Approved by the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Education, Curriculum Development
Centre (CDC), Sanothimi, Bhaktapur as an additional learning material for Grade 10.
Bijay Kumar Basnet
Samjhana Dhakal
Hom Laxmi Gurung
Saroj Lamichhane
Geeta Bhattarai
Teachers Publication
Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors : Bijay Kumar Basnet
Samjhana Dhakal
Hom Laxmi Gurung
Saroj Lamichhane
Geeta Bhattarai
Publisher : Teachers Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
© Copyright : The Publisher copied, transmitted or in any electronic form without
First Edition : BS 2074 (2017 AD) the permission of the publisher or copyright holder.
Revised : BS 2075 (2018 AD)
Revised : BS 2076 (2019 AD)
Revised : BS 2077 (2020 AD)
Revised : BS 2078 (2021 AD)
Design & Art : PSDesign # 9849055680
Printed in Nepal
Preface
Realizing the urgent need of a standard, reliable and goal-oriented textbooks carefully well-graded
Dynamic Social Studies series has been written in line with the recently revised curriculum of the
Curriculum Development Centre (CDC), Ministry of Education, Government of Nepal.
The students at this level should be encouraged to develop creative and critical thinking around the
themes and come up with problem-solving aptitude also. Our goal has been to promote students'
interest in this discipline and stimulate them to accept Social Studies as a viable subject in their career.
The series possesses the following salient features to facilitate easy and creative learning:
• Learning Outcomes in terms of competencies have been listed to familiarise the students with the
basic learning that they are expected to achieve through the chapter materials.
• Facts to Understand may arouse interest in students to explore more to learn the relevant facts.
• Contents are orderly, simplified, insightful, comprehensive and interesting and are from
simple to complex in order to facilitate easy understanding.
• Lessons are so structured in such a way to enable progressive and constructive learning with a
logical development of the content. Moreover, sufficient elaboration of the lesson has been done.
• Special attention has been paid to the socio-cultural aspect of Nepal. Moreover, they are
thoroughly inclusive.
• Utmost care has been taken to understand the level of understanding and interests of the
children.
• A simple and lucid language has been used.
• Latest information has been added to make students get appropriately updated.
• Case Study has been incorporated to make the concept clear to the students.
• Relevant data and pictures have been added to facilitate creative learning, interpretation skill,
thinking and reasoning skill.
• Activities have been developed and designed to sharpen their creativity and critical thinking.
• Ample exercises for continuous and comprehensive assessment to meet the objectives set by the
curriculum.
• Community Work has been incorporated so as to make the knowledge and skill of the students
apply to the community and students can learn from the community as well.
• Project Work has been provided to make students develop presentation skill.
• Review Questions have been developed as follow-up activities at the end of every unit in order to
consolidate and reinforce children’s learning.
• Appendices have been included to make students learn relevant subject matter for examinations
and career.
• Every effort has been made to make designing and printing attractive.
We would like to extend our sincerest gratitude to the entire team of the Teachers Publication who
trusted us to take up this project and encouraged us relentlessly to bring the series out in this shape.
We genuinely express our deepest sense of gratitude to all who have cordially supported and
encouraged us directly or indirectly during the course of preparation of the series.
Our special thanks go to Perspective Designers and team for their unrelenting and meticulous
designing act.
We have left no stone unturned to make this series foolproof from any unwarranted mistakes. Still some
errors may have crept in, for which we look up to the readers to impart us constructive suggestions
and critical feedback so that they may be rectified in the future editions.
Last but not the least, we are highly indebted to all the founders, directors, principals, administrators,
vice principals, in-charges, teachers and all our well-wishers across the country for their cheerful
encouragement, affection and on-going support.
Happy Reading! The Authors
Contents
Unit Topics Pg. No.
1 WE AND OUR SOCIETY 7
8
Lesson 1.1 Human Resources Development 13
Lesson 1.2 Human Development Index and Nepal 17
Lesson 1.3 Concept of Regional Development and Federalism 21
Lesson 1.4 Provincial States of Nepal 31
Review Questions
2 DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURES OF DEVELOPMENT 32
33
Lesson 2.1 Sustainable Development 37
Lesson 2.2 On-going Projects of Nepal 42
Lesson 2.3 Prerequisites of Development: Human Resource and Employment 45
Lesson 2.4 Aims of Contemporary Development and Nepal 50
Lesson 2.5 Preparation of Development Proposal in Local Level 53
Review Questions
3 OUR TRADITIONS, SOCIAL NORMS AND VALUES 54
55
Lesson 3.1 Our National Heritages 62
Lesson 3.2 Folk Songs of Nepal 65
Lesson 3.3 Folk Musical Instruments of Nepal 71
Lesson 3.4 Our Folk and Classical Dances 79
Lesson 3.5 Our National Days 82
Lesson 3.6 International Personalities 86
Lesson 3.7 Universal Brotherhood 89
Lesson 3.8 Responsibilities Towards the Senior Citizens 92
Review Questions
4 SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS 93
94
Lesson 4.1 Human Trafficking as a Social Problem 99
Lesson 4.2 Domestic Violence and Untouchability 103
Lesson 4.3 Some Mal Practices 107
Lesson 4.4 Role of International Organizations in Solving Social Problems 111
Lesson 4.5 Some Other International Organizations Working in Nepal 114
Lesson 4.6 Identification of Social Problems and Problem Solving Skills 118
Review Questions
5 CIVIC SENSE 119
120
Lesson 5.1 The Legislature 124
Lesson 5.2 The Executive 128
Lesson 5.3 The Judiciary 134
Lesson 5.4 Constitutional Organs 141
Lesson 5.5 Other Commissions of Nepal 147
Lesson 5.6 Political Parties 151
Lesson 5.7 The Election Process 160
Lesson 5.8 Role of Citizens in the Election 164
Lesson 5.9 Human Rights and National and International Agencies 170
Lesson 5.10 Rights to Women, Indigenous and Adibasi Janajati 174
Lesson 5.11 Citizen Identification and Citizenship 177
