j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
lj|mofsnfk
!= ;fyLx¿sf] Ps ;d"x agfO{ Unfa] jf P6n;df x/] /] lgDg tYox¿ kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
k|zfGt dxf;fu/, ed" Wo/v] f, ?;, Sofl:kog ;fu/,
kw| fg dWofx\g/]vf, aflN6s ;fu/, cGt/f{li6«o ltly /v] f,
;xf/f d?el" d, cdh] g gbL, ci6]«lnof / d]lS;sf]sf] vf8L .
@= k[YjLsf] gdg' f bv] fpg] gS;f agfO{ cfk"mn] hfg]sf #÷# cf6] f km/s
km/s tYox¿ bv] fpgx' f;] \ .
cEof;
!= hf8] f ldnfpgx' f];\ M
;dx" ‘s’ ;d"x ‘v’
blIf0f clkm| sf pQ/L ufn] f4{
g]kfn blIf0fL uf]nf4{
cdl] /sf kj" L{ ufn] f4{
hd{gL klZrdL ufn] f4{
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 201 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ k[YjLsf] pTklQ slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ kY[ jLdf lIflthLo / nDajt\ Jof; slt 5 < n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ gk] fndf lbg ePsf] ;dodf /ft xg' ] j'mg} bO' { cf]6f bz] x¿sf] gfd vf]hL
u/]/ nV] gx' f];\ .
#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ ækY[ jL ufn] fsf/ 5 .Æ eGg] egfOnfO{ kl' i6 ug{] cfwf/x¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ kY[ jLsf] kl/e|d0f / kl/jm| d0f (Rotation and revolution) lar
km/s 56' \ofpgx' f];\ .
-u_ kY[ jLsf] ;lrq 5f]6f] kl/ro lbgx' f];\ .
$= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ kY[ jLsf af/]df Pp6f 5f]6f] cg'R5b] nV] gx' f];\ .
-v_ k[YjLsf] gd'gfsf] b'O{ cf6] f lrq agfO{ pQ/L, blIf0fL, kj" L{ tyf klZrdL
uf]nf4{ b]vfpgx' f;] \ .
-u_ k[YjLsf] pQ/L uf]nf4d{ f lxpbF ePsf a]nfdf blIf0fL ufn] f4s{ f]
xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf s:tf] xG' 5 < sf/0f;lxt n]Vgx' f;] \ .
jb] fGt 202 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 cIffz+ / bz] fGt/
&=@ (Latitudes and Longitudes)
kY[ jLsf] ;txdf lvlrPsf sfNklgs HofldtLo /v] fnfO{ g} cIff+z / b]zfGt/ elgG5 .
logLx¿ HofldtLo dfg ePsf sf]l0fs /v] fx¿ xg' \ . bz] fGt/ /]vfx¿ pQ/L wj'| af6
blIf0fL w'j| ;Dd lvlrPsf xG' 5g\ . cIff+z k"j{ klZrd ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf lvlrPsf
xG' 5g\ . oL /v] fx¿nfO{ l8u|L -°_, ldg6] -Æ_ / ;]j]mG8 -’_ df dfkg ul/G5 . g]kfn *)
l8uL| )$ ldg]6 k"jb{ l] v ** l8u|L !@ ldg6] kj" L{ b]zfGt/;Dd km} lnPsf] 5 . To;}
u/L @^ l8uL| @@ ldg6] pQ/b]lv #) l8u|L @& ldg]6 pQ/L cIff+z;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 .
cIff+z (Latitude)
e"dWo /v] f;“u ;dfgfGt/ xg' ] u/L
kY[ jLsf] k"jb{ ]lv klZrd;Dd
lvlrPsf HofldtLo /]vfx¿ g}
cIffz+ /v] fx¿ xg' \ . k[YjLsf lardf
pQ/L tyf blIf0fL uf]nf4{nfO{ a/fa/L efudf ljefhg x'g] u/L lvlrPsf] /v] f
g} ed" Wo /]vf xf] . ed" Wo /]vfnfO{ )°-zG" o l8uL| _ cIff+z klg elgG5 . cIffz+
/v] fx¿ bj' } uf]nf4d{ f k|Tos] Ps l8uL| df Ps Ps u/L lvlrPsf x'G5g\ . pQ/L
ufn] f4d{ f () cf]6f / blIf0fL uf]nf4d{ f () cf6] f cIff+z /]vfx¿ xG' 5g\ . tLdWo] lgDg
cIff+zx¿ dV' o /v] fx¿ xg' \ M
e"dWo /]vf M )°-z"Go l8u|L_ cIff+z
! °
sj{m6 /]vf M @# @ pQ/L cIff+z
ds/ /]vf M @# ! ° blIf0fL cIff+z
@
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 203 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
;d' ?] jQ[ M ^^ ! ° pQ/L cIffz+
@
!
j'md?] j[Q M ^^ @ ° blIf0fL cIff+z
pQ/L wj'| M ()° pQ/L cIffz+
blIf0fL w'j| M ()° blIf0fL cIff+z ½º
b]zfGt/ (Longitude)
bz] fGt/ k[YjLsf] ;txdf pQ/L w'|jaf6
blIf0fL wj|' ;Dd lvlrPsf HofldtLo /v] f
xg' \ . k[YjLsf] pQ/L w|j' af6 an] fotsf] nG8g
glhjm} sf] uL| gljr eGg] :yfg xFb' } blIf0fL
w|'j;Dd lvlrPsf] /v] fnfO{ k|wfg dWofxg\
/]vf (Prime Meridian) elgG5 . o;nfO{ )° -zG" o l8uL| _ b]zfGt/ jf uL| gljr
/v] f klg elgG5 . oL /v] fx¿ cw{ jQ[ fsf/ xG' 5g\ .
oL /]vfx¿ Pp6f j[Qsf] sfl] 0fs b/' Lsf cfwf/df lvlrg] ePsfn] #^) cf6] f
xG' 5g\ . k|wfg dWofxg\ /]vfsf] k"j{tk{m !*) l8u|L / klZrdtk{m !*) l8uL| ;Dd
k}mlnPsf x'G5g\ . oL !*) l8uL| kj" { / !*) l8uL| klZrdlt/sf /]vf k|wfg dWofx\g
/]vfsf] l7s csf{k6l\ 6sf] efusf] /]vfdf uO{ ldn/] Pp6} /v] f agfpF5g\ . oxL b]zfGt/
/v] fnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ltly/v] f (International Date Line) elgG5 .
cIffz+ / b]zfGt/sf pkof]lutf M
-s_ cIffz+ / b]zfGt/ bj' } /]vfsf] dbtn] kY[ jLsf] jm' g} klg :yfgaf6 csf]{
:yfg;Ddsf] b'/Lsf] dfkg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
j]bfGt 204 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
-v_ cIffz+ sf] ;xfotfn] j'mg} klg :yfgsf] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L
xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ bz] fGt/sf] ;xfotfn] jm' g} klg bO' { :yfglarsf] ;dosf] cGt/ yfxf kfpg
;lsG5 .
-3_ cIffz+ / bz] fGt/ bj' }sf] ;xfotfn] j'mg} klg :yfgsf] cjl:ylt kQf nufpg
;lsG5 .
-ª_ cIff+zsf] dbtn] jm' g} klg :yfgsf] lbg / /ftsf] ndfO yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk
!= k[YjLsf] lrq agfO{ To;df dV' o kfFr cf6] f cIffz+ /]vfnfO{ rf6{
k]k/df bv] fO{ sIffsf7] fdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .
@= j'mg} 7fpsF f] ;do l56f] / jm' g} 7fpFsf] ;do l9nf] x'gfsf sf/0fx¿
;dx" df 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\ .
#= j'mg} klg 7fpFsf] ;do s;/L lgwf{/0f ul/G5 eGg] ljifodf ;d"xdf
5nkmn ug{'xf;] \ . 5nkmnaf6 lgl:sPsf ljj/0fnfO{ sIffsf] kb| z{gL
kf6Ldf 6fF:gx' f];\ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 205 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f];\ M
-s_ cIff+z eGgfn] jm] a'lemG5 <
-v_ b]zfGt/ eg]sf] j]m xf] <
-u_ cGt/f{li6o« ltly/v] f egs] f] j]m xf] <
-3_ jm' g cIffz+ /v] fnfO{ ed" Wo /v] f elgG5 <
-ª_ j'md]? j[Q eg]sf] j'mg /]vf xf] <
-r_ g]kfnsf] cIffz+ / bz] fGt/sf] km} nfj6 n]Vg'xf;] \ .
@= cIff+z / bz] fGt/lar leGgtfnfO{ tflnsf agfO{ bv] fpg'xf;] \ .
#= cIffz+ / b]zfGt/sf pkofl] utfx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .
j]bfGt 206 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 k[YjLsf] aflx/L txsf] agf]6
&=# (Outer Structure of the Earth)
kY[ jLsf] agf]6 eGgl] alQj}m k[YjLsf] afx\o ;txsf]
agf6] tyf cfGtl/s ;xtsf] agf6] eGg] a'‰g'k5{ .
o; kf7df xfdL k[YjLsf] afxo\ ;txsf] agf]6sf
af/]df rrf{ ug]{ 5fF} . kY[ jLsf] x/]s efudf km/s km/s
lsl;dsf] hldgsf] agf6] 5 . st} db} fg 5, st}
kxf8 5 eg] st} lxdfn /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] ljleGg
:Yffgdf vf]nf, tfn, d?e"ld, pRr;d:ynL,
jghª\un, ;d'b|, dxf;fu/, dxfbz] h:tf ljljw kY[ jLsf] agf]6
lsl;dsf ;+/rgfx¿ kfOG5g\ . kY[ jLsf] ;txeGbf
dfly jfo'd08n 5 . o:tf ljljw e";+/rgfsf cfwf/df k[YjLsf] afx\o ;txnfO{
d'Vo u/]/ :ynd08n, hnd08n / jfo'd08n u/L # efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
:ynd08n (Lithosphere)
kY[ jLsf] aflx/L ;txsf] sl/a @( kl| tzt e"efu hldgn] 9fjm] sf] 5 . of]
hldgsf] v08nfO{ :ynd08n elgG5 . :ynd08nnfO{ ;ft cf]6f dxfb]zx¿df
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . Pl;of, clkm| sf, pQ/ cdl] /sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf, cG6fl6s{ f,
o/' fk] / c:6]«lnof dxfb]zx¿ xg' \ . oLdWo] Pl;of ;a}eGbf 7n' f] dxfbz] xf] .
c:6l]« nof ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfb]z xf] . o'/f]ksf] jl/kl/ ljleGg kf| oåLkx¿
ePsfn] o; dxfbz] nfO{ kf| oåLkx¿sf] kf| oåLk (Peninsula of Peninsulas) klg
elgG5 . clk|msf dxfb]zsf] clwsf+z efu pRr;d:ynLn] 9fjm] sf] x'gfn] o;
dxfbz] nfO{ pRr;d:ynLsf] dxfbz] (Continent of Plateaus) klg elgG5 . pQ/
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 207 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cd]l/sf w]/}kl5 kQf nfus] fn] o; dxfbz] nfO{ gofF dxfb]z (New Continent)
elgPsf] xf] . ef}ufl] ns ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ blIf0f cd]l/sfnfO{ ljlrqsf]
dxfbz] (Continent of Superlatives) klg elgG5 . Pl;ofnfO{ ljifdtfsf]
dxfb]z (Continent of Contrast) klg elgG5 eg] c:6«]lnof dxfbz] nfO{ Pp6} b]zsf]
dxfbz] (Continent of Single Country) klg elgG5 . To:t} cG6fl6{sfnfO{
dfgj/lxt dxfb]z elgP tfklg cfhefl] n ljleGg l;nl;nfdf j]mxL dflg;x¿
a;fj] f; u/s] f] kfOG5 .
