vedanta samajik book 6 CTP (2078) Final

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nfs] tGqsf /fdf| kIfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ /
sIffsf] ;"rgfkf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ nfs] tGq egs] f] j]m xf] <
-v_ cd]l/sL /fi6k« lt caf| xd lnªs\ gn] lbPsf] kh| ftGqsf] kl/efiff

n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-u_ gk] fndf slxnb] ]lv kh| ftGqnfO{ nf]stGq eGg yflnPsf] xf] <
-3_ nf]stGqdf s;n] sfg'gsf] lgdf0{ f u5{ <

@= nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ugx{' f];\ .

#= nf]stGqdf lgjf{rgsf] dxŒjsf af/d] f cfˆgf] ljrf/ k|:tt'
ugx'{ f;] \ .

$= ænf]stGqdf axd' tsf] lg0f{o xg' ] eP tfklg cNkdtsf] klg
sb/ ul/G5 .Æ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf;] \ .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 101 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 afnclwsf/ / stJ{ o
#=% (Child Rights and Duties)

cfh cfbz{ df=lj= sf lzIfs

g/axfb'/ u/} ] sIff ^ df afnclwsf/ /

stJ{ o eGg] kf7 cWofkg ub}{ xg' 'xG' 5 .

pxfnF ] afnclwsf/ / st{Josf] cjwf/0ff

k|:6 kfb}{ eGge' of,] æcfhsf afnaflnsf

efl] nsf bz] sf s0fw{ f/ x'g\ . afn

clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/fl{ i6«o dxf;lGw,

!(*( sf] wf/f ! sf cg';f/ afnclwsf/

afnaflnsf eGgfn] afnaflnsf;DaGwL

sfg'gn] klxn] g} aflnu x'G5 egL tf]j]msfdf afxs] !* jife{ Gbf sd pd]/sf

dflg;nfO{ a‰' g\ k' 5{ egL kl/eflift u/s] f] 5 . t/ gk] fnsf] afnaflnsf;DaGwL Pg] ,

@)$* sf] bkmf @ -s_ cg;' f/ eg] !^ jif{ pd]/ k"/f gu/s] f] JolStnfO{ afnaflnsf

;Demg'kg{] egs] f] 5 . pd]/df Ps¿ktf geP klg afnaflnsfsf] pd]/ lgwf{/0f

;Gbe{df cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08nfO{ g} cg;' /0f ug{] kr| ng a9b\ } uPsf] b]lvG5 .Æ

pxfFsf cg;' f/ afnclwsf/ afnaflnsfsf nflu ljzi] f clwsf/ xf] . ue{bl] v
afns /x'~hn] ;Dd pkef]u ug{ kfpg] ;a} clwsf/x¿ afnclwsf/leq k5g{ \ .
afnaflnsfnfO{ afn>d zfi] f0f, e]befj, oftgf, b'Jo{jxf/, ckx]ngf, a]rlavg
/ afa'cfdfaf6 cnlUugk' g]{ nufotsf l:yltaf6 ;'/lIft x'g kfpg] clwsf/ 5 .
cWofkgsf jm| ddf pxfFn] ckfªu\ tyf cgfy afnaflnsfsf nflu ljzi] f Joj:yf
x'gk' g]{ jm' /fdf ljzi] f hf8] lbg'eof] .

afnaflnsf / afnclwsf/;DaGwL cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfge{' Pkl5 pxfnF ] sIffsf

jb] fGt 102 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{'eof] . dxf;lGwn] Joj:yf u/]sf clwsf/x¿
5nkmn u/L k|:tt' ug{ k|To]s ;dx" nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ zLif{s kb| fg ug{'eof] M

;dx" ‘s’ M afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ (Right to Survival)

;dx" ‘v’ M ljsf; ug]{ clwsf/ (Right to Development)

;dx" ‘u’ M ;+/If0f kfpg] clwsf/ (Right to Protection)

;d"x ‘3’ M ;xefuL xg' ] clwsf/ (Right to Participation)

kT| o]s ;dx" n] lbOPsf] zLif{sdf 5nkmn u/L cfÇgf] kl| tjb] g sIffdf k:| t't u/] .
k|ltjb] gsf] ;f/ o;ks| f/ 5 M

-s_ afRF g kfpg] clwsf/ (Right to survival)

uefj{ :yfbl] v g} afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/cGtut{ dn" tM
afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yo pkrf/;Fusf] kxr'F / Joj:yf k5g{ \ .
jm' kfi] f0fsf] Go"gLs/0f, ;kmf lkpg] kfgLsf] Joj:yf, dftl[ zz' :jf:Yo;DaGwL
Joj:yf cflb afFRg kfpg] clwsf/leq} k5{g\ . ;fy} :jf:Yo ;]jf;DaGwL
;"rgfsf] kx'Fr, pkrf/fTds tyf lgbfgfTds :jf:Yo ;j] fsf] ljsf;, kl/jf/
lgof]hg;DaGwL Joj:yf cflb ;a} afRF g kfpg] clwsf/leq k5g{ \ .

-v_ ljsf; ug]{ clwsf/ (Right to development)

o; clwsf/cGtu{t afnaflnsfsf] zf/Ll/s, af}l4s, dfgl;s, g}lts,
cfWoflTds / ;fdflhs ljsf;;uF ;DalGwt clwsf/x¿ k5g{ \ . lzIff;DaGwL
Joj:yf, ;"rgf;DaGwL kxFr' / v]n tyf cfgGb;uF ;DalGwt clwsf/x¿
afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df ;xofu] ug]{ clwsf/x¿ x'g\ . o;sf ;fy}
ljrf/sf] :jtGqtf, wd{ / wd{;DaGwL :jtGqtf klg afnaflnsfsf] ljsf;df
;xof]u ug]{ clwsf/x¿ xg' \ . oL clwsf/x¿ ;/+ lIft xFb' f
afnaflnsfn] lzIffsf] cj;/, ljrf/sf] :jtGqtf / ;r" gf;DaGwL kxFr' kf| Kt

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 103 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

u5g{ \ . cfÇgf] wd{, ;:+ jm[ lt, rng, /Lltl/jfhcg;' f/ ;f:+ j[mlts sfoj{ m| ddf
efu lnFbf wfld{s, gl} ts Pjd\ ;fdflhs JolStTj ljsf; x'G5 . vn] j'mb /
dgf/] ~hgdf ;xefuL x'bF f pgLx¿sf] JolStTj ljsf;df ;xofu] kU' 5 .

-u_ ;/+ If0f kfpg] clwsf/ (Right to protection) M

o; ;dx" cGtut{ To:tf clwsf/x¿ k5{g\, h;n] afnaflnsfsf] afFRg
kfpg] / ljsf; xg' kfpg] jftfj/0faf6 jl~rt ug]{ sfoa{ f6 ;'/lIft u5{ .
o;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ zfi] f0f xg' ] / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfaf6
;'/lIft u5{ . hf]lvdk0" f{ jftfj/0fdf lhpgk' g{] cj:yfaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{
;'/lIft ug{] j'm/f;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} clwsf/x¿ o;cGtut{ k5{g\ .
afnaflnsfn] cleefjsaf6 kfpg] plrt x]/rfx, ;/+ If0f / dfof o;}
clwsf/cGtu{t k5{g\ .

-3_ ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ (Right to participation)M

o;cGtu{t dn" tM afnaflnsfn] cfÇgf] ljrf/ /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf, ;fdflhs
ljm| ofsnfk / kfl/jfl/s lg0fo{ k|lj|mofdf ;xefuL xg' kfpg] clwsf/x¿
k5g{ \ . afnaflnsf;uF ;DalGwt ljifodf pgLx¿n] cfÇgf] ljrf/ tyf
egfO /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'/lIft xg' t] km{ of] clwsf/sf] ljz]if hf8]
/xG5 .

cGTodf 5nkmndf ;xefuL ljBfyLx{ ¿ ;an} fO{ wGojfb lbbF }
lzIfsn] afnaflnsfsf] stJ{ ox¿ hfgsf/L u/fpg'eof] . x/]s
afnaflnsfn] cfÇgf cfdfafa,' ;/+ Ifs / cGo ;b:on] lbPsf] ;Nnfx ;e' mfj
kfngf ug{'k5{ . ljBfnosf] gLltlgod dfGg'k5{ . cfk"meGbf 7n' fnfO{ ;Ddfg /
cfb/ ugk'{ 5{ . ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug'{k5{ . 3/, l5d]s / ljBfnodf ;a};Fu ldn/]
a:gk' 5{ . ;a} afnaflnsfn] clwsf/sf] dfq j'm/f gu/L cfÇgf] stJ{ o klg
k"/f ug{'k5{ .

j]bfGt 104 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ljm| ofsnfk

!= afnclwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;j+ w{gdf tkfOx{F ¿n] jm] j]m sfd ug{
;Sgx' G' 5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nV] g'xf];\ .

@= tkfOFs{ f] If]qdf afnclwsf/ xgg ePsf] bV] ge' of] eg] tkfOF{ j]m
ugx'{ 'GYof] < cfÇgf] ljrf/ n]vL sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf jfSox¿ a]l7s 5g\ ;RofP/ cfˆgf] cEof;k'l:tsfdf

;fg{'xf];\ M

-s_ afnaflnsf 7'nf dflg;x¿;Fu afN] g} x'Fbg} .

-v_ xfd|f] ;l+ jwfgn] afnclwsf/nfO{ dfl} ns xsdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5g} .

-u_ afnaflnsfnfO{ :j:y vfgf / /fd|f] n'uf lbg' cfjZos 5g} .

-3_ kl/jf/sf] efjL ofh] gf agfpbF f afnaflnsfsf af/]df ;f]Rg'kb{g} .

@= tnsf kZ| gsf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ afnaflnsf / afnclwsf/sf] 5f6] f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-v_ xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] kb| fg u/s] f afnclwsf/x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf;] \ .

-u_ tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ s;/L pkofu] ePsf] 5 <
5f]6s/Ldf pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \ .

-3_ afnaflnsfsf] clwsf/ ;+/If0f / ;+jwg{ df kl/jf/sf] s:tf] e"ldsf
/xG5 < a'Fbfut ¿kdf nV] gx' f];\ .

-ª_ afnaflnsfsf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;/+ If0f ug{ j]m ug'k{ nf{ < 5f6] s/Ldf
pNn]v ugx'{ f;] \ .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 105 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 xfd|f ;fdflhs lgod
#=^ (Our Social Rules)

dflg; rt] gzLn ;fdflhs kf| 0fL xf] . pm cGo dflg;x¿;uF ldn/] ;dfhdf
a:5 . ;dfhsf] Ps ;b:o ePsfn] p;n] ;dfh cgj' "mnsf] Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ .
;dfhsf ;b:ox¿lar ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{sf nflu ;dfhsf
;b:ox¿j}m ;xdltdf ljleGg lgodx¿ agfOPsf xG' 5g\ . o:tf lgodx¿nfO{ g}
;fdflhs lgod elgG5 . ;fdflhs lgodx¿nfO{ ;dflhs dN" o / dfGotfx¿ klg
elgG5 . ;fdflhs lgodx¿ ;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] l:jsf/]sf ;fdflhs cfrf/
;l+ xtfx¿ x'g\ . o;nfO{ ;dfhdf a:g] ;a} ;b:ox¿n] b}lgs hLjgdf nfu" u/]sf
xG' 5g\ .

jb] fGt 106 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

;dfhsf ;b:ox¿lar cfk;L k]|d, ;be\ fj, ;xofu] , aGw'Tj sfod u/L Gofok"0f{
;J' ojl:yt ;dfhsf nflu ;fdflhs lgodn] dbt u5{ . ;fdflhs lgodx¿
;dofg'jm" n kl/jtg{ zLn xG' 5g\ . ;fdflhs lgodx¿ ;do;fkI] f ;dfhsf
;b:ox¿sf] ;xdltdf kl/jtg{ jf kl/dflh{t ul/G5g\ . ;fdflhs lgodx¿ ;dod}
kl/jtg{ xg' g;Sbf ;dfhdf c;xh l:ylt cfpg ;S5 . ;d'bfosf cfdf ;d"x,
Sna, pkef]Stf ;dx" cflbaf6 ;fdflhs lgodsf] lgdf0{ f ul/G5 . ljleGg ;db' fodf
kr| lnt jm] xL ;femf ;fdflhs lgodx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

kl/jf/sf Ho]i7 ;b:osf] ;Nnfx ;e' mfj / dful{ gb{z] gnfO{ kfngf ug{,]