Review Questions
178
6 OUR EARTH 179
184
Lesson 6.1 World Climatic Zones and the Factors Affecting to Climate 188
191
Lesson 6.2 Tropical Zone 195
198
Lesson 6.3 Human life in Tropical zone 201
204
Lesson 6.4 Temperate Zone 206
209
Lesson 6.5 Human Life in Temperate Zone 214
217
Lesson 6.6 Polar Zone 222
225
Lesson 6.7 Activities of Polar Zone 230
233
Lesson 6.8 Natural Vegetation and Animals in the World 236
242
Lesson 6.9 Effects of Diverse Climate and Topography on World Lifestyle 247
250
Lesson 6.10 North America
252
Lesson 6.11 Social and Economic Activities of North America 253
258
Lesson 6.12 South America 262
Lesson 6.13 Social and Economic Activities of South America
Lesson 6.14 Africa
Lesson 6.15 Social and Economic Activities of Africa
Lesson 6.16 North America, South America, Africa and Nepal
Lesson 6.17 Natural Disaster: Earthquake and Tsunami
Lesson 6.18 Different Methods of Tracing Map and Modern Applicable Map Technology
Lesson 6.19 Map Work
Review Questions
7 OUR PAST
Lesson 7.1 The Revolution of BS 2007 and Delhi Agreement
Lesson 7.2 Decade of Democratic Politics (BS 2007 – BS 2017)
Lesson 7.3 Abduction of Democracy and Ban on Political Parties
Lesson 7.4 Major Political Events from BS 2017 to BS 2046 266
Lesson 7.5 Causes of Rise and Fall of the Panchayat System 270
Lesson 7.6 Political Events between BS 2046 and BS 2062 273
Lesson 7.7 Post BS 2062/2063 Political Events 276
Lesson 7.8 The Economic and Social Impact after the Second Mass Movement 281
Lesson 7.9 Causes of the First World War 284
Lesson 7.10 Major Events and Consequences of World War I 289
Lesson 7.11 Causes of the World War II 293
Lesson 7.12 Consequences of the Second World War and the Role of Nepal 298
Lesson 7.13 Identification, Preservation and Promotion of the Historical Places and Monuments 302
Review Questions 305
8 OUR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 306
307
Lesson 8.1 Economic Planning and Current Plans in Nepal 314
Lesson 8.2 Importance of Tourism Industries and Its Possibilities 321
Lesson 8.3 Importance of Hydropower Projects and Its Possibilities 326
Lesson 8.4 Foreign Employment 330
Lesson 8.5 Cooperative Society and Its Economic Importance 334
Lesson 8.6 Financial Education 339
Lesson 8.7 Financial Tools 343
Lesson 8.8 Insurance 347
Lesson 8.9 Revenue and Taxation 351
Lesson 8.10 Consumer Rights 356
Review Questions
9 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIP, PEACE AND COOPERATION 357
358
Lesson 9.1 United Nations and Its Organs 363
Lesson 9.2 Specialized Agencies of the UN0 369
Lesson 9.3 Role of Nepal in UNO 371
Lesson 9.4 The UN Activities in Nepal 375
Lesson 9.5 Contemporary Events and Their Impacts 379
Lesson 9.6 Concept of Localization and Globalization 384
Review Questions 385
Appendix 1 : Sample Timeline 386
Appendix 2 : Letter to the Editor, News Report and Editorial 387
Appendix 3 : Report Writing 389
Appendix 4 : Specification Grid 390
Appendix 5 : See Model Question Set For Grade X 393
Appendix 6 : Outline Maps: South America, North America and Africa 396
Appendix 7 : Outline Map of Seven Provinces of Nepal 400
Appendix 8 : Constitutional Organs and Their Heads
Unit WE AND OUR SOCIETY
1
Learning Outcomes of the Unit
UNIT CONTENTS The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
1.1 Human Resources
Development 8 q understand the meaning of Human Resources and
their types.
1.2 Human Development Index
q know the major indices of Human Development.
and Nepal 13 q know the Nepal's position in Human Development.
q understand the concept of Regional Development and
1.3 Concept of Regional
Development and Federalism.
Federalism 17 q find out the challenges and benefits of Federalism.
q find out the facts about provinces of Nepal.
1.4 Provincial States of
Nepal 21
Review Questions 31
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit -1
Total Period(s): 15
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ 1 – – 12 2 x 1 = 2 2x1.8=3.6
2. SATQ 1 1 – –2 2 x 4 = 8 8x1.8=14.4
3. LATQ – – – –– ––
Total 2 1 – 14 10 10 x1.8=18
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q =7Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s) Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson Human Resources Development
1.1 FACTS The concept of human development is small deeper and richer than what can be
captured in any composite index or even by a detailed set of statically indicators.
to Understand Yet it is useful to simply a complex reality and that is what the HDI (Human
Development Index) set out to do.
United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP)
The working population of a country engaged in various types or productive activities
or willing to get an opportunity to do so is called human resource. All those people
from simple workers to highly professionals come under human resource. Human
resource is the backbone of any organization. They are required in development of
nation's economy, socio-cultural and scientific progress of a country.
The manpower that can complete the work efficiently and effectively by using their
knowledge and skill is known as human resource. Such human resource is very
essential for the development of a country. There is equal importance of peasants,
businessperson, doctors, engineers, lawyers, pilots, teachers, nurses, administrators,
masons, carpenters, etc. as human resources.
There are three types of human resources, they are: unskilled, semi-skilled and
skilled. Unskilled human resources do not acquire knowledge and skills to do their
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 8
Do You Know work but they are essential for
the development of the country.
Those workers who acquire little
knowledge and skills are called
John Rogers commons, a pioneering economist semi-skilled human resources
first used the term "human resource" in his book and skilled human resource
"The Distribution of Wealth" in 1893 and later refers to the people who are
Edward wight Bake used the term in modern educated, trained, devoted,
form in 1958. disciplined and robust. They
are capable of doing any specific
work systematically, efficiently
and independently. For example, doctors, engineers, pilots, nurses, teachers, etc. It
is very difficult to conduct and complete any development activities in the absence of
skilled human resource. Qualified and competent workers are needed to develop the
country in a thoughtful and planned way by considering both short-term needs and
long-term needs.