;d' ?] dxf;fu/
pQ/ cfGw| o/' fk] Pl;of
cdl] /sf dxf;fu/ clk|msf
lxGb
kz| fGt blIf0f dxf;fu/ kz| fGt
dxf;fu/ cdl] /sf dxf;fu/
c:6]l« nof
cfGw|
dxf;fu/
s'd?] dxf;fu/
PG6fl6s{ f
hnd08n (Hydrosphere)
kY[ jLsf] aflx/L ;txsf] &! kl| tzteGbf a9L e"efu kfgLn] 9fjm] sf] 5 . oL
kfgLsf] efunfO{ hnd08n elgG5 . oL ljzfn hnfzox¿nfO{ dxf;fu/
elgG5 . kz| fGt, cfGw|, lxGb, j'md]? / ;'d]? u/L hDdf kfFr cf6] f dxf;fu/x¿ 5g\ . oL
dxf;fu/x¿dWo] k|zfGt dxf;fu/ ;a}eGbf 7'nf] tyf ulx/f] 5 . kz| fGt dxf;fu/
Pl;of dxfb]zsf] k"j{ / pQ/ tyf blIf0f cdl] /sfsf] klZrddf k5{ . cfGw|
dxf;fu/sf] k"j{df o/' fk] / clkm| sf dxfbz] k5g{ \ eg] klZrddf pQ/ tyf blIf0f
jb] fGt 208 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cdl] /sf k5g{ \ . To:t} lxGb dxf;fu/sf] pQ/df Pl;of / kj" {df c:6«]lnof dxfb]z
k5{g\ . ;d' ?] / jm' d]? dxf;fu/ jm| dzM pQ/L tyf blIf0fL wj'| sf] cf;kf;df k5g{ \ .
jfod' 08n (Atmosphere)
k[YjLsf] ;txsf] jl/kl/ jfod' 08n 5 .
jfod' 08ndf ljleGg lsl;dsf Uof;x¿
kfOG5g\ . &*=)# kl| tzt gfO6f« h] g / @)=((
kl| tzt clS;hgn] cfu] 6]sf] 5 . afsF L Ps
k|ltzt cGo Uof;x¿ kfOG5g\ . xfdLnfO{ Zjf;
k]mg{ rflxg] clS;hg klg xfdL jfod' 08naf6
g} k|fKt u5fF{} .
jfo'd08ndf hnjfik tyf wn' fsf s0fx¿ klg xG' 5g\ . logLx¿n] klg jftfj/0fdf
k|efj kf5g{ \ . jfod' 08ndf ePsf] hnjfiksf] sf/0fn] ubf{ g} k[YjLdf lxp,F kfgL,
zLt tyf t';f/f] kg]{ u5{ . hnjfikjm} sf/0fn] ubf{ afbn, x:' ;' tyf j'mlx/f] nfU5 /
r6\ofª klg k5{ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 209 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
lj|mofsnfk
!= kY[ jLsf] hnd08n, jfo'd08n / :ynd08n b]vfpg] lrq agfO{ sIffsf]7fsf]
k|bzg{ L kf6Ldf 6f:F gx' f];\ .
@= kfrF cf6] f dxf;fu/sf d'Vo ljzi] ftfx¿ n]vL sIffdf k:| tt' ugx'{ f];\ .
#= sIffsf ljBfyL{x¿ ;ft ;d"xdf ljeflht xg' 'xf;] \ . kT| o]s ;dx" n] Ps Ps j6f
dxfb]zsf af/d] f vfh] L u/L Ps Ps cgR' 5b] n]Vg'xf];\ / sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f;] \ .
cEof;
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ kY[ jLsf] afxo\ ;txsf] agf6] nfO{ j'mg j'mg efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ kY[ jLdf slt cf]6f dxf;fu/ / dxfb]zx¿ 5g\ <
-u_ ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfbz] sf] gfd nV] gx' f];\ .
-3_ jfo'd08ndf j]m jm] ldl;Psf xG' 5g\ <
@= kY[ jLsf] ;ft cf]6} dxfb]znfO{ If]qkmnsf cfwf/df 7n' f]b]lv
;fgfs] f] jm| ddf ldnfP/ nV] g'xf];\ .
#= kY[ jLsf] gd'gfsf] lrq agfO{ dxfb]z / dxf;fu/ 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
$= k[YjLsf] ;txdf jm] sf sf/0fn] zLt k5{ xf]nf < vf]hL u//]
nV] g'xf;] \ .
%= hnd08nsf] xfd|f] hLjgdf jm] dxŒj 5 < nV] gx' f;] \ .
^= kY[ jLsf] jfod' 08ndf jm] jm] ldl;Psf xG' 5g\ < 5f]6s/Ldf
n]Vg'xf;] \ .
&= k[YjLsf] afx\o agf]6sf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf nV] g'xf;] \ .
j]bfGt 210 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 gk] fnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf
(Physical Condition of Nepal)
&=$
cjl:ylt (Location)
g]kfn lxdfno kjt{ z[ªv\ nfsf] sfvdf cjl:yt Ps ek" l/jl] i6t /fi6« xf] . o;sf]
k"j,{ klZrd / blIf0fdf ef/t k5{ eg] pQ/df rLg k5{ . g]kfnsf] l;dfgf k"jd{ f
d]rL gbLn] / klZrddf dxfsfnL gbLn] ef/t;uF 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . blIf0fdf dfgj
lgld{t vDaf uf8]/ agfOPsf] b;uhf If]qn] ef/t;uF g]kfnnfO{ 5'6\ofPsf] 5 .
pQ/df lxdfno kjt{ >0] fLn] rLg;uF 5'6\ofPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] kj" { klZrd nDafO
**% lsnf]ld6/ /xs] f] 5 eg] gk] fnsf] cf;} t rf}8fO !(# lsnfl] d6/ /x]sf] 5 .
gk] fnn] Pl;ofsf] )=# k|ltzt ee" fu / ljZjsf] )=)# kl| tzt ee" fu cf]u6s] f]
5 . ea" gf]6sf cfwf/df g]kfnnfO{ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ kb| ]z u/L tLg kof{j/0fLo
k|bz] df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
lxdfnL k|bz]
kxf8L k|b]z
t/fO{ kb| z]
gk] fnsf] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ kb| z] x¿sf] gS;f
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 211 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
xfn} gk] fn ;/sf/n] g]kfnsf] gofF gS;f ks| flzt u/]sf] 5 . h;df sfnfkfgL,
lnkn' s] / lnlDkofw/' f ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . b]zsf] If]qkmn;Fu ;DalGwt tYo
k|df0fx¿sf cfwf/df ;a} cf}krfl/s / cflwsfl/s k|lj|mofx¿ k"/f u/]/ gk] fnsf]
cflwsfl/s Ifq] kmn rf8F } ks| flzt x'g] 5 . To;kl5 dfq If]qkmn;uF ;DalGwt
cGo tYofªs\ df kl/jt{g x'g] 5 .
t/fO{ kb| ]z (Terai Region)
t/fO{ kb| ]z gk] fnsf] ;a}eGbf
blIf0fL If]qdf k5{ . o;n]
gk] fnsf] !& k|ltzt e"efu
cf]u6]sf] 5 . of] ;db' | ;txaf6
%( ld6/df kg{] wg'iffsf]
d';x/lgofbl] v ^)) ld6/sf]
prfO;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 . o;
kb| z] nfO{ r'/], efj/, leqL
dw]; / dV' o t/fO{ Ifq] df
ljefhg u//] cWoog u/s] f] kfOG5 . o; k|bz] sf] pQ/df kxf8L k|b]zsf] dxfef/t
kj{t zª[ \vnf k5{ . t/fOs{ f] ;ae} Gbf blIf0fsf] Ifq] nfO{ dV' o t/fO{ elgG5 .
To;bl] v pQ/df /xs] f] ;f;fgf kxf8L Ifq] nfO{ r/' ] elgG5 . dV' o t/fO{ /
r/' l] arsf] Ifq] efj/ k|b]z xf] . o; If]qsf] clwsf+z ee" fu hªu\ nn]
9fjm] sf] 5 . r'/] / dxfef/t kj{tsf larsf] ;dy/ Ifq] nfO{ leqL dw;]
elgG5 . gk] fnsf ;'v]t{ , bfª, gjnk/' , lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, l;Gw'nL / pbok'/
leqL dw];x¿ x'g\ . t/fO{sf] clwsfz+ If]q gbLn] aufP/ NofO{ yk' f/s] f] kfuF f]
df6fn] ag]sf] 5 . To;n} ] of] If]q pj/{ / vt] LofU] o 5 . oxfFsf] pTkfbsTj a9L
ePsfn] o; If]qnfO{ gk] fnsf] cGge08f/ klg elgG5 .
jb] fGt 212 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
kxf8L kb| z] (Hilly Region)
kxf8L k|b]z gk] fnsf] dWo efudf k5{ . of]
kb| ]z lxdfnL / t/fO{ kb| z] sf lardf 5 . o;
k|bz] n] g]kfnsf] ^* k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf]
5 . of] kb| ]z ;d'b| ;txb]lv ^)! ld6/bl] v
##)) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd k}mlnPsf] 5 . o;
kb| z] df pkTosf, aF;] Lx¿, lgDg kxf8L If]q,
pRr kxf8L If]q tyf dxfef/t kj{t z[ª\vnf k5g{ \ . o; kb| z] sf] pQ/df lxdfnL
k|bz] k5{ . o; kb| ]zdf vt] L of]Uo hldg eg] Psbd} sd 5 . o; If]qdf djm} ,
sfb] f], hf} cflb afnL pTkfbg x'G5 . t/sf/L, kmnk"mn tyf h8La6' L pTkfbgsf nflu
of] k|b]z kl| ;4 5 .
lxdfnL k|bz] (Himalayan Region)
lxdfnL k|bz] gk] fnsf] ;a}eGbf pQ/L
If]qdf k5{ . o;sf blIf0fdf kxf8L
kb| z] k5{ eg] pQ/df rLg k5{ . o;
kb| z] n] gk] fnsf] !% k|ltzt ee" fu
cfu] 6s] f] 5 . of] k|bz] ;db' | ;txbl] v
#,#)! ld6/bl] v *,*$*=*^ ld6/sf]
prfO;Dd km} lnPsf] 5 . o; k|bz] df dV' o lxdfn, lgDg lxdfn, ef]6 pkTosf tyf
;LdfGt lxdfn Ifq] x¿ k5g{ \ . o; kb| z] sf] %))) ld6/eGbf dflysf] Ifq] k|foM lxpnF ]
9fSg] x'gfn] %))) ld6/sf] prfO /]vfnfO{ lxdfªs\ /v] f elgG5 . ljZjsf !$ cf6] f
;a}eGbf cUnf lzv/x¿dWo] cf7 cf6] f lxdlzv/x¿ oxL kb| z] df k5g{ \ . o;
k|b]zdf kz| :t dfqfdf r/g If]qx¿ kfOg] ePsfn] kz'kfngsf nflu kl| ;4 5 .