;fgfnfO{ dfof / 7'nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{,]

;d'bfodf k|rlnt ljleGg ;fdflhs tyf wflds{ ;:+ sf/x¿ /Lltk"j{s
;~rfng ug]{ / ;db' fosf ;a} ;xefuL eP/ ;DalGwt kl/jf/nfO{ ;xofu]
ug]{,

ljleGg kj{x¿ dgfpbF f ;fd"lxs ¿kdf dgfpg],

;d'bfodf ePsf afnaflnsf, j4[ j4[ f, c;xfo, la/fdL cflbnfO{ ljz]if
;xof]u ug{,]

cfÇgf] Ifq] df /xs] f ljleGg ;fj{hflgs ;DklQx¿ h:tý} d7 dlGb/, kf6Lkf}jf,
af6f,] rft} f/f cflbsf] ;+/If0f / pkofu] ug{] cflb .

b]zdf kr| lnt sfg'g / ;fdflhs lgoddf j]mxL ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿
kfOG5g\ . sfg'g / ;fdflhs lgod ;dfhsf ;an} ] kfngf u5g{ \ . oL bj' n} fO{ ;do
kl/l:yltcg';f/ kl/dfhg{ / kl/jt{g ul/G5 . kr| lnt sfgg' x¿ hgtfsf k|ltlglwx¿
;dfjz] ePsf /fHosf sfgg' lgdf{0f ug]{ cª\ux¿af6 ul/G5 . ;fdflhs lgodx¿
;dfhsf cu'jfx¿n] cfÇgf] ;dfhsf dflg;x¿sf enfOsf lglDt tof/ kfl/G5 .
sfgg' b]zel/ g} nfu" ul/G5 . ;fdflhs lgodx¿ ;dfh jf ;db' focg;' f/ km/s
km/s xG' 5g\ . ;a} ks| f/sf ;fdflhs lgodx¿n] sfgg' L dfGotf gkfpg klg

kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 107 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

;S5g\ . bz] df kr| lnt sfg'gn] Joj:yf
u/]sf] eGbf ljk/Lt ePdf To:tf ;fdflhs
lgodx¿nfO{ x6fpg] jf ;w' f/ ug]{ sfo{
klg ;dfhn] g} u5{ .

;fdflhs lgod j'mg} ;db' fo jf
;dfhsf] P]gf xf] . o;n] ;DalGwt
;db' fo of ;dfhsf
;b:ox¿sf] ;f]rsf] kl| tlalDat ;d'bfosf ljleGg JolStx¿ 5nkmn ub}{
u/s] f] x'G5 . h:tf] ;d'bfo p:t} ;fdflhs
lgod aG5 . h:tý} dfbs kbfy{ ;j] g, hj' ftf; vN] g] h:tf ;fdflhs ljjm[ ltx¿
ePsf] ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ To;nfO{ kl| taGw nufpg] vfnsf] ;fdflhs
lgodsf] lgdf0{ f ugk{' 5{ . o:tf] cj:yf gePsf] 7fpdF f eg] of] lgodsf] vf;} cy{ /
xF'b}g . To;}n] ;fdflhs lgod ;db' fo / ;dfhcg';f/ km/s x'g] u5{ .

;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf ug'{ xfdL ;as} f] ;fdflhs bfloTj xf] . of] x/s] ;d'bfosf
;b:ox¿sf] g}lts lhDd]jf/L klg xf] . ;fdflhs lgodx¿ kfngf ubf{ lgDg
kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\ M

• ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿lar ;d' w'/ ;DaGw :yflkt xG' 5 .

• ;dfhdf kr| lnt ;+:jm[ lt, k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfhsf] ;/+ If0f xG' 5 .

• ;dfhdf clwsf/ / st{Josf] k0" f{ ¿kdf kfngf xG' 5 .

• ;db' fo tyf ;dfhsf] ljsf; x'G5 .

• ;db' fodf zflGt, ;J' oj:yf sfod x'G5 .

jb] fGt 108 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ljm| ofsnfk

!= tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf af/]df cfÇgf
cleefjsx¿;uF ;f]wL ;"rL tof/ kfg'x{ f];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ugx'{ f];\ .

@= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ;dfhdf k|rlnt ;fdflhs j'm/Lltsf ¿kdf
/xs] f ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] ;r" L agfO{ ltgLx¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ ug{ j]m
ugk'{ nf{ < pkoS' t pkfox¿ nV] gx' f];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf] vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAbx¿ eg{'xf];\ M

-s_ ;fdflhs lgodx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs =========================== klg elgG5 .
-v_ ;fdflhs lgodx¿ =========================== kl/jt{gzLn xG' 5g\ .
-u_ ;db' fosf cfdf ;dx" , =================, ================== cflbaf6 ;fdflhs

lgodsf] lgdf0{ f ul/G5 .
-3_ ;fdflhs lgod ;db' fo / ;dfhcg';f/ ================ xg' ] u5{ .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ xfdLn] ;dfhdf a:bf s:tf] Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ <
-v_ ;fdflhs lgodx¿n] j]m j'm/fdf ;xofu] u5g{ \ <

#= ;dfhdf kr| lnt s:tf ;fdflhs lgodx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ub}{
n}hfg'k5{ < cfˆgf] ljrf/ nV] g'xf;] \ .

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 109 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

$= ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngfn] JolSt / ;dfhnfO{ jm] s:tf
kmfObfx¿ kU' 5g\ < pNn]v ugx{' f];\ .

%= kf7df pNn]v ul/Psfafxs] ljleGg ;d'bfodf kr| lnt ;femf
;fdflhs lgodx¿ j]m j]m xfn] fg\ < ;r" L agfpgx' f;] \ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfosf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿;uF ;d'bfodf k|rlnt ;fdflhs
lgodx¿sf af/d] f 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ . 5nkmndf s8fOsf ;fy nfu"
ug'k{ g{,] ;'wf/ ug{k' g]{ / x6fpg'kg{] ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpgx' f;] \ . To;kl5 tkfOsF{ f] cWoogsf cfwf/df Ps k|ltj]bg tof/
u/L ;fdflhs cWoog ljefunfO{ ae' mfpgx' f];\ .

 

j]bfGt 110 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 xfdf| ] ;/' Iff
#=& (Our Safety)

xfdLn] lbgxF' h:tf] ljleGg b3' 6{ gf

;DaGwL ;dfrf/x¿ ;G' b} cfPsf 5f}F . tL

;dfrf/x¿ rf]/L, n'6kf6, lx+;f, anfTsf/,

ckx/0f, ;8s b'3{6gf cflb;Fu ;DalGwt

x'G5g\ . o:tf 36gfx¿ ;db' fodf

cfsl:ds ¿kdf 36g\ ] u5{g\ . sltko

36gfx¿ c¿sf sf/0fn] 36\5g\

eg] sltko 36gfx¿ xfdL cfÇg} ;8s b'3{6gf

c;fjwfgLsf sf/0fn] 36\g] u5{g\ . o:tf

b'36{ gfx¿n] ;dfhdf 8/, qf; / c;'/Iffsf] efj l;hg{ f u5{ . To;}n] ;d'bfodf

a:g] xfdL ;a}n] ;r]t Jojxf/ ug'k{ 5{ . ;db' fodf 36g\ ;Sg] g/fdf| 36gfx¿af6

cfk"m, kl/jf/ / ;dfhnfO{ arfpg' g} xfd|f] ;'/Iff xf] . ctM jm' g} klg b'3{6gfsf] eo

jf qf;af6 dS' t x'g] cj:yfnfO{ ;/' Iff elgG5 .

jm' g} 36gfkl| tsf] xfdLn] k|:tt' ug]{ ;rt] Jojxf/ g} JolStut Pjd\ kfl/jfl/s
;'/Iff xf] . cfsl:ds 36gfaf6 ;'/lIft /xg ckgfOg] ;hutf klg ;/' Iff xf] .
;8s b3' 6{ gf, cfunfuL, s/G] 6 nfUg], vfn] f jf gx/df 8A' g] cflb xfd|} c;'/lIft
afgLn] 36\5g\ . ckl/lrt JolStn] lbOPsf vfgj] m' /f vfFbf a]xf]; ePsf], ckx/0fdf
k/s] f] cflb JolStut c;fjwfgL;Fu hfl] 8Psf 36gf x'g\ . slxns] fxLF kl/jf/sf
sfx] L klg ;b:o gePsf] cj:yfdf 3/df rf]/Lsf 36gf 365\ g\ . t;y{ xfdL ;a}
;rt] ePdf xfd|f] JolStut / kl/jf/sf] ;/' Iff ug{ ;S5fF} . To;n} ] xfdL ;a}n] ;rt]
9ª\un] b}lgs ljm| ofsnfkx¿ ugk{' 5{ .

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 111 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

xfdLn] cfÇgf] JolStut tyf kfl/jfl/s ;/' Iffsf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' 5{
M

• 3/sf] rfaL /fd|f;] uF nufP/ dfq aflx/ hfg] ugk{' 5{ .

• Aff6fd] f lx8F b\ f jf uf8Ldf ofqf ubf{ ckl/lrt JolStn] lbPsf] vfg]j'm/f vfg'
x'bF g} .

• ;fdflhs ;~hfndf cfÇgf] k/" f ljj/0f /fVg' xFb' }g .

• ljleGg cfsl:ds ;j] f kb| fosx¿ h:t}ý k|x/L, bdsn, PDan' ]G;
cflbsf] 6]lnkmf]g gDa/ /fVg] / cfjZos k/s] f] a]nf df kmfg] ug{] ugk'{ 5{ .

• j'mg} klg ;j+ b] gzLn jf uf]Ko j'm/f kmfg] jf dfa] fOndf ug]{ afgL ug{' xb'F }g .

• 3/df ko| fu] ul/g] wfl/nf] xltof/, ;nfO,{ nfO6/ cflb afnaflnsfn] gk'Ug]
7fpdF f /fVg'k5{ .

dfly plNnlvt ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;jm] df xfdL ;'/lIft x'G5fF} .
;/sf/n] klg cfÇgf hgtfsf lglDt ljleGg gLltlgod Pjd\ sfgg' nfu" u/s] f]
xG' 5 . tL gLltlgodx¿ kfngf ug{ / u/fpg ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] Joj:yf u/s] f]
x'G5 . gk] fn k|x/L / ;z:q k|x/Lnufot ljleGg lgsfox¿ xfdf| ] JolStut Pjd\
kfl/jfl/s ;'/Iffsf nflu sfd ul//xs] f xG' 5g\ . cfjZostfcg;' f/ gk] fnL ;]gfn] klg
xfdLnfO{ ;'/Iff kb| fg u5{g\ . oL ;a} ;/' Iffsf lgsfox¿sf] ;xofu] n] xfdL ;/' lIft
x'G5fF} .

jb] fGt 112 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;'/Iffsf nflu JolSt / kl/jf/n] ckgfpgk' g{] ;/' Iffsf pkfox¿sf] ;r" L
rf6{ k]k/df nV] gx' f;] \ . To;nfO{ sIffsf] ;"rgfkf6L jf k|bzg{ L kf6Ldf
6fF:gx' f];\ .

@= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L b'36{ gf lgDTofpg ;Sg] c;/' lIft Jojxf/x¿
klxrfg u/L rf6{ kk] /df n]Vgx' f];\ / ;r" gfkf6Ldf 6fF:g'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ;'/Iff eg]sf] jm] xf] < JolStut / kfl/jfl/s ;/' Iffsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ xfdLn] lsg ufK] o jm' /f kmfg] jf df]afOndf ug]{ afgL ug'{ xbF' }g <
-u_ tkfOnF{ ] cfÇgf] JolStut ;/' Iffsf nflu j]m sfd uge'{ Psf] 5 < j'mg} Ps

sfo{ n]Vgx' f];\ .