Short-term Needs
Short-term human resource is required for certain period. For example, record
keeping, bee keeping, silk farming, fishery, to manage papers in paper factory, etc.
They are temporary workers assigned to complete the given task immediately.
Long-term Needs
Long term needs are the ones which the country has to set to achieve within a specific
time period in the future. To get cent percent literacy, develop large scale industries
and foreign trade, develop infrastructures, promote tourism, commercial farming, etc.
are long-term needs of a country which require long-term vision and planning to focus
fulfilling the present needs through the wide and planned utilization of the available
manpower as well as the other resources police, army, employees in service sectors,
etc. are the example of long-term human resources. Government should invest huge
amount to fulfill long-term needs. It should create an employment opportunity along
with the production of skilled human resources otherwise problem of unemployment
increases. Universities also produce skilled and stable human resources. There are
some technical institutes established to produce technicians. They provide vocational
education and enough skill oriented training to the people. So that a nation gets
skilled human resources who can make the country developed and prosperous.
The efficiency of worker is connected with their personal development. In order
to develop correlation and cooperation between workers, there should be Human
Resource Management Training and updating the existing manpower and preparing
new manpower in advance according to need and ensure the continuous availability
of skilled manpower to work and prevent slackness in the development. This is called
the management of sustainable human resource. It is the concept to make people
responsible towards their work.
9 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Needs of Human Resource Development
According to the job requirement, plans for human resources are made. The needs of
Human Resource Development are given below:
a. To appoint required manpower according to the plan of Human Resource
b. To fulfill the requirement of manpower and to manage the exceed workers
c. To increase or decrease the labour as per the investment
d. To find out the possibilities of skilled manpower required for the country
e. To collect the data of available human resource in the country
f. To increase the productivity of skilled manpower by managing available human
resources
Importance of Human Resource Development
Human Resource Development plan is essential to manage the manpower of all levels
of any organization.
1. It carries out various development projects and utilizes the available resources
in the most effective ways to fulfill the needs of the country.
2. It manages appointment of workers, utilization of their skills and efficiency,
reformation of an organization, etc.
3. It plays an important role to manage all the plans of an organization, formation
of policies, mutual cooperations between organizations and manages the budget.
4. It studies and manages Do You Know
the profit and loss of an
organization.
5. It prepares an incentive plan
for the manpower.
6. It extends the relations The term human resource development
between human resource was coined by Leonard Nadler in his book
and stake holders which "Developing Human Resources" in 1970.
enhance the workers quality,
helps in time utilization,
mobilization of capital energy management, and achieve expected benefits from
the human resource.
Procedure of Human Resource Development
Human resource development is a continuous and well-managed process. In order
to develop human resources some procedures to apply are planning, description of
present manpower, future requirement, programmes of employment, etc.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 10
Human Resource Development in Nepal:
Challenges and Future Direction
A large number of people tend to go
abroad for foreign employment due to
the lack of employment opportunities
within our country. This leads to the
shortage of necessary manpower for
development work. Similarly, it is
difficult to many human resources
if there is an imbalance between the
demand and supply of manpower. The
government has attempted to develop
infrastructures such as education,
health, tourism, as a way of creating
employment opportunities. Such
effort only is not adequate specially; human resources development has not taken
expected momentum as employment opportunities haven't been accessible to women,
the people with disability and people of underprivileged area, class and community.
Human development must focus on developing quantitative and qualitative capacity of
manpower suitable for competitive world market and the need of the country. Inability
to mobilize resources also adversely affects human resource development. There is a
lack of a clear human resource policies. Therefore, we are not able to use and manage
productive manpower in nation building campaign. For this, we can take advantage
of abundance of existing active population in the country. We have to prepare skilled
manpower according to the national and international demand. Therefore dependence
on foreign employment has to be reduced by creating employment opportunities
within the country, it has been a challenge to coordinate between produced manpower
in the country and its demand and to maintain proper co-ordination among training
centres existing in the country. At the same time, it is equally challenging to carry
out development activities to reach women in the rural area, the Dalits, people with
disabilities, underprivileged area, class and community, there is a lack of human
resources plan with long-term goals to tackle such challenges.
The following should be taken into consideration while developing human resources.
Maintain balance between the demand and supply of manpower.
Develop able and skilled manpower to compete in the national and international
market.
Upgrade the capacity of agencies related to human resource development.
Emphasize on technical and vocational training to create employment and self
employment opportunities.
Conduct programme related to leadership development for youths.
Develop capacity of the targeted groups.
Define work in a new way and make education employment oriented.
11 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Activity
Discuss the various ways of creating Human Resource and the ways of their
development.
Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...
1. What is human resource? Mention the types of human resources with suitable
examples.
2. Explain the short-term needs and long-term needs of human resource.
3. Who produces skilled human resources? Write the importance of skilled human
resources.
4. Why is human resources development important for the nation? Write in points.
5. Explain the procedure of Human Resource Development.
6. How is Nepal affected in carrying out development due to the lack of human
resource activities?
7. What are the challenges in development of human resource in Nepal? Explain.
8. What can be done to increase human resources? Explain.
iCommun ty Work
Visit your community and identify the different skills acquired by the people of your
community.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 12
Lesson Human Development Index
and Nepal
1.2
FACTS Norway has the highest HDI with 0.944 and Niger has the lowest HDI with 0.348
to Understand in the world according to the Human Development Proposal 2015.
The development which is related to human health, education, food, shelter, skill
is known as human development. Human Development Index is used as a way of
measuring actual progress is human development. Human Development Index is
formulated by the UNDP. There are many factors to be analyzed to indicate real
development. Gross National Product (GNP) only indicates the economic status but
does not analyze the intellectual level, health status, availability of basic needs such
as water supply, literacy, employment status which are very important parameters to
measure human development.
Human Development Index is a composite statistics used to rank countries by level
of human development and separate developed, developing and underdeveloped
countries. It measures a country's average achievement in three basic aspects of
human development that are life expectancy, literacy rate and Per Capita Income
(PCI). The HDI is calculated with the help of the three indicators and it is expressed
by numbers between 0 and 1.