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 213 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
ljm| ofsnfk
!= gk] fnsf] gS;f agfO{ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ Ifq] nfO{ rf6{ kk] /df bv] fO{
sIffsf7] fsf] kb| z{gL kf6Ldf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \ . pSt gS;fdf cfÇgf] ljBfnosf]
cjl:yltnfO{ klg b]vfpgx' f];\ .
@= cfÇgf] sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L cfkm" a;fa] f; u/s] f]
kof{j/0fLo k|bz] sf] ljleGg ef}ufl] ns ljj/0fx¿ tof/ kf/L sIffsf]7fdf
k|:t't ug'{xf;] \ .
cEof;
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ g]kfnsf] kj" L{ l;dfgf j]mn] 5'6\ofOPsf] 5 <
-v_ gk] fnn] ljZjsf] slt kl| tzt e"efu cfu] 6s] f] 5 <
-u_ gk] fnsf] j'mg Ifq] nfO{ cGge08f/ elgG5 <
-3_ gk] fnsf] cf;} t rf8} fO slt xf] <
-ª_ ;u/dfyfsf] prfO slt 5 <
@= ljZjdf gk] fnsf] cjl:yltsf af/]df 5f6] s/Ldf n]Vgx' f];\ .
#= g]kfnsf] lxdfnL kb| z] sf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
$= kxf8L / t/fO{ kb| ]zlar km/s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
j]bfGt 214 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgL / jg:klt
&=% (Climate and Vegetation of Nepal)
g]kfn Ps efu} fl] ns ljljwtf ePsf] d'ns' xf] . gk] fnsf] lxdfnL k|bz] n] !%
k|ltzt, kxf8L kb| ]zn] ^* k|ltzt / t/fO{ k|bz] n] !& kl| tzt If]qkmn cfu] 6]sf] 5 .
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfsf sf/0f oxfsF f] xfjfkfgL tyf jg:kltdf klg ljljwtf
kfOG5 . t/fO{ If]qdf udL{ lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . kxf8L k|bz] df ;dzLtfi] 0f
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . lxdfnL If]qdf 7G8f lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oL xfjfkfgLsf
Ifq] x¿df ljleGg lsl;dsf jg:kltx¿ klg kfOG5g\ . gk] fnsf] e"agf6] sf
cfwf/df g]kfnnfO{ dV' o u//] kfFr cf]6f xfjfkfgLsf Ifq] df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M
!= cwfi]{ 0f dg;g' L xfjfkfgL (Sub-tropical Monsoon Climate)M
of] xfjfkfgLsf] If]q ^) ld6/ b]lv !@)) ld6/ prfOleq k5{ . o; If]qdf t/fO{,
leqL dw]; / r/' ] If]q k5{g\ . o; Ifq] sf] uL| idsf] tfkj|md #*° ;]lN;o; bl] v $@°
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 215 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
;l] N;o;;Dd k'U5 . lxpFbsf] tfkjm| d eg] !%° ;]lN;o;b]lv %° ;l] N;o;;Dd
em5{ . oxfF kf| oM uL| id Ct'df aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 cfPsf] dg;'gL jfon' ] cf;} tdf
jflif{s @)) ;l] G6ld6/ jiff{ u/fp5F . o; jiff{sf] ke| fj kj" s{ f] tn' gfdf klZrdL
If]qdf sd xb'F } hfG5 .
o; xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf cwf]{i0f ;bfaxf/ jg kfOG5 . o; Ifq] df ;fn, l;;f}, l6s,
sbd, vo/, l;dn, cfFk h:tf jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfsF f ?vx¿ cUnf s8f
hftsf x'G5g . o; If]qdf kf6] af3, efn', u8}F f, du[ , xfQL cflb jGohGt' kfOG5g\ .
@= Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f (Warm Temperate Climate) M
of] xfjfkfgLsf] Ifq] ;db' | ;txb]lv !@)) ld6/bl] v @!)) ld6/ prfOleq
k5{ . o; If]qdf r/' ]sf] dflyNnf] Ifq] / dxfef/t kjt{ >]0fLsf] tNnf] If]q k5{ . o;
Ifq] sf] uL| idsf] tfkjm| d @$° ;l] N;o;bl] v #%° ;l] N;o;;Dd kU' 5 . t/ lxpbF sf]
tfkj|md eg] !)° ;]lN;o;bl] v %° ;l] N;o;;Dd em5{ . oxfF k|foM u|Lid Ctd' f
aªu\ fnsf] vf8Laf6 cfPsf] dg;'gL jfon' ] cf};tdf jflif{s @)) ;l] G6ld6/ jiff{
u/fpF5 . t/ kxf8sf] pQ/L 9fndf eg] !)) ;l] G6ld6/eGbf klg sd jiff{ xG' 5 . o;
Ifq] df klg jiffs{ f] ke| fj k"j{sf] t'ngfdf klZrdL Ifq] df sd x'Fb} hfG5 . o; Ifq] df
;dzLtfi] 0f ktem/ lsl;dsf] jg kfOG5 . o; Ifq] df plQ;, lrnfpg], s6;' , rfFk,
;Nnf], u'/f;F , afF;, cfv] / h:tf jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . o; Ifq] df af3, lrt'jf,
abF n] , du[ , xl/0f cflb jGohGt' kfOG5g\ .
#= 7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f (Cool Temperate Climate) M
o; ks| f/sf] xfjfkfgL @!)) ld6/b]lv ##)) ld6/ prfOleq kfOG5 . o; Ifq] sf]
u|Lidsf] tfkjm| d !%° ;]lN;o;bl] v @%° ;l] N;o;;Dd k'U5 . t/ lxpFbsf] tfkj|md
eg] %° ;]lN;o;b]lv )° ;l] N;o;;Dd klg em5{ . oxfF klg k|foM uL| id Ctd' f
j]bfGt 216 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
aªu\ fnsf] vf8Laf6 cfPsf] dg;g' L jfo'n] cf;} tdf jflif{s !)) ;]lG6ld6/
hlt jiff{ u/fpF5 . o; jiff{sf] k|efj blIf0fL 9fnsf] t'ngfdf pQ/L 9fndf sd
xG' 5 . o; Ifq] df ;dzLtf]i0f sf]0fwf/L ;bfaxf/ jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . o;
Ifq] df g/d sf7sf ?vx¿ kfOG5g\ . o; Ifq] df at] , plQ;, w"kL, ;Nnf,] lgufnf],
ef]hkq h:tf jg:kltx¿ kfOG5g\ . o; Ifq] df efn,' aFbn] , s:t"/L, du[ , xl/0f,
gfp/, 3f/] n, Rofv'/f cflb jGohGt' kfOG5g\ .
$= n]sfnL jf cNkfOg (Alpine Climate) M
o:tf] k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL ##)) ld6/bl] v %))) ld6/ prfOleq kfOG5 . o;
If]qdf pRr kxf8L Ifq] k5{ . of] Ifq] sf] u|Lidsf] tfkj|md !)° ;l] N;o; bl] v !%°
;]lN;o;;Dd kU' 5 . lxpbF sf] tfkj|md eg] )° ;]lN;o;eGbf klg sd x'G5 . oxfF
kf| oM uL| id Ctd' f aªu\ fnsf] vf8Laf6 cfPsf] dg;'gL jfon' ] cf};tdf jflif{s #)
;l] G6ld6/ hlt jiff{ u/fp5F . o; jiff{sf] ke| fj klg k"js{ f tn' gfdf klZrdL Ifq] df
sd xFb' } hfG5 . o; Ifq] df n]sfnL lsl;dsf] jg kfOG5 . o; Ifq] df u'/f;F , lgufnf],
as' Lkm" n tyf ljleGg h8La6' Lx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfF k|z:t dfqfdf 3f;F ] d}bfgL Ifq] x¿
kfOG5g\, h;nfO{ kf6g jf vjm{ klg elgG5 . o; If]qdf 8fkF m] , dg' fn, lxplF rtj' f,
rf/}F LufO{ cflb jGohGt' kfOG5g\ .
%= lxdfnL jf 6'G8«f M(Tundra Climate)
o:tf] k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL %))) ld6/b]lv *,*$*=*^ ld6/ prfOleq kfOG5 . o;
Ifq] df pRr lxdfnL Ifq] k5{ . o; Ifq] sf] tfkj|md jif{el/ g} zG" o l8u|LeGbf klg
sd xG' 5 . oxfF jiff{ klg lxpFsf] ¿kdf g} xg' ] u5{ . o; Ifq] df jife{ l/df k/s] f] lxpF
g} g]kfnsf klxnf] :t/sf gbLx¿sf] ;|f]t xf] . o; Ifq] df lxdfnL jf 6'G8«f lsl;dsf
jg:klt kfOG5g\ . o; Ifq] df n]p, sfO{ tyf ljleGg h8La'6Lx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxfF
lxplF rtj' f, lxdfnL d[u cflb jGohGt' kfOG5g\ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 217 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
ljm| ofsnfk
!= tkfOF{sf] :yfgLo If]qdf kfOg] jg:klt / jGohGt'x¿sf] ;"rL tof/
u/L sIffsf] kb| zg{ L kf6Ldf 6fF:gx' f];\ .
@= g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL / jg:klt;DaGwL u/]sf] cWoogsf cfwf/df tnsf]
tflnsf eg'x{ f];\ M
xfjfkfgLsf kb| ]z prfO jg:kltsf] gfd jg:kltsf] ljz]iftf
!=
@=
#=
$=
%=
jb] fGt 218 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
-s_ xfdf| ] b]zsf] t/fOs{ f] xfjfkfgL s:tf] k|sf/sf] 5 <
-v_ 6'G8f« eGgfn] jm] a'‰g'x'G5 <
-u_ g]kfnsf] kd| v' ns] fnL jg:kltx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-3_ g]kfnsf] jm' g xfjfkfgLsf] k|b]zdf sf]0fwf/L jg:klt kfOG5g\ <
-ª_ ;dzLtfi] 0f ktem/ hª\undf jm' g j'mg jGohGtx' ¿ kfOG5g\ <
@= Gofgf] ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgLsf] If]qaf/d] f 5f]6s/Ldf nV] gx' f];\ .
#= tkfOF{ a;fa] f; ug{] Ifq] sf] xfjfkfgL / jg:kltsf af/d] f
n]Vgx' f];\ .
$= g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL / jg:kltdf jm] sf/0fn] leGgtf cfPsf]
xf]nf < sf/0faf/] ;fyLx¿;uF 5nkmn u/L nV] gx' f;] \ .