@= kf7df pNn]v ePsfafxs] JolStut / kfl/jfl/s ;'/Iffsf j'mg}
$ pkfox¿ n]Vgx' f;] \ .

#= JolStut / kfl/jfl/s ;/' Iffsf] cfjZostf pNn]v ub}{
cfˆgf] efOnfO{ Ps lr7L n]Vgx' f;] \ .

$= b3' {6gf lgDTofpg ;Sg] j'mg} cfsl:ds 36gfaf6 aRg j]m
ug{k' nf{ < pNnv] ug'x{ f;] \ .

kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 113 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 6f« lkms lgod
#=* (Traffic Rules)

ljleGg ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ ;8sdf cfjthfjt u5g{ \ . log} ;jf/L ;fwgsf dfWodaf6
dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{] 7fpdF f cfpg] hfg] u5{g\ . Ps 7fpdF f pTkfbg ePsf] j:t'
csf]{ 7fpFdf pkof]u ug{ ;8s oftfoftn] ;lhnf] agfPsf] 5 . To;n} ] ;8s
oftfoft Ps dxŒjk"0f{ k"jfw{ f/ xf] . ;8sdf ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ / ofqx' ¿ Pjm} k6s
cfjthfjt ubf{ / ;fjwfgL cKfgfpg g;Sbf b'36{ gf x'g] u5{ . xfdLn] ljleGg
;~rf/sf dfWodx¿df ;8s b'36{ gf;DaGwL ;dfrf/x¿ ;'Gg] / k9g\ ] u5{fF} . o:tf
vfnsf 36gfx¿ ;8sdf k|foM 3l6/xG5g\ . o:tf b3' {6gfsf sf/0f dflg;x¿
3fOt] x'g] / hLjge/ ckfª\u eO{ afFRg'kg{] xG' 5 . sltkon] t hLjg klg

j]bfGt 114 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ud' fpg'k/s] f] 5 . x/s] /fi6«n] ;8sdf ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ / ;8s b3' {6gf Go"gLs/0fsf
lglDt gLltlgodx¿ agfPsf] xG' 5g\ . o;nfO{ g} 6f« lkms lgod elgG5 . ctM ;8sdf
lxF8b\ f / ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpFbf cKfgfpgk' g]{ /fHoåf/f lgb]l{ zt gLltlgodx¿nfO{ g}
6f« lkms lgod elgG5 .

xfdLn] ;8ssf] k|of]u ubf{ lgDg 6«flkms lgodx¿ kfngf ug'{k5{ M

• dxŒjk"0f{ 6«flkms lrGxx¿sf af/]df hfGg] / To;sf] kfngf ug,{]

• Jo:t ;8sdf af6f] sf6g\ sf nflu ;w}F h]af| j|ml;ª jf cfsfz] kn' sf] k|of]u
ug{],

• tLj| ultdf ;jf/L ;fwg slxNo} klg grnfpg,]

• dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]/ ;jf/L ;fwg slxNo} grnfpg,]

• ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpbF f cfk;df j'm/fsfgL gug{,]

• ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpbF f df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u gug],{

• ;jf/L ;fwg gePsf a]nfdf klg ;8sdf slxNo} gv]Ng,]

• ;8sdf af6f] sf6\g'kbf{ otfptf x/] ]/ uf8L gcfPsf] cj:yfdf dfq af6f] sf6g\ ,]

• ;do ;dodf cfÇgf] ;jf/L ;fwgsf] hfrF ug{] .

af6fsf] 5p] 5fpdf ;jf/L rfnsnfO{ ;r]t u/fpgsf nflu 6f« lkms lrGx -;ªj\ m] t_
x¿ /flvPsf xG' 5g\ . x/]s ;jf/L rfnsn] logLx¿sf] /fdf| ] hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ .
af6fsf] l:ylt ,;jf/L ;fwg /f]Sg] :yfg ,xg{ lgifl] wt If]q, o' 6g{, bfofF jf afofF df8] g\
lgifl] wt If]q cflbaf/] 6«flkms ;ªj\ m] taf6 hfgsf/L k|fKt xG' 5 . ;fwf/0ftof 6«flkms
;ª\j]mt tLg k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ M

kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 115 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

!= kl| taGwfTds 6«flkms lrGx (Regulatory Traffic Signs):

af6fnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;'rf? ug{sf nflu /fi6l« eq ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s
lg0fo{ af6 cfb]z lbg] 6«flkms lrGxx¿ o;cGtu{t /flvG5g\ . o:tf lrGxx¿
uf]nfsf/ 3]/fleq /ftf] 3/] fn] 3]l/P/ /flvPsf] xG' 5 . o:tf lrGxx¿n] ‘o;f] u/’
jf ‘o;f] gu/’ egL k|ltaGw nufOPsf] xG' 5 .

@= ;r]tgfTds 6f« lkms lrGx (Warning Traffic Signs):

o:tf 6f« lkms lrGxx¿ tLgj'mg] /ftf] 3]/fleq sfl] /Psf x'G5g\ . o:tf lrGxx¿
;8ssf] cufl8sf] cj:yfsf af/] rfnsnfO{ ;r]t u/fO{ xfl] ;of/kj" s{ ;jf/L
;fwg rnfpg ;ªj\ m] t u5{g\ .

#= ;r" gfd"ns 6«flkms lrGx (Informative Traffic Signs):

o; ;d"xsf lrGxx¿ rf/kf6] /]vfleq sf]l/Psf x'G5g\ . o:tf lrGxx¿n] klg
;jf/L rfnsnfO{ ;r" gf lbg] cyjf hfgsf/L u/fpg] sfo{ u5g{ \ . o:tf
lrGxx¿ ;x/ahf/df a9L dfqfdf /flvPsf xG' 5g\ .

tnsf 6f« lkms lrGxx¿ cWoog ug'{xf;] \ .

j]bfGt 116 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ljleGg 6«flkms lrGxx¿afxs] ;x/ahf/sf] le8ef8df
oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ ;r' f? ug{ / ofqx' ¿nfO{ ;xh
agfpgsf lglDt 7fpF7fpFdf 6«flkms aQLx¿ /flvPsf
xG' 5g\ . ljleGg tLg /ªsf aQLx¿sf] cy{ lgDgfg';f/
5gM\

• /ftf] aQLn] uf8L /f]Sg] ;ªj\ m] t u5{ .

• kx]nF f] aQLn] uf8L lx8F g\ sf nflu tof/L cj:yfdf
/xg ;ª\j]mt u5{ .

• xl/of] aQLn] uf8L cufl8 a9fpg ;ªj\ ]mt u5{ .

To;} u/L af6f]df lxF8\g] dflg;x¿sf nflu klg af6f] sf6g\
;lhnf] xf];\ eg/] 6«flkms nfO6sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 .

• /ftf] aQLn] dflg;nfO{ kv{g ;ªj\ m] t u5{ .

• xl/of] aQLn] ;fjwfgLk"js{ af6f] sf6g\ ;Sg] ;ª\j]mt
u5{ .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= 6«flkms lrGxx¿ / ltgsf] plrt ko| fu] sf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn
ug'x{ f;] \ / a'Fbf l6kf]6 ug{'xf];\ .

@= 6f« lkms lgod kfngf ug{] ;DaGwdf hgrt] gf hufpg] vfnsf
Kn]sf8{x¿ tof/ ug{x' f];\ . 6f« lkms kx| /L;uF ;dGjo u/L ljBfnosf]
jl/kl/ Ps ¥ofnLsf] cfof]hgf ugx'{ f;] \ .

kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 117 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cEof;

!= tnsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s -√_ lrGx / a]l7s eP a]l7s -×_
lrGx nufpgx' f];\ M

-s_ df6] / af6f]sf] ;'ljwf gePsf 7fpsF f dflg;n] 6f« lkms lrGxsf af/d] f

hfgsf/L lng' kbg}{ . ===============

-v_ ;r]tgfTds 6f« lkms lrGxx¿ rf/kf6] /v] fleq ===============
sfl] /Psf x'G5g\ .

-u_ xfdLn] af6f] sf6b\ f h]af| jm| l;ª jf cfsf;] kn' sf] ko| f]u

ug{' /fdf| ] xG' 5 . ===============

-3_ ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpgsf nflu nfO;G] ; lng' ===============
clgjfo{ x'G5 .

-ª_ ofqs' f nflu /ftf] aQL an]sf] cj:yfdf af6f] sf6g\ ' x'Gg . ===============

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f];\ M

-s_ 6«flkms lgodsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
-v_ 6«flkms lgod kfngf ubf{ x'g] kmfObfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf;] \ .
-u_ kf7df lbOPsfafx]s cGo j'mg} rf/ cf]6f 6«flkms lgodx¿ pNnv]

ug{x' f;] \ .
-3_ ljleGg /ªsf 6f« lkms aQLx¿sf] cy{ n]Vg'xf;] \ .

j]bfGt 118 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

-ª_ tnsf 6«flkms lrGxx¿sf] cy{ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

=============================== =============================== ===============================

=============================== =============================== ===============================

#= bu' {d ufpFaf6 ev/{ ahf/ cfPsf] ;fyLnfO{ 6f« lkms aQLsf] O;f/f
a'‰g ;lhnf] x'g] u/L 6«flkms aQLx¿sf] cy{ :k:6 kfb}{ Pp6f
lr7L nV] gx' f];\ .

$= tkfOnF{ ] b}lgs ¿kdf kfngf ug]{ 6f« lkms lgodx¿sf] ;"rL
agfpgx' f;] \ .

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 119 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

PsfO j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

4 ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

(Social Problems and Solution)

j]bfGt 120 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

PsfO kl/ro M

;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg k|:t't ljifosf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ PsfO xf] . o; PsfOdf
xfdLn] ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljleGg ljj[mlt / ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vfh] L ug]{ 5f}F . o:tf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿sf]
;dfwfg ug{sf lglDt JolSt, kl/jf/ / :yfgLo ;ª3\ ;:+ yfn] jm] s:tf] el" dsf
lgjfx{ u5g{ \ eGg] jm' /fsf] vfh] L ug]{ 5f}F . xfdf| ] kl/jf/ tyf ljBfno / sIffsf]7fdf
x'g] ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] j'm/fsf] vf]hL ug{] 5f}F .

o; PsfOsf] cWoogkZrft\ l;sf?x¿df ljleGg l;kx¿ M l;sfO l;k,
/rgfTds ;f]r l;k, ;dfnf]rgfTds ;fr] fO l;k, lg0fo{ tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg
l;k, :jJoj:yfkg l;k, ;~rf/ l;ksf] ;fy;fy} ;xsfo,{ ;xofu] tyf
;dfge' "ltsf] efjgf ljsf; xg' ] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . lrq, rf6{, lel8of], pbfx/0f,
syf, sljtf, uLt, jStT[ jsnf cflbsf] ;xof]udf l;sfO ljm| ofsnfk cufl8
a9fpFbf o:tf l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ ;xh x'g] 5 .