13 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Importance of Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index is very important for the following reasons:
1. To identify the condition of human development
2. To recognize the area for development
3. To improve the condition of human development
4. To get ideas and skills required for planning and development of a country
Methods of Calculating HDI
With the help of information of Life Expectancy, Literacy Rate and Per Capita Income
the Human Development Index is calculated in the following ways:
Life Expectancy of the particular country
1. Average Life Expectancy = World's -World's lowest life expectancy lowest
highest life expectancy -World's
life expectancy
In short it can be written as: LEG -LEL G = Given country's
LEH -LEL L = Lowest
H= Highest
2. Education Index
= Mean Years of Schooling + Expected Years of Schooling
(18)
15
2
3. Per Capita Income Index =
ln (Per Capita Income of a particular country) - ln (World's lowest Per
= ln (World's highest Per Capita Capita Income) lowest Per Capita Income)
Income) -ln (World's
In short it can be written as:
ln PCIG - ln PCIL G = Given PCI of the country
ln PCIH - ln PCIL L = Lowest
H= Highest
4. Human Development Index
= 3 Average Life Expectancy × Education Index × Per Capita Income Index
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 14
Status of Nepal in HDI
The status of HDI of Nepal is decreasing according to the data of UNDP, 2018. In
2012, HDI rank of Nepal was 157 (value 0.463), in 2013 it was 146 (value 0.543) and
in 2015 and 2016 Nepal's rank was 145 with value 0.548 but now in 2017, the rank of
Nepal is 149 and value is 0.574. Nepal's HDI rank was 149 with value 0.579 in 2018
as per the report of UNDP.
Activity
Study the given tables and discuss:
HDI of SAARC Nations 2018
Rank Country Score Rank Country Score
76 Sri-lanka 0.770 136 Bangladesh 0.608
101 Maldives 0.717 149 Nepal 0.579
130 India 0.640 150 Pakistan 0.562
134 Bhutan 0.612 168 Afghanistan 0.498
Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update
World's Highest and Lowest HDI Countries
Rank Countries score Rank Countries score
1. Norway 0.953 189 Niger 0.354
2. Switzerland 0.944 188 Central Republic of Africa 0.367
3. Australia 0.939 187 South Sudan 0.388
4. Ireland 0.938 186 Chad 0.404
5. Germany 0.936 185 Burundi 0.417
Source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/2018-update
a. Name the country having the highest HDI and the lowest HDI with their
ranks and scores.
b. Describe the status of human development in SAARC nations.
c. What are the challenges for the countries having the lowest HDI?
d. Mention the measures to improve the condition of HDI of Nepal.
15 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions
1. Define Human Development in your own words.
2. Compare the HDI of Nepal with Denmark and Niger.
3. Speculate the possible reasons responsible for low Per Capita Income in Nepal
and find out the possible ways to improve.
4. Why is HDI needed? Write its importance.
5. Calculate the HDI of Nepal.
[World's highest life expectancy = Monoco 89.52 year,
Worlds lowest life expectancy = Chad 49.81 years,
World's highest PCI = Luxembourg US $ 1,04,360,
Worlds lowest PCI = Centre of African Republic US $ 600
Nepal's PCI = US $ 929 ($ = Dollar)
Average life expectancy = 71 years and
Mean year of schooling = 3.2 and Expected years of schooling 12.4]
6. According to the HDI report of 2018 the HDI of Norway is 0.953 and that of
Chad is 0.404. What does it indicate about these countries?
7. Does the higher income indicate development? If not what other elements
should be included to measure development and why?
iCommun ty Work
Make a table of at least 10 families in your community and find out the details as mentioned
below:
Name of Total Health Total Time Total Number Condition Average Life Total
The Head of Check-up in a of Buying of Rooms is of Drinking expectancy Score
the Family Year Clothes House Water
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 16
Lesson Concept of Regional Development
and Federalism
1.3
FACTS There are around twenty five Federal nations in the world today. Some of them
are the USA, India, Nepal, Germany, Brazil, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, South
to Understand Africa, etc. Iran and Sudan are in transition to federalism.
Source: forumfed.org
The development process is dynamic. The development should remain for long
term. Life becomes comfortable, prosperous and smooth because of development.
It helps people to be self-dependent and enhances their efficiency. Human resource
is very essential for development. Rivers, land, forest, hills minerals, etc. are the
natural resources. Similarly, skilled manpower, training, technology, etc. are human
resources. There are many dimensions of development in which rural, community,
urban, human resources, etc. are included.
Sudurpachim Pradesh Karnali Pradesh CHINA
Gandaki Pradesh N
Bagmati Pradesh Province 1
Lumbini Pradesh
INDIA Province 2
Map of the seven Provincial States of Nepal
Development denotes the economic and social status of an individual and society.
Development activities can bring changes in the country. In the concept of development,
social economic and cultural activities and their progress are mentioned. The objective
of development is to fulfill human needs and necessities.
17 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
The following things are included in the concept of development. They are as follows:
a. Social, cultural, political and economic development of a country
b. Increment in production of goods and services
c. Effective address to targeted demand
d. Equality and personal freedom
e. Proceed towards modern thinking from traditional thinking
f. Effective utilization of social values and faith
g. Social and economic transformation
h. Poverty alleviation
i. Gain self-respect
If development is planned and environment-friendly, then it helps to fulfill
requirements easily and protects the environment. People's requirement such as
food, clothes, shelter, education, health and security can be fulfilled by development.
Citizen's rights, respectful lifestyle, individual and social development can be achieved
from development.
Regional development is essential for proportionate development, easy access, equal
participation and optimum utilization of means and resources. The concept of regional
development is related to the effective administration of the country.
The objectives of regional development are:
Sustainable development
Protection and conservation of bio-diversity
Proportionate development
Effective governance which is close to the local people
Create responsible consumers
Development of basic areas
Increase public participation
The Federal or Central Government has the following rights or power:
Determine policy related to the foreign affairs
Frame and implement national monetary policy
Regulate the national security and military management
Control over mega projects like national highway, micro hydro project, etc.