%= sf0] fwf/L jg:kltsf ljz]iftfaf/] n]Vg'xf];\ .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 219 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 g]kfnsf] hnk|jfx k0| ffnL
&=^ (Drainage System of Nepal)
g]kfn lxdfno kjt{ >]0fLsf] sfvdf cjl:yt 5 . g]kfnsf w]/} h;f] :yfoL gbLx¿
oxL lxdfno kjt{ >0] fLaf6 pTklQ ePsf 5g\ . oL gbLx¿af6 w/] } lah'n\ L lgsfNg
;lsG5 . log} gbLx¿sf sf/0f gk] fn af| lhnkl5sf] hn;|ft] df bf];|f] wgL d'n's
ePsf] xf] .
g]kfnsf gbLx¿df k|jfx xg' ] hn Ifdtfsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf gbLx¿nfO{ tLg txdf
juL{s/0f ul/G5 . lxdfno Ifq] af6 lxpF klUnP/ pTklQ ePsf gbLx¿nfO{ klxnf]
:t/sf gbL elgG5 . oL gbLx¿df jife{ l/ g} kfgL axg] xg' fn] oL gbLnfO{ :yfoL gbL
klg elgG5 . ;Ktsf;] L, ;Ktu08sL / s0ffn{ L gbLsf ;a} zfvf gbLx¿ :yfoL
gbLx¿ x'g\ .
dxfef/t kjt{ >0] fLaf6 pTklQ ePsf sGsfO,{ sdnf, afUdtL, /fktL, aaO{ h:tf
gbLx¿ bf;] |f] :t/sf gbL xg' \ . oL gbLx¿ klg pRr kxf8L If]qsf] d"naf6 pTklQ
ePsfn] :yfoL k|j[mltsf xG' 5g\ . To;} u/L r/' ] kj{t >0] fLaf6 pTklQ ePsf c:yfoL
kj| m[ ltsf gbLx¿nfO{ t;] |f] :t/sf gbL elgG5 . oL gbLx¿df jiff{ ofddf k|z:t
dfqfdf kfgL x'G5 / lxpbF df k|foM ;'Vvf /xG5 .
g]kfnsf k|foM h;f] gbLx¿ tLg cf6] f dV' o gbLx¿ xbF' } axG5g\ . hnkj| fxsf
cfwf/df d'Vo u//] sf];L, u08sL / s0ffn{ L u/L tLg cf6] f hnkj| fx Ifq] df ljefhg
ul/Psf] 5 t/ dxfsfnL gbLsf] hnk|jfx If]qnfO{ eg] oL hnkj| fxn] ;d]6g\ ;Sbg} .
!= sf];L hnkj| fx k0| ffnL (Koshi Drainage System) M
of] hnkj| fx If]q kj" {df s~rghª\3f lxdfnbl] v klZrddf nfd6fª lxdfn;Dd
km} lnPsf] 5 . of] hnkj| fx If]qsf] kj" {df tdf/] / klZrddf OGbf| jtL gbL
jb] fGt 220 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
k5{g\ . of] hnk|jfxcGtu{t tdf/] , c?0f, b'wsf];L, tfdfsf];L, ;g' sf;] L, lnv'
/ OGbf| jtL dV' o gbLx¿ x'g\ . of] hnkj| fx If]qdf ljleGg em/gf, tfn, tn}of
tyf kfv] /Lx¿ klg k5{g\ . g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] t]xy| 'dsf] èftª' em/gf
klg oxL Ifq] df k5{ . ;efkfv] /L, 5f]/fN] kf lxdtfn, kfFrkfv] /L h:tf tfnx¿
klg o;} hnk|jfx Ifq] cGtu{t k5{g\ .
@= u08sL hnkj| fx k0| ffnL (Gandaki Drainage System)M
of] hnkj| fx Ifq] k"j{df lqzn" L gbLb]lv klZrddf sfnLu08sL gbL;Dd
k}mlnPsf] 5 . o; hnkj| fxcGtut{ sf d'Vo gbLx¿ lqzn" L,
b/fb} L, dfbL, d:ofª{ \bL, a'9L u08sL, ;]tL u08sL / sfnL u08sL xg' \ .
of] hnk|jfx If]qsf] d'Vo gbLnfO{ ;Ktu08sL elgG5 . o;nfO{ gf/fo0fL
gbL klg elgG5 . of] hnk|jfx Ifq] df klg ljleGg em/gf, tfn, tno} f tyf
kf]v/Lx¿ k5g{ \ . kf]v/fsf] kftn] 5fFuf] (Devi's Falls) em/gf klg oxL
If]qdf k5{ . km] jf, ¿kf, a]ugf;, ltlnrf] h:tf tfnx¿ klg o;} hnkj| fx
If]qcGtut{ k5{g\ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 221 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
#= s0ffn{ L hnkj| fx k0| ffnL (Karnali Drainage System) M
of] hnk|jfx Ifq] k"jd{ f e/] L
gbLbl] v klZrddf ;t] L gbL;Dd
km} lnPsf] 5 . of] hnk|jfx
If]q k"j{df wfn} flul/
lxdfnb]lv klZrddf Jof; Clif
lxdfn;Dd km} lnPsf] 5 . o;
hnk|jfxcGtut{ sf d'Vo gbLx¿
7'nLe]/L, ;fgLe/] L, x'Dnfs0ff{nL, s0ff{nL hnkj| fx
d'u's0ff{nL, ltnf, a'9Luªu\ f / ;]tL
xg' \ . of] hnk|jfx Ifq] df klg ljleGg
em/gf, tfn, tno} f tyf kfv] /Lx¿ k5{g\ . du' s' f] /f/f, 8f]Nkfsf] ;]kmf]S;G' 8f]
tfn, ;'v]t{ sf] a'nan' ] tfn of] hnkj| fx Ifq] sf d'Vo d'Vo tfnx¿ x'g\ .
j]bfGt 222 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
lxdgbL, lxdtfn, em/gf / cGo tfnx¿
(Glacier, Glacial Lake, Water Falls and Other Lakes)
g]kfndf kz| :t lxdgbL tyf lxdtfnx¿ 5g\ . gk] fndf #,@%@ lxdgbL, @,#@#
lxdtfnx¿ / oL lxdtfn;lxt %,#%* cf6] f tfnx¿ klxrfg ePsf 5g\ .
g]kfnsf s~rghª\3f, yfn'ª, a?0f, g'Kr' cflb dV' o lxdgbLx¿ x'g\ . gk] fnsf]
;ae} Gbf 7'nf] lxdgbL vD' a' lxdgbL xf] . ;a}eGbf nfdf] lxdgbL nfd6fª lxdgbL
xf] . 5f/] f]Nkf, ltlnrf] -$,(!( ld6/_,kfFrkfv] /L, ;efkf]v/L, uf;] fOF{jm' 08, OGb|
;/f]j/, k]mjf, ¿kf, a]ugf;, /f/f, ;k] mfS] ;G' 8f] k|dv' tfnx¿ x'g\ . oLdWo] /f/f ;a}
eGbf 7n' f] / ulx/f] tfn xf] . To:t} OGb| ;/f]j/ xfn;Ddsf] ;ae} Gbf 7'nf] dfgj lgld{t
tfn xf] . kfv] /fsf] kftn] 5fuF f] (Devi's Falls) k|l;4 em/gf xf] eg] tx] y| d' sf]
èftª' em/gf -#^% ld6/_ g]kfnsf] ;ae} Gbf cUnf] em/gf xf] .
kftn] 5fFuf] (Devi's Falls)
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 223 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
ljm| ofsnfk
!= ;Ktsf;] L, ;Ktu08sL / s0ffn{ L gbLsf zfvf gbLx¿nfO{ gk] fnsf]
gS;fdf b]vfO{ sIffsf]7fsf] k|bz{gL kf6Ldf 6f:F g'xf;] \ .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ xfdf| ] b]znfO{ slt cf6] f hnkj| fx Ifq] df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 <
-v_ klxnf] bhfs{ f gbLx¿ sxfFaf6 pTklQ ePsf xG' 5g\ <
-u_ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] em/gfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ g]kfndf hDdf slt cf]6f tfnx¿ klxrfg ePsf 5g\ <
@= gk] fnsf k|dv' tLg gbLx¿ / ltgsf zfvf gbLx¿sf] gfd
n]Vg'xf;] \ .
#= tkfO{“ j'mg hnk|jfx If]qdf a;fa] f; ug{x' 'G5 < cfkm" a;f]jf;
ug'{x'g] hnk|jfx Ifq] sf af/]df n]Vg'xf;] \ .
$= g]kfnsf klxnf] bf];|f] / t];f| ] :t/sf gbLx¿sf af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .
%= tkfO“{ a;f]af; ug'{ePsf] If]qdf pknAw hn;f| t] jm' g jm' g If]qdf
k|ofu] ePsf 5g\ < 5f6] s/Ldf nV] gx' f;] \ .
jb] fGt 224 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
k|fj[mlts ;f| ]t / dfgj hLjg
Kff7
&=& zn} L(Natural Resources and Human
Lifestyle )
:yfgLo Ifq] df ePsf] k|fjm[ lts ;|ft] sf] pknAwtfn] dflg;x¿sf] ;fdflhs /
cflys{ hghLjgdf k|ToIf ke| fj kf/s] f] x'G5 . udL{, hf8f] tyf dWod lsl;dsf]
xfjfkfgL ePsf] :yfgdf a:g] dflg;x¿sf] hLjgz}nL xfjfkfgL jm} sf/0f km/s
x'G5 . df6f], vlgh tyf kfgLsf] pknAwtfn] klg :yfgLo :t/sf] hLjgz}nLdf
k|efj kf/s] f] xG' 5 . ljleGg Ifq] sf j[mlifafnL pTkfbgdf klg xfkfkfgL / hn;|f]tsf]
pknAwtfn] k|efj kf/s] f] x'G5 .
lr;f] xfjfkfgLn] hLjgz}nLdf kfg{] ke| fj
(Effect of Cold Climate on Lifestyle)
gk] fnsf] clwsf+z lxdfnL lhNnf tyf pRRf
kxf8L If]qsf] xfjfkfgL cToGt lr;f] 5 .
oxfF a;faf; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] hghLjgdf
lr;f] xfjfkfgLn] ke| fj kf/s] f] 5 . To;}n] o;
If]qsf dflg;x¿n] pmgL tyf kl:dgfaf6
ag]sf aVv', bf]rf, kfªb\ g] h:tf afSnf nu' f
nufp5F g\ . oxfFsf dflg;x¿n] sd ‰ofn ePsf]
3/ agfp5F g\ . dflg;x¿sf] vfg]jm' /f klg km/s
xG' 5 . o:tf] :yfgdf :ofp, hf}F, cfn', kmfk/, pjf
cflb pTkfbg xG' 5 .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 225 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
udL{ tyf tftf] xfjfkfgLn] hLjgzn} Ldf kfg{] k|efj
(Effect of Hot and Warm Climate on Lifestyle)
gk] fnsf] t/fO{, leqL dw;] ,
lgDg kxf8L pkTosf tyf
a]F;Ldf udL{ x'G5 . oxfF a;fa] f; ug]{
dflg;x¿sf] hghLjgnfO{ of] udL{
xfjfkfgLn] kT| oIf ¿kdf ke| fj
kf/s] f] 5 . oxL udL{ xfjfkfgLaf6
aRg oxfF a;fa] f; ug{] dflg;x¿
;t' L sk8faf6 ags] f n'ufx¿ nufp5F g\ . 3/x¿df klg w]/} ‰ofnx¿ x'G5g\ .
o; Ifq] df wfg, dj}m, ux,'F cfn', pv,' skf;, ;t' L{, cfFk, dj] f, lnrL h:tf jm[ lif
pkhx¿sf] pTkfbg x'G5 .