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿n] lgDg l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug]{ 5g\ M

• ;fdflhs ljj[mlt / ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vfh] L ug,{
• ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf JolSt, kl/jf/ / :yfgLo ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] e"ldsfsf] vfh] L

ug{,
• kl/jf/ / sIffsf7] fdf xg' ] ljjfbsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] plrt Joj:yfkgdf ;xefuL

x'g .

kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 121 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt
$=! (Social Problems and Evils)

dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] . cfÇgf] ;'/Iff / rft} kmL{ ljsf;sf nflu dflg; ;dfhdf
a:5 . ;dfhdf ljleGg :jefjsf dflg;x¿ a:5g\ . pgLx¿sf] ;f]rfO / hLjgzn} L
klg km/s km/s x'G5g\ . dflg;x¿sf] unt ljrf/ / v/fa hLjgz}nLsf sf/0f
;dfhdf ljleGg vfnsf ;d:of / ljj[mltx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . ;dfhdf bl] vPsf
log} ;d:of / ljjm[ ltx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ lt elgG5 . o:tf ;d:of
/ ljj[mltx¿ v/fa hLjgz}nLsf sf/0f pTkGg ePsf xg' \ . ;fdflhs k/Dk/fx¿
;dofg'jm" n kl/dflh{t x'g g;Sbf klg sltko ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ bv] f k5g{ \ .

v/fa cfr/0fsf dflg;n] ;dfhdf clxn] klg e|i6frf/, tf]8kmf]8, rf]/L 8jm} tL,
lx+;f h:tf ;d:ofx¿ dRrfO/x]sf 5g\ . To:t} hj' ftf; v]Ng', nfu' kbfy{ ;j] g u/L
em} emu8f u//] ;dfhdf 8/, qf; kb} f u/fpg] h:tf v/fa sfd u/]sf 5g\ . dfgj
ar] lavg h:tf] h3Go ck/fw xfd|f] ;dfh oyfjt\ 5 . bfOhf] k|yf, afn ljjfx,
ax'ljjfx, kmh'n vr{, 3/n] ' lx+;f, cGwljZjf;, nª} l\ us tyf hftLo eb] efj cflb
h:tf ;d:of / ljjm[ lt ;dfhdf ljBdfg g} 5g\ . ;dfhsf ljBdfg oL ;a} ;d:of
/ ljj[mltx¿ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltx¿ x'g\ .

dfly plNnlvt ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltx¿dWo] jm] xLsf] rrf{ u/f}F M

5'jf5t' M(Untouchability)

kf}/fl0fs sfndf lxGb' k/Dk/fcg;' f/ kT| os] ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ j0f{
Joj:yfnfO{ cg';/0f ul/GYof] . o;sf nflu af| é0f, IfqL, j}Zo / zb" | u/L rf/
k|sf/sf kbx¿sf] l;h{gf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;dfhdf >d / l;kdf cfwfl/t sfd ug{]

j]bfGt 122 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

JolStx¿nfO{z"b|elgGYof].pTkfbgdn" s

jm[ lif, Jofkf/ h:tf sfo{df nfUgx] ¿nfO{

j}Zo elgGYof] . ;'/Iff ;j] f / zf;g

ug{x] ¿nfO{ Iflqo elgGYof] . afl} 4s sfd

ug{], ;Nnfx k/fdz{ lbg,] lzIff lbg] h:tf

sfddf nfUgx] ¿ a|fé0f x'Gy] . kl5 cfP/

sfddf Jo:t x'g] zb" x| ¿ l;wf;fwf

xg' ] x'gfn] plrt cyf{]kfh{gdf pgLx¿ ;fdflhs 5j' f5t'
kl5 k/] . ;dfhsf 6f7faf7fx¿n] klg

sd{of]uLx¿sf] >d zfi] f0f ug{ yfn] . hftsf cfwf/df ;dfh ljefhg ePkl5 cGo

ljleGg sf/0fn] x]kfOdf k/s] fx¿nfO{ klg z"b| ju{df ;dfjz] ug{ yflnof] . o4' df

xf/]sf, bi' sd{ u/s] f, ;Qfwf/L / j'mnLg jun{ ] dg gk/s] f h:tf JolStx¿nfO{

bf; agfP/ z"b|df ;dfj]z ul/of] . pgLx¿nfO{ cdfgjLo Jojxf/ tyf bdg ug]{

sfo{ ul/of] . h;sf sf/0f z"bx| ¿k|ltsf] ;dfhsf] b[li6sf0] f cem gsf/fTds aGb}

uof] . slyt z"bx| ¿lardf klg 5'jf5t' sf] Jojxf/sf] l;hg{ f xg' kU' of] . hftLo

e]befjnfO{ wd{ / ;+:j[mlt;Fu hf]8]/ Jojxf/ ug{ yfn] . To;sf] c;/ xfn;Dd klg

st}st} /x]sf] 5 .

/fi6n« ] sfg'gdf 5j' f5'tsf] cGTo ePsf] 3fi] f0ff u/]sf] 5 . o:tf v/fa rngnfO{
s;}n] k|>o lbPdf b08 / ;hfo xg' ] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . tfklg Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf
o;sf] cGTo xg' ;j]msf] 5}g .

3/]n' lx;+ f (Domestic Violence) M

kl/jf/sf j'mg} Ps ;b:oaf6 csf]{ ;b:odfly ul/g] lx;+ fnfO{ 3/n] ' lx+;f elgG5 .
j'mg} JolStn] 3/]n' ;DaGw ePsf] csf{ JolStnfO{ lbPsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s,

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|, 123 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

of}ghGo jf cfly{s oftgf g} 3/]n' lx;+ f xf] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbed{ f dlxnf, afnaflnsf
j4[ j[4fk|lt xg' ] bJ' oj{ xf/ g} 3/]n' lx;+ fsf :j¿kx¿ xg' \ .

gk] fndf 3/]n' lx+;fsf 3/]n' lx+;f
cg]s sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . g]kfnL dlxnfnfO{
xfR] ofpg] ;f]r ;dfhdf JofKt 5 . dlxnf
sdhf]/ x'G5g\ M dlxnfx¿ rn' f] rfs} fdf
dfq} ;Lldt x'gk' 5{ M c¿n] egs] f] sfd
x/s] dlxnfn] ugk}{ 5{ M dlxnfkl| tsf] o:tf
gsf/fTds ;f]rsf sf/0f ;dfhdf
dlxnfx¿ 3/]n' lx;+ faf6 kLl8t ePsf
5g\ .

afnaflnsfx¿ lhpgj}m nflu klg c¿df cfl>t xg' ] xg' fn] 7n' fn] eg]sf] dfGg}
kg]{ xG' 5 . o;sf sf/0f pgLx¿ klg 3/]n' lx+;fsf] l;sf/ x'g ku' ]sf 5g\ . j[4j4[ fx¿
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / cflys{ ¿kn] sdhf/] xG' 5g\ . zf/Ll/s czSttfsf sf/0f
;;fgf] sfddf klg c¿sf] e/ kgk{' g{] xG' 5 . 3/sf cGo ;b:ox¿ Ho]i7 ;b:ox¿kl| t
;sf/fTds aGg g;Sbf 3/]n' lx+;f xG' 5 . To;n} ] xfdLn] 3/df Psn] csfn{ fO{
;Ddfg, dfof / /fd|f] Jojxf/ ug]{ ug{k' 5{ . o;n] 3/]n' lx;+ f sd ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

afn>d M(Child Labour) afn>d

afnaflnsfx¿sf] pd]/ jf :t/eGbf kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
dflysf] sfd ug{ nufpg' afn>d ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[
xf] . sfd u/]afkt sd kfl/>lds
lbg' >dzf]if0f ug'{ xf] . afn>d /
afn>d zfi] f0f xfd|f] ;dfhdf bl] vPsf

jb] fGt 124
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿dWo] Ps xf] . o;n] afnaflnsfnfO{ afNofj:yfdf
rflxg] cfjZos ;l' jwfsf ;fy} b}lgs ljBfno hfgaf6 jl~rt u/fp5F . h;sf
sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿df dfgl;s, zf/Ll/s, ;fdflhs, af}l4s vt/f pTkGg
xG' 5 .

j[mlif, ;j] f, Jofkf/, pBfu] cflb Ifq] df afn>d df}nfPsf] 5 . yf/] } Hofnfdf sfd
x'g] / sfd nufpg ;lhnf] ePsf sf/0f afn>ldsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof lbgx'F a9\bf] 5 .
ljleGg sfk]6{ pBf]u / lgdf{0f If]q cflbdf afn>ldsx¿ sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . a;
rfnssf] ;xofu] L, /]:6'/fdF f sfdbf/, wgL kl/jf/sf] gfs] / aGg afnaflnsfx¿
afWo 5g\ .

cGwljZjf; (Superstition)

kf| rLg sfndf cflbd dfgjn] c1fgjz

;ad} f j'mg} g j'mg} cbZ[ o zlSt 5 eGg]

j'm/fdf ljZjf; /fVy] .

lzIffsf] ljsf;n] klg o:tf] ljrf/ x/fP/

uPg.o:tf]ljZjf;cGwljZjf;sf ¿kdf

dflgg yflnof] . hg;ªV\ ofsf] j[l4;Fu}

cGwljZjf;sf] hfnf] klg k}mlnbF } uof] / cGwljZjf;

;dfhdf o;n] h/f uf8\g yfNof] .

afS] ;L, wfdL, emfj“ |mL cflb dfGg] rng Ps k|sf/sf] cGwljZjf; xf] . ;fdfGotof
;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ¿kn] sdhf]/, lk5l8Psf, c;xfo dlxnfnfO{ x]k]/ af]S;L
eGg] v/fa rng 5 . of] Ps ;fdflhs jm' /Llt tyf cGwljZjf; xf] . o;jm} gfddf
PSsfO;fF} ztfAbLdf klg g]kfnL gf/Lx¿ kLl8t ePsf 5g\ .

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 125 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

g]kfnL ;dfhdf kr| lnt af]S;L k|yfcGtut{ af]S;LnfO{ nv6] g\ ] jf wkfpg] kfqnfO{
wfdL elgG5 . ljutdf c:ktfn, 8fS6/ / cGo cfw'lgs pkrf/ xbF' g} Yof] . t;y{
pkrf/sf nflu slyt e"tk]t| eufpgn] ufot w]/} k|ofh] gdf wfdLnfO{ g} x/] fpyF ] .
k/Dk/fut ¿kdf bj] L b]ptfsf] kh" fcfhfdf ;n+ Ug bj} L zlSt ePsf] ljZjf;
ul/Psf JolSt -k'?if_ emf“jm| L xg' \ . logx¿n] klg wfdLx¿ h:t} sfd uy]{ .

afS] ;L, wfdL, emfj“ m| L cflbdf ljZjf;afx]s klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf ljleGg vfnsf
cGwljZjf; kr| ngdf 5g\ . h:t} M

•• lxF8g\ ] a]nfdf l/Qf] ufu|L bV] g' x'Fbg} .

•• k[YjL zi] fgfudfly 5 .

•• jiff,{ uh{g / lah'nL OGb|sf sfdx¿ x'g\ .

•• /fu] x¿sf sf/0f kt|] / lkzfr xg' \ cflb .

oL ljrf/x¿ k5fl8 j'mg} j1} flgs sf/0f 5g} . o:tf cGwljZjf;n] xfd|f] ;dfhsf]
ljsf; x'g ;jm] sf] 5g} .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf kr| lnt ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltx¿sf] ;r" L
tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \ .

@= cGwljZjf; lj?4 hgrt] gf k}mnfpgsf nflu ljleGg vfnsf Aofg/
jf kf]:6/ tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

j]bfGt 126 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M

-s_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt egs] f] j]m xf] < pbfx/0f;lxt k:| 6
kfg'{xf;] \ .

-v_ PsfO;fF} ztfAbLdf klg 5'jf5'tsf] kr| ng ;dfhdf /xg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f
jm] jm] xfn] fg\ < pNn]v ug{'xf;] \ .

-u_ 3/n] ' lx+;f lj?4 s;/L hgr]tgf k}mnfpg ;lsG5 < aFb' fdf n]Vg'xf;] \ .
-3_ tkfO“F{sf] ;d'bfodf k|rlnt cGwljZjf;x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf;] \ .

@= ;dfhdf k|rlnt ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltx¿ emlNsg] lrq
sfg] x'{ f;] \ .

#= 3/n] ' lx+;fsf] kl/ro, sf/0f / o;n] ;dfhdf kfg{] c;/x¿
pNn]v ub]{ ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vgx' f];\ .