There is a close interrelationship with social needs and development. Social needs are
changed with time and situation. So, government should continue the development
process to fulfill the regional requirements. Physically, Nepal is divided into three
regions, the Himalayan region, the hilly region and the Terai region. To carry out
development work equally in the Himalayan, the Hilly region and in the Terai region,
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 18
to get effective administration and Do You Know
proportionate development, Nepal
was divided into 5 development
regions, 14 Zones and 75 districts.
Nepal is declared as a Federal Half-cantons in Switzerland are established
Democratic Republic Country on traditionally but no longer officially.
15th Jestha, 2065. The country
is transformed into federalism with the expectation of proportionate development,
equal distribution of means and resources and to control over the social, economic,
religious and regional disparity. There are 77 districts and 7 Provincial States in
Nepal. They are created for appropriate mobilization of resources to become self-
reliant, to strengthen internal economy security, carry out internal administration, to
formulate development policies, internal laws and regulation and plans for budgeting.
The central government looks after the issues related to border security, formulation
and implementation of national economic policy, foreign affairs, deployment of army
and controlling and directing state government.
The structural division of a country is made according to their geographical condition,
history, ethnicity, language, social and cultural structure, population, available
means and resources. Switzerland is also a Himalayan country. It is divided into 19
cantons and 6 Half-cantons. The USA is divided into 50 states; India is divided into
29 states and 7 union territories.
Federal system of government increases the healthy competition among the states,
optimum utilization of available
means and resources, proportional
development of infrastructures and Do You Know
over dependency on the central
government is reduced. There will
be proportionate development of the Some nations like Uganda, Kenya, Cameron
country. and Congo returned to Unitary System after
Advantages of Federal system adopting federalism.
Encourages pluralism
Optimum utilization of available resources
Ensures greater participation of people in the democratic process
Enables a quick and effective decision making process and administration
Higher sense of unity is developed within and between the federal units
Promotes self reliance of the states and reduces dependency on the central
government
Provides grass-root community sense of ownership of the government
Facilitates employment opportunities to solve brain drain problems
19 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Challenges of Federal System
May lead to unhealthy competition
Lack of accountability and may lead to corruption
Creates inequalities between different states
Promotes regionalism over patriotism
Very expensive form of government
A large number of representatives and administrative bodies which may lead to
trouble and delay in work
Activity
Divide the classroom into four groups and discuss on the topic "Role of
people on successful implementation of federalism in Nepal".
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the bases of structural division of Provincial States in Nepal?
2. "In federalism there is a close relationship between the government and the
people." Justify the statement.
3. What are the dimensions of development?
4. Why is the necessity of federalism felt despite being decentralized based ruling
system in Nepal? Give any four logical answers.
5. What are the ways of implementation of federalism in Nepal?
6. Write the benefits and challenges of federalism.
iCommun ty Work
Visit your community and ask the about the possible difficulties on implementation of
federalism. Prepare a report on the basis of their opinion.
Project Work
Locate the name of the federal countries in world map. You can take help from your
teacher, atlas or the internet.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 20
Lesson Provincial States of Nepal
1.4 FACTS According to Article 295 (2), the provinces shall be named by 2/3 votes of the
to Understand respective provinces legislature.
Nepal is declared as a Federal Democratic Republic State on 15th Jestha, 2065. The
Constitution has divided the country into seven Provincial States. It is stated in
Part 5, Article 56, Schedule 4. Here is the brief introduction of provincial states of
federal Government of Nepal.
Province No. 1
The Province No. 1 lies in the Eastern Nepal covering about 25,905(18%)sq. km. of
area. It has three fold geographical divisions, Himalayan in the north, Hilly in the
middle and Terai in the Southern part of Nepal, varying between an altitude of 59 m
and 8,848 m. The mountains like Mt. Everest, Mt. Nuptse, Mt. Kanchenjunga, Makalu,
Choyu, Lhotse, etc. and Sagarmatha National Park and Makalu-Barun National Park
are located in Province No. 1. According to the census 2011 AD, the total populations is
about 45,34,943(17.12%) here and the ethnic groups like Rai, Limbu, Lepcha Rajbanshi,
Koche, Meche, Brahmin, Chhetri, Sherpa, etc. reside in this province. Barah Kshetra,
Pathivara, Halesi Mahadev, Chhintang Devi are some religious places. Food crops
like paddy, maize and wheat and cash crop like jute, tea sugarcane, and tobacco are
grown as cash crops. This region has high literacy rate and has high contribution to the
national economy. Biratnagar is considered as the interim capital of the province.
MAJOR ETHNIC DIVERSITY
Ethnic Group Population in Percent (%)
Khas Arya 28
Terai Janajati 12
Rai 11
Limbu 8
ECONOMIC FACTS
Indicators Figures
Per Capita Income $ 733
Local Taxation 15.39%
Revenue Sharing 39.95%
Source: www.myrepublica.com
The main economic source of the region is agriculture and
tourism. The major tourist areas are Pathivara temple, Mt. Everest, Mt. Kanchenjunga,
Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Ramdhuni, Arun Valley, etc.
21 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
The following table shows total number of district-wise metropolis, sub-metropolis,
municipality and gaupalikas of Province No. 1 till 2018 AD.
Sl. District Metropolis Sub- Municipality Gaunpalika Total
No. Metropolis
1. Taplejung 0 1 89
2. Panchthar 0 0 1 78
3. Ilam 0 0 4 6 10
4. Sankhuwasabha 0 0 5 5 10
5. Tehrathum 0 0 2 46
6. Dhankuta 0 0 3 47
7. Bhojpur 0 0 2 79
8. Khotang 0 0 2 8 10
9. Solukhumbu 0 0 1 78
10. Okhaldhunga 0 0 1 78
11. Udayapur 0 0 4 48
12. Jhapa 0 0 8 7 15
13. Morang 1 0 8 8 17
14. Sunsari 0 0 4 6 12
1 2 46 88 137
Total 2
Province No. 2
There are 8 districts lying in this
region. It has a total land area
of 9661 sq. km. which is 7% of
the total land area, and the total
population is 5,404,145 (according
to the census of BS 2068) which
is 20% of the total population.