kfgLsf ;f| ]t pknAw x'g] :yfgx¿sf] hLjgz}nLdf ke| fj
(Effect of the Places with Availability of Water Resources
on Lifestyle)
kfgL dfgj hLjgsf nflu geO{ gx'g] tŒj xf] . xfdL kfgLlagf afRF g ;Sb}gfF} . To;}n]
kfgL;Fu xfdf| ] hLjg klg hf]l8Psf] 5 . gk] fndf k|foM h;f] u|Liddf jiff{ xg' ] ePsfn]
vf]nf, gbL, tfn, tnfp tyf kfv] /Lsf] kfgLsf] ;tx a95\ . t/ lxpFbdf eg] kfgLsf]
:yfoL ;|f]t ePsf :yfgdf dfq kfgL pknAw xG' 5 . kfgL;uF dflg;sf] gftf Psbd}
uf9f 5 . kfgL lkpg, l;rF fO ug{, pBfu] wGbf ;~rfng ug{, dgf]/~hg lng, ljBt' \
lgsfNg k|ofu] ul/G5 .
j]bfGt 226 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
l;FrfO ;l' jwf pknAw ePsf :yfgdf k|z:t dfqfdf jm[ lif pTkfbg x'g] ePsfn]
a:tL 3gf Pjd\ afSnf] x'G5 . gbL, tfn tyf kfv] /Lsf] glhjm} a:g] dflg;x¿
df5f dfg{] tyf df5f kfNg] sfd u5{g\ . kxf8L Ifq] sf] ;;fgf vx/] vfn] fnfO{
k|ofu] u/L kfgL 366\ rnfP/ hLljsfk] fh{g klg u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf kfgLsf ;|ft] x¿nfO{
hnljxf/ tyf oftfoftsf lglDt klg k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] hn ;|ft] x¿
pknAw ePsf 7fpFx¿df dflg;sf] 3gf a:tL a;]sf] 5 . pBf]uwGbfx¿ klg To:t}
If]qdf km:6fPsf 5g\ . hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;xh xg' sf ;fy} To; If]qsf dflg;sf]
hLjg:t/ klg pRr /xs] f] kfOG5 .
dflg;x¿sf] hLjgdf 9ª' \uf, afnj' f, df6f] tyf vlghx¿sf] klg k|efj k/s] f]
xG' 5 . vlghx¿ ePsf :yfgdf a;fj] f; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf cflys{ lj|mofsnfk klg
vlgh;Fu} hf]l8Psf xG' 5g\ . kxf8L If]qdf cfÇgf] ufpF a:tL glhj}msf 9ª' \uf tyf
afnj' f vfgLdf w]/} dflg;x¿n] /fh] uf/L kfPsf 5g\ . df6f] klg Ps dxŒjk0" f{ ;f| ]t
xf] . pj/{ df6f] ePsf] :yfgdf w]/} dfqfdf j[mlif pkhsf] pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . To:tf
7fpFdf dflg;sf] a;fj] f; klg afSnf] xG' 5 .
lj|mofsnfk
!= tkfO{F a:gx' 'g] :yfgdf s:tf] lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 < To;n] ToxfFsf]
hghLjgdf s:tf] ke| fj kf/]sf] 5 < abF' fut ¿kdf l6kf]6 u/L sIffsf]
k|bzg{ L kf6Ldf 6f:F g'xf];\ .
@= tkfOFs{ f] :yfgLo If]qdf kfOg] k|fj[mlts ;f| t] x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf;] \ .
#= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf kfOg] kf| j[mlts ;|ft] sf] pkof]u s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <
Ps cg'R5b] df nv] L sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f];\ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 227 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
-s_ gk] fnsf b'O{ ÷ b'O{ cf6] f lr;f] / tftf] xfjfkfgL xg' ] :yfgx¿sf] gfd
nV] gx' f;] \ .
-v_ tkfO“s{ f] :yfgLo If]qdf pTkfbg xg' ] j'mg} @ cf]6f jm[ lifafnLsf] gfd
n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ gk] fnsf] ;a}eGbf a9L kfgL kg{] :yfgsf] gfd nV] g'xf;] \ .
-3_ tkfOF{sf] :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw sDtLdf @ cf]6f vlghsf] gfd
nV] g'xf;] \ .
@= tkfO{“ a;fa] f; ug'e{ Psf] If]qdf pTkfbg xg' ] jm[ lifafnLsf] gfd
n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= hf8f] / udL{ xg' ] :yfgdf pTkfbg x'g] jm[ lifafnLx¿sf] ;"rL tof/
ugx'{ f];\ .
$= tkfO“{ a;fa] f; ug'{ePsf] :yfgLo If]qdf pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] tl:a/
jf kf:] 6/ ;ª\sng u/L sIffsf7] fdf k:| tt' ug{x' f;] \ .
jb] fGt 228 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 g]kfnsf kf| jm[ lts ;f| ]tx¿
&=* (Natural Resources in Nepal)
k|fj[mlts ;f| t] tyf ;fwgx¿ xfd|f] hLjgdf geO{ gx'g] tŒjx¿ xg' \ . o:tf
;fwgx¿lagf xfdf| ] b}lgs hLjg ;~rfng ug{ sl7g x'G5 . g]kfnsf ljleGg ;|ft]
tyf ;fwgx¿n] xfdf| ] hLjgdf kT| oIf ke| fj kf/]sf 5g\ . o:tf k|fj[mlts ;|ft] x¿nfO{
tn lbOPsf] tflnsfdf 5f6] s/Ldf k:| t't ul/Psf] 5 M
j|m=;=+ kf| jm[ lts t/fO{ Kfxf8 lxdfn
;|f]tx¿
kfFuf] df6f] M wfg, Afnf6} ], /ftf], tn}of lxdfnL df6f] M
!= df6f]
;gkf6, pv,' ;'tL{ df6f] M kmnk"mn, hf}, cfn', pjf,
@= jghª\un
cflb pTkfbgsf lrof, cfn', abfd, kmfk/, :ofp
#= vlgh
nflu /fd|f] 5 . djm} tyf pkTosf / cflb .
aF;] Ldf wfg, ux,'F dj}m,
;fu;AhL cflb .
cwf]i{ 0f k|bz] Lo ktem/ jg M rfkF , Nfs] fnL, tyf
;bfaxf/ jg M nfFj'm/L, plQ; cflb sf0] fwf/L jg M
;fn, l;;f}, l6s, . wk" L, ;Nnf],
;fh, sbd cflb . u/' fF; cflb .
sfO] nf, kmnfd, rg' 9ª' u\ f, l;;f, ce|v,
DofUg;] fO6 cflb . l;;f, sfO] nf, tfdf, h:tf, k|fj[mlts
kf| j[mlts Uof;, Uof; cflb .
DofUg];fO6, lgsn,
;'g cflb .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 229 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
$= k|fjm[ lts sf;] L 6Kk' Onfd, e8] 6] f/, bfdg, s~rghª3\ f,
÷;f+:jm[ lts jGohGt' cf/If0f, sf7df8f,}F aGbLk/' , ;u/dfyf,
;f}Gbo{ lrtjg /fli6o«
lgj'm~h, albo{ f kfv] /f, ;'v]t{ , vKt8 nfd6fª,
Ifq] cflb . cGgk"0f{, /f/f,
/fli6«o lgj'm~h ;]kmfS] ;G' 8f,]
cflb . ckL, :fk} fn
cflb .
gk] fn Ps efu} fl] ns ljljwtf ePsf] dn' s' xf] . of] Kff| j[mlts ;Dkbfn] el/k"0f{
d'n's xf] . oxfF km/s km/s lsl;dsf] df6f], vlgh, jg tyf hn;f| t] h:tf kf| j[mlts
;Dkbfx¿ kfOG5g\ . o;sf] kf| jm[ lts ;G' b/tfn] cfly{s ljsf;df 7n' f] dbt
ku' ]sf] 5 . oxfFsf gbLx¿ l;FrfO, vfgk] fgL, hnljBt' \ tyf hnljxf/sf lglDt
cToGt} pkof]uL 5g\ . b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu oL ljljw kf| j[mlts ;Dkbfsf] ;dl' rt
ko| f]u tyf ljsf; ug{' cfjZos 5 .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= kf7df lbOPsf] tflnsfdf cGo tYox¿ yk u/L sIffsf]7fsf] kb| z{gL kf6Ldf
6fF:gx' f];\ .
@= bz] sf] ljsf;sf nflu pknAw k|fjm[ lts ;f| ]t;fwgsf] pkofu] s;/L
ugk{' 5{ < ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn ugx'{ f;] \ .
jb] fGt 230 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
-s_ kf| jm[ lts ;f| ]tsf] kl/efiff Ps jfSodf lbgx' f];\ .
-v_ g]kfnsf gbLx¿ slt k|sf/sf 5g\ <
-u_ tkfO{Fsf] jl/kl/ kfOg] j'mg} @ vlghsf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .
-3_ tkfO{F a;f]af; u/]sf] glhjm} kg]{ @ cf6] f gbLsf] gfd n]Vg'xf;] \ .
@= gk] fnsf kf| jm[ lts ;|ft] ;fwgsf] ljsf; ug]{ jm' g} # cf]6f pkfox¿
n]Vgx' f;] \ .
#= æ g]kfn hn;f| ]tdf wgL /fi6« xf] .Æ eGg] egfOnfO{ k|:6 kfg'{xf;] \ .
$= g]kfnsf] jg ;DkbfnfO{ s;/L pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 <
;fyLx¿;uF 5nkmn u//] nV] gx' f;] \ .
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfOF{ a;fa] f; u/]sf] jl/kl/ kfOg] ljleGg k|fj[mlts ;|ft] x¿sf] gfd
nv] L tL ;|f]tx¿sf b'O{ bO' { cf6] f pkof]lutf nV] g'xf];\ .
kf| jm[ lts ;|f]tx¿sf] gfd pkofl] utf
!=
@=
#=
$=
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 231 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 gS;f sfo{
&=( (Map Work)
xfdL a;f]af; u/s] f Ifq] df ePsf ljljw tYox¿sf af/d] f xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L
xg' ' h?/L x'G5 . cfÇgf] ufpkF flnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;f klxrfg ug]{ / ToxfF
ePsf ljleGg tYox¿nfO{ gS;fdf b]vfpg ;Sgk' 5{ . oxfsF f a:tL, 3/, dlGb/,
uD' af, dl:hb, luhf{3/, kf6L, kf}jf, kfv] /L, ;8s, hª\un, ljBfno, vn] d}bfg,
kn' , j'mnf,] v]tLkftLsf] If]q, c:ktfnx¿ sxfF sxfF k5g{ \ < ltgLx¿sf] hfgsf/L
xg' ' cfjZos xG' 5 . xfdL a;f]af; u/s] f] ufpkF flnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] km} nfj6
s:tf] 5 < o;sf l5d]sL kflnsfx¿ jm' g jm' g xg' \ < eGg] j'm/fsf] hfgsf/L xg' '
h?/L x'G5 .
p
%!