 

kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 127 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
$=@
(Solution Measures of Social Problems and Evils)

gk] fn ax'hftLo, axw' flds{ tyf ax;' f:+ j[mlts b]z xf] . oxfF ljleGg wd,{ ;Dk|bfo

/ hfthfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ . x/]s wd{, ;Dk|bfo, hfthflt / Ifq] sf

cfcfÇgf ljlzi6 d"No / dfGotf 5g\ . To;}n] oxfF ljleGg ks| f/sf /Lltl/jfh,

wd,{ ;+:jm[ lt, rfnrng, afgL a]xf/] f

cflb k|rlnt 5g\ . dflg;x¿n] cfcfÇg}

ks| f/sf k];f, Joj;fo u/L hLjg lgjf{x

ub{} 5g\ . ;dfhdf cfk;L k]d| , ;xof]u,

dq} Lefj, wflds{ ;lxi0ft' f, cltly ;Tsf/

h:tf /fdf| kIfx¿ 5g\ . bfOhf] ky| f,

3/n] ' lx+;f, cGwljZjf;, n}ªl\ us

eb] efj h:tf j]mxL ljjm[ lt / ;d:of ;fdflhs ljjm[ lt
;dfhdf 5g\ . o:tf ;fdflhs ljjm[ lt /

;d:ofn] ;dfhsf] ;Gtl' nt ljsf;df afwf k¥' ofPsf 5g\ . of] jm' g} Ps JolSt jf

kl/jf/sf] ;d:of geO{ l;ªu\ f] ;dfh / /fi6s« f] ;d:of xf] . To;}n] o:tf ljjm[ lt

cfpgfsf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vfh] L ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf

xf] .

;dfhdf ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu ;jk{ y| d
ltgsf sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ugk'{ g{] x'G5 . clzIff,ul/aL, hg;ª\Vof jl[ 4, clgolGqt
a;fO;F /fO ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltsf sf/s tŒj x'g\ . ¿l9jfbL k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs
aGwg / cGwljZjf;, juLo{ tyf hftLo åGå, b08xLgtf cflb klg ltgsf sf/0fx¿

j]bfGt 128 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

xg' \ . bz] / ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{'
clt cfjZos 5 . o;sf] ;dfwfg / Go"gLs/0fsf nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg
;lsG5 M

• lzIffsf] cj;/ / kxr'F df j[l4 u/L ;an} fO{ lzlIft agfpg,]

• ljleGg :yfgLo txdf hgrt] gfdn" s sfoj{ |mdx¿ ;~rfng ug{],

• ;a} txsf hgzlStsf] pkof]u x'g] u/L ul/aL lgjf/0fsf sfo{j|md ;~rfng
ug]{,

• x/]s Ifq] df /fh] uf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{,]

• hg;ªV\ of j[l4 lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug],{

• /fli6«o cfo / ah6] sf] ;dtfd"ns ljt/0f ug],{

• :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / kl| jlwsf] ljsf; ug{] .

;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ lt ;dfwfgsf lglDt xfdLlar d]nldnfk xg' 'k5{ . Ps
cfk;df ldn/] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; ug'{k5{ . ;dfhdf a:g] ;a}
dflg;x¿n] lgod tyf sfgg' sf] kfngf ugk'{ 5{ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltx¿ ;dfwfg ug{
ljBfyLs{ f] gftfn] tkfOF{“x¿n] ug{ ;Sg] pkfox¿sf] vfh] L ug{'xf;] \ .
ltgnfO{ ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L To;sf] sfo{ofh] gf tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \ .

@= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltx¿ Go"gLs/0f ug{ hgrt] gf
a9fpg] vfnsf] syf, sljtf, uLt, ;j+ fb / gf6s dWo] s'g} Ps tof/
u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \ .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb|, 129 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M

-s_ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ lt a9g\ s' f sf/0fx¿ cfÇg}
zAbdf n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt sd ug{ j]m ug'{k5{ <
-u_ w"dkfg / dBkfgn] ;dfhnfO{ s:tf] c;/ kf5{< pNn]v ugx{' f;] \ .
-3_ tkfO{F“n] ;dfhdf b]Vg'ePsf] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltx¿af6 aRg

tkfO{“F jm] ug{'x'G5 < rf/ aF'bfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
-ª_ xfd|f] ;dfhdf b]lvPsf rf]/L 8j}mtLaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .

@= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltsf ¿kdf /xs] f] r/' f6] , vg} L, ;'tL,{
tdfv' / cGo nfu' kbfys{ f ;]jgn] JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfonfO{
kfg{] c;/x¿sf af/d] f Pp6f ;j+ fb tof/ kfg'{xf;] \ .

#= tkfO{“Fsf] ;d'bfodf ljBdfg ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltx¿,
ltgsf sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vfh] L tnsf] tflnsf
eg{'xf;] \ M

;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfhdf ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

ljjm[ lt x¿ b]lvg'sf sf/0fx¿

jb] fGt 130 kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt
;dfwfgdf JolSt, kl/jf/, /
Kff7 ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf] e"ldsf

$=# (Role of an Individual, Family and

Organisations in Solving Social

Problems Evils)

;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltn] ;dfhdf gsf/fTds ke| fj kf5{ . /fi6s« f] ljsf;df
cj/fw] l;h{gf u5{ . zflGt ;J' oj:yfdf vnn k'¥ofp5F . ;fdflhs ;d:of /
ljjm[ ltx¿ c¿ h:tf] l56f] ;dfwfg xF'b}g . o;sf nflu nfdf] ;do nfU5 .

;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltnfO{ x6fpg ;dfhsf ;a} hgf TolQj}m lhDdj] f/ eO{
nfUg'k5{ . b]z ljsf;sf] j|mddf gofF gofF ;d:of / ljjm[ ltx¿ cfpg] u5g{ \ .
h;sf] ;dfwfgdf ;dfhsf ;a} tx / tKsfsf] ;xofu] dxŒjk0" f{ /xG5 . o;sf
af/d] f tn 5f6] f] rrf{ u/f}F M

JolSt M(Individual)

JolSt, JolSt ldn]/ kl/jf/ aG5 . kl/jf/, kl/jf/ ldn/] ;d'bfo / ;d'bfox¿ ldn]/
;dfh ag]sf] x'G5 . JolStx¿ g} ;dfh lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . ;fdflhs ;d:of
/ ljjm[ lt ;dfwfgdf JolStsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . ‘Psn] ys' L ;'sL ;on] ys' L
gbL’ eg] h:t} x/]s JolSt JolStsf] ko| f;n] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltx¿sf]
lg/fs/0f x'g ;S5 . JolStsf] ;sf/fTds ;f]r / c;n cfr/0fn] ;dfhdf pTkGg
;d:of / ljj[mltx¿ sd x'G5 . kT| os] JolStn] bof, dfof, ;xof]u / cfb/ h:tf
c;n cfgLafgL / Jojxf/ k|bzg{ ug{'k5{ . kmh'n vr{ / cgfjZos c¿sf] l;sf] ug{'
xFb' g} . afn>d, lx+;f, 5j' f5't, ljeb] , cGwljZjf; h:tf ;fdflhs ;d:of /

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 131 jb] fGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ljjm[ ltsf] lj/f]wdf cfjfh p7fpg'k5{ . cfk"mn] hfg] a'em] sf jm' /f c¿nfO{ l;sfpgk' 5{ .
c¿sf] nx}nxd} f gnfuL ;xL / unt 5'6o\ fP/ cfÇgf] lg0fo{ lng] afgL a;fNg'k5{ .

kl/jf/ (Family) M

dflg; kl/jf/df hGdG5,
x'jm{ G5 / ljleGg afgL Jojxf/
kl/jf/af6} l;S5 . kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿lar 7n' fn] ;fgfnfO{ dfof /
;fgfn] 7'nfnfO{ cfb/ u5{g\ . ljleGg
;d:ofx¿cfPdf;fdl" xs ¿kdf ;dfwfg
ul/G5 . Psn] u/]sf ljm| ofsnfkn]
csf{nfO{ cK7o\ f/f] gk/f];\ egL ;wF} ;hu
xg' ] ul/G5 . j'mg} kj| m[ ltsf] v/fa afgLsf] ljsf; ePdf ;fdl" xs k|of;af6 To:tf
afgLnfO{ x6fOG5 .

kl/jf/sf ;a} hgfnfO{ c;n afgL l;sfpgk' 5{ . ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltkl| t
;hu u/fpg'k5{ . kT| o]s kl/jf/df kl/jf/sf ;b:osf] cfgLafgL Pjd\
cfr/0faf/d] f hfgsf/L /fVg'k5{ . sf]xL ;b:o j'mnt jf v/fa sfddf nfu]df
;DemfOa{ 'emfO{ ;xL af6f] bv] fpg] sfd kl/jf/n] g} ug'k{ 5{ . oL ;a} sfd kl/jf/af6
dfq ;Dej 5 . o;n] ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltx¿ x6fpg 7'nf] dbt
k'U5 .

:yfgLo ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿ (Local Organisations) M

;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu :yfgLo :t/df ljleGg ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿ klg /xs] f

x'G5g . u'7L, d7dlGb/, rT} o, u'Daf, ljxf/, dl:hb, afnSna, o'jfSna, 6f]n;'wf/

;ldlt, ;fdb' flos cWoog jm] Gb| cflb :yfgLo ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿ xg' \ . ljBfno,

jb] fGt 132 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsfnufot :yfgLo :t/sf ljleGg ;/sf/L ;ª\3 ;:+ yfx¿
klg :yfgLo txdf lj|mofzLn 5g\ . oL ;ª3\ ;:+ yfx¿n] :yfgLoaf;Lsf] ;xof]udf
sfd u5{g\ . /fli6«o :t/sf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿ h:t}ý l;ljg, /8] j|m;, dfOtL g]kfn,
k/f]ksf/ ;+:yf cflb ;ª\3;+:yfn] klg ;dfhdf gofF gofF sfoj{ m| dx¿ Nofp5F g\ .

oL ;:+ yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ ltsf] klxrfg ug{ / c;/x¿af/] atfpg
;xof]u k'¥ofpF5g\ . ;d:of lj?4 rt] gf hufpg ljleGg sfoj{ m| d cfof]hgf klg
u5g{ \ . ;d:ofdf k/s] fnfO{ p4f/ / cfjZos ;xof]u u5g{ \ . afnSnax¿n]
afnclwsf/sf af/] cfjfh p7fp5F g\ . k|x/L rfs} Ln] ck/fw lgoGq0f ug{ ;3fp
k'¥ofp5F . ljBfnon] lzIffdfkm{ t rt] gf hufpg ;xofu] u5{ . an] f an] fdf ¥ofnL,
ufi] 7L cfofh] gf u/]/ klg ;d:of / ljjm[ lt x6fpg ;xofu] ul//x]sf] 5 . o;/L
ljleGg ;ª3\ ;:+ yfn] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mltsf] ;dfwfgdf dxŒjk"0f{ el" dsf
lgjf{x u5{g\ .

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfodf j'mg} ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt ;dfwfgdf
tkfO{n“ ] v]ns] f] el" dsf pNn]v ub}{ Ps cg'R5]b nV] gx' f;] \ / sIffdf
;'gfpg'xf;] \ .

@= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljjm[ lt ;dfwfgdf ljBfnon] ug{
;Sg] sfdx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 133 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cEof;

!= tkfOs{“F f] :yfgLo txdf sfd ug]{ ;ª3\ ;+:yfx¿ / ;fdflhs
;d:of ;dfwfgdf ltgLx¿n] u/]sf sfdsf] ;r" L tof/
kfg{x' f];\ .

@= :yfgLo :t/df sfd ug{] ;fdflhs ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf] ;r" L tof/ u/L
ltgLx¿n] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt ;dfwfgdf u/]sf] ;xof]u
pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \ .

#= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt ;dfwfgdf ljBfyLn{ ] v]Ng
;Sg] el" dsf n]Vgx' f;] \ .