People's like Yadav, Tharu,
Muslim, etc. live in this region.
The land form is plain from Parsa
to Saptari. So, mostly people from Terai region is living here. This region is connected
with highways and sub ways (Hulaki Marga). There are more number of industries
established in this region. So, the economic condition is good in this region. Some of the
major trade centre are Birgunj, Lahan, Rajbiraj, Harioan, Chandranigahpur, Simara
and Janakpur. Ram Janaki Mandir, Chhinnamasta, Gadimai, etc. are major religious
places. Birgunj is the main trade transit to Nepal. There is Chure Region (Siwaliks)
which is very important from ecological, social, economic and political perspective of
Nepal. It is serving as the water reserve for the Terai region and rich in biodiversity.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 22
MAJOR ETHNIC DIVERSITY ECONOMIC FACTS
Ethnic Group Population in Percent (%) Indicators Figures
Madhesi Caste 52 Per Capita Income $ 570
Madhesi Dalit 15 Local Taxation 11.40%
Muslim 12 Revenue Sharing 10.69%
Terai Janajati 8 Source: www.myrepublica.com
Most of the landforms is plain and fertile in this region. More population, high
Per Capital Income (PCI) and sufficient arable land are the special features of the
region. Maithili, Bajjika, Bhojpuri, Nepali, etc. are the major languages of the region.
Janakpur is the province capital of this province.
The following table shows total number of district-wise metropolis, sub-metropolis,
municipality and gaupalikas of Province No. 2.
Sl. District Metropolis Sub- Municipality Gaunpalika Total
No. 0 Metropolis 99 18
1. Saptari 0
2. Siraha 00 8 9 17
3. Dhanusa 0 1 11 6 18
4. Mahottari 0 0 10 5 15
5. Sarlahi 0 0 11 9 20
6. Rautahat 0 0 16 2 18
7. Bara 02 5 9 16
8. Parsa 10 3 10 14
Total 1 3 73 59 136
Bagmati Pradesh (Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
Kathmandu, is the capital city is located in this region.
It occupies 14% of the total land area with 20,300
sq. km. According to the census of 2068, the total
population of this region is 55,29,452 which
is 21% of the total population. In this
region, people like Bhote, Sherpa
live in mountain region, the
Newars dominate in Kathmandu
Valley. The other ethnic groups like Jirel,
Chepang, Tamang, Magar, Tharu, Brahmin, Chhetri,
Dashnami, Dalits, etc. live in this region. The major trade
centres of this Province are Kathmandu, Hetauda, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur,
Banepa, Chitwan, Tatopani and Dhulikhel. Gosainkunda, Pashupatinath,
Swoyambhunath, Budhanilkantha, Bouddhanath Stupa, Dolakha Bhimeshwar,
23 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Dakshinkali, Palanchowk Bhagawati, etc. are the major religious places of this
province. The numbers of industries are 979 and has the highest hydro electricity
project. In total 38 hydro electricity projects are running here with the biggest Upper
Tamakoshi Hydro-electricity Project. This is the most developed province. Drinking
water supply, Education, Road facilities, etc. are developed in this province. As per
the central revenue collection figures Province three contributes the largest share of
the revenue than other provinces. Hetauda is the capital of Bagmati Pradesh.
MAJOR ETHNIC DIVERSITY ECONOMIC FACTS
Ethnic Group Population in Percent (%) Indicators Figures
Khas Arya 37 Per Capita Income $ 1094
Tamang 20 Local Taxation 29.14%
Newar 17 Revenue Sharing 48.76%
Hills Dalit 5
Source: www.myrepublica.com
The following table shows total number of district-wise metropolis, sub-metropolis,
municipality and gaupalikas of Province No. 3.
Sl. District Metropolitan Sub- Municipality Gaunpalika Total
No. Metropolis
1. Dolakha 0 0 2 79
0 2 68
2. Ramechhap 0 0 2 79
0 6 7 13
3. Sindhuli 0 0 3 9 12
0 0 55
4. Kavrepalanchok 0 0 2 10 12
0 2 11 13
5. Sindhupalchok 0 0 5 17
1 1 8 10
6. Rasuwa 0 0 4 04
0 2 36
7. Nuwakot 0 0 10 0 11
1 41 74 119
8. Dhading 0 (Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development
9. Chitwan 1
10. Makawanpur 0
11. Bhaktapur 0
12. Lalitpur 1
13. Kathmandu 1
Total 3
Gandaki Pradesh
Gandaki Pradesh lies between China in the north and Lumbini Pradesh in the
south. It occupies the area of 21,504 sq km. which is 14% of the total land area.
The major mountain peaks are Annapurna I, Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, Himchuli and
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 24
Machhapuchhre. Manang and Mustang
are the two dry valleys lie in this region.
The Province has good potentiality of hydro
electricity generation with existing 29 a
hydro electricity projects. Begnas, Rupa,
Fewa and Tilicho are famous lakes and Seti,
Kaligandaki and Marshyangdi are major
rivers which increase the natural beauty of
the region.
According to the census of BS 2068
population of this region is about 24,13,907.
It means it is 9% of the total population.
Pokhara, Bandipur, Muktinath, Gorkha and
Manakamana are the main tourist places.
The other major attractions for tourists in this region are Annapurna Conservation
Area, Ghale Gaun, Upper Mustang, Kagbeni, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve, etc. There
are sufficient attraction for mountaineering, trekking, rafting and paragliding centres.
MAJOR ETHNIC DIVERSITY ECONOMIC FACTS
Ethnic Group Population in Percent (%) Indicators Figures
Khas Arya 42 Per Capita Income $ 766
Magar 17 Local Taxation 13.52%
Hills Dalit 17 Revenue Sharing 20.84%
Gurung 11
Source: www.myrepublica.com
People like Brahmin, Chhetri, Magar, Gurung, Thakali, Dura, etc. live in this regions.