$ #@
^ & ( uf}/fbx gu/kflnsf
*
!= gu/kflnsf d/] f] gu/kflnsfsf] ljj/0f
@= lhNnf Uff/} fbx
#= k|bz] emfkf
kb| z] g+= !
j]bfGt 232 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
$= pQ/ sdn ufpkF flnsf
%= blIf0f Uff}/Lu~h ufpkF flnsf
^ Kfj" { Uff}/Lu~h / sdn ufpFkflnsf
&= klZrd /tj' fdfO{ gu/kflnsf -df]/ª_
dfly plNnlvt ljj/0f ;Fu;uF } xfdf| ] kflnsfsf] ljj/0f klg yfxf xg' ' h?/L
xG' 5 . oL kflnsf / j8fx¿sf l;dfgfx¿ jm] j]m x'g\ < l;dfgfnfO{ j]m jm] n] 5'6o\ fPsf
5g\ < h:tf jm' /fx¿ hfGg'k5{ . o:tf k|zf;lgs PsfOx¿nfO{ gbL, ;8s, hªu\ n,
j'mnf], eGHofª cflbn] 5'6o\ fPsf xG' 5g\ . dfly pNnv] ul/Psf] gu/kflnsfsf
l;dfgfx¿ gbL / ;8sn] 56' \ofPsf 5g\ . tkfO“{ a;fa] f; u/]sf] kflnsfsf] cj:yf
s:tf] 5 < o:tf tYox¿nfO{ bv] fpg gS;fdf jm] s:tf ;ª\j]mtx¿ k|of]u ul/G5g\<
tnsf] tflnsfdf x]g{'xf];\ M
tYox¿ ;ªs\ ]t tYox¿ ;ª\s]t
gbL Dfl:hb
;8s u'Daf
ljdfg:yn luhf{3/
;x/ Kff]v/L ,
eGHofª 3/÷a:tL
cfB} fl] us Ifq] Kfn'
dlGb/ sn' f÷] k}gL÷gx/
lj|mofsnfk
gS;fdf bv] fpg k|ofu] ul/g] tYo / ;ªj\ ]mtx¿nfO{ Pp6f rf6{
kk] /df 7n' f cIf/ agfO{ sIffsf7] fsf] kb| zg{ L kf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 233 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M
-s_ tkfO“s{ f] ufpkF flnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] gfd nV] g'xf];\ .
-v_ tkfOs“{ f] kflnsfsf] l;dfgf j]m jm] n] 56' \ofPsf] 5 <
-u_ tfn / eGHofª b]vfpg jm] s:tf ;ª\jm] tx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 <
-3_ tkfO{“ a;fa] f; ug]{ j8fdf slt cf6] f ljBfnox¿ 5g\ < vfh] L u/]/
n]Vgx' f];\ .
@= cfˆgf] :yfgLo txsf] gS;f sf]/L cfˆgf] ufpF 6f]n b]vfpgx' f];\ .
#= dfly tflnsfdf lbOPsf tYo / ;ª\jm] tnfO{ rf6{ k]k/df ;f//]
sIffsf]7fdf k:| t't ugx{' f;] \ .
$= tkfO{“ a;fj] f; ug]{ kflnsfsf] ljj/0f bv] fpg] tflnsf
agfpgx' f;] \ .
%= tkfOsF{ f] sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf] b'O{ cf]6f ;d"x agfpgx' f];\ / cfˆgf]
ljBfno /xs] f] kflnsfsf] gS;f sf]/L w]/e} Gbf w]/} tYox¿ e//]
sIffsf]7fdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .
j]bfGt 234 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 ljkt\ Joj:yfkgM cfunfuL,
89n] f] tyf af9Lklx/f]
&=!)
(Disaster management: Fire, Wildfire,
Flood and Landslide)
kf| jm[ lts k|sf]k / dxfdf/Lsf sf/0f hgwgsf] Iflt eO{ cfkt\sfnLg cj:yf l;h{gf
xg' ' ljkt\ xf] . e"sDk, af9Lklx/f], ;g' fdL, cfwF L, x/' Latf; cflb k|fj[mlts ljkt\
xg' \ . 89n] f], cfunfuL h:tf u/} k|fjm[ lts ljkt\ dflg;sf] c;fjwfgLk"0f{ ultljlwn]
ubf{ x'g] ljkt\ x'g\ . o:tf ljktn\ ] xfd|f] 3/, ;DklQ, kzr' fk} fof, afnLgfnL cflb
gfz u/fpF5 . o;af6 dfgj hLjgdf Iflt xG' 5 . dflg;x¿ 3fOt] tyf ckfª\u x'g
;S5g\ . To;n} ] ljkt\af6 x'g] hf]lvdnfO{ Gog" Ls/0f ug{sf lglDt o;af/d] f ;r]t
x'gk' 5{ . ljkt\ xg' k' "j{ ;fjwfgL ckgfpg ;j]mdf o:tf ;DefJo IfltnfO{ Gog" Ls/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ljBfno / ;d'bfodf ljkt\sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ /
;an} fO{ ;r]t u/fpg] ugk'{ 5{ . o; kf7df xfdL cfunfuL, 89n] f] / af9Lklx/f] h:tf
ljkts\ f af/d] f 5nkmn u5f{}F .
cfunfuL
cfunfuL eg]sf] crfgs cfuf] nfu]/
wghgsf] Iflt xg' ] cj:yf xf] . of]
dfgjLo c;fjwfgLn] ubf{ l;hg{ f xg' ] Ps
k|sf/sf] ljkt\ xf] . cfunfuLaf6 aRg] /
o:tf ljkt\df k/]sfx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg
ug{] pkfox¿sf af/d] f rrf{ u/f}F M
kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 235 cfunfuL
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
jb] fGt
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cfunfuLaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ M
-s_ cfuf] afNg] j:tx' ¿ h:t} ;nfO{ / nfO6/ afnaflnsfn] ge]6g\ ] 7fpdF f
/fVgk' 5{ .
-v_ ksfpg] sfd ;lsPkl5 efG;fdf Uof; /]un' ]6/ aGb ug'k{ 5{ .
-u_ jghª\unsf] 5p] 5fpdf cfuf] afNg' x'bF g} .
-3_ 3/df ljB'tLo ;fdfgx¿ xfl] ;of/k"j{s rnfpg'k5{ .
-ª_ ljBt' Lo ;fdfgx¿sf] cj:yf hfFr ul//xgk' 5{ .
cfunfuLdf k/]sfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg
ljkt\df k/s] f dflg;x¿nfO{ ul/g] p4f/, k'g:yfk{ gf / ljkt\sf] hf]lvd Gog" Ls/0f
cflb sfon{ fO{ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg elgG5 . ljkts\ f] Joj:yfkg sfo{ Ps dxŒjk"0f{
sfo{ xf] . cfunfuLsf sf/0f ljktd\ f k/s] f dflg;x¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ lgDg
pkfox¿ cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 M
-s_ cfunfuL ePsf] Ifq] df uO{ ljktd\ f k/]sfx¿sf] vfh] L tyf p4f/ ug,]{
-v_ cfunfuL cGt km} ng glbg l56f] cfuf] lgefpg,]
-u_ cfunfuLdf k/]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;/' lIft 7fpdF f nh} fg,]
-3_ cfunfuLaf6 3fOt] ePsfx¿nfO{ t?' Gt c:ktfn nh} fg,]
-ª_ cfunfuLsf sf/0f ljktd\ f k/]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ t?' Gt vfg] / a:g] 7fpsF f]
Joj:yf ug,{]
-r_ cfunfuLaf6 kLl8t JolSt tyf kl/jf/nfO{ k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ .
jb] fGt 236 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
89]nf]
;S' vf ofddf jghªu\ ndf nfUg] cfunfuLnfO{ 89]nf] elgG5 . 89n] f] Ps
k|sf/sf] 8/nfUbf] ljkt\ xf] . of] dflg;x¿sf] c;fjwfgLn] ubf{ lglDtG5 .
89]nfn] jghª\unsf la?jf / hgfj/df Iflt k'¥ofp5F . o;n] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f u/L
dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf g/fd|f] c;/ kf5{ . jghªu\ ndf 89]nf] nfUbf xflgsf/s tj' fFnf]
nfU5 / dfgj :jf:Yodf g/fdf| ] c;/ kf5{ . lj=;=+ @)&& ;fn kmfu'gdf xflgsf/s
t'jfFnf]sf sf/0f jm] xL lbg ljBfnox¿ aGb ul/Psf] lyof] . 89]nfn] jftfj/0f
/ dfgj hLjgdf g/fd|f] c;/ kg]{ x'gfn] o;sf] lgoGq0fdf xfdL ;a}n] Wofg lbg'
cfjZos 5 . o;sf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
• ;S' vf ofddf jg Ifq] df a9L lgu/fgL a9fpg,]
• o:tf] ;dodf jghªu\ nsf] j/k/ cfuf] gafNg,]
• jghªu\ ndf jgef]h vfg] sfon{ fO{ lgoGq0f ug]{,
• 89n] f] nfUg] sf/0f / o;sf c;/sf af/d] f ;d'bfodf hgr]tgf km} nfpg] .
af9Lklx/f] af9L
‘af9Lklx/f’] zAb ‘af9L’ / ‘klx/f]’ j]bfGt
b'O{ cf]6f zAbx¿ ldn]/ ags] f] zAb ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
xf] . af9Lsf] cy{ gbL, vfn] f cflbdf
a;ft{ sf a]nfdf kfgLsf] ;tx a9\g' eGg]
x'G5 . o;/L kfgLsf] dfqf jl[ 4n] ubf{ gbL
jl/kl/sf] efudf s6fg x'G5 . gbLsf]
5]p5fp s6fg x'Fbf gbLn] ?vla?jf,
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 237
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
3/v]t tyf cGo ;+/rgf aufpF5 . To;} u/L cTolws jiff{ xbF' f kxf8sf] le/fnf]
efu wl;g] jf 8f8F fx¿ aUg] xG' 5 . o:tf] k|fjm[ lts cj:yfnfO{ klx/f] elgG5 .
af9Lklx/fn] ubf{ wghgsf] Iflt xG' 5 . af6f], k'n, 3/x¿ cflb h:tf k"jf{wf/x¿
elTsG5g\ . To;}n] o;nfO{ Ps hl6n k|fj[mlts ljkts\ f ¿kdf lnOG5 . af9Lklx/f]
lgoGq0fsf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M
• gbLsf 5]p5fp / le/fnf] hldgdf jI[ f/f]k0f ug{,]
• kxf8L Ifq] df af6f]3f6fs] f] lgdf{0f sfo{ j}1flgs 9ª\un] ug,]{
• gbL lsgf/df t6aGw lgdf0{ f ug]{,
• gbL lsgf/df ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f gug]{ .
lj|mofsnfk
!= sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/L ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf ljBfnosf]
e"ldsf pNnv] ug{'xf];\ .
@= 3/df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿lar 5nkmn u/L kl/jf/ / ;db' fon] ljkt\
Joj:yfkgdf v]Ng ;Sg] e"ldsfsf] a'Fbf l6kf]6 ugx{' f;] \ . To;nfO{
sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f;] \ .
jb] fGt 238 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tn lbOPsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ ljkt\ eGgfn] j]m a'‰g'x'G5 <
-v_ 89]nfa] f6 aRg] jm' g} Ps pkfo nV] gx' f];\ .
-u_ tkfO“s{ f] 3/5p] df cfunfuLsf] 36gf xb'F f tkfO“{n] rfNg ;Sg] j'mg} Ps
sbd pNnv] ug{x' f;] \ .
-3_ af9Laf6 aRg] jm' g} Ps pkfo nV] gx' f];\ .
@= cfunfuL, 89]nf,] af9Lklx/f] Hf:tf ljkt\df ug{ ;lsg] ljm| ofsnfkx¿
tnsf] tflnsfdf nV] gx' f];\ .
j|m= ;+= ljkt\x¿ ljkt\ cfpg'kj" { ljkt\sf] ;do ljktk\ Zrft\
! cfunfuL
@ 89]nf]
# Aff9Lklx/f]
#= tkfO“{ a;fa] f; ug'{ePsf] :yfgLo Ifq] df ePsf] ljkts\ f ;DaGwdf
Pp6f klqsfdf k|sfzgsf nflu ;dfrf/ tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .
$= ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf ljBfno / ;db' fosf] el" dsf pNnv] ub}{
ljbz] df a:g] ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vgx' f];\ .
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 239 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
PsfO j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
8 xfdf| ] hg;ªV\ of
(Our Population)
PsfO kl/ro M
o; PsfOdf xfdL hg;ªV\ of / hg;fªl\ VosLsf] kl/ro Pjd\ hg;ª\Vofsf tŒj
/ tYofªs\ sf ;f| ]tx¿sf] hfgsf/Lsf ;fy} hg;fª\lVosLsf] cj:yfsf af/] 1fg
lng] 5fF} . xfdLn] g]kfndf /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] Pl] txfl;s k[i7el" d s:tf] /x]sf] 5 /
hgu0fgf s;/L ul/G5 eGg]af/] klg hfGg] 5f}F . To;} u/L hg:fª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf]
kl/ro / dxŒjsf] 1fg lnO{ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿af/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ug]{
5f}F . o; PsfOsf] cWoogkZrft\ l;sf?x¿df ljleGg l;sfO l;k, /rgfTds ;fr]
l;k, ;dfnfr] gfTds ;fr] fO l;k, :jJoj:yfkg l;k Pjd\ ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf;
u/L ;xsfo,{ ;xof]u tyf ;dfg'el" tsf] efjgf ljsf; x'g] ck]Iff kf7o\ jm| dn] lnPsf]
5 . ljleGg lrq, jQ[ lrq, tflnsf, rf6{, /]vflrq, hgu0fgfsf] kf:] 6/, lj1fkg,
j]bfGt 240 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
;Gb]z, k~hLs/0fsf] gd'gf kmf/fd cflb kb| z{g ub}{ dfly plNnlvt ljleGg
l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿n] lgDg l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug{] 5g\ M
• hg;ª\Vof / hg;fª\lVosLsf] kl/ro lbO{ ;ªV\ ofsf tŒj / tYofªs\ sf ;f| ]t
j0f{g ug{,
• gk] fndf /fli6o« hgu0fgfsf] Pl] txfl;s ki[ 7e"ld atfpg / hgu0fgf kl| j|mof pNnv]
ug,{
• gk] fnsf] hg;fªl\ VosLsf] cj:yfnfO{ tflnsf, rf6{ jf /]vflrqdf k:| t't ug,{
• Hfg:fªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfO{ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{ .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 241 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 hg;ªV\ of /
hg;fªl\ VosLsf] kl/ro
*=!
(Introduction to Population and Demography)
hg;ªV\ ofsf] kl/ro (Introduction to Population)
xfdL kY[ jLsf] jm' g} Ps 7fpdF f a;f]af; ul//xs] f 5fF} . xfdf| ] jl/kl/ c¿ dflg;x¿
klg a;f]af; ul//x]sf 5g\ . xfdL a;]sf] If]qdf a;fa] f; ug]{ log} dflg;x¿sf]
;ªV\ of g} oxfFsf] hg;ª\Vof xf] . hg;ª\Vofsf] zflAbs cy{ dflg;sf]
;ªV\ of eGg] x'G5 . j'mg} lglZrt 7fp,F ufpF, ;x/, lhNnf, If]q jf bz] leq lglZrt
;dodf a;fa] f; ug{] ;a} j]m6fjm] 6L, oj' fo'jtL, dlxnf, k'?if / j[4j[4fx¿sf] hDdf
;ªV\ ofnfO{ g} hg;ªV\ of elgG5 . xfdf| ] cfÇg} kl/jf/df cfdf, a'af, bfh,' efO,
xh/' cfdf, xh'/aa' f cflb ;b:o xg' x' G' 5 . xfdL ;a}sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof g} xfd|f]
kl/jf/sf] hg;ª\Vof xf] .
hg;ªV\ of ultzLn x'G5 . hg;ª\Vof ;a} ;dodf / ;a} 7fpFdf Pj}m lsl;dsf]
xbF' }g . 7fpF / ;docg;' f/ hg;ªV\ of klg km/s km/s x'G5 . a;f]af; ug{] 7fpsF f]
;v' , ;'ljwf, efu} fl] ns cj:yf / jftfj/0f cflbn] hg;ªV\ ofdf ke| fj kf5{ .
;xh efu} f]lns cj:yf, /fdf| ] a:g of]Uo jftfj/0f / /fd|f] ;'ljwf ePsf 7fpFdf
hg;ªV\ of a9L xG' 5 . oL ;a} ;l' jwfx¿ gePsf 7fpdF f hg;ªV\ of sd x'G5 . jm' g}
klg bz] jf 7fpsF f] hg;ª\Vof hgu0fgfaf6 kQf nfU5 . b]zel/sf ;a} 3/b}nfd] f
Pjm} ;dodf k'uL kl/jf/ tyf kl/jf/sf kT| o]s JolStsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ljj/0f
;ª\sng ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hgu0fgf elgG5 .
g]kfndf lj=;=+ !(^* ;fndf klxnf] hgu0fgf ePsf] lyof] . xfdf| ] bz] df x/s] !)
j]bfGt 242 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
jifd{ f hgu0fgf ul/G5 . lj=;=+ @)^* df hgu0fgfsf] !)) jif{ k/" f ePsf] 5 . o;
jif{df ul/Psf] hgu0fgf P3f/f}F hgu0fgf xf] . o; hgu0fgfcg';f/ xfd|f] bz] df hDdf
hg;ª\Vof @ s/f8] ^$ nfv ($ xhf/ %)$ /xs] f] 5 . h;df k?' ifsf] hg;ª\Vof
! s/f]8 @* nfv $(xhf/ )$! / dlxnfsf] hg;ª\Vof ! s/f8] #^ nfv $% xhf/
$^# /xs] f] 5 .
dxŒj (Importance)
jm' g} klg ;dfh / b]zsf] ljsf; cfhsf] clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . ;dfh / bz] sf] ljsf;df
hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfjZostf k5{ . x/s] dflg;n] ;'v ;'ljwf rfxG5 . b]zsf] ljsf;
/fd|f];uF ePdf x/s] JolStn] ;v' ;'ljwf kf| Kt ug{ ;S5 . b]z ljsf; ug{ bIf
hgzlSt / k|fj[mlts ;f| ]t ;fwgsf] plrt ko| f]u ug{'k5{ . b]zsf] ;fdflhs tyf
cfly{s ljsf; ug{ hg;ªV\ of geO{ x'“bg} . j'mg} b]zdf hg;ª\Vof sd ePdf ToxfF
;|f]t;fwgsf] k|ofu] sd x'G5 . To;} u/L hg;ª\Vof a9L ePsf] b]zdf ;f| t] ;fwgsf]
cefj x'G5 . To;n} ] hg;ª\VofnfO{ ljsf; ljm| ofsnfksf] dxŒjk0" f{ sf/s tŒj
dflgG5 . x/s] bz] df ePsf] ;f| ]t;fwgsf] plrt k|of]u u/L ;'gfn} f] eljio lgdf{0f
ug{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] dxŒj 5 .
hg;fª\lVosLsf] kl/ro (Introduction to Demography)
hg;fªl\ VosLsf] cª\u|]hL zAb 8]df]uf| kmL (Demography) lus| efiffaf6 cfPsf]
xf] . of] ‘Demos' / 'Graphy' eGg] zAbx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . lu|s efiffdf Demos
sf] cy{ dflg; / Graphy sf] cy{ cWoog eGg] xG' 5 . t;y{ dfgj hg;ª\Vofsf]
cWoog ug{] ljifonfO{ g} 8]dfu] f| kmL (Demography) elgG5 . of] hg;ª\Vofsf]
cfsf/, agf]6 / kl/jtg{ sf ;DaGwdf j1} flgs cWoog ug{] zf:q xf] . ;jk{ |yd
;g\ !^^@ df a]nfotsf ljåfg\ hf]g u|fG6 (John Graunt) n] dT[ ob' /;DaGwL
cWoog u/L hg;fªl\ VosLsf] ljifodf cWoog ;?' u/]sf lyP . To;}n] pgnfO{
kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 243 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
hg;fª\lVosL ljifosf lktf (Father of Demography) klg elgG5 t/
hg;fªl\ VosL zAbsf] ko| fu] eg] ;j{k|yd a]lNhodsf gful/s clsn] u'nf8{
(Achille Guilard) n] u/]sf x'g\ .
hg;fªl\ VosLsf tŒjx¿ (Components of Demography)
hGd, d[To' / a;fO;F /fOn] hg;ªV\ ofdf kT| oIf k|efj kf5{g\ . oL tŒjx¿n]
hg;ª\Vof a9g\ ] / 36g\ ] jm' /fnfO{ lgwf/{ 0f u5g{ \ . j'mg} 7fpdF f hGdb/ jl[ 4 x'Fbf / cGo
7fpaF f6 dflg;x¿ a;fOF ;/]/ cfpFbf To; 7fpFsf] hg;ªV\ of a95\ . dflg;x¿sf]
d[To' x'Fbf / dflg;x¿ a;fOF ;/]/ cGoq hfbF f hg;ªV\ of 36\5 . hg;fªl\ VosLdf
hGd, dT[ o' / a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0f hg;ªV\ ofdf jm] s:tf] kl/jtg{ cfof] eg/] cWoog
ul/G5 . o;df hGdb/, dT[ ob' / / a;fObF /sf] u0fgf u/L ljZni] f0f ul/G5 . ctM hGd,
d[To' / a;fOF;/fO hg;fª\lVosLsf tŒjx¿ xg' \ .
hg;fªl\ VosLsf tTTjx¿
hGd d[To' a;fO{;“ /fO
j]bfGt 244 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
!= hGd (Birth) :
hGd lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rln/xg] kf| j[mlts kl| jm| of xf] . lzz' cfdfsf] z/L/af6
5'6l\ 6bF f hLljt lj|mofsnfkx¿ h:t}M Zjf; km] g,]{ z/L/sf cªu\ rnfpg,] ?g],
s/fpg] cflb u¥of] eg] To;nfO{ hGd elgG5 . o;n] j'mg} 7fpF jf b]zsf]
hg;ªV\ of a9fp5F . To;n} ] hGd hg;fª\lVosLsf] Ps dxŒjk0" f{ kf| jm[ lts
tŒj xf] .
@= dT[ o' (Death) :
jm' g} kf| 0fLn] o; k[YjLdf hGd lnPkZrft\ p;sf hLljt k|df0fx¿ h:t†} /St
;~rf/, Zjf;kZ| jf;, rfn cflb ;wn}F fO{ nfk] eP/ hfg'nfO{ d[To' elgG5 .
d[To' hg;fªl\ VosL k|lj|mofsf] bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ k|fj[mlts tŒj dflgG5 . o;n]
hg;ª\Vof 36fpF5 .