$= tkfOs{F“ f] ;db' fodf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt ;dfwfgdf
tkfO{“Fsf] kl/jf/n] s:tf] el" dsf v]n]sf] 5 < n]Vg'xf;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfOs{“ f] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] j'mg} Pp6f ;fdflhs ;:+ yfdf uO{ ;dfhdf
/x]sf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljj[mlt ;dfwfgsf nflu pSt ;:+ yfn] ub}{
cfPsf] sfo{af/] a‰' gx' f;] \ / Pp6f 5f6] f] kl| tj]bg tof/ kfgx{' f];\ .

j]bfGt 134 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 ljjfb / o;sf] ;dfwfg
$=$ (Dispute and Its Solution)

jm' g} klg Ifq] df bO' { hgf JolSt jf

;d"xlar ljrf/ gldn]sf sf/0f åGå

l;hg{ f x'G5 . åGånfO{ ljjfb klg

elgG5 . JolSt jf ;d"xlarsf] dteb]

g} ljjfb xf] . dflg;x¿larsf] km/s

km/s ;f]rfO / c;xdltn] ljjfb

lgDTofp5F . åGå ;sf/fTds /

gsf/fTds u/L bO' { k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ .

;dfhdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g ljjfb

Nofpg] åGånfO{ ;sf/fTds åGå

elgG5 . lx+;f, ljjfb, emu8f, o4' cflb lgDTofpg] åGånfO{ gsf/fTds åGå

elgG5 . åGå kfl/jfl/s, ;fdflhs, /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6o« :t/df x'g] u5{ . e"ld

jf k|fj[mlts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkef]usf] ljifodf slxn]sfxLF b'O{ b]zsf lardf

åGåsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

xfdLn] w]/} h;f] ;do ljBfnodf ;fyL;uF / kl/jf/df kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿;uF
latfp5F fF} . sltko cj:yfdf ;fyL / kl/jf/sf ;b:o;uF xfd|f] ljrf/
ldNb}g . cfkm" n] egs] f j'm/fdf xfdLn] ;dyg{ kfpbF }gfF} . ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿ / 3/df
kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:ox¿n] egs] f jm' /f xfdLnfO{ dg gkg{ klg ;S5 . o;/L ljrf/
gldnk] l5 xfdLlar ljjfb pTkGg xG' 5 . ljjfb a9b\ } hfbF f åGå l;h{gf x'G5 .

kl/jf/df dfof ddtfsf] cefj, cgfjZos vr{, km/s ?lr / cfgLafgLsf sf/0f
åGå l;hg{ f xG' 5 . åGå a9\b} hfFbf kl/jf/df ;b:ox¿lar kmf6f] l;h{gf x'G5 .

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb,| 135 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

kl/jf/ l5GgleGg x'g ;S5 . ;uF } a:b} cfPsf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ 56' \l6P/ a:g afWo
xG' 5g\ . Psn] csf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ 5f8\5g\ . o:tf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'ge' Gbf klxNo} g}
åGåsf] ;dfwfg ug{k' 5{ . o;sf nflu åGåsf] sf/0f kQf nufO{ o;sf] Joj:yfkg
;dodf g} ugk'{ 5{ . kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ Ps 7fpdF f a;/] :ki6 gePsf ljifodf
:ki6 kfg{'k5{ . kl/jf/df ;as} f] j'm/f ;'Gg,] ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg / ;an} fO{ ;xof]u
ugf{n] kl/jf/df åGå Joj:yfkg xG' 5 .

ljBfnodf ljleGg kl/jf/af6 ;fyLx¿ cWoog ug{sf nflu cfp5F g\ . ljleGg
kl/jf/, ;d'bfo / kl/jz] af6 cfPsf] xg' fn] leGg ljrf/ ePsf ljBfyLx{ ¿ x'G5g\ .
ljleGg sf/0fn] ljBfnodf klg ;fyLx¿lar ljjfb kg{ ;S5 . o:tf ljjfb ;?' df
dteb] / dgd6' fjaf6 xG' 5 . oxL j'm/fn] kl5 uP/ åGåsf] ¿k lnG5 . ljBfnodf
a;fOsf] cj:yf, ljleGg ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xeflutf, v]nj'mb, gt] [Tj lgjfx{ cflbdf
ljjfb l;h{gf x'g ;S5 . o:tf c;Gtl' i6n] ljBfnodf ;fyLx¿lar åGå xg' ;S5 .

åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu Pscfk;df ;dembf/L / ;d' w'/ ;DaGw a9fpgk' 5{ .
c¿sf] ;Ddfg / ;a};uF kf/bzL{ / ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ . :ki6 / ke| fjsf/L ¿kdf
;"rgfsf] k;| f/0f ug{ / c¿sf] sb/ ug{ ;jm] df ljBfnodf åGå Joj:yfkg ug{
;lsG5 .

dflg;x¿sf lardf ;dfg'el" t (Empathy) sf] ljsf; ePdf åGåsf] ;dfwfg
xG' 5 . åGåsf ljleGg sf/0fx¿dWo] ;~rf/sf] c:ki6tf klg Ps xf] . unt ;~rf/
jf sd ae' mfO jf unt a'emfOn] åGå l;hg{ f ug{] jf a9fpg] sfd ul//xs] f] xG' 5 .
o:tf] l:yltdf b'j} kIflar cfk;df ;dfgtfsf] efj / ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf ;fy
jm' /fsfgL jf ;j+ fb ug'k{ 5{ . o;n] b'j} kIfsf larsf] ;f]rfO / ae' mfOnfO{ a'‰g /
;d:of ;dfwfgsf af6fx¿ vfH] g dbt u5{ . ;~rf/n] ljrf/df :ki6tf Nofp5F .
To;}n] åGå ;dfwfgdf ;~rf/sf] dxŒjk0" f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] xG' 5 .

jb] fGt 136 kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

lj|mofsnfk

!= tkfO{n“F ] ljBfno jf ;dfhdf åGåsf 36gfx¿ 36]sf] yfxf
kfpge' Psf] xf]nf . tL 36gfx¿ sIffdf ;g' fO{ åGåsf sf/0fx¿ pNnv]
ug'{xf];\ .

@= tkfO“n{F ] s;}sf lardf ePsf] jm' g} emu8f ldnfpg'ePsf] 5 < pSt
emu8f s;/L ldnfOlbg'eof] < cfÇgf] cge' j sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpF e/L jfSo k"/f ugx{' f;] \ M

-s_ ljrf/ gldns] f sf/0fn] ;fyLx¿lar =============== l;h{gf x'g ;S5 .
-v_ åGå ;sf/fTds / ================ u/L bO' { ks| f/sf x'G5g\ .
-u_ åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu åGåsf] vf; ================ klxrfg ug{k' 5{ .

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] ;ªl\ IfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M

-s_ ljjfb egs] f] jm] xf] < ljjfbsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug{x' f];\ .
-v_ ljjfbaf6 JolSt / kl/jf/df kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/x¿ nV] gx' f;] \ .
-u_ kl/jf/df ljjfb l;h{gf x'g glbg j]m ug'{knf{ < pNnv] ugx'{ f;] \ .
-3_ tkfO“{ / tkfO{“sF f] ;fyLlar ljjfb ePdf klxnf j]m ug{'knf{ < n]Vg'xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfOFs{ f] ;d'bfonfO{ åGådS' t agfpg jm] jm] ugk{' nf{ < ;d'bfosf
dflg;x¿;Fu 5nkmn u/L Pp6f kl| tj]bg tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb|, 137 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

PsfO j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6
5
xfd|f] ljut

(Our Past)

j]bfGt 138 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

PsfO kl/ro M

;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIffdf ‘xfdf| ] ljut’ Ps dxŒjk0" f{ PsfO xf] .
o; PsfOdf g]kfn PsLs/0fdf ePsf ko| f;x¿, g]kfn cª\u]|h o4' / ;'ufn} L
;lGwsf] ljZni] f0f ul/gs' f ;fy} /f0ffsfnLg /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf cflys{
cj:yf, @))& ;fn kl5sf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ pknlAwsf] cWoog
/ ldlynf ;Eotfsf] j0f{g Pjd\ o;n] dfgj hLJfgdf kf/]sf] ke| fj h:tf kf7x¿
;dfjz] ePsf 5g\ .

of] PsfO cWoogkZrft\ l;sf?x¿df ljleGg l;kx¿ M l;sfO l;k, ;dfnf]rgfTds
;fr] fO l;k, lg0f{o tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k, ;~rf/ l;ksf] ljsf; u/L ;xsfo{,
;xofu] tyf ;dfge' "ltsf] efjgf ljsf; ug{] kf7\oj|mdn] ck]Iff u/s] f] 5 . ljleGg
syf, lrq, ;Gbe{ lel8of], ;lGwsf] kl| tlnlk jf j[Qlrq, Pl] txfl;s b:tfj]h tyf
P]ltxfl;s k':tsdfkm{t Dffgj ;Eotfsf] ljutaf/] ljleGg l;kx¿sf] ljsf; ug{
;lsg] 5 .

o; PsfOsf] cGTodf ljBfyL{x¿n] lgDg l;sfO pknlAwx¿ xfl;n ug]{ 5g\ M

• g]kfn PsLs/0fdf g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;xeflutf pNnv] ug{,
• gk] fn cªu\ h]| o'4 / ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf] kl/ro lbg / ;u' fn} L ;lGwsf] kl/0ffd atfpg,
• /f0ffsfnLg /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ;w' f/ afw] ug,{

• lj=;+= @))& ;fnbl] v xfn;Ddsf] kd| 'v /fhgLlts 36gfj|md / ;fdflhs tyf
cflys{ pknlAw atfpg,

• ldlynf ;Eotf / o;n] dfgj hLJfgdf kf/]sf] k|efj atfpg .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,| 139 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofgdf
hgtfsf] ;xeflutf
%=!
(Participation of People in Unification

Campaign of Nepal)

dWosfnsf] cGTolt/ g]kfn PsLj[mt, :jtGq

/ ;fje{ f}d /fi6« geO{ ljleGg ;;fgf /fHox¿df

ljeflht lyof] . s0ffn{ L If]qdf afO;L

/fHo, u08sL Ifq] df rfl} a;L /fHo, kj" {df ;]g

/fHo / sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf dNn /fHox¿ uf]/vf b/af/
lyP . uf/] vfsf /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]

uf/] vf /fHonfO{ lj:tf/ u/L g]kfndf ef}ufl] ns PsLs/0fsf] hu a;fP .

pgn] sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf sflGtk/' , kf6g / eStk/' nfO{ g]kfndf ufEg] sfo{

u/] . k"jL{ g]kfnsf ;]g /fHox¿ dsjfgk'/, rfb} 08L / ljhok'/nufot 5l/P/

/x]sf afO;L, rfl} a;L /fHox¿nfO{ l;ªu\ f] gk] fndf ufe] . o;/L Pp6f ;an /

l;ª\uf] g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug{] sfo{ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] k|f/De u/]sf lyP .

pgsf] of] PsLs/0f cleofgdf ;Dk0" f{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] Tofu, alnbfg / ;dy{g
loof] . h'g lgDgfg;' f/ k:| 6 kfg{ ;lsG5 M

•• uf/] vfsf !^ b]lv #) jif{ pd]/sf ;a} oj' fx¿ o4' df ;ljm| o ;xefuL ePsf
lyP .

•• PsLs/0fsf] ;dodf uf]/vf /fHosf] cflys{ cj:yf sdhf/] lyof] . /fHonfO{
bM' v kbf{ hgtfn] g} ;xof]u u5{g\ eg]emF} hgtfj}m ;xof]udf cflys{ ;d:of
;dfwfg ePsf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf uf/] vf /fHosf !@)) 3/w'/Laf6 lhG;L
tyf gub ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof] . ToxfsF f hgtfn] cfÇgf] Ifdtfcg;' f/

j]bfGt 140 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cfÇgf] /fHonfO{ cfly{s ;xofu] u/]sf lyP .

hgtfsf] ;fgf] ;fgf] ;xof]un] xltof/ lsGg / ;G} o Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu]
k'u]sf] lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] hgtf;Fu k;} f p7fpg] cleofg :yfgLo
;r" Lsf/ la;] gurLs{ f] ;Nnfxdf u/s] f lyP . Ps lbg kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx
laxfg} ;r" Lsf/ la;] gurL{sf] 3/df ku' ] . laxfgLsf] z'eR] 5f cfbfgkb| fgkl5
jm] xL a]/ jm' /fsfgL eof] . To;kl5 la;] gurL{n] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ Ps
?k}ofFsf] l;Ssf lbP . klxnf t æjm] d lev dfUg cfPsf] x'F /, dnfO{ Pp6f
l;Ssf lbg] <Æ eGb} kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx emfl] SsP . kl5 x/]s 3/w/' Laf6
oyfzSo gub jf lhG;L ;xof]u dfUg] ;Nnfx lbPkl5 pgn] ;fx] Lcg'¿k
u/] . pgsf] ;Nnfxn] xftxltof/ lsGg / ;G} o Joj:yfkgdf k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxnfO{ ;xofu] ku' s] f] lyof] . To; an] fdf la;] gurL{n] lbPsf] ;Nnfx
PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 .