Population is less in comparison to the land area. There are many snow-capped
mountains, less arable land, less network of roadways, contribution to total GDP is
also less. This Province is less developed. Pokhara is the capital of this province.
The following table shows total number of district-wise metropolis, sub-metropolis,
municipality and gaupalikas of Gandaki Pradesh.
Sl. District Metropolis Sub- Municipality Gaunpalika Total
No. Metropolis
1. Gorkha 0 29 11
0 0 44 8
2. Lamjung 0 46 10
1 0 04 5
3. Tanahun 0 04 4
0
4. Kaski
0
5. Manang
0
6. Mustang 0 0 0 55
7. Parbat 0 0 2 57
25 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
8. Syangja 0 0 5 6 11
9. Myagdi 0 0 1 56
10. Baglung 0 0 4 6 10
11. Nawalpur 0 0 4 48
1 0 26 58 85
Total (Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development)
Lumbini Pradesh
In this Province there is
more, Terai than Hills.
There is no mountain
range in this region. It
is bordered by India in
the south and Gandaki
Pradesh, and Karnali
Pradesh in the east,
west and the north,
respectively. The rivers
Karnali, Bheri, Rapti,
Tinau, and Babai river
and Satyawati, Barkune,
Jagdishpur, etc. lakes lie
in the province.
The total land area of this Province is 22,288 sq km which is 15 % of the total land
area and the population is 48,91,025 according to the census BS 2068 which is 18%
of the total population. The big valleys like Dang, Deukhuri, Rampur, Madi, etc. lie
here. Jhimruk Hydropower Project, Nepal Sanskrit University, Lumbini Bouddha
University also lie here. Some major tourist centres are Lumbini, Ridi, Resunga,
Bhairavsthan, Swargadwari, Thakur Dwara, Bageshwori, etc. Sikta, Babai, Ban
Ganga, Tinau irrigation project have benefited the agricultural production. The land
is very fertile. The major crops are paddy, mustard, wheat, maize, cotton, etc. Butwal
is the capital of Lumini Pradesh.
MAJOR ETHNIC DIVERSITY ECONOMIC FACTS
Ethnic Group Population in Percent (%) Indicators Figures
Khas Arya 30 Per Capita Income $ 6111
Magar 16 Local Taxation 22.44%
Tharu 15 Revenue Sharing 9.99%
Hills Dalit 10 Source: www.myrepublica.com
The following table shows total number of district-wise metropolis, sub-metropolis,
municipality and gaupalikas of Lumbini Pradesh.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 26
Sl. District Metropolis Sub- Municipality Gaunpalika Total
No. Metropolis
1. Parasi 0
2. Rupandehi 0 0 3 47
3. Kapilbastu 0 1 5 10 16
4. Palpa 0 0 6 4 10
5. Arghakhanchi 0 0 2 8 10
6. Gulmi 0 0 3 36
7. Eastern Rukum 0 0 2 10 12
8. Rolpa 0 0 0 33
9. Pyuthan 0 0 1 9 10
10. Dang 0 0 2 79
11. Banke 0 2 1 7 10
12. Bardiya 0 1 1 68
0 0 6 28
Total 4 32 73 109
(Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development)
Karnali Pradesh
The Province lies in Mid Western Himalayan
and hilly region. This is the biggest Province
in size. The bordering provinces are
Sudurpachim Pradesh in the west, Lumbini
Pradesh in the south and east, a part of
Gandaki Pradesh in the east and China in
the north. It does not have any fertile land.
The total area of this Province is 29,984 sq.
km which occupies 20% of the total land
area and population is 11,68,515 which is
5% of the total population according to the
census BS 2068. Mt. Kanjirowa, Mt. Kanti,
Mt Gorakh and Mt. Changla are remarkable
peaks. Rara lake lies here. Tila, Bheri, Sani
Bheri, Humla Karnali, Mugu Karnali, etc. are
some perennial rivers of the province. There
is high possibility of hydropower projects. The popular religious sites like Deutibajyai,
Chandannath, Shey-Gumba, Kankre Bihar, etc. The major trade centres of the
Province are Birendranagar, Gumgadi, Khalanga, Dunai, etc. People like Thakuri,
Chhetri, Brahmin, Dalit, etc. live here. This region has large area of grassland and
forest area. Yarsagumba (cordyceps), apple, walnut, medicinal herbs, etc. are grown
sufficiently in this province. Animal husbandry and collection of herbs are the main
economic activities of the people. Birendranagar is the capital of Karnali Pradesh.
27 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
MAJOR ETHNIC DIVERSITY ECONOMIC FACTS
Ethnic Group Population in Percent (%) Indicators Figures
Khas Arya 62 Per Capita Income $ 475
Hills Dalit 23 Local Taxation 1.38%
Magar 11 Revenue Sharing 3%
Others 4
Source: www.myrepublica.com
The following table shows total number of district-wise metropolis, sub-metropolis,
municipality and gaupalikas of Karnali Pradesh.
Sl. District Metropolis Sub-Metropolis Municipality Gaunpalika Total
No. 6
1. Western Rukum 0 0 33
2. Salyan 00 3 7 10
3. Dolpa 00 2 68
4. Jumla 00 1 78
5. Mugu 00 1 34
6. Humla 00 0 77
7. Kalikot 00 3 69
8. Jajarkot 00 3 47
9. Dailekh 00 4 7 11
10. Surkhet 00 5 49
Total 0 0 25 54 79
Sudurpachim Pradesh (Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development)
This Province is located in the Far Western
region of Nepal. This Province covers 19,539 sq
km area which is 13% of the total land area and
population is about 25,52,517 which is 10% of
the total population of the country. Shuklaphant
Nation Park, Khaptad National Park, Mt. Api
and Saipal lie here. Khaptad and Ghodaghodi
lakes fall in the province. Tanakpur Barrage,
Pancheswor multi-purpose projects, West Seti
are the major project of this Province to develop
it. The major trade centres are Bhimdutta
Nagar, Dhangadi, Silgadi, Attariya, Tikapur,
Safe Bagar, Dadeldhura, etc. People grow paddy,
wheat, maize and oilseeds in this province.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 28
People like Brahmin, Chhetri, Thakuri, Tharu, Dalit, etc. live here. The religious
places are Ugratara, Shaileswori, Badimallika, etc. Many people migrate to India for
job. This Province is badly affected by Chhaupadi, Deuki Pratha, Dowry system, etc.
Godawari (Kailali) is the capital of this province. Overall in the Province the basic
needs are fulfilled as it is connected by road to India.
MAJOR ETHNIC DIVERSITY ECONOMIC FACTS
Ethnic Group Population in Percent (%) Indicators Figures
Khas Arya 60 Per Capita Income $ 474
Tharu 17 Local Taxation 6.74%
Hill Dalits 13 Revenue Sharing 2.89%
Others 10
Source: www.myrepublica.com
The following table shows total number of district-wise metropolis, sub-metropolis,
municipality and gaupalikas of Sudurpachim Pradesh.
Sl. District Metropolis Sub- Municipality Gaunpalika Total
No. Metropolis
1.
2. Bajura 0 0 4 59
3. Bajhang 0
4. Doti 0 0 2 10 12
5. Achham 0
6. Darchula 0 0 2 79
7. Baitadi 0
8. Dadeldhura 0 0 4 6 10
9. Kanchanpur 0
Kailali 0 0 2 79
0
Total 0 4 6 10
0 2 57
0 7 29
1 6 6 13
1 33 54 88
(Source: Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development)
Province and Their Headquarters
The Government of Nepal has declared the main headquarter of all the seven provinces
of Nepal which are given below:
Name of Province Headquarters Name of Province Headquarters
Province No. 1 Biratnagar Province No. 2 Janakpur
Province No. 3 Hetauda Gandaki Pradesh Pokhara
Province No. 5 Butwal Karnali Pradesh
Birendranagar
29 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Sudurpachim Pradesh Godawori, Kailali
Activity
Find out the less industrialized province. Discuss the probability of development
of this province.
Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...
1. Find out the provinces which have more fertile land. How does it affect in
development of the province?
2. Which Province has snow-capped mountain? How does it influence in
development of the province?
3. What are the challenges and possibilities of Karnali Pradesh? Mention in points.
4. Write short notes on:
i. Province No. 3
ii. Province No. 5
iii. Sudurpachim Pradesh
5. What differences did you find among the seven Provinces of Nepal? Mention.
6. Pokhara is a popular tourist destination in the western Nepal. What are the
major attractions for tourists in this region?
7. Manang and Mustang are called dry valleys in Gandaki Pradesh. Give reasons.
8. Explain the major prospects of Province No.5.
9. Karnali region is the least developed region. What are the reasons for the lack
of development in this region? What can be done to accelerate the development
process in this region?
10. Find out the number of Gaunpalikas and municipalities of each provinces.
iCommun ty Work
Choose one development project for any one Province and explain what kind of benefits can
be given to the people for their welfare? Prepare a report and present it to your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 30
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. What is Human Resources Development? Define clearly.
2. What is decentralization of power? How it is beneficial to development?
3. What are the advantages of implementing federalism in Nepal?
4. Nepalese skilled human resources are leaving for the foreign Countries. Write a
letter to your friend stating that he/she has better work in own country learning
instead of going abroad.
5. Despite Nepal being rich in natural resources, there is no proper utilization of
these resources. How can such means and resources be properly used for the
development of the country? Write any four measures
6. Write any four efforts made by the Government of Nepal to produce skilled
human resources in the country.
7. What are the major dimensions of human development? Describe.
8. Describe the human development situation in Nepal.
9. Which provinces have the strongest and weakest economy? Explain with
reason.
10. Mention any four economic activities representating all the geographical areas
of the provinces of Nepal.
11. Differentiate between the functions of Provincial government and the federal
government in four points.
12. Population and geography can be boon to the development. Justify the
statement with reference to your province
13. Where is Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve Located? Write the name of district.
14. Mention any four possibilities of tourist development in Eastern regions of
Nepal.
15. Mention any two national parks that are located in the Province No. 3. of Nepal.
16. Many people died and injured to institutionalized federalism in Nepal. Do you
think the political stability and peace can be maintained only after the death of
people in a country like Nepal?
17. Why are jute and tea grown in Eastern Nepal as cash crops?
18. Which districts of which provinces were worst hit by the earthquake on 12th
Baishakh, 2072. Suggest any three ways for the soonest possible relief and
rehabilitation there.
19. Though Nepal has been divided into seven provinces, their naming has not been
done yet completely. What should be the bases of their naming? Share your
opinion.
20. What are the challenges for the development of the Karnali Pradesh? Discuss
briefly.
31 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Unit DEVELOPMENT AND
INFRASTRUCTURES OF DEVELOPMENT
2
UNIT CONTENTS Learning Outcomes of the Unit
2.1 Sustainable Development 33 The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
2.2 On-going Projects of
Nepal 37 q understand the concept of sustainable development.
q understand the importance and challenges of
2.3 Prerequisites of
Development: Human sustainable development.
Resource and q find out the infrastructures of development such as
Employment 42
skilled human resources and employment.
2.4 Aims of Contemporary q learn the current aim of development and Nepal.
Development and Nepal 45 q learn the implementation of development in local
2.5 Preparation of Development level.
Proposal in Local Level 50
Review Questions 53
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit -2
Total Period(s): 16
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
of Marks (Minute)
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions
2x1=2 2x1.8=3.6
1. VSATQ 1 – – 12
2 x4=8 8x1.8=14.4
2. SATQ 1 1 – –2
– –
3. LATQ – – – ––
10 10 x1.8=18
Total 2 1 14
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q =32Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson Sustainable Development
2.1 FACTS Sustainable development is the peace policy of the future.
to Understand Professor Dr. Klaus Topfer, UNEP
Development is a continuous process. It is the positive change in different aspects of
the human life. It is social economic growth along with all round progress. It leads the
whole society to attain better and easier life. The sustainable development is the long
lasting development process which is eco-friendly.
Illustration of