsfnLg /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yfsf] lrq0f u5{ .
/fhgLlts cj:yf M(Political Condition)
/f0ff zf;gsf] pbo ePkl5 g]kfndf ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 ePsf] /fhgLlts
cl:y/tfsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] . sft] kj{kl5 sdfG8/ Og\ lrkm ePsf hª\uaxfb'/
/f0ff e08f/vfn kj{kl5 g]kfnsf] k|wfgdGqL eP . To;kl5 pgn] ndh'ª /
sf:sLsf] >L # dxf/fhsf] kb klg kfP . o;/L zlStzfnL aGb} uPsf] klxnf] /f0ff
kw| fgdGqLn] a]nfotsf] e|d0f klg u/]sf lyP . pgn] bl} gs kz| f;g ;~rfngsf
nflu dn' 'sL c88\ f, /fh:j hDdf ug{sf nflu d'ns' Lvfgf, Pg] sfg'g agfpgsf
nflu Pg] vfgf cflb c8\8fx¿ vfn] ]sf lyP . oL sfd pgn] g]kfnsf] kz| f;lgs
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 153 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
;'wf/sf nflu u/]sf xg' \ t/ oL c8\8fx¿n] /f0ff kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ lj?4sf
ph'/Lx¿ ;G' b}gy] . :ki6 lnlvt sfgg' sf] cefjsf sf/0f /f0ffx¿sf] cfbz] cg;' f/
Gofo lg;fkm x'g] uYof]{ . /f0ffx¿sf] af]nL g} sfg'g lyof] . cfwl' gs o'udf klg hgtf
hGdl;4 clwsf/, :jtGqtfsf] xsaf6 jl~rt lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ :jtGqkj" {s
lxF8\8n' ug,{ ;ª\3;+:yf vfN] g, :jtGqk"j{s afN] g cflbaf6 jl~rt u/fOPsf]
lyof] . /f0ffx¿sf] rfxgf / OR5fcg';f/ hf] sfx] LnfO{ dT[ ob' 08 h:tf] s7f/] tyf
cdfgjLo ;hfo klg lbOGYof] .
lg/ªj\ m' z /f0ff zf;gsf] ;dodf hgtf dfq} xfO] g /f0ffx¿lar klg a]d]n lyof] .
cfÇgf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ kw| fgdGqLsf] /f]njm| ddf /fVg / pRr kbdf lgol' St
ug{ pgLx¿lar xf8] afhL x'g] uYof{] . #* ;fn / $@ ;fnsf kj{x¿ o;s} f pkh
x'g\ . lj=;+= !(#* ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL /0ff2] Lk l;+x / pgsf efO
wL/zdz]/sf] xTof ug{] k|of; ul/Psf] lyof] . o;n} fO{ Oltxf;df #* ;fnsf] kj{
elgG5 . To;} u/L wL/ zdz]/sf 5f]/fx¿n] lj=;+= !($@ ;fndf /0ff]2Lk l;+xsf]
xTof u/L ;Qf sAhf u/]sf lyP . o;nfO{ gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df $@ ;fnsf] kj{
elgG5 .
a]nf an] fdf ;r]t hgtfx¿n] /f0ff zf;gsf] lj?4 ;ªu\ l7t ¿kd} lj/f]w ug{]
uy{] . kr| 08 uf/] vf kj{, nfOa|]/L kj{, hot' ;:+ j[mtd\ cfGbf]ng cflb o;sf
pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . /f0ff zf;sx¿n] cfÇgf] lj/f]w u/s] f] lgxF'df hgtfsf] lu/Çtf/L
ug{] uy{] . lu/Çtf/ ePsfx¿nfO{ dT[ o'b08, ;j{:j x/0f, hGdjm} b cflb h:tf ljleGg
vfnsf ;hfo lbg] uy{] . o;} j|mddf rf/ ;lxbx¿ bz/y rGb, uªu\ fnfn >i] 7,
wd{eSt dfyd] f / z'jm| /fh zf:qLnfO{ dT[ ob' 08 lbOPsf] lyof] .
j]bfGt 154 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
;fdflhs cj:yf (Social Condition) M
/f0ffsfnLg ;dodf ljleGg ks| f/sf ;fdflhs j'mky| fx¿ k|rlnt lyP . hflt
ky| f, afnljjfx, ax'ljjfx, ;tL ky| f, 5'jf5t' ky| f, bf; ky| f cflb d'Vo jm' ky| fx¿
x'g\ . ;dfhdf clzIffsf sf/0f cGwljZjf; / ¿l9jfbLn] h/f uf8]sf lyP . dlGb/
/ wdz{ fnfx¿sf] lgdf0{ f u/L u'7L /fVg] tyf bj] b]jfnox¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{] ul/GYof] .
dlGb/, uD' af, kf6L, gfr, hfqf, d]nf, kh" f, pT;j, ef]h cflb sfo{x¿nfO{ ;f:+ j[mlts
¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;dodf hgtfnfO{ ;dfh;]jf ug{] clwsf/
lyPg . nv] s, ljåfg\, j}1flgs / lzNksf/x¿ k'/:j[mt xg' 'sf ;6\6f bl08t eO{
j'ml07t x'Gy] . ljBfno vf]Ng] cg'dlt lyPg .
lg/ªj\ m' z /f0ff zf;sx¿n] cfÇgf] zf;g l6sfpgsf nflu eP klg j]mxL ;fdflhs
;'wf/ u/s] f lyP . hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ff a]nfot ofqfaf6 kmj{]mkl5 lj=;+= !(!) df
dn' s' L P]gsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . pgn] To;} jif{ b/af/ xfO:jm' nsf] :yfkgf u/] . d'ns' L
P]gsf] 3fi] f0ff;Fu} b]zdf ljBdfg ljleGg j'm/Lltx¿sf] cGTo eof] .
b]jzdz]/n] ljleGg :yfgdf #) cf]6f kf| ylds ljBfnox¿ vfn] L lzIffsf] ljsf;df
rf;f] /fvs] f lyP . jL/zdz]/n] jL/ k':tsfno, jL/ c:ktfn, jL/ wf/f, 306f3/,
k'n, gx/, af6f3] f6f] cflb agfPsf lyP . rGb|zdz]/n] lj=;=+ !(&%df lqrGb|
sn]hsf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . rGb|zdz]/n] lj=;=+ !(&& ;fndf ;tLky| f / lj=;+=
!(*! ;fndf bf;ky| f h:tf] j'mk|yfsf] cGTo u/] .
cflys{ cj:yf (Economic Condition) M
/f0ffsfndf gk] fnsf] d'Vo cflys{ ;f| t] j[mlif g} lyof] . o; ;dodf dn' 'sdf
jm' g} j}1flgs cflys{ ljsf; ;Da4 sfox{ ¿ vf;} ePgg\ . tyflk o; sfndf
jm] xL cflys{ ;w' f/sf sfo{x¿ ePsf lyP . hªu\ axfb'/sf] kw| fgdlGqTj sfndf
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 155 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
k"jL{ g]kfnsf] Onfd / ;fl] Stddf Jojl:yt ¿kdf lrof vt] L ;'? ul/Psf]
lyof] . rGbz| dz]/sf kfnfdf gk] fnj}m klxnf] 7n' f] gx/ ags] f] lyof] . of] gx/ rGb|
gx/sf gfdn] k|Voft 5 . pgjm} kfnfdf kmlk{ªdf gk] fnj}m klxnf] hnljB't\ jm] Gb|sf]
:yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . lj/f6gu/ h6' ldn, s6g ldn, h4' dr} ÇofS6«L tyf cGo
3/]n' pBf]ux¿ :yfkgf /f0ffsfndf g} ePsf] lyof] . lj= ;+= !(($ sflQs & ut]
gk] fn aª} s\ lnld68] sf] :yfkgf eO{ a}ª\lsª ;]jf kf| /De ePsf] lyof] . ?= !)),
?= !) / ?= % sf sfuhL gf6] x¿ k|rngdf NofPsf] lyof] . o;n] b]zsf] cfly{s
ljsf;df ;xof]u k¥' ofPsf] lyof] .
lj|mofsnfk
!= /f0ffsfnLg g]kfndf ePsf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
pknlAwx¿ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf ;"rLjm[ t ug{'xf];\ M
/fhgLlts pknlAwx¿ ;fdflhs pknlAwx¿ cflys{ pknlAwx¿
!= != !=
@= @= @=
#= #= #=
$= $= $=
@= ljleGg P]ltxfl;s ;|f]tx¿sf] cWoog u/L g]kfndf /f0ff zf;g lj?4
hghfu/0f k}mnfpg] ;+:yf jf ;ªu\ 7gx¿n] u/]sf ljm| ofsnfkx¿
pNn]v ug{x' f;] \ . ;as} f] hfgsf/Lsf nflu sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .
jb] fGt 156 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
! tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ /f0ff zf;gsf] ;'?jft s;n] u/s] f lyP <
-v_ /f0ffsfnLg ;dodf k|rlnt jm' g} bO' { cf6] f ;fdflhs j'mky| fx¿
n]Vgx' f;] \ .
-u_ ;tLky| f / bf;k|yfsf] cGTo s;n] u/]sf lyP <
-3_ g]kfnjm} klxnf] hn ljBt' \ j]mGb| jm' g xf] <
-ª_ gk] fn a}ª\s lnld68] n] lj=;=+ !(($ df j'mg jm' g sfuhL gf]6x¿
kr| ngdf NofPsf] lyof] <
@= /f0ffsfnLg ;dfhsf] 5f6] s/Ldf JofVof ug{x' f;] \ .
#= æ/f0ffsfnLg ;dodf ePsf cflys{ pknlAwx¿ /f0ffx¿ cfˆgf]
;l' jwfsf nflu sfd ubf{ ePsf] pknlAwx¿ xg' \ .Æ jm] tkfOF{ o;
egfO;uF ;xdt xg' 'x'G5 < tjm{ ;lxt nV] g'xf];\ .
$= /f0ffsfndf ;?' eO{ xfn;Dd k|rlnt ljleGg ;fdflhs tyf
cflys{ ultljlwx¿ pNn]v ug'x{ f];\ .
%= ljleGg Pl] txfl;s ;f| t] x¿sf] cWoog u/L /f0ffsfnsf
/fhgLlts ultljlwx¿sf] ;dLIff ugx'{ f];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfOFs{ f] ;d'bfodf ;fdflhs ;d:of lg/fs/0f ugs{ f nflu hgrt] gf
km} nfpg] sfd ul//x]sf ;+:yfx¿dWo] jm' g} Pp6f ;+:yfn] u/]sf] sfdsf]
cWoog u/L Ps kl| tj]bg tof/ ugx'{ f];\ .
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 157 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 lj=;=+ @))& ;fn kl5sf] kd| v'
/fhgLlts 36gfj|md
%=%
(Major Political Events after 2007 BS)
hgtf df=lj= sIff ^ sf ljBfyLx{ ¿ ;fdflhs
cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ljifodf
ljleGg vfnsf sfoj{ m| d cfof]hgf u5{g\ .
pgLx¿ cl3Nnf] lbgsf] sIffdf ljleGg tLg
;dx" df ljefhg eO{ gk] fndf lj=;+= @))&
;fnkl5sf] k|dv' /fhgLlts 36gfjm| dsf
af/]df 5nkmn u/]sf lyP . cfh pgLx¿sf
;dx" gt] fn] cfcfÇgf ;dx" n] l6kf]6 u/s] f] k|dv' /fhgLlts 36gfjm| d k:| t't ub{}
5g\ . pgLx¿n] k|:t't u/s] f] lgDg /fhgLlts 36gfjm| d cWoog ugx'{ f;] \ / lj=;=+
@))& ;fnkl5sf] kd| v' /fhgLlts 36gfjm| dsf af/d] f hfgsf/L lng'xf;] \ .
/fd vgfn -sfoj{ |md ;~rfns_M
cfb/0fLo ljifo lzIfs /dfsfGt ;/ / ;fyLx¿ ¤
g]kfndf lj=;=+ @))& ;fn kmfug' & ut]sf lbg /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ k|hftGqsf]
3fi] f0ff eof] . kh| ftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 g]kfndf ljleGg vfnsf /fhgLlts ptf/
r9fj rNb} uP . xfdLn] lxhf] lj=;=+ @))& ;fnbl] v xfn;Dd ePsf k|dv' 36gfsf
af/]df ;dx" df 5nkmn u/]sf lyof}F . d k|Tos] ;dx" sf ;dx" g]tfHo"x¿nfO{ cfÇgf]
;dx" n] l6kf6] u/s] f] /fhgLlts 36gfj|mdx¿ kfn}kfnf] k:| t't ul/lbg'x'g xflbs{
cg'/fw] u5'{ .
j]bfGt 158 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
8fN] df u'?ª -;d"x ‘s’ sf ;d"xg]tf_ M
cfb/0fLo /dfsfGt ;/ / ;fyLx¿df xfd|f] ;dx" sf tk{maf6 ;a}nfO{ 5\ofhfnf]
-gd:t]_ ¤
xfdf| ] ;dx" nfO{ lbOPsf] lhDd]jf/Lcg;' f/ l6kf]6 ul/Psf lj=;=+ @))& ;fnbl] v
@)!& ;fn;Ddsf dV' o d'Vo /fhgLlts 36gfj|md o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
lj=;=+ @))& ;fnb]lv @)!& ;fn ;Ddsf dV' o–dV' o /fhgl} ts 36gfjm| d
-ldlt lj=;+=df_ d'Vo–d'Vo 36gfx¿
@))& kmfNu'g, & g]kfndf lj=;+= !()# bl] v !)$ jif;{ Dd
;~rfngdf /x]sf] /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{
kh| ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff,
@))& rq} !& gk] fnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg kfl/t,
@))* sflts{ @% sfª\u];| sf] tk{maf6 ;xefuL ePsf
dGqLx¿n] /fhLgfdf lbPkl5 kw| fgdGqL df]xg
zdz]/nufotn] klg /fhLgfdf,
@))(>fj0f #) >L % lqe'jgn] k/fdz{ bft[ ;/sf/ u7g,
@)!) c;f/ @ k/fdz{ bft[ ;/sf/sf] lj36g / dfts[ fk|;fb
sf]O/fnfsf] gt] T[ jdf kfFr ;b:oLo dGqLd08n
u7g, -of] ;/sf/ u7g / lj36gsf] j|md @)!&
;fn ;Dd rln/x]sf] lyof] .
@)!! kmfug' #) /fhf lqej' gsf] bx] fj;fg,
@)!% kmfu'g ! gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% hf/L,
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 159 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
@)!^ jz} fv @* j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
@)!& kfi} f ! dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
wGojfb ¤
@)!% kmfNu'g & df ePsf] klxnf] cfd
rg' fjsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3fi] f0ff,
/fhf dx]Gb|af6 hglgjf{lrt ;/sf/sf] lj36g u/L
bndfly k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 3f]if0ff .
hfl] uGb/ yf¿ -;d"x ‘v’ sf ;d"xgt] f_ M
cfb/0fLo /dfsfGt ;/ / ;fyLx¿,
;ad} f d / d/] f] ;d"xsf tk{maf6 xflb{s k0| ffd ¤
xfd|f] ;dx" n] lj=;+= @)!& ;fndf k~rfotL Joj:yf ;'? ePb]lv @)$^ ;fn;Ddsf]
d'Vo d'Vo /fhgLlts 36gfj|md l6kf6] u/s] f lyof}F . h'g o; ks| f/ 5g\ M
lj=;+= @)!& ;fnbl] v @)$^ ;fn ;Ddsf d'Vo–dV' o /fhgl} ts 36gfj|md
-ldlt lj=;+=df_ d'Vo–dV' o 36gfx¿
@)!& kf}if ! /fhf dx]Gb|af6 ;+;bLo Joj:yf eªu\ u/L
/fhgLlts bnx¿dfly kl| taGw,
@)!* jz} fv ! gk] fnnfO{ !$ c~rn &% lhNnfdf ljefhg,
@)!(kf}if ! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, !)!(sf] 3fi] f0ff,
@)@) df3 @% hgsk'/ ad sf08df kj|mfp k/]sf bu' fg{ Gb
emfnfO{ kmf;F L lbOPsf,]
@)@@ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, !)!(sf] klxnf] ;+zfw] g,
@)@$ ufpkF ms{ /fli6o« cleofg nfu',
jb] fGt 160 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
@)#) c;f/ @% j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
@)#& jz} fv @)
l;+xb/af/df cfunfuLn] /fi6s« f dxTTjk"0f{
@)$^ r}q @^ sfuhftx¿ gi6,
wGojfb ¤ gk] fndf klxnf] hgdt ;ª\u|x -k~rfot kIf
ljhoL_,
/fhfaf6 ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] 3fi] f0ff,
ljlkg >i] 7 -;dx" ‘u’ sf ;d"xgt] f_ M
cfb/0fLo /dfsfGt ;/ / ;fyLx¿df ;a}df Hjhf]nfK] ff -gd:t]_ ¤
xfdf| ] ;d"xn] lj=;=+ @)$^ ;fnkl5sf] dV' o dV' o /fhgLlts 36gfj|md l6kf]6 u/]sf
lyofF} . h'g o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
• lj=;=+ @)$& j}zfv # ut] /fli6o« k~rfot, k~rfot gLlt tyf
hfrF ae' m ;ldlt / k~rfotsf juL{o
;ª\u7gx¿ lj36g .
• lj=;=+ @)$& sflts{ @# ut] gk] fn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
nfu',
• lj=;+= @)%! sflts{ @( klxnf] dWofjlw r'gfj,
• lj=;=+ @)%@ kmfNug' ! ut] g]skf dfcfj] fbLåf/f ;z:q ;ª3\ if{
;'?,
• lj=;=+ @)%* h7] !(ut] gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/df xTofsf08 /
/fhf jL/]Gbs| f] jz+ g} ;dfKt,
• lj=;+= @)^! df3 !(ut] /fhf 1fgG] bn| ] k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb/'
bp] jfnufot ;a} gt] fx¿nfO{ gh/aGb
u/L cfkm\ gf] cWoIftfdf ;/sf/ u7g,
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 161 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
• lj=;+= @)^@ r}q @$ hgcfGbfn] g bO' { ;¿' eO{
• lj=;=+ @)^# dªl\ ;/ % !(lbg;Ddsf] cGbf]ng,
• lj=;+= @)^$ rq} @*
gk] fn ;/sf/ / g]skf dfcf]jfbLlar
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf,
;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjfr{ g / gofF
;+ljwfg n]vg kl| j|mof ;?' ,
• lj=;=+ @)^% h]7, !% gk] fndf u0ftGqsf] 3fi] f0ff,
• lj=;=+ @)^(h7] !$
• lj=;+= @)&) dª\l;/ $ klxnf] ;l+ jwfg ;ef lj36g,
;+ljwfg ;efsf] bf;] f| ] lgjf{rg / gofF
;+ljwfg n]vgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf,
• lj=;=+ @)&# c;fh] # ut] g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg 3f]if0f u/L nfu' .
• lj=;+= @)&$ d+l;/ !) / @!
k|ltlglw;ef / k|b]z;efsf] klxnf] /
• lj=;+= @)&& k'if % bf];f| ] r/0fsf] lgjf{rg
• lj=;=+ @)&& kmfu'g !!
k|ltlglw;ef lj36g
;jfR{] r cbfntåf/f kl| tlglw;ef
k'g:yf{kgf
ljm| ofsnfk
!= gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5sf] /fhgLlts 36gfjm| dsf af/d] f
;fw] vf]h u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug{'xf;] \ .
@= lj=;=+ @))& ;fnbl] v @)!& ;Ddsf] dV' o /fhgLlts 36gfjm| dsf
af/d] f 5nkmn u/L To;n] ;dfhdf kf/s] f c;/x¿ l6kf6] ug'x{ f];\ .
j]bfGt 162 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= vfnL 7fpF egx{' f];\ M
-s_ lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfug' & ut] gk] fndf =====jif{ nfdf] /f0ff zf;gsf]
cGTo eof] .
-v_ k|hftGqsf] pbokl5 =====n] cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] gt] [Tj u/s] f lyP .
-u_ gk] fndf hgdt ;ªu\ |x x'bF f ============ g]kfnsf /fhf lyP .
-3_ g]kfnsf klxnf] /fi6k« lt ===============x'g\ .
-ª_ gk] fnsf jt{dfg kw| fgdGqL ====================x'g\ .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ lsg PsbnLo zf;g Joj:yf elgPsf]
xf] < sf/0f n]Vgx' f];\ .
-v_ /fhf dx]Gbn| ] bnx¿dfly lsg kl| taGw nufPsf xfn] fg\ < cfÇgf]
ljrf/ nV] g'xf;] \ .
-u_ k~rfotL Joj:yfdf ePsf /fhgLlts 36gfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfndf @)^@ ÷ ^# ;fnkl5 ePsf /fhgLlts 36gfsf ;an kIfx¿
jm] jm] xg' \ < pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .
-ª_ g]kfndf xfn;Ddsf /fhgLlts pknlAwx¿nfO{ hf]ufpg gful/sn]
s:tf] el" dsf lgjfx{ ugk'{ nf{ < pNnv] ug{'xf;] \ .
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 163 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
lj=;+= @))& b]lv xfn;Ddsf
Kff7 ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s
%=^ pknlAwx¿
(Social and Economic
Achievements after 2007 BS)
gk] fndf lj=;=+ @))& ;fndf lg/ª\jm' z /f0ff zf;g ;dfKt eO{ kh| ftGqsf] :yfkgf
eof] . To;kl5 bz] df ljleGg vfnsf /fhgLlts 36gfx¿ 36] . kh| ftGqsf]
klxnf] bzsdf k6s k6s ePsf] ;/sf/ kl/jt{gn] b]zdf /fhgLlts cl:y/tf
/x\of] . #) jif{ lgbn{ Lo k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yf /xo\ f] . lj=;=+ @)$^ ;fndf
k|hftGq k'gM:yfkgfkl5 k'gM bnx¿lar /fhgLlts lvrftfgL a9b\ } uof] . o;
;dodf /fhtGq, k~rfotL Joj:yf, k|hftGq, u0ftGq h:tf Joj:yf kl/jtg{ x¿
eP . tL /fhgLlts 36gfx¿sf] kT| oIf ke| fj cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf
k¥of] . olt nfdf] ;dofjlwdf klg pNnv] gLo cflys{ tyf ;fdflhs pknlAwx¿
x'g ;j]mgg\ . oBlk ;dosf] dfu;uF } j]mxL ;fgf 7n' f cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
pknlAwx¿ ePsf 5g\ . jm] xL dxŒjk0" f{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pknlAwx¿
lgDgfg;' f/ 5g\ M
• ;;+ bd\ f jflif{s ah6] k:| t't u/L ks| fzg ug{] sfdsf] ;?' jft eO{ xfn;Dd
lg/Gt/ rln/x]sf] 5 .
• k|yd k~rjifLo{ of]hgfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} of]hgfa4 ljsf;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbOof] .
• g]kfnsf] j]mGb|Lo a}ªs\ gk] fn /fi6« a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;=+ @)$^
;fnkl5 lghL If]qsf a}ª\sx¿sf] :yfkgf eO{ ;j;{ fwf/0fn] Joj;fo
lj:tf/sf nflu ;xh ¿kdf a}ª\lsª ;j] f kf| Kt ug{ yfn] .
jb] fGt 164 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
• b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFx¿df ljBfnox¿sf] :yfkgf eO{ ;j;{ fwf/0fsf 5f]/f5f]/Ln]
ljBfno uO{ k9g\ ] cj;/ kfP . lj=;=+ @)!^ ;fndf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf]
:yfkgf eO{ ljZjljBfno lzIffsf] ;?' jft eof] . xfn gk] fndf !! cf6] f
ljZjljBfnox¿ 5g\ .
• b]zsf ljleGg efudf /fhdfu{ / ;xfos dfu{x¿sf] lgdf0{ f sfo{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf
eof] . cfGtl/s tyf afxo\ xjfO{ ;j] f / /]n ;]jfsf] ljsf; eof] .
• k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 ;~rf/ Ifq] df pNnv] gLo k|ult ePsf] 5 .
kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6l] nlehg, 6]lnkmfg] , dfa] fOn, OG6/g6] cflbsf] ko| f]u
a9\of] .
• :jf:Yo Ifq] df lgjm} ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf] nufgLdf
ljleGg c:ktfnx¿sf] :yfkgf eO{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] :jf:Yo ;]jf kf| Kt u/]sf
5g\ .
• latf{ pGdn" g, sd}of ky| f pGd"ng, 5'jf5'tsf] cGTo cflb h:tf ;fdflhs
pknlAwx¿ eP .
• ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ;'wf/sf lglDt ljleGg P]gx¿ nfu' ul/P .
• /fi6s« f] ljsf; sfo{df hg;xeflutf a9\b} uof] .
• kr| lnt sfgg' tyf ;l+ jwfgn] x/s] gful/snfO{ dfgj clwsf/ ;l' glZrttf
kb| fg u¥of] .
• ljleGg wdn{ fO{ /fHodf ;dfg ;Ddfg k|bfg ugs{ f nflu g]kfnnfO{ ‘wd{
lg/kI] f /fi6’« 3fi] f0ff ul/of] .
• ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu ljleGg sfo{jm| dx¿sf]
cfof]hgf ul/of] . lj=;=+ @)&^ k'; !^ bl] v Ps jif{df @) nfv ljb]zL ko{6s
leœofpg] nIo;lxt ‘gk] fn ed| 0f @)@)’ ;'?jft ePsf] lyof] . ljZjdf
k}mlnPsf] sf/] fg] f efO/; -sfl] e8 –!(_ sf sf/0f of] sfoj{ m| d ;kmn x'g
;j]mg .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 165 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
ljm| ofsnfk
!= sIffsf ;fyLx¿ ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ @))& bl] v xfn:fDdsf] ;fdflhs
tyf cflys{ ;'wf/sf kIfx¿ plNnlvt rf6{ tof/ ug{'xf;] \ . To;nfO{
sIffdf k|:tt' ugx{' f;] \ .
@= gk] fndf ePsf] lzIffsf] ljsf;af6 ;dfhdf ePsf pknlAwx¿
sIffdf 5nkmn u/L l6kf6] ug{'xf;] \ .
cEof;
!= tnsf jfSodf ePsf uNtL ;RofO{ cEof;kl' :tsfdf ;fg'{xf;] \ M
-s_ lgb{nLo k~rfotL zf;g Joj:yf @) jif{;Dd sfod /x\of] .
-v_ lj=;+= @)!^ ;fnkl5 lghL Ifq] df a}ª\sx¿ klg :yfkgf eP .
-u_ xfn gk] fndf & cf6] f ljZjljBfnox¿ 5g\ .
-3_ lj=;+= @)!^ ;fndf sf7df8fF+} ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf eO{
ljZjljBfno lzIffsf] ;'?jft eof] .
-ª_ e|d0f jif{ @)@) ljZjdf km} lnPsf] sf/] fg] f efO/; -sf]le8 –!(_ sf
sf/0f ;kmn eof] .
@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ g]kfndf xfn;Ddsf ljleGg zf;g Joj:yfx¿ pNn]v ug'x{ f];\ .
-v_ lj=;+= @))& kl5 g]kfnsf] aª} l\ sª Ifq] df ePsf] k|ultaf/] cfÇg}
zAbdf nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] zl} Ifs ljsf;sf af/]df cfkm" n] hfgs] f j'm/fx¿ n]Vgx' f;] \ .
j]bfGt 166 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
-3_ g]kfnsf] ofh] gfa4 ljsf;sf af/]df tkfOF{nfO{ jm] yfxf 5 < nV] gx' f;] \ .
#= gk] fndf lj=;+= @))& kl5 ePsf ;fdflhs tyf cflys{
pknlAwx¿sf] ;dLIff u/L Ps cg'R5b] nV] g'xf;] \ .
$= gk] fndf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{
gful/sn] s:tf] el" dsf lgjf{x ug'{knf{ < pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \ .
%= k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 oftfoft / ;~rf/ Ifq] df ePsf ;'wf/
pbfx/0f;lxt j0fg{ ugx'{ f];\ .
^= k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 tkfOs“{ f] Ifq] df ePsf ;fdflhs tyf
cflys{ kl/jtg{ x¿ ;d]6L ;fyLnfO{ lr7L nV] gx' f];\ .
&= lj=;+= @))& ;fnb]lv xfn;Dd ePsf cfly{s ;'wf/sf jm' g} 5
cf6] f 36gfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
cfÇgf] cleefjs cyjf cfÇgf] ;d'bfosf] hfgsf/ JolSt;uF @)^@÷)^#
sf] hgcfGbfn] gkl5 cfÇgf] ;d'bfodf ePsf cflys{ ;fdflhs
kl/jt{gsf sfo{x¿sf af/]df ;fW] g'xf];\ / k|ltj]bg tof/ ugx{' f;] \ .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 167 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 ldlynf ;Eotf
%=& (Mithila Civilisation)
gk] fnsf] wg'iff lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd
hgsk/' wfdsf] jl/kl/sf] If]qnfO{ k|frLg
sfndf ldlynf elgGYof] . ToxL gfdaf6
hgsk'/n] k|l;l4 kfPsf] j'm/f uG| yx¿df
pNn]v 5 . oxfF ljleGg /fhj+zx¿n]
/fHo ;~rfng u/]sf lyP . ldlynf
/fHo k|frLg sfnb]lv g} Ps kljq e"ldsf hfgsL dlGb/
¿kdf k|Voft 5 . o;nfO{ cfo{ ;+:j[mltsf]
pbu\ d :ynsf] ¿kdf lrlgG5 . ldlynf Ifq] df ljsl;t ePsf kfrF xhf/ jif{
k'/fgf] ;EotfnfO{ g} ldlynf ;Eotf elgG5 . of] ;Eotf O;fk"j{ !@ cfF} ztfAbLbl] v
O;fk"j{ cf7f}F ztfAbLsf lardf ljsl;t ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 .
ldlynfnfO{ kf| rLg sfndf ljbx] elgGYof] . lji0f'k'/f0fcg';f/ /fhf ldlyn] :yfkgf
u/]sf] o; /fHonfO{ ldlynf eGg] u/s] f] egL pNnv] u/]sf] kfOG5 . /fhf hgsn]
b]xnfO{ eGbf cfTdfnfO{ dxŒj lbg] x'gfn] ljb]x eGg] u/s] f] j'm/f Oltxf;df pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿sf cg';f/ ldlynfsf ljleGg afx| gfd 5g\ . ldlynf, t}/ dl' St,
j}b]xL, gl] dsfgg\, o1Ifq] , lj|mofkL7, :j0f{nfª\3g k4lt, hfgsL hGdel" d,
lg/k]Iff, ljsNdiff, /fdfgGbs/L / ljNjdª\unf x'g\ . o;} u/L oL afx| cf]6f
gfdafxs] klg ldlynf /fHonfO{ lt/d'lSt, ljb]x / lt/xt\' eg]/ klg lrlgGYof] .
o;/L ljleGg gfdaf6 ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] o; /fHodf ljsl;t dfgj ;EotfnfO{
dfgj Oltxf;df ldlynf ;Eotf elgG5 .
jb] fGt 168 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
ldlynf /fHosf] l;dfgf (Boundary of Mithila Kingdom)
ldlynf /fHosf] l;dfgfsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg uG| yx¿df ljleGg ljrf/
pNnv] ul/Psf 5g\ . jfNdLls /fdfo0f, lji0f' k/' f0f / dfjm{ 08o] k/' f0fdf uªu\ fsf]
pQ/df jz} fnL / ldlynf gfdsf b'O{ k|l;4 /fHox¿ lyP eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . ljleGg ljåfg\x¿n] ljb]x /fHosf] kj" d{ f sf}lzsL -sf];L_, blIf0fdf
uª\uf, klZrddf ;bfgL/f -u08sL_ / pQ/df lxdfno lyof] egL pNnv] u/]sf
5g\ . o; /fHosf] /fhwfgL hgsk/' lyof] . ljgorGb| ;g] -snsQf ljZjljBfnosf
k|fWofks_ sf cg;' f/ ldlynf /fHo klZrddf u08sLb]lv k"js{ f] sf;] L;Dd
#)( lsnfl] d6/ -!(@ dfOn_ nDafO / pQ/df lxdfnobl] v t/fO{df uªu\ f;Dd @)^
lsnf]ld6/ -!!* dfOn_ rf}8fO;Dd k}mlnPsf] lyof] . o; /fHosf] If]qkmn sl/a
@%))) ju{ dfOn /xs] f] jm' /f Oltxf;df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
ldlynf ;:+ jm[ lt (Mithila Culture)
ldlynfdf a:g] dflg;x¿nfO{ d}lyn elgG5 . oxfF
afl] ng] dV' o efiff dl} ynL xf] . af| é0f, jm' zjfxf,
sfo:y, el" dxf/, /fhk"t, sfO] /L, algo;, sfdtf;,
clx/, jm' ld;{ , bz' fb, sfO] /L; cflb ldlynfsf
d'Vo hfltx¿ x'g\ . oxfFsf dflg;x¿ lxGb', af}4,
h}g cflb wd{ dfG5g\ . /fdgjdL, ;fdfrvj] f,
dw>' fj0fL, xf]nL, b;F,} bLkfjnL cflb oxfsF f dV' o
rf8kj{x¿ xg' \ . ldlynf k|frLg Clifd'lgx¿sf] ldlynf snf
tLy:{ yn lyof] . af4} tyf hg} wds{ f cgo' foLx¿sf
lglDt of] el" d plQjm} k'0o lyof] . af}4 wdu{ G| ycg;' f/ ldlynfdf b; xhf/ ufpFx¿
lyP . ldlynfsf rf/åf/x¿df rf/ Jofkfl/s ufpFx¿ ePsf] x'gfn] 6f9f 6f9faf6
Jofkf/Lx¿ cfP/ ;fdfg lsgar] uy{] .
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 169 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
o; ;Eotfsf] ljsf; /fhf hgssf] zf;gsfndf r/d pTsif{df k'us] f] lyof] . o;
;dodf ldlynf snf / ;flxTosf] If]qdf lgj}m ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . pgsf kfnfdf
ldlynf /fHosf] k|zf;lgs If]qdf Jofks ;'wf/ cfPsf] lyof] . /fhf hgssf]
b/af/df ;Tosfd, hfjfn, bK[ tjfnfsL, Zj]tj]mt' / ufuL{ h:tf ljåfg\ ljbi' fLx¿
;Nnfxsf/sf ¿kdf /xGy] . lxhfc] fh klg ;/sf/n] ljleGg Ifq] sf lj1x¿nfO{
;Nnfxsf/sf ¿kdf /fVg] kr| ng 5 . /fhf hgsjm} kfnfdf gf/L lzIffsf]
/fdf| ] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . ufuL{ jfrsgjL / dq} ]oL h:tf ljb'ifLx¿ ToxfF x'g'n]
gf/LlzIffsf] ljsf; ePsf] j'm/f k:| 6 kf5{ . jtd{ fg ;dodf klg gf/LlzIffdf ljZjn]
cys ko| f; ul//x]sf] 5 . ufuL{ /fhf hgssf] ;efsf] ;ef;b\ klg lyOg\ . o;n]
kz| f;gdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf /fd|f] lyof] eGg] al' emG5 . xfn ljleGg If]qdf dlxnf
;xeflutf a9\bf] 5 . ldlynf lrqsnf ldlynf ;Eotfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg xf] .
:yfgLo ;fdu|Lsf] ko| f]u u/L lrq agfpg' ldlynf lrqsnfsf] ljz]iftf xf] .
hgsk/' kf| rLg ldlynf /fHosf] /fhwfgL ljZj lxGb' ;db' fosf] Ps dxŒjk0" f{
wfld{s Ifq] xf] . kf| rLg ldlynf /fHosf zf;sx¿sf] zf;g sfndf o; Ifq] df
ags] f ljleGg ;G' b/ / cfsifs{ dlGb/, wd{zfnf, kf]v/L cflbn] wfld{s ko{6gsf]
ljsf;df ;xof]u ku' ]sf] 5 . o; Ifq] df lgld{t hfgsL dlGb/, /fd dlGb/, nId0f
dlGb/, hgs dlGb/, ljjfx d08k, uª\uf ;fu/, wg'if ;fu/, /Tg ;fu/, afu auF}rf
cflb lxhf]cfh ko6{ sx¿sf] dV' o cfsif0{ fsf] jm] Gbl| aGb' ag]sf] 5 . tL xfd|f wflds{
tyf ;f+:jm[ lts ;DklQ xg' \ . kf| rLg ldlynfdf ljsl;t ljjfx k~rdL, /fdgjdL,
e'mnf h:tf pT;j / d]nfdf cfh klg dflg;x¿sf] 3OF' rf] nfUg] u5{ . ctM ldlynf
;Eotfn] ;dfh ljsf;sf ljleGg kIfx¿df ;sf/fTds ke| fj kf/s] f] kfOG5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= ljleGg ;f| ]tx¿af6 ldlynf lrq ;ªs\ ng ug{'xf;] \ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \ .
j]bfGt 170 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
@= ldlynf ;Eotfn] dfgj hLjgdf kf/s] f k|efjaf/] sIffdf 5nkmn u/L a'bF f
l6kf6] ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M
-s_ dfgj ;Eotf eg]sf] j]m xf] <
-v_ kf| rLg dfgj ;Eotfsf j'mg} b'O{ cf]6f pbfx/0f lbgx' f];\ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] j'mg Ifq] nfO{ ldlynf /fHo elgGYof] <
-3_ ldlynf /fHonfO{ lsg ljb]x eg]sf] xfn] f <
-ª_ ldlynf /fHosf] Ifq] kmn slt lyof] <
@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf af/]df 5f]6f] j0fg{ ugx'{ f];\ .
-v_ ældlynf /fHo k|frLg sfnb]lv g} Ps kljq e"ldsf] ¿kdf kV| oft 5 .Æ
JofVof ug'{xf;] \ .
-u_ ldlynf ;Eotfsf] ljsf; s;sf] zf;g sfndf ljsl;t ePsf] lyof] <
pbfx/0f;lxt k'li6 ugx'{ f];\ .
-3_ ldlynf ;Eotfsf af/]df tkfOF{n] hfGg'ePsf j'm/fx¿ aF'bfdf nV] g'xf];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf dgfpg] jm' g} Ps ;f:+ j[mlts kj{sf] pTklQ, kj{sf
/fd|f kIf / ;w' f/ ug'{kg]{ kIfx¿ vf]hL u/]/ k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg{'xf;] \ .
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 171 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
PsfO
6 xfd|f cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
(Our Economic Activities)
j]bfGt 172 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
PsfO kl/ro M
‘ xfd|f] cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk / ;f| t] ;fwg ’ PsfO xfdf| ] cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk /
;|f]t;fwg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o; PsfOdf ljleGg cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿sf
af/]df rrf{ ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] cflys{ ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf]
kl/ro, dxŒj / logLx¿sf] ;bk' of]usf af/]df cWoog ug]{ 5fF} . o; PsfOsf]
cWoogkZrft\ l;sf?x¿df l;sfO l;k, /rgfTds ;f]r l;k, ;dfnf]
rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k, :jJoj:yfkg l;k, ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; x'g]
ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . l;sf?x¿df ;xsfo{, ;xofu] tyf ;dfge' l" tsf] efjgf ljsf;
klg xg' ] 5 . 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/, jfSokQL, pbfx/0f, lrq, rf6{ tyf tflnsfsf]
ko| fu] u//] dfly plNnlvt ljleGg l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿n] lgDg l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{] 5g\ M
cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] kl/ro lbO{ dxŒj atfpg,
g]kfnsf cflys{ ;f| ]t;fwgx¿sf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfpg,
g]kfnsf cflys{ ;|f]t;fwgx¿sf] ;bk' of]usf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 173 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 xfdf| cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk M
kl/ro / dxŒj
^=!
(Our Economic Activities :
Introduction and Importance)
;latfsf]3/kfrF y/lhNnfsf]ldSnfhª'
ufpkF flnsfdf k5{ . pgsf] 3/df
xh/' a'af, xh'/cfdf, a'af, cfdf, pgsf]
;fgf] efO / pgL u/L hDdf ^ hgfsf]
kl/jf/ 5 . xh/' aa' f / xh/' cfdf
3/sf] /]vbv] ug{'x'G5 . pgsf aa' f, cfdf
v]tLkftLsf] sfd ug'{xG' 5 . ;latf /
pgsf] efO ufpFj}m Ps ljBfnodf v]ltkftL
k9\5g\ . pgsf xh'/aa' f klxn] ;]gfdf
sfd ugx{' G' Yof] . j]mxL ;do cufl8 ;g] faf6 pxfnF ] cjsfz lnge' Psf] xf] .
;latfsf] kl/jf/nfO{ w/] } j'm/fsf] cfjZostf k5{ . gg' , tn] , lrgL, d/d;nf,
nQfsk8f / lstfasfkL cflb bl} gs cfjZostfsf ;fdfgx¿ xg' \ . oL ;fdfgx¿
lsGg / la/fdL kbf{ cf}ifwL pkrf/ ug{ pgsf] kl/jf/nfO{ k;} f rflxG5 . rf8kj{
ljjfx, jt| aGw, k"hf cflbdf vr{ xG' 5 . log} vr{x¿ h6' fpgsf nflu pgsf]
kl/jf/nfO{ cfDbfgL x'g] sfd ug'k{ g{] xG' 5 . h;sf nflu ljleGg k];f ug'{k5{ . To;}
nfO{ cfly{s ljm| ofsnfk elgG5 . cfk"mnfO{ vfg rflxg] cGgx¿ /fv/] ;latfsf
a'afcfdf c¿ afsF L ePsf] cGg a]Rgx' G' 5 . To;af6 cfPsf] k;} f cfjZos
kg{] sfddf vr{ ugx{' 'G5 . pgsf xh/' a'afn] dfl;s ¿kdf kG] ;g kfpg'xG' 5 . pxfFsf]
kG] ;gaf6 cfPsf] k;} fn] 3/vr{ rns] f] 5 .
jb] fGt 174 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
;latfsf l5ds] Lx¿ sfx] L ef8F fj'mF 8f agfpgx' 'G5 . sfx] L j'mv/' f, ufO,{ afvf| kfngdf
nfUge' Psf] 5 . sfx] L lhNnf ;b/d'sfddf Jofkf/ ugx'{ 'G5 . sf]xL ;/sf/L hflu/]
xg' x' 'G5 . sfx] L xf6] n ;~rfng ug{'xG' 5 . sfx] L /fh] uf/sf l;nl;nfdf ljb]z
hfg'ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} cfly{s ljm| ofsnfkx¿ x'g\ . o:tf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿
x/]s kl/jf/sf cfDbfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ . o:tf cflys{ lj|mofsnfkaf6 :yfgLo
;f| ]tsf] ;b'kof]u x'g'sf ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ kf| Kt xG' 5 . j[mlif, pBf]u, hflu/,
Jofkf/, ko{6g, ;j] f, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L cflb cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf If]qx¿ x'g\ .
o;sf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ cem k|:6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ cfly{s lj|mofsnfkn] JolStut / kfl/jfl/s cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4 xG' 5 .
-v_ o;n] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u5{ .
-u_ cfly{s ljm| ofsnfkdf ;+nUg dflg;x¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ cfp5F .
-3_ bl} gs cfjZostf k/" f ug{ ;xh xG' 5 .
-ª_ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ cfpF5 .
-r_ :yfgLo ;|ft] ;fwgsf] kl/rfng x'G5 .
-5_ /fli6«o cfodf jl[ 4 eO{ /fi6« cfly{s ¿kn] ;Ifd xG' 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= tkfOs“{+ f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ug{] lj|mofsnfkx¿ tnsf] h:t} tflnsf
agfO{ n]Vg'xf];\ M
aa' fn] ug]{ cfly{s cfdfn] ug{] cfly{s cGo ;b:on] ug{]
ljm| ofsnfk ljm| ofsnfk cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 175 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
@= olb dflg; j'mg} klg cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf ;n+ Ug geP pgsf] bl} gs
hLjgdf j]m c;/ k5{ < tLg cf]6f c;/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
cEof;
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ tkfO{Fsf aa' fcfdf s:tf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk ug'{xG' 5 <
-v_ tkfO{Fsf l5d]sLn] ug]{ jm' g} Ps cfly{s lj|mofsnfk nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ cfly{s ljm| ofsnfksf] j'mg} Ps dxŒj n]Vgx' f];\ .
@= cflys{ ljm| ofsnfksf] 5f6] f] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \ .
#= xfdLn] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk lsg ug{k' 5{ < j'mg} rf/ cf6] f sf/0fx¿
n]Vgx' f;] \ .
$= cfly{s ljm| ofsnfkn] ;d[4 bz] sf] lgdf{0f s;/L x'G5 <
n]Vgx' f;] \ .
%= æcflys{ lj|mofsnfkn] b]zsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; xG' 5 .Æ o;
egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf;] \ .
j]bfGt 176 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 xfdf| cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ M
j[mlif
^=@
(Our Economic Activities: Agriculture)
j[mlif g]kfnL cy{tGqsf] d"n cfwf/ jm[ lif
xf] . xfn g]kfndf j[mlifn] jm' n ufx{:y
pTkfbgdf @&=& kl| tzt of]ubfg
u/]sf] 5 . jm[ lifdf sl/a ^)=$ k|ltzt
hg;ª\Vof cfa4 /x]sf] 5 . jm[ ifsx¿
ljleGg vfB tyf gub] afnLx¿sf] vt] L
u5g{ \ . vfB afnL, gub] afnL, kmnk"mn
v]tL / kz,' df5f, ls/f Pjd\ kIfLkfng
h:tf sfo{x¿ j[mlif sfo{cGtut{ k5{g\ .
gk] fn j[mlifkw| fg b]z xf] . gk] fndf pTkfbg xg' ] 7'nf k|d'v vfBfGg afnLx¿ wfg,
dj}m, uxF', sf]bf], hf} / kmfk/ xg' \ . g]kfnsf k|d'v gub] afnLx¿ pv,' cfn,' t]nxg,
h6' , dx cflb x'g\ . d';/' f,] e6df;, df;, c/x/, rgf cflb kd| 'v bnxg afnL
x'g\ . To:t} pv', df5f, lrof, h6' , skmL / skf;nfO{ k|dv' cfB} fl] us afnLsf ¿kdf
pTkfbg ul/G5 . oxfF cb'jf, a;] f/, n;g' , v;' f{gL / cnF}rL h:tf d;nf afnLx¿
pTkfbg x'g] u/s] f] 5 .
g]kfnLx¿sf] hLljsfk] fh{gsf] dfWod g} jm[ lif xf] . j[mlif ljleGg vfBj:tx' ¿sf
d'Vo ;|f]t xf] . bz] sf] cyt{ Gqsf] dV' o ;f| t] j[mlif g} xf] . gk] fndf clwsf+z /fh] uf/L
jm[ lif Ifq] n] pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . o;sf] ljsf;n] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ dfly p7\5 .
bz] df ljBdfg clwsf+z pBf]ux¿ jm[ lifdf g} cfwfl/t 5g\ . Jofkf/ Joj;fo klg
j[mlifdf g} lge{/ 5g\ . ljleGg ko| f]hgsf nflu kflng] kz'kG5Lx¿sf] cfxf/sf] dV' o
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 177 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
;f| t] g} j[mlif xf] . To;n} ] gk] fndf j[mlifsf] 7n' f] dxŒj 5 .
jm[ lifsf] dxŒjnfO{ x[boª\ud u/L o;sf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu ;/sf/n] ljleGg
sfo{j|mdx¿ NofPsf] 5 . jm[ lif of]Uo hldgsf] e–" :jfldTj ;Gtn' g sfod /fVg
e"ld;DaGwL Pg] , @)@! hf/L u/L hUufsf] xbaGbL sfod ul/Psf] 5 . cfly{s jif{
@)^#÷)^$ b]lv ‘Ps ufp,F Ps pTkfbg’ sfoj{ |md ;~rfngdf cfPsf] 5 . jm[ lif
If]qsf] kj| 4g{ u/L vfBfGgdf cfTdlge/{ x'g b; jif{] k|wfgdGqL j[mlif cfwl' gsLs/0f
kl/ofh] gf sfoj{ m| d @)&# nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6k« lt pTjm[ i6 j[mifs k/' :sf/ h:tf]
sfoj{ m| ddfk{mt jm[ lif Ifq] nfO{ kf| T] ;fxg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfo{jm| dcGtut{
x/]s jif{ jm[ lif Ifq] df of]ubfg k¥' ofpg] jm[ ifsx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/G5 . ;/sf/n]
ljleGg lhNnfnfO{ pTkfbg If]q 3fi] f0ff u/L j[mlifnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .
j[mifsx¿nfO{ jm[ lif tflnd, ;x'lnotk0" f{ C0f, cfwl' gs lap cflb pknAw u/fPsf]
5.
ljleGg sfoj{ |mdx¿dfkm{ t j[mlif Ifq] sf] ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/L ko| f; eP tfklg of] Ifq]
;d:ofdS' t eg] x'g ;jm] sf] 5g} . jm[ ifsn] ;dod} laplahg / dn gkfpg', cfw'lgs
kl| jlw / kf| ljlwssf] cefj cflb jm[ lif If]qsf ;d:ofx¿ xg' \ . j[mlif ahf/sf]
cefjdf pTkflbt jm[ lif km;nsf] plrt dN" o gkfpg' klg o; If]qsf] dV' o ;d:of
xf] . j[mlif If]qdf bl] vPsf] ;d:ofsf] Gog" Ls/0fsf nflu ;/sf/L sfoj{ m| dx¿sf]
k|efjsf/L ;~rfng ul/gk' 5{ . ;fy} ahf/, e08f/0f, tflnd / ;xl' notk0" f{ C0f
cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/g'k5{ .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= g]kfn jm[ lifkw| fg bz] eP/ klg gk] fnL jm[ ifsx¿sf] u'gf;f] 5, æhlt b'Mv
ubf{ klg jife{ l/ vfg} k'Ubg} .Æ sIffdf 5nkmn u/L o;sf sf/0fx¿
/ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vf]Hgx' f];\ .
j]bfGt 178 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
@= æsl[ if cfly{s ljsf;sf] cfwf/ xfÆ] eGg] zLif{sdf Ps jStt[ f tof/
u/L sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
cEof;
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ jm[ lif eg]sf] j]m xf] <
-v_ gk] fndf j[mlifn] jm' n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf slt k|ltzt ofu] bfg u/s] f] 5 <
-u_ k|wfgdGqL jm[ lif cfwl' gsLs/0f kl/ofh] gf sfoj{ m| d slxn] nfu' ul/Psf]
lyof] <
-3_ jm[ lif Ifq] df b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ sd ug]{ j'mg} Ps pkfo n]Vgx' f];\ .
@= jm[ lif sfos{ f] dxŒj 5f]6sf/Ldf JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
#= j[mlif Ifq] / ;]jf If]qlar leGgtf 5'6o\ fpgx' f];\ .
$= g]kfnsf ls;fgx¿n] ef]Ugk' /]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;r" L tof/
ug{x' f];\ .
%= g]kfndf jm[ lifsf] ljsf; ug{ jm] s:tf sbdx¿ rfNg'k5{ <
nV] g'xf];\ .
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 179 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOs“{ f] glhsdf kg{] j'mg} Ps ufpsF f] e|d0f ug'{xf];\ . jm' g jm' g dlxgfdf
j]m j]m afnL nufOG5 < tL afnLx¿sf] gfd nv] L tnsf] tflnsfdf
eg{x' f];\ M
afnLsf] gfd km;n nufpg] dlxgf km;n leœofpg] dlxgf
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
^=
&=
*=
(=
!)=
j]bfGt 180 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 pBfu] / Jofkf/
^=# (Industry and Trade)
pBfu] (Industry)
>d, l;k, k'hF L / k|ljlwsf] ;d'lrt
ko| fu] u/L j:t' tyf ;j] f pTkfbg
ug]{ Jofj;flos lj|mofsnfknfO{ pBfu]
elgG5 . pBf]u Ifq] cfly{s ljsf;sf
nflu lbuf] / e/kbf{] cfwf/ xf] . cf}Bf]lus pBfu]
Joj;fo Pg] , @)&^ n] pBf]u ;~rfng /
Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsfl/tf / pBf]usf] l:y/ kh'F L tyf pBfu] af6 pTkfbg x'g] j:t' jf
;]jfsf] kj| [mltsf cfwf/df lgDgadf]lhd juLs{ /0f u/s] f] 5 M
• n3' pBd M
3/hUufafx]s a9Ldf @) nfv ?k}of;F Dd l:y/ kFh' L /x]sf pBf]u .
• 3/n] ' pBfu] M
k/Dk/fut l;k / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u .
• ;fgf pBfu] M
n3' pBd / 3/n] ' pBfu] afxs] !% s/f]8;Dd l:y/ k'FhL ePsf pBfu] .
• demf}nf pBfu] M
!% s/f]8 ?ko} fFeGbf a9L %) s/f]8 ?ko} fF;Dd l:y/ kFh' L ePsf pBf]u .
• 7n' f pBfu] M
%) s/f8] ?k}ofeF Gbf a9L l:y/ k'FhL ePsf pBf]u .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 181 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
pTkfbg x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] kj| [mltsf cfwf/df klg pBfu] nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ juL{s/0f
ul/Psf] 5 M
• pmhf{d"ns pBfu] ,
• pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u,
• j[mlif tyf jg k}bfjf/df cfwfl/t pBfu] ,
• vlgh pBfu] ,
• k"jfw{ f/ pBf]u,
• ko6{ g pBfu] ,
• ;r" gf kl| jlw, ;~rf/ k|ljlw tyf ;"rgf k|;f/0f k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u,
• ;j] fdn" s pBfu]
pBfu] Ps gfkmfd"ns cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk xf] . o;df sd dN" o kg]{ sRrf kbfy{sf]
k|ofu] u/L ax'dN" o j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg ul/G5 . pBfu] sf] ljsf;af6 khF' Lsf] lgdf{0f,
;f| t] ;fwgsf] ;bk' of]u, Jofkf/df lj:tf/, If]qLo ;Gt'ng / kf| ljlws If]qsf] ljsf;
x'G5 . ;fy} /f]huf/L / cfodf jl[ 4, lgof{tsf] j[l4, d'b|fsf] cfh{g / bl} gs pkefU] o
j:t'x¿sf] pknAwtf x'G5 .
Jofkf/ (Trade)
j:t' jf ;j] fsf] vl/b, laj|mL, ljlgdo / cf;] f/k;f/ ug]{ k4ltnfO{ Jofkf/
elgG5 . ;fdfGotof j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/b laj|mL ug{] sfo{ Jofkf/ xf] . jm' g} b]zsf]
Ps 7fpFdf pTkflbt j:t' ;f]xL :yfg jf csf]{ :yfgdf / ljb]zdf lajm| L ug'{ g} Jofkf/
xf] . Jofkf/ ug{] dflg;nfO{ ljj|]mtf jf Jofkf/L elgG5 . ;fdfg lsGg] dflg;nfO{
jm]| tf jf pkef]Stf elgG5 . Jofkf/Lx¿n] ljleGg pTkfbsx¿af6 ;fdfg vl/b u/L
pkefS] tfx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpF5g\ .
j]bfGt 182 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Jofkf/ ul/g] :yfgsf cfwf/df Jofkf/
Jofkf/nfO{ cfGtl/s / j}bl] zs u/L
bO' { efudf afF8]/ cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfÇgf] b]zsf] efu} fl] ns l;dfgfleq
;Lldt eP/ ul/g] Jofkf/nfO{ cfGtl/s
Jofkf/ elgG5 . bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L
bz] x¿lar ul/g] Jofkf/nfO{ jb} l] zs jf
afxo\ Jofkf/ elgG5 .
jm[ lif / pBfu] h:t} Jofkf/ klg Ps
dxŒjk"0f{ cflys{ ljm| ofsnfk xf] . o;sf] dxŒjnfO{ lgDg a'bF fdf k:| 6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M
• xfdLnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf j:t'x¿ ahf/df pknAw xG' 5g\ / cfjZostfcg;' f/
xfdLn] vl/b ug{ ;S5fF} .
• cfkm" n] pTkfbg u/]sf j:t'x¿nfO{ lajm| L u//] xfdL cfDbfgL a9fpg ;S5fF} .
Jofkf/n] j[mlif / pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] u5{ .
• j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6 b]zdf ljbz] L d'bf| cfh{g xG' 5 / b]zsf] cfly{s l:yltdf
;w' f/ cfpF5 .
• Jofkf/n] b]zsf] OHht / ;Ddfgdf ;d]t jl[ 4 u5{ .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L tkfO+“{ a;]sf] Ifq] df ePsf pBfu] x¿af6 pTkflbt
j:t'x¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|, 183 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
-s_ pBf]usf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ pBf]uaf6 xg' ] j'mg} Ps kmfObf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ Jofkf/ eg]sf] jm] xf] <
-3_ cfGtl/s / afx\o Jofkf/larsf] j'mg} Ps leGgtf nV] gx' f];\ .
@= pBfu] sf] kl/efiff n]vL o;sf k|sf/x¿ pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .
#= jm[ lif Ifq] / pBf]ular leGgtf 56' o\ fpgx' f;] \ .
$= cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / j}b]lzs Jofkf/lar jm' g} # cf6] f leGgtf
bv] fpgx' f];\ .
%= tkfOsF{ f] 3/df ko| f]u eO/xs] f ;fduL| x¿ j'mg jm' g cfGtl/s
Jofkf/af6 / j'mg jm' g jb} l] zs Jofkf/af6 kf| Kt ePsf xg' \ <
tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ nV] gx' f];\ M
cfGtl/s Jofkf/af6 j}b]lzs Jofkf/af6
j]bfGt 184 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
^= pBf]uaf6 pTkfbg ePsf j'mg j'mg j:tx' ¿ tkfO“{s+ f] 3/df k|of]u
ePsf 5g\ < tL j:ts' f] gfd / sfd tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{
n]Vg'xf];\ M
pBfu] af6 pTkflbt j:t'x¿ To;sf] ko| f]u
pbfx/0fM lrgL lrof agfpg .
&= pBfu] af6 xg' ] kmfObfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 185 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
Kff7 j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
^=$
ko6{ g / ;]jf
(Tourism and Service)
dflg;x¿ gofF gofF 7fpFdf 3d' lkm/ ug{ dg k/fpF5g\ . pgLx¿ dgf/] ~hg ug{
rfxG5g\ . sltko dflg;x¿ ljleGg 7fpsF f snf, ;:+ jm[ lt / /xg;xgsf] cWoog
ug{ rfxG5g\ . dflg;x¿ tLyf{6g, b[Zofjnf]sg, kjt{ f/f]x0f, cWoog cjnf]sg
cflb p2Z] o lnP/ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpFdf 3d' lkm/ u5{g\ . o;/L jm' g} p2Z] o lnP/
lglZrt ;dofjlwsf nflu Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f ed| 0f jf 3'dlkm/ ug'{nfO{
ko{6g elgG5 . oL 3d' lkm/ ug]{ dflg;nfO{ ko{6s elgG5 . ko{6sx¿ cfGtl/s /
afx\o u/L b'O{ lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . cfÇgf] bz] leq} ed| 0f ug{] j'mg} bz] sf afl;GbfnfO{
cfGtl/s ko{6s elgG5 . cGo b]zdf e|d0f ugn]{ fO{ afxo\ jf ljbz] L ko{6s elgG5 .
j]bfGt 186 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
ko6{ sx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg ;j] f / ;l' jwf pknAw u/fP/ cfly{s nfe
lng ;lsG5 . o:tf Joj;fonfO{ ko6{ g pBf]u elgG5 . ko{6g Joj;fo ;]jfdn" s
Joj;fo xf] . ko6{ snfO{ ky kb| z{g ug,{] vfg] / a:g] ;l' jwf kb| fg ug{] xf]6n,
/]:6/' fF, 6«fen PhG] ;L cflb ko{6g;DaGwL Joj;fo x'g\ . Kof/fUnfOl8ª, ¥oflÇ6ª,
aGhLhDk, :gf] :j]ml6ª h:tf ;fxl;s vn] k|jwg{ ug{] Joj;fo klg ko{6g Joj;fo
xg' \ .
gk] fndf ko6{ g pBf]usf] lgj}m dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . o;af6 ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g x'G5 . o;n]
ubf{ /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 xG' 5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf; x'gs' f
;fy} ;/sf/L cfDbfgLdf jl[ 4 xG' 5 . ko6{ gn] uf| dL0f k"jfw{ f/sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . ko6{ g
pBfu] sf] ljsf; ePdf b]zdf dfgj ;|f]tsf] ljsf; x'G5, Jofkf/, Joj;fo /fd|f]
xG' 5 . snf / ;:+ j[mltsf] cfbfgkb| fg xg' 'sf ;fy} ljZjdf xfd|f] bz] sf] k|rf/
k;| f/;d]t xG' 5 .
g]kfn k|fjm[ lts ;G' b/tf, xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf, bn' {e jGohGt' / jg:klt ePsf]
b]z xf] . gk] fn Pl] txfl;s / wflds{ :ynx¿, kf| rLg snf, ;f+:j[mlts ljljwtfn]
el/k0" f{ ePsf] bz] xf] . oxfF k|z:t lxdzª[ \vnf, gbLgfnf, tfntno} f / em/gfx¿
/xs] f 5g\ . log} sf/0fn] ubf{ g]kfndf ko{6g pBfu] sf] ljsf;sf kz| :t ;Defjgfx¿
5g\ . g]kfnsf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;sf nflu ko6{ g pBfu] sf] ljsf; xg' cfjZos 5 .
;]jf
;j] f If]q eGgfn] c¿sf] ;xofu] sf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf] Joj;fo jf k;] f xf] .
o; Ifq] df JolSt, ;d"x, sDkgL jf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ ;n+ Ug ePsf x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n]
;]jf u/]afkt lglZrt zN' s lnG5g\ . To;}n] ;j] f Ifq] klg cfocfhg{ ug]{ Pp6f
If]q xf] .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 187 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
ljsl;t bz] x¿sf dflg;x¿ jm[ lifdf eGbf ;j] f Ifq] df a9L nfu]sf x'G5g\ .
;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L Ifq] n] hgtfnfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf pknAw u/fpF5g\ .
pSt sfos{ f nflu ljleGg txsf dfgj ;;+ fwgsf] ko| fu] ul/G5 . ;]jf Ifq] df cfa4
dflg;x¿n] cfÇgf] 1fg, l;k, bIftf, cge' j cflbsf cfwf/df cfocfh{g u/]sf
x'G5g\ . gk] fndf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jfaf6 cfly{s pkfh{g sfo{ eO/xs] f 5g\ .
;/sf/L ;]jf, u/} ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf j}bl] zs ;]jf cflbn] /fh] uf/Lsf] 7n' f] lx:;f
cf]u6s] f] 5 . To;sf/0f cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf ;j] fsf] 7n' f] dxŒj 5 .
lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfOF{s“ f] ;db' fo glhsdf /xs] f] j'mg} Pp6f wfld{s, Pl] txfl;s jf
kf| jm[ lts ko6{ sLo :ynsf] j0fg{ u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\ .
@= tkfOs{F f] 7fpFnfO{ ko6{ sLo If]qsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ jm] ug'k{ nf{ <
5nkmn u/L n]Vgx' f;] \ .
#= ljsl;t bz] x¿sf dflg;x¿ jm[ lifdf eGbf ;]jf Ifq] df a9L nfUgfsf
sf/0fx¿ j]m j]m xfn] fg\ < 5nkmn u/L n]Vg'xf];\ .
jb] fGt 188 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ ko6{ g pBfu] eg]sf] j]m xf] <
-v_ tkfO{sF f] glhjm} kg{] j'mg} @ cf6] f ko6{ sLo Ifq] x¿sf] gfd nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ ko6{ gn] l;h{gf u/]sf jm' g} @ cf]6f /f]huf/Lsf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .
-3_ ;j] fcGtu{t kg{] j'mg} @ cf]6f k];fx¿ nV] g'xf];\ .
@= ko{6g pBfu] jm] nfO{ elgG5 < gk] fnsf] ljsf;df ko{6g
pBfu] sf] dxŒjsf af/]df j0f{g ug'x{ f];\ .
#= æg]kfndf ko6{ g pBf]usf] k|z:t ;Defjgf 5 .Æ o; egfOnfO{
kl' i6 ug{'xf];\ .
$= ;j] f egs] f] j]m xf] < gk] fndf ;]jf Ifq] sf] lsg cfjZostf 5 <
aFb' fut ¿kdf nV] g'xf];\ .
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOsF{ f] ;db' fodf ko{6g Joj;fosf] kj| wg{ sf nflu jm] s:tf sfo{x¿
eO/xs] f 5g\ < j8fsf cWoIf;uF ;fw] L Pp6f kl| tj]bg tof/ ug'x{ f];\ .
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 189 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 xfd|f cflys{ ;f| ]t ;fwgx¿
^=% (Our Economic Means and Resources)
xfd|f jl/kl/ jghªu\ n, kxf8, gbLgfnf cflb h:tf k|jm[ ltaf6 k|fKt j:tx' ¿
5g\ . xfjf, kfgL, jghªu\ n, vlgh cflb xfdf| kf| jm[ lts ;|ft] ;fwgx¿ x'g\ . log}
;|ft] ;fwgsf] plrt k|of]un] cflys{ If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xofu] k'¥ofpF5 . dfgj
hLjgsf] ljljw kIfsf] ljsf;sf nflu
dflg;n] oL k|fjm[ lts ;|f]tx¿ ljleGg
tl/sfn] ko| f]u u5g{ \ .
ls;fgx¿n] df6fdf ljleGg lsl;dsf kf| jm[ lts ;|f]t
afnL nufpF5g\ / xfdLnfO{ vfBfGg
cfk"lt{ u5g{ \ . pBf]ux¿n] kY[ jLdf kfOg]
vlgh kbfyx{ ¿ sRrf kbfy{sf ¿kdf
jb] fGt 190 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
pkof]u u/L ljleGg j:tx' ¿ pTkfbg u5{g\ . ljleGg kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿nfO{ l;FrfO,
hnljB't\, vfgk] fgL, dgf]/~hgsf nflu pkofu] ul/G5 . jghª\unaf6 xfdLn]
3f;F , bfp/f, sf7sf ;fy} cfi} fwLsf ¿kdf k|ofu] xg' ] h8La6' L kf| Kt u5fF}{ . dflg;n]
em}F c¿ hLjhGt' tyf kzk' G5Lx¿n] klg k|fjm[ lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] pkofu] u5g{ \ .
To;}n] kf| jm[ lts ;f| ]t;fwgx¿ ;a} hLljt k|f0fLx¿sf nflu kj| [mltsf] j/bfg xf] .
oL ;|f]tx¿ xfdf| nflu w/] } dxŒjk"0f{ 5g\ . b]zsf] rft} kmL{ ljsf;sf nflu oL ;|ft] x¿
clt cfjZos 5g\ .
xfdf| ] bz] k|fjm[ lts ;f| ]t;fwgdf wgL 5 . oL ;f| t] x¿n] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df
7n' f] ofu] bfg k¥' ofPsf 5g\ . oL ;f| ]t;fwgx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt ljj/0f tn lbOPsf] 5 M
el" d (Land)
e–" pkof]u P]g, @)&^sf cg;' f/ ‘el" d’ eGgfn] kY[ jLsf] ;tx, ;txeGbf l;wf tn
k[YjLsf] j]mGb;| Dd / ;txeGbf dfly k[YjLsf] u?' Tjfsif{0fn] e6] \g] ;Ldf;Ddsf] efu
;Demgk' 5{ . xfdf| ] bz] sf] ljleGg k|fjm[ lts ;|ft] ;fwgx¿dWo] el" d -hldg_ Ps
dxŒjk"0f{ kf| j[mlts ;fwg xf] . el" dnfO{ hldg / df6f] klg elgG5 .
kxf8, d}bfg, k7f/, pkTosf cflb el" dsf e"ld
:j¿kx¿ x'g\ . el" dnfO{ ljleGg sfddf
k|ofu] ul/G5 . dlnnf] df6f] ePsf] 7fpFdf
v]tL ul/G5 . dflg;x¿n] e"lddf 3/x¿
agfPsf 5g\ . u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L a:tL
a;fPsf 5g\ . j'mg} 7fpFdf ;8s agfPsf
5g\ . jm' g} 7fpFdf ljdfg:yn, /ª\uzfnf
/ pBfu] :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\ . gk] fndf
vt] Lof]Uo ee" fu !* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 191 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
xfdf| ] bz] sf] efu} f]lns jftfj/0fdf ePsf] ljljwtfsf sf/0f df6fsf] u'0f / cj:yf
km/s 5 . ;f]xLcg';f/ vt] Lsf nflu o;sf] ko| fu] ljleGg tl/sfn] ePsf] 5 .
t/fO{ k|b]z / a;F] Ldf kfuF f] df6f] kfOG5 . gbLn] yk' f/s] f] df6f] / afnj' fdf j'mlxPsf]
emf/kft;d]t ldnL ags] f] of] df6f] jm[ lif sfos{ f nflu pQd dflgG5 . o; df6fdf
wfg, ;gkf6, pv,' ;t' L{ / tn] xg cflbsf] vt] L ul/G5 .
efj/ k|b]z, leqL dw;] / r'/] kxf8df anf6} ] kTyl/nf] df6f] kfOG5 . of] jm[ lif
sfo{sf nflu tNnf] :t/sf] df6f] xf] . ;fn, l;;f} cflb cfly{s bl[ i6n] dxŒjk"0f{
?vx¿sf nflu o:tf] df6f] Hofb} pkof]uL x'G5 . o:tf] df6fsf] clwsfz+ efu
hªu\ nn] 9flsPsf] 5 . dxfef/tsf 7f8f le/x¿df 6'ljm| Psf r§fgdf ;8s] f
emf/kft ldn/] ag]sf] /ftf] km' ;|f] df6f] kfOG5 . o; lsl;dsf] df6fdf kmnkm" n, lrof,
cfn,' dj}m, sfb] f] cflbsf] v]tL ul/G5 .
sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf tno} f df6f] kfOG5 . t/sf/L vt] Lsf nflu of] df6f] cToGt}
pkofu] L x'G5 . gk] fnsf] leqL / pRr lxdfnL If]qsf] k]mbLdf lxdfgL df6f] kfOG5 .
o:tf] df6fdf djm} , hf}, cfn', kmfk/ h:tf afnL dfq nufOG5 .
hn;|f]t (Water Resources)
g]kfnsf ljleGg kf| j[mlts ;f| ]t ;fwgx¿dWo] hn;|f]t Ps dxŒjk0" f{ ;|ft] xf] .
o;nfO{ vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO cflb h:tf 3/]n' sfdbl] v l;rF fO / hnljB't\ pTkfbgdf
k|of]u ul/G5 . g]kfndf ;fgf 7'nf u/L ^))) eGbf a9L gbLgfnfx¿ 5g\ . o;afxs]
oxfF ljleGg jm' 08, tfn, kfv] /Lx¿ klg 5g\ . g]kfnsf] hn;|f]t cfly{s ljsf;sf]
d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . gk] fnsf tLg 7n' f gbLx¿ sf;] L, u08sL / s0ffn{ Lsf] hne08f/
Ifdtf ! nfv $* xhf/ Sol' js ld6/ cyf{t\ j'mn hne08f/ Ifdtfsf] &$ k|ltzt
/xs] f] 5 .
j]bfGt 192 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
j'mn hnljBt' \ pTkfbg Ifdtf sl/a
*# xhf/ d]ufjf6 /x]sf] 5 . oxfFsf
gbLx¿af6 kf| Kt kfgLnfO{ l;FrfO /
hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf nflu ko| fu]
ul/Psf] 5 . ¥oflÇ6ª, afl] 6ª h:tf
;fxl;s ko{6g kj| wg{ df oxfsF f
gbLx¿sf] k|ofu] ul/Psf] 5 .
hn;f| t]
jg (Forest)
jg g]kfnsf] cfly{s ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf
ko| f]u ul/Psf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ k|fj[mlts
;Dkbf xf] . gk] fnsf] jftfj/0fLo
;+/If0f / ;Gtn' g tyf cflys{ ljsf;df
jg ;Dkbfsf] dxŒjk0" f{ :yfg 5 . ;g\
!(%$ sf] tYofªs\ cg';f/ b]zsf]
$% kl| tzteGbf a9L ee" fu
jghª\unn] 9fj]msf] lyof] t/ jg
;g\ !(&(lt/ $# kl| tzt, ;g\ !(*^
df #&=$ kl| tzt / ;g\ !((* df ul/Psf] Ps ;j]I{ f0fn] jg Ifq] jm] jn #(=^
kl| tzt /x]sfdf ;g\ @)!$ sf] jg ;jI{] f0fn] jgIfq] $$=&$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] tYo
bv] fPsf] 5 .
jg jftfj/0fLo ;/+ If0f / ;Gt'ng Pjd\ cflys{ bl[ i6n] dxŒjk0" f{ kf| sl[ ts ;fwg
xf] . o;n] z4' clS;hg k'¥ofpg, jftfj/0fnfO{ xl/ofnL / /d0fLo agfpg ;xof]u
u5{ . kz'kfng Joj;fosf nflu cfjZos kg]{ 3f;F , :ofpnf, ;f]Q/ jgaf6 kfOG5
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 193 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
. lxdfnL If]qsf] jgdf dxŒjk"0f{ cfi} fwLhGo h8La'6L kfOG5g\ . sfuh, kmlgr{ /
pBfu] h:tf pBfu] sf nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfyx{ ¿ jgaf6 pknAw xG' 5g\ .
jg jGohGt' / kz'kG5Lsf] jf;:yfg xf] . 7'nf jghª\un ePsf 7fpFdf lgjm' ~h,
cf/If0f j]mGb|, l;sf/ Ifq] :yfkgf u/L ko6{ g k|jw{g ug{ ;lsG5 .
vlgh (Minerals)
hldgd'lgaf6 vg/] lgsflng] ;'g, lx/f, vlgh
tfdf, kmnfd, k6] f« n] , sf]Onf cflbnfO{
vlgh ;fwg elgG5 . efF8fjF'm8f,
u/uxgf / 3/ agfpg ko| fu] ug]{
l;d]G6, 8G8L cflb vlghaf6 kf| Kt x'G5g\ .
k6] f« n] , l8hn] , dl6t]n, Uof; /
sf]Onf klg vlghaf6 g} k|fKt x'G5g\ .
To;n} ] vlgh kbfy{ Ps dxŒjk0" f{
cfly{s ;f| t] ;fwg xf] .
gk] fndf kmnfd, tfdf, ce|s, sfO] nf, rg' 9'ªu\ f, l;;f, k]6f« l] nod, kf| jm[ lts Uof;
cflb kfOG5g\ . kof{Kt dfqfdf oL vlgh kbfy{x¿sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .
vlgh ;Dkbfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;jm] df ljleGg pBf]u ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6
/f]huf/L l;hg{ f xG' 5 . pTkflbt j:t' ljbz] lgoft{ ug{ ;jm] ljbz] L db' f| cfhg{
xG' 5 . cflys{ jif{ @)^% ÷ @)^^ df j'mn ufx{:y pTkfbgdf )=%$ k|ltzt of]ubfg
vlghsf] /xs] f] lyof] .
j]bfGt 194 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
dfgj ;;+ fwg (Human Resources)
dfgj ;+;fwg eg]sf] lzIff, 1fg, l;k / cg'ej kf| Kt, zf/Ll/s ¿kdf :j:y /
dfgl;s ¿kdf ;r]t Pjd\ ljj]szLn ;ljm| o hg;ªV\ of xf] . o;nfO{ hgzlSt,
>dzlSt cyjf dfgj k'hF L klg elgG5 . dfgj ;+;fwgnfO{ cbIf, cwb{ If / bIf
u/L tLg ;dx" df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . b]z ljsf;sf nflu oL ;a} ks| f/sf
hgzlStsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
hgzlSt cfkm}F bz] ljsf;sf nflu kofK{ t eg] xfO] g . o;sf nflu b]zdf cGo
;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ klg pknAw x'gk' 5{ . hgzlStsf] kl/rfngaf6 bz] df pknAw
;fwg / ;f| ]tsf] ;d'lrt ;b'kofu] x'g uO{ bz] sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . To;}n] dfgj ;;+ fwg
Ps dxŒjk0" f{ cfly{s ;|f]t;fwg xf] .
lj|mofsnfk
!= tLj| jg kmF 8fgLn] xfdf| ] jftfj/0fdf k/s] f] gsf/fTds k|efj Go"gLs/0f
ug{ jm] ug{'knf{ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L pkfo lgsfNgx' f];\ .
@= tkfOF{ eljiodf bz] ljsf;sf nflu s:tf] lsl;dsf] hgzlSt aGg
rfxg'x'G5 < sf/0fx¿ nv] L sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 195 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= vfnL 7fpdF f pkoS' t zAb /fvL jfSo k"/f ugx{' f];\ M
-s_ g]kfn hn;f| ]tdf ljZjsf] ========================== wgL /fi6« xf] .
-v_ jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5 /fVg ========================== ugk'{ 5{ .
-u_ gk] fnsf] ========================== If]qdf ;bfaxf/ jg kfOG5 .
-3_ lx/f ========================== kbfy{ xf] .
@= g]kfndf cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu k|fj[mlts
;|ft] ;fwgsf] ko| fu] sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < cfˆg} zAbdf
nV] g'xf;] \ .
#= bIf hgzlSt / cbIf hgzlStdf j]m leGgtf xG' 5 < pNn]v
ugx{' f;] \ .
$= gk] fndf ePsf] vlgh kbfys{ f] k|ofu] lsg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g <
sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .
%= g]kfndf kfOg] k|fj[mlts vlghx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf];\ .
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOFs{ f] ;d'bfodf s:tf k|fj[mlts ;|ft] ;fwgx¿ pknAw 5g\ / ltgsf]
pkofu] s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L ab'F fut ¿kdf l6kf]6
ug{'xf;] \ / sIffsf] kb| z{gL kf6Ldf 6f:F gx' f;] \ .
j]bfGt 196 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
PsfO j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
7
xfdf| ] kY[ jL
(Our Earth)
;d' ]? dxf;fu/
pQ/ cfGw| o/' f]k Pl;of
cdl] /sf dxf;fu/ clk|msf
lxGb
kz| fGt blIf0f dxf;fu/ kz| fGt
dxf;fu/ cdl] /sf dxf;fu/
c:6]«lnof
cfGw|
dxf;fu/
s'd]? dxf;fu/
PG6fl6s{ f
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|, 197 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
PsfO kl/ro M
x/]s gful/sn] cfÇgf] eu" fn] sf af/]df hfGgk' 5{ . ;fgf sIffb]lv g} afnaflnsfnfO{
cfÇgf] e"ufn] sf af/]df hfGg pT;'s agfpgk' 5{ . o;sf lglDt k|:tt' ljifodf
PsfO & sf] xfdf| ] kY[ jLcGtu{t eu" f]n;DaGwL ljifoj:tx' ¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . o;
PsfOdf k[YjLsf] kl/ro, cfsf/ / agf6] af/] 1fg xfl;n ug{ ;lsg] 5 . xfjfkfgL,
gbLgfnf tyf jg:kltsf cfwf/df gk] fnsf] ljefhg, ef}uf]lns tYox¿sf]
dfgj hLjg;Fusf] ;DaGw, k|fj[mlts ;f| t] ;fwgsf] ljt/0f cflb ljifoj:tx' ¿;uF
kl/lrt ug{ ;lsg] 5 . :yfgLo:t/sf] ;fdflhs, cflys{ hghLjg;uF sf] ;DaGw
klxrfg ug{ ;lsg] 5 . To;} u/L cfÇgf] ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fdf
ljleGg tYox¿ eg{ / ljkts\ f] kl/ro lnO{ ljkt\af6 aRg] pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{
;lsg] 5 . o; PsfOsf] cWoogkZrft\ l;sf?x¿df l;sfO l;k, /rgfTds ;fr]
l;k, ;dfnfr] gfTds ;f]rfO l;k, :jJoj:yfkg l;k tyf ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf;
u/L ;xsfo{, ;xof]u tyf ;dfg'el" tsf] efjgf ljsf; u/fpg] kf7\oj|mdsf] ckI] ff
5 . lrq, lel8of,] pl;gs] f] cG8f, Unf]a, gS;f, Efjm' G8f], efu] 6] jf o:t} uf]nfsf/
j:ts' f] ko| fu] u/L dfly plNnlvt ljleGg l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyLx{ ¿n] lgDg l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{] 5g\ M
• kY[ jLsf] kl/ro lbO{ cfsf/ / ;+/rgfnfO{ ;lrq bv] fpg,
• kY[ jLsf] agf6] j0fg{ ug{,
• g]kfnnfO{ xfjfkfgL, gbLgfnf / jg:kltsf cfwf/df ljefhg u/L logLx¿sf] dfgj
hLjg;uF sf] ;DaGw pNn]v ug{,
• k|fjm[ lts ;|f]tsf] ljt/0f / :yfgLo :t/sf] ;fdflhs, cflys{ hghLjglarsf ;DaGw
klxrfg ug,{
• cfÇgf] ufpkF flnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fdf ljleGg tYox¿ k|:t't ug{,
• ljkt\sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;af6 aRg] pkfox¿ cjnDag ug,{
• ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ klxrfg / cEof; ug{ .
jb] fGt 198 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 k[YjLsf] kl/ro
&=! (Introduction to Earth)
kY[ jL xfdL ;as} f] ;femf 3/ xf] . oxfF dflg;,
hLjhGt' tyf jg:kltx¿ Pscsf{;Fu ;DaGw
agfO{ aflF r/x]sf 5g\ . o; kY[ jLsf] pTklQ s;/L
eof] < o;sf] agf6] s:tf] 5 < oxfF s;/L
ljleGg hLjhGt' tyf hgfj/x¿ pTkGg eP <
h:tf kZ| gx¿n] xfdLnfO{ w/] } j'm/f hfGgnfO{ dbt
k'¥ofp5F g\ . kY[ jLsf] pTklQ cfheGbf sl/a $=%
ca{ jif{ klxn] ePsf] dflgG5 . of] ;f}o{d08nsf] kY[ jL
Ps u|x xf] . of] u|x ;o" {af6 t];|f] glhsdf kg]{ u|x
xf] . o;sf] jm' n Ifq] kmn sl/a %) s/f]8 (@ nfv ju{ lsnfl] d6/ 5 . k[YjLsf]
aflx/L ;txsf] sl/a @( kl| tzt e"efu hldgn] / afsF L &! k|ltzt ee" fu kfgLn]
9fj]msf] 5 . kY[ jLsf] aflx/L efudf jfod' 08n 5 .
k[YjLsf] cfsf/ uf]nfsf/ 5 t/ of] k"0f{ ¿kdf uf]nf] geO{ ;'Gtnf cfsf/sf] 5 .
o;sf] pQ/ / blIf0fsf] efu jm] xL yK] rf] cfsf/sf] 5 eg] larsf] efu km' j]msf] 5 .
k[YjLsf] w'j| Lo Jof; (Polar Diameter) !@,&!$ lsnfl] d6/ 5 . e"dWo/]vLo Jof;
(Equatorial Diameter) !@,&%& lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] cfsf/ uf]nf] 5 eGg]
jm' /f lgDg tYox¿n] k|dfl0ft u/s] f] 5 M
• cGtl/Ifaf6 lvlrPsf k[YjLsf kmf6] fx¿df kY[ jL uf]nf] b]lvG5 .
• k[YjL ;fo} d{ 08nsf] Ps u|x xf] .
• o;sf cGo u|xx¿ / pkux| x¿ klg uf]nf 5g\ .
kY[ jLsf] jm' g} Ps 7fpaF f6 k"j{ jf klZrd hfFbf 3'd]/ kg' M ToxL 7fpFdf cfOkU' 5 .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 199 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
k[YjLsf] ult (Motion of the Earth)
kY[ jL ;fo} { kl/jf/sf] Ps ;b:o xf] . of] ax| d\ f08df cjl:yt 5 . k[YjLsf b'O{
lsl;dsf ultx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . k[YjL cfÇgf] cIf (Axis) df Ps kmGsf] nufp5F .
o;nfO{ kl/e|d0f (Rotation) elgG5 . o;/L Ps kmGsf] nufpg k[YjLnfO{ Ps
lbg -sl/a @$ 306f_ nfU5 . kY[ jL cfÇgf] cIfdf Ps kmGsf] 3'Dg] ;donfO{ g} Ps
lbg elgPsf] xf] .
To;} u/L kY[ jLn] ;"os{ f] jl/kl/ klg lglZrt af6f]df Ps kmGsf] nufpF5 .
o;/L Ps kmGsf] nufpg k[YjLnfO{ #^% lbg ^ 306f cyft{ \ Ps jifs{ f] ;do
nfU5 . o;/L k[YjLn] ;o" {sf] jl/kl/sf] sIf (Orbit) df 3D' g] kl| jm| ofnfO{ kl/j|md0f
(Revolution) elgG5 .
k[YjL cfÇgf] cIfdf 3D' g] ePsfn] kj" L{ ufn] f4{df pHofnf] ePsf] ;dodf klZrdL
uf]nf4{df /ft k5{ . klZrdL uf]nf4{df pHofnf] ePsf] ;dodf kj" L{ ufn] f4d{ f /ft
k5{ . h:t}ý g]kfndf pHofnf] ePsf] ;dodf Sofg8f / cd]l/sfdf /ft x'G5 .
o;/L ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kY[ jL 3'd]sfn] kY[ jLsf] xfjfkfgLdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . pQ/L
uf]nf4{df udL{ xfjfkfgL ePsf] ;dodf blIf0fL ufn] f4d{ f hf8f] x'G5 . gk] fndf lxpbF
ePsf] ;dodf c:6]«lnof, Go'lhNofG8, blIf0f clkm| sf tyf chl]{ G6gfdf cToGt udL{
eO/x]sf] xG' 5 .
j]bfGt 200 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
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vedanta samajik book 6 CTP (2078) Final
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