•• sLlt{k'/sf] o'4df hok|sfz dNnsf ;]gfn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ sf6\g
vfh] s] f lyP . To; cj:yfdf ToxfFsf ;j;{ fwf/0f gful/sn] ;'/Iff k|bfg
u/L hf]ufPsf lyP .

•• bxrf]ssf hgtfn] sLlt{k/' cfjm| d0f ug{] an] fdf kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{
;xofu] u/s] f lyP .

•• bf;] f| ] k6s sLltk{ /' cfjm| d0f ubf{ ;'/kt| fk zfxsf] cfFvf k'm6b\ f lrlsT;s
dfOsn PGhn] fn] ] pkrf/ u/]sf lyP .

•• jm' nfgGb 9sfn uf/] vfsf /fh Hofl] tifL lyP . pgn] o4' sf ;dodf
ze' ;fOt kQf nufP/ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ;xofu] u/]sf lyP .
pgn] lgsfns] f] z'e ;fOtcg';f/ gj' fsf]6dfly cfjm| d0f ubf{ ljho kf| Kt
ePsf] lyof] . pgjm} z'e ;fOtcg;' f/ uf]/vfnL ;g] f sLlt{k/' dfly t;] |f] k6sdf
;kmn eP .

kf7o\ j|md ljsf; jm] Gb,| 141 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

•• >Lxif{ kGtn] kf6g ljho ug{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf lyP .

•• klZrd g]kfnsf hgtfn] axfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf PsLs/0fdf lg:jm] sf
;]gfnfO{ :jfut ub}{ gk] fn PsLs/0fdf ;xof]u u/s] f lyP .

•• gk] fnsf of4] fx¿n] cfÇgf] Hofgsf] ;d]t k/afx gu/L o4' df
xfl] dPsfn] g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofg ;kmn ePsf] xf] . sfn' kf08,]
bfdf]b/ kf08], /fdjm[ i0f j'Fmj/, jz+ /fh kf08], cd/l;x+ yfkf, cledfgl;+x
a:gt] cflb of4] fn] PsLs/0fsf nflu cfÇgf] Hofg ud' fPsf lyP .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= sIffdf 5nkmn u/L PsLs/0f cleofgdf lgDg JolStx¿sf] ofu] bfgnfO{
tflnsfdf k|:tt' ug'{xf;] \ .

JolStsf] gfd of]ubfg
la;] gurL{
dfOsn PGh]nf]
jm' nfgGb 9sfn
sfn' kf08]

@= la;] gurL{sf] ;Nnfxdf kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] cflys{ ;d:of ;dfwfg
u/]sf] k;| ª\unfO{ syf agfP/ sIffdf k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .

jb] fGt 142 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cEof;

!= tnsf] vfnL 7fpFdf pko'St zAb /fvL jfSo k"/f ug'{xf];\ M

-s_ s0ff{nL Ifq] df ========== /fHox¿ lyP .

-v_ sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf ==========, ========== / eStk/' u/L tLg cf]6f /fHox¿
lyP .

-u_ g]kfn PsLs/0fdf uf/] vfsf =========pd]/sf ;a} o'jfx¿ o'4df ;lj|mo
;xefuL ePsf lyP .

-3_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx Ps lbg laxfg} ================== sf] 3/df ku' ] .

-ª_ uf/] vfnL ;]gf=========== dfly t];|f] k6s cfj|md0f ubf{ ;kmn ePsf
lyP .

@= tnsf k|Zx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf;] \ M

-s_ g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf hgtfsf] el" dsf pNnv] ub{} ;fyLnfO{ lr7L
nV] gx' f];\ .

-v_ gk] fnsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf /fh Hof]ltifL j'mnfgGb 9sfnsf] e"ldsf
pNn]v u/L Ps cgR' 5b] nV] g'xf];\ .

-u_ æ/fHonfO{ b'Mv k/]sf] an] fdf hgtfn] g} ;xof]u u5g{ \ .Æ o; egfOnfO{
k'li6 ug{x' f];\ .

-3_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sLltk{ /' df t;] f| ] k6ssf] ko| f;af6 dfq ljho k|fKt
u/]sf] Oltxf;af6 tkfO“n{ ] jm] lzIff kfpge' of] < n]Vgx' f;] \ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfOsF{ f];d'bfodf;dfhsf]lxtdfofu] bfgk¥' ofpg]JolStTjx¿sf]vfh] L
u/L pxfFx¿sf] ofu] bfg ;d]6L Ps cgR' 5]b nV] gx' f;] \ .

kf7\oj|md ljsf; jm] Gb|, 143 jb] fGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

g]kfn PsLs/0fdf
Kff7 kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx, axfb'/ zfx
%=@ / /fHfG] bn| IdLsf] e"ldsf

(Role of Prithvi Narayan Shah, Bahadur Shah and
Rajendra Laxmi in Unification of Nepal)

efOalxgLx¿ ¤ xfdLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df kY[ jLgf/fo0f

zfxn] gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofgsf] ;'?jft u/]sf] j'm/f yfxf

kfofF} . Oltxf;df gk] fn PsLs/0fsf] ;?' jft kf| rLg sfndf

gfu/fh / dfgbj] n] klg u/]sf] kfOP tfklg cfwl' gs

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf] h; eg] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ g} hfG5 .

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGd lj=;+= !&&( k;' @& ut] cfdf

sf}zNofjtLsf] sf]vaf6 ePsf] xf] . cfÇgf a'af g/ek" fn kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx
zfxsf] d[Tok' l5 pgL lj= ;=+ !&((rt} @% sf lbg

uf]/vfsf /fhf eP . /fhf eP nuQ} lj= ;=+ !*)) df gj' fsf]6dfly cfjm| d0f u/L

g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofg ;?' u/] . of] cleofg pgsf] dT[ o'kl5 klg hf/L

/xo\ f] . kmn:j¿k :jtGq tyf ;fj{efd} ;Qf ;DkGg gk] fnsf] PsLs/0fsf] of] cleofg

;kmn ePsf] xf] .

kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx lj=;+= !*)) df gj' fsf]6sf] klxnf] cfjm| d0fdf k/flht eP .
;}Go ;'wf/ u/L lj=;+= !*)! c;fh] !% ut] gj' fsf6] df bf;] |f] k6s cfjm| d0f u/L
ljho kf| Kt u/] . To;kl5 bxrf]s, gfNb'd, dxfbj] kf]v/L ljho kf| Kt ub}{ lj=;+=
!*!$ h]7 !* df sLltk{ '/df uf]/vfnLx¿åf/f klxnf] cfjm| d0f eof] . o; o'4df
uf/] vfnLx¿ k/flht eP . sfhL sfn' kf08] o; o'4df dfl/Psf lyP . sf7df8fF}
pkTosfdf cflys{ gfsfaGbL u/fO{ cfj|md0f ug{] of]hgfadf]lhd lj=;=+ !*!(ebf}

j]bfGt 144 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

( df uf/] vfnLn] dsjfgk/' dfly xdnf u/L ljho kf| Kt u¥of] . uf/] vfnL ;}lgsn]
lj=;+= !*!( c;fh] @@ xl/x/k/' dfly sAhf u¥of] . To;kl5 lj=;+= !*!( k;'
@& df u'/lug vfFsf] g]tT[ jdf cfPsf] aªu\ fnsf] gjfa ld/sfl;dsf] kmf}h;uF
o'4sf] ;fdgf ug{k' ¥of] . o; o'4df aª\ufnL kmf}hnfO{ lht]sf uf]/vfnL kmf}hn]
lj=;+= !*@! ebf} #) df sLltk{ '/dfly bf];f| ] c;kmn cfj|md0f
u¥of] . nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] 3]/faGbLkl5 !*@@ rt} # ut] uf]/vfnLn] t];|f] k6sdf
sLlt{k/' dfly ljho kf| Kt u/] . pkTosf jl/kl/sf /fHox¿dfly ljho kf| Kt
ul/;j]mkl5 sf7df8fsF} f zlStzfnL dNn /fHox¿ sflGtk'/, kf6g / eStk/' nfO{
Pskl5 csf{] u/L uf/] vf /fHodf ufleof] . lj=;+= !*@% c;fh] !# df sflGtk'/,
c;f]h @$ ut] kf6g / lj=;=+ !*@^ dªl\ ;/ ! ut] eStk'/dfly kY[ jLgf/fo0f
zfxn] ljho k|fKt u/]sf x'g\ .

lj=;+= !*#) ;fpg $ ut] rf}b08L / lj=;=+ !*#! ;fpg % ut] ljhok/' dfly clwsf/
kf| Kt u/]sf kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] gk] fnsf] kj" L{ l;dfgf dr] L gbL;Dd k¥' ofPsf
lyP . lj=;+= !*#! df3 ! ut] kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] d[To' gj' fsf6] sf] bj] L3f6df
ePsf] lyof] .

kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxsf] d[Tok' l5 pgsf 5f/] f kt| fkl;+x zfx g]kfnsf /fhf
eP . j]mxL ;dokl5 pgsf] d[To' ePsfn] pgL nfdf] ;do g]kfnsf] /fhf x'g
kfPgg\ . pgsf] 5f6] f] sfos{ fndf pk/bfª u9L, sljnf;k/' u9L, ;'d]Zj/ u9L /
lrtjg g]kfndf ufEg] sfd eof] . To;kl5 pgsf gfafns 5f]/f /0faxfb'/ zfx
lj=;=+ !*#$ dªl\ ;/ % ut] gk] fnsf /fhf eP . cfÇgf] gfafns 5f]/fsf] gfoaL eP/
/fgL /fh]Gb|nIdLn] zf;g ;~rfng ug{ yflng\ . gfoaL sfndf rfl} a;L /fHox¿
tgx',F ndhª' , sf:sL, k}o'F, l/l;ª / le/sf]6nfO{ g]kfndf ldnfpg ;kmn eOg\ .
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofgdf j]mxL OF6x¿ yKg] sfd ubfu{ b}{
pgsf] d[To' lj=;+= !*$@ df eof] .

kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,| 145 j]bfGt
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

/fh]Gb|nIdLsf] d[Tok' l5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f axfb'/ zfxn] cfÇgf] elth
/0faxfb/' zfxsf] gfoaLsf] ¿kdf zf;g ;~rfng u/] . axfb/' zfx jL/ /
b/" bzL{ JolSt lyP . pgsf] gfoaL sfndf g]kfnsf] l;dfgf k"j{df l6:6f / klZrddf
jm' dfpF u9jfn;Dd ku' s] f] lyof] . pgsf] kfnfdf uN' dL, ws' f6{] , Ko7" fg, bfª,
/fN] kf, hfh/sf6] cflbnufotsf yk' |} afO;L / rf}la;L /fHox¿ gk] fndf ufleP .
afO:fL / rfl} a;L /fHo lht]kl5 gk] fnL ;]gf a8fsfhL cd/l;+x yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf
j'mdfpF / u9jfn Ifq] lhTb} cnsfGb;Dd ku' s] f] lyof] . gk] fnL ;g] fn] lj=;+= !*$&
r}t !! df j'mdfpFsf] /fhwfgL cNdf8] f / lj=;=+ !*$* c;f/ !@ df u9jfnsf]
/fhwfgL >Lgu/ lht]sf] lyof] . lj=;=+ !*)) bl] v lg/Gt/
rn]sf] g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf] cleofg lj=;=+ !*$^sf] g]kfn ltAat o4' kl5
jm] xL ;do ;:' tfof] . kl5 cd/l;x+ yfkfn] kfNkfnfO{ gk] fndf ldnfPkl5
gk] fnsf] PsLs/0fsf] cleofg cGTo ePsf] xf] .

ljm| ofsnfk

!= kf7df lbOPsf gk] fn PsLs/0fsf d'Vo 36gfx¿ / ldltx¿ nv] L
tnsf] tflnsf k/" f ug{x' f;] \ M

ldlt 36gfx¿
-lj=;=+ df_
!=
@=
#=
$=

jb] fGt 146 kf7o\ j|md ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff ;fgfl] 7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLs[t

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

@= kZ| g gDa/ ! sf] tflnsfdf bv] fOPsf 36gfx¿ / ldltx¿ bv] fpg
Pp6f rf6{ kk] /df ;do /]vf sf]g'{xf];\ / sIffdf 6f:F g'xf];\ .

#= g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, axfb'/ zfx /
/fhG] bn| IdLn] vn] ]sf] e"ldsf ;d6] ]/ Pp6f uLt jf sljtf tof/ u/L
sIffdf k:| t't ugx'{ f;] \ .

cEof;

!= tnsf kZ| x¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

-s_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hGd slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-v_ sfhL sfn' kf08] sxfFsf] o4' df dfl/Psf lyP <
-u_ kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] slxn] ljhok/' dfly clwsf/ kf| Kt u/]sf lyP <
-3_ kt| fkl;+x zfxsf] d[To' slxn] ePsf] lyof] <
-ª_ axfb/' zfx sf] lyP <

@= gk] fn PsLs/0fsf] jm| ddf uf]/vf /fHodf uflePsf dV' o dV' o
/fHox¿sf] gfdsf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'x{ f;] \ .

#= ljleGg ;|ft] x¿sf] cWoog u/L kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfx, axfb'/ zfx
/ /fh]Gbn| IdLsf] kfnfdf g]kfndf uflePsf /fHox¿sf] ;"rL
agfpgx' f];\ .

$= g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgdf axfb/' zfx / /fh]Gb|nIdLsf]
e"ldsfsf af/] j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .

%= g]kfn PsLs/0fsf sf/0fn] xfdLnfO{ ku' ]sf kmfObfx¿

n]Vg'xf;] \ . 147 jb] fGt
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff
kf7\ojm| d ljsf; jm] Gb,|
;fgfl] 7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

Kff7 g]kfn cªu\ h]| o'4
%=# (Anglo - Nepal War)

efOalxgLx¿ ¤ xl/jm[ i0f bjf8L g]kfnsf] ;x/L Ifq] df cjl:yt Ps ljBfnodf
sIff ^ df cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{ xg' \ . pgL cToGt} dx] gtL / ;xof]uL 5g\ . pgn] ljleGg
dfWoddfk{mt bz] sf] b'ud{ Ifq] df cWoog ug{] cfk"m ;/xsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] hfgs] f
jm' /f l;sfP/ ;xof]u u5{g\ . o;af6 ljleGg sf/0fn] ljleGg ljifosf ljifoj:t'
l;Sg g;j]msf bu' {d If]qsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;xofu] ku' s] f] 5 . pgL;uF bu' {d Ifq] sf
sIff ^ df cWoog/t w/] } ljBfyLx{ ¿ ;fdflhs ;~hfn Odn] , OG6/g]6 cflbdfk{mt
;Dkjm{ df 5g\ . oxfF pgn] cfÇgf] ;fyLx¿nfO{ n]vs] f] Odn] /flvPsf] 5 . of] Od]n
k9\gx' f;] \ / gk] fn cªu\ |]h o'4sf af/]df tkfOF“{ klg hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .

ldltM @)&* c;f/ !%

lko| ;fyLx¿,

w]/} w]/} ;Demgf¤

;bfsf eFm} cfh d ‘;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff’ ljifocGtut{ sf] ‘gk] fn
cªu\ |h] o'4’ eGg] kf7df lbOPsf ljifoj:ts' f af/d] f dn} ] hfgs] f jm] xL jm' /fx¿
n]v]/ oxfxF ¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg rfxG5' . cfzf 5, oxfxF ¿n] d]/f] Od]n k9/] PsfO
kfrF sf] of] kf7 a'‰g ;lhnf] dx;;' ug{'x'g] 5 . o;df dn} ] gk] fn cª\uh]| o'4sf]
kl/ro, sf/0fx¿, kl/0ffdx¿ / pSt o'4df jL/ g]kfnLx¿n] vn] ]sf] el" dsfsf
af/]df 5f]6f] rrf{ u/]sf] 5' .

;fyLx¿,

;g\ !*!$ b]lv !*!^ ;Dd gk] fn / O:6 OlG8of sDkgLlar o4' ePsf] lyof] . To;}nfO{
gk] fn cª\u]|h o'4 elgG5 . gk] fnn] cªu\ |h] x¿sf] lj:tf/ gLlt a'e]msfn] pgLx¿nfO{

jb] fGt 148 kf7o\ jm| d ljsf; j]mGb,|
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

gk] fndf kj| ]z uga{ f6 /f]Sg vf]h]sf] lyof] . cªu\ ]h| x¿ eg] h'g;j' }m dfWodaf6 eP
klg gk] fn kj| ]z ug{ rfxGy] . of] g} o; o'4sf] d'Vo sf/0f aGof] . o;afxs] ljleGg
cfly{s, kf| j[mlts, /fhgLlts sf/0fx¿ klg 5g\ .

a]nfotLx¿ -cªu\ ]h| x¿_ cfÇgf] Jofkf/ lj:tf/sf nflu ef/t cfPsf lyP .
pgLx¿n] gk] fnsf] af6f] xb'F } ef]6;uF Jofkf/ u/L cfly{s pGgltsf] sNkgf u/s] f
lyP . an] fotsf] ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgL ePsf] 7fpaF f6 cfPsf pgLx¿
ef/tsf] udL{ 5Ng g]kfn cfpg rfxGy] t/ g]kfnsf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL
eLd;]g yfkfn] cª\u]|hx¿nfO{ Pl;ofaf6 wkfpg] of]hgf agfPsf lyP . To;}
u/L PsLs/0fkl5 gk] fnsf] ;Ldf kj" {df l6:6fbl] v klZrddf jm' dfpF u9jfn;Dd
k}mlnPsf] lyof] . o;sf sf/0f cªu\ ]h| x¿n] zlStzfnL g]kfnaf6 cfk"mx¿ vt/f
/xs] f] dx;'; u/]sf lyP .

cGTodf g]kfnn] kfNkf ljho u/L kf| Kt u/]sf] a6' jn / :o/' fh If]q 5f8\g lbPsf] bafa
gdfg]sfn] la|l6; ueg/{ dfSo';{ ckm xfl:6ª;\ (Marquis of Hastings)
n] gk] fn lj?4 o'4 3f]if0ff u/L ;g\ !*!$ gfe] ]Da/ ! -lj=;=+ !*&! sflQs !%_
df o'4sf] kf| /De u/s] f] lyof] . Oltxf;df a6' jn / :o'/fhsf] ljjfbnfO{ g]kfn
cª\uh]| o'4sf tTsfnLg sf/0f dflgG5 .

o; o'4df g]kfnLx¿n] jL/tfkj" s{ cfÇgf] o'4snf kb| zg{ u/L j}/LnfO{
;d]t ke| fj kfg{ ;kmn ePsf lyP . h;sf sf/0f cfh xfdL ;a} gk] fnLx¿ jL/
uf/] vfnLsf gfddf ;;+ f/el/ g} k|Voft 5f}F . o; o4' df gfnfkfgLdf aneb| jF'mj/,
dxfsfnLkfl/sf] If]q -dnfpF /fdu9_ df cd/l;+x yfkf, b]pyndf elSt yfkf,
lhtu9df plh/l;+x yfkf, h}ysdf /0fhf/] l;x+ yfkf, dsjfgk'/df /0fjL/l;x+
yfkfn] g]kfnL kmf}hsf] gt] [Tj u/]sf lyP . pSt o'4df g]kfnL kmfh} n] cªu\ ]h|
kmf}hnfO{ g/fd|/L k/flht u/s] f] lyof] . j'mg} j'mg} 7fpdF f gk] fnLn] xf/ a]xfg] '{k/s] f] klg
lyof] . cGtdf ;g\ !*!% l8;D] a/ @ sf lbg ef/tsf] ;u' f}nL eGg] 7fpFdf gk] fn /

kf7\ojm| d ljsf; j]mGb|, 149 j]bfGt
;fgf]l7dL, eStk/' åf/f :jLst[ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjd"No lzIff

j]bfGt ;fdflhs cWoog tyf
dfgjd"No lzIff – sIff 6

cªu\ |]hsf k|ltlglwx¿lar o4' cGTo ug]{ ;Demft} f eof] . pSt ;Demft} fnfO{ ;u' f}nL
;lGw elgG5 . o; ;lGwdf O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf tk{maf6 nl] Ç6gG] 6 sgn{] Kol/;
a|f8\; / g]kfnsf] tkm{ af6 /fhu?' uh/fh ld> / rGb|z]v/ pkfWofon] x:tfIf/
u/s] f lyP .

pSt ;lGwkqnfO{ sDkgL ;/sf/n] ;g\ !*!% l8;D] a/ ( df :jLj[mlt
lbof] eg] g]kfnn] ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ $ df dfq :jLjm[ t u/s] f] lyof] . o;kl5 gk] fn
cªu\ |]h o4' ljlwjt\ ¿kdf ;DffKt ePsf] lyof] .

;fyLx¿, ;'uf}nL ;lGw g]kfnsf nflu c;dfg / ckdfghgs b]lvG5 . To;n} ] xfn] f
g]kfnn] w]/} l9nf] u/L o; ;lGwnfO{ :jLj[mt u/]sf] lyof] . o; ;lGwkl5 bl] vPsf
Pl] txfl;s 36gfj|mdx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ g]kfn cª\u|]h o4' sf kl/0ffdx¿
lgDgfg;' f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
• gk] fn / O:6 OlG8of sDkgLlar d}qL / zflGtk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod,
• gk] fnsf] l;dfgf kj" {df dr] Lb]lv klZrddf dxfsfnL;Dd sfod,
• g]kfnn] j'mdfpF, u9jfn, gg} Ltfn / bflhl{ nª h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ e"efux¿

ud' fpg' k/]sf,]
• cª\u]|h /]lh8]G6 (Resident) sf7df8fd}F f /xg] k/Dk/fsf] ljsf;,
g]kfnLx¿ lal| 6; ;g] fdf k|j]z,
gk] fnsf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf ljbz] L x:tIf]k a9\g' .
ca, d oxfxF ¿nfO{ gk] fndf ;u' f}nL ;lGwkl5sf] /fhgLlts
36gfj|mdsf] 5f]6f] ljj/0f k:| tt' ug{ rfxG5' . o; ;lGwkl5 g]kfndf b/afl/oflar
if8\oGq / /fhgLlts u'6aGbLsf] k|f/De eof] . g]kfndf lj=;+= !()# ;fn;Dd
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf /lx/xo\ f] . sfG5f clw/fhj'mdf/ bj] ]Gb|sf] dT[ o'df eLd;g]
yfkfnfO{ ljif v'jfPsf] em' 6f] bfi] f nufO{ hn] xflnof] . To;kl5 pgsf] d'lVtof/ kb
klg vf]l;of] . pgsf] ktgkl5 /0fhª kf08n] ] b]zsf] dl' Vtof/L ;Dxfn]sf lyP . pgsf]
kfnfdf af| é0fx¿n] /0faxfb'/ zfxsf] kfnfdf x/0f ePsf latf{ lkmtf{ ug{] dfu /fvs] f

j]bfGt 150 kf7\oj|md ljsf; j]mGb|,
;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgjdN" o lzIff ;fgf]l7dL, eStk'/åf/f :jLst[