#= a;fOF;{ /fO (Migration) :
cfkm" a;]sf] 7fpF 5f8] /] csf{] Ifq] df a;f]af;sf nflu hfg] k|ljm| ofnfO{
a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . a;fO;F{ /fOn] hg;ªV\ ofdf 36a9 u5{ . jm' g} Ps
7fpaF f6 a;fOF ;//] cGoq hfbF f To; 7fpFsf] hg;ª\Vof 365\ . To;} u/L
cGoqaf6 a;fOF ;//] cfpFbf ToxfFsf] hg;ª\Vofdf jl[ 4 xG' 5 . a;fOF;/fO
hg;fª\lVosLsf] ;fdflhs tŒj xf] .
lj|mofsnfk
!= ljleGg ;|f]tx¿sf] cWoog u/L gk] fndf a;fOF;/fOsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
s:tf] /xs] f] 5 < kQf nufpgx' f];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \ .
@= hGd, d[To' / a;fO;F /fOn] hg;ªV\ ofdf s;/L kl/jtg{ NofpF5 <
5nkmn u/L nV] g'xf;] \ .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|, 245 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
cEof;
!= tnsf vfnL 7fpdF f pkoS' t zAb /fvL jfSo k"/f ug'{xf];\ M
-s_ lj=;=+ @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fnsf] j'mn hg;ªV\ of ======= 5 .
-v_ a9L ;v' / ;'ljwf xg' ] 7fpFx¿df ========= a9L x'G5 .
-u_ j'mg} klg bz] sf] ljsf;sf nflu =======sf] cfjZostf k5{ .
-3_ dflg;sf hLljt lj|mofsnfksf] cGTo x'g'nfO{ ============elgG5 .
-ª_ j'mg} Ps 7fpFaf6 dflg;x¿ a;fOF ;/]/ cGoq hfFbf ToxfsF f] hg;ª\Vof
========= .
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M
-s_ hg;ªV\ of eg]sf] jm] xf] < hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒj cfÇg} zAbdf nV] g'xf;] \ .
-v_ æhg;ª\Vof ;a} 7fpdF f Psgf;sf] geO{ km/s km/s xG' 5 .Æ jm] tkfO{F“ o;
egfO;Fu ;xdt xg' 'x'G5 < tjm{ lbg'xf];\ .
-u_ hg;ªV\ of / hg;fª\lVosLsf larsf] km/s 56' o\ fpgx' f];\ .
-3_ hg;fªl\ VosLsf tŒjx¿sf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbgx' f];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfO{sF f] ;d'bfosf cu|h JolStTjx¿nfO{ ;fw] L ljut @ jifd{ f ePsf
hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOsf 36gfsf] tYofªs\ ;ªs\ ng ug{'xf];\ . pSt
tYofª\snfO{ ljZni] f0f u/L Ps cg'R5]b nV] gx' f];\ .
j]bfGt 246 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
Kff7 hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf ;|f]tx¿
*=@ (Sources of Population Data)
dfgj hg;ª\Vofsf] ljljw kIfsf af/]df hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] ;"rsx¿nfO{
hg;ª\Vof tYofªs\ elgG5 . hGd, dT[ o', ljjfx, a;fO;F /fO, pd/] , lnª\u,
j}jflxs l:ylt, /fli6«otf, wd{, dft[efiff, Joj;fo cflb hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL
ljljw kIfx¿ x'g\ . logsf af/]df hfgsf/L lbg] ;r" sfª\sx¿nfO{ hg;ª\Vof
tYofª\ssf ;f| t] x¿ elgG5 . b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf efl} ts
ljsf;sf pko'St gLlt tyf sfo{j|md thd{' f ug{'k5{ . o;sf nflu hg;ªV\ of
tYofªs\ sf] cfjZostf k5{ . hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL tYofª\s k|fKt ug]{ ljleGg ;f| ]
tx¿nfO{ lgDg b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/G5 M
hg;fª\lVos tYofª\s ;ªs\ ngsf ;f| ]tx¿
k|fylds ;|f]tx¿ låtLos ;|ft] x¿
(Primary source) (Secondary source)
• hgu0fgf Kff7\ok:' tsx¿
• k~hLs/0f k|0ffnL • dgfu] |fkm
• gdg' f ;jI]{ f0f cfjlws dv' kq
• kz| f;sLo nut • cg;' Gwfg k|ltj]bg
• hg;ªV\ of clenv] • jflifs{ tYofª\sLo k'l:tsf
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 247 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
!= kf| ylds ;|ft] (Primary source)
j'mg} klg JolSt, ;ª\3;+:yf jf lgsfosf] kT| oIf ;+nUgtf jf kl/rfngdf
;ªs\ ng u/s] f tYofª\snfO{ k|fylds tYofªs\ elgG5 . o; ks| f/sf tYofª\s
;ªs\ ng ug{] ;|ft] nfO{ kf| ylds tYofªs\ sf] ;f| t] elgG5 . hgu0fgf, gdg' f ;jI{] f0f,
k~hLs/0f k|0ffnL, kz| f;sLo nut, hg;ªV\ of btf{ kl' :tsf cflb hg;ª\Vof
tYofª\ssf kf| ylds ;f| t] x¿ xg' \ . tLdWo] j]mxLsf] 5f6] f] JofVof oxfF ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ hgu0fgf (Census) M
k|foM h;f] !) jif{sf] cGt/fndf k|Tos] JolStsf] ljljw kIfx¿sf af/]df
;"rgf ;ªs\ ng ug{] sfon{ fO{ hgu0fgf elgG5 . hgu0fgfdf kT| o]s JolStsf]
pd]/, lnªu\ , /fli6o« tf, wd{, dfte[ fiff, jj} flxs l:ylt, Joj;fo cflbsf
af/d] f ;r" gf ;ª\sng ug{] sfd ul/G5 . o;df k|Tos] dflg;sf]
3/b}nfd] } uP/ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;uF kT| oIf e]6L ;r" gf ;ª\sng ul/G5 .
To;}n] hgu0fgfnfO{ ljZj;gLo hg;fªl\ VosL ;|ft] dflgG5 . hxfF jf:tljs
pkl:ylt, jw} flgs pkl:ylt cyjf ;w' fl/Psf] ljlwaf6 ;r" gf ;ª\sng
ul/G5 .
-v_ k~hLs/0f (Vital Registration) M
hGd, ljjfx, ;DaGw ljR5]b, a;fO;F /fO / d[To' h:tf JolStut 36gf
btf{ ug{,] clen]v /fVg] / cBfjlws ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k~hLs/0f elgG5 .
o;nfO{ JolStut 36gf btf{ klg elgG5 . k~hLs/0f hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL
tYofªs\ sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf] . xfdf| ] b]zdf hgu0fgf k|Tos] !)÷!)
jif{df dfq x'g] x'gfn] Ps hgu0fgfaf6 csf]{ hgu0fgf cjlwe/ slt dflg;
hlGdP < slt d/] < sltsf] ljjfx eof] < sltsf] ;DaGw ljR5b] eof] < /
slt kl/jf/ a;fOF ;/] < cflbsf] cBfjlws ug{sf nflu k~hLs/0f ul/G5 .
jb] fGt 248 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
gk] fndf lj=;+= @)#$ ;fn j}zfv ! uta] f6 k~hLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf ;'?
ePsf] xf] . k~hLs/0fn] sfgg' adf]lhd /fHoaf6 ;'ljwf lng, gful/stf k|fKt
ug{ / ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . o;n] lglZrt ;d'bfosf] jf:tljs
hg;ª\Vofsf] tYofªs\ jf ;"rgf k|bfg u5{ . ljleGg lgsfoaf6 xg' ] gLlt
lgdf0{ fdf ;xof]u u5{ .
-u_ gdg' f ;j]I{ f0f (Sample Survey) M
;Dk0" f{ hg;ªV\ ofdWoa] f6 gdg' fsf ¿kdf jm] xL hg;ª\Vof jf 3/kl/jf/
5fg]/ ltgLx¿sf] dfq ljj/0f ;ª\sng ul/G5 . ltgsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ k"/}
hg;ªV\ ofsf] ljz]iftfsf] ¿kdf k:| tt' ug{] sfon{ fO{ gdg' f ;j{]If0f elgG5 .
of] klg hg;ªV\ of;DaGwL tYofª\s k|fKt ug{] Ps dxŒjk0" f{ ;|ft] xf] .
-3_ kz| f;sLo nut (Administrative Record) M
ljleGg sfof{nox¿n] cfcfÇgf] sfof{nosf] ko| f]hgsf nflu ;]jfuf| xLx¿sf]
JolStut ljj/0f /fV5g\ . pSt ljj/0fnfO{ k|zf;sLo nut elgG5 . :j'mn
egf{ nut, gful/stfsf] nut, 6]lnkmfg] 8fO/]S6/L, dtbftf gfdfjnL cflb
o;sf pbfx/0fx¿ xg' \ . st} st} o;nfO{ cfl+ zs clen]v klg elgG5 .
k|zf;sLo nutn] k~hLs/0f / cGo ;jI]{ f0fx¿df ;3fp k'¥ofp5F .
-ª_ hg;ª\Vof clen]v (Population Record) M
j'mg} Ps hgf dflg;sf] hGdbl] v dT[ o';Dd ePsf ljleGg JolStut 36gfx¿sf]
clenv] /fVg] k|0ffnLnfO{ hg;ª\Vof clenv] elgG5 . o;nfO{ hg;ªV\ of
btf{ kl' :tsf klg elgG5 . o;df JolStsf] hLjgdf 3l6t ljj/0fx¿ h:t†}
lzIff, /fh] uf/, ljjfx, a;fOF;/fO cflbsf] clen]v /flvG5 . of] k0| ffnL a9L
vlr{nf] / bIf hgzlStsf] cfjZostf kg{] xg' fn] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx¿eGbf
ljsl;t bz] x¿df a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 249 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
-@_ låtLos ;f| ]t (Secondary source)
hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL tYofªs\ x¿ jm' g} JolSt, ;ª\3;:+ yf jf lgsfon]
k|ToIf ;ªs\ ng gu/L cGo ;f| ]taf6 klg lnPsf xG' 5g\ . o:tf hg;fªl\ VosL
tYofªs\ nfO{ låtLos tYofª\s elgG5 . o; k|sf/sf tYofª\s ;ªs\ ng
ug{] ;|ft] nfO{ låtLos tYofª\ssf ;|ft] elgG5 . kf7o\ k:' ts, kqklqsf, ;|ft]
k:' ts, jflif{s hg;ªV\ of kl| tjb] g, cg;' Gwfg k|ltjb] g, cGt/f{li6«o ks| fzg cflb
hg;ªV\ of tYofª\ssf låtLos ;f| t] xg' \ .
ljm| ofsnfk
!= hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL tYofªs\ sf ;f| t] x¿ pNn]v u/L Pp6f rf6{ kk] /df
tflnsf tof/ ug'{xf;] \ / sIffdf k|bzg{ ug'x{ f];\ .
@= hg;ª\Vof tYofªs\ sf ;f| t] x¿sf] dxŒj j0f{g ub{} Ps cg'R5]b
nV] g'xf];\ / sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\ .
cEof;
!= tnsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s -√_ lrx\g / a]l7s eP al] 7s
-×_ lrx\g nufpg'xf;] \ M
-s_ gk] fndf kT| os] %÷% jifd{ f hgu0fgf ul/G5 . - _
-v_ k~hLs/0fn] sfg'gadf]lhd /fHoaf6 ;'ljwf lng ;xof]u u5{ . - _
-u_ k|zf;sLo nutnfO{ cfl+ zs clen]v klg elgG5 . - _
jb] fGt 250 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t
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vedanta samajik book 6 CTP (2078) Final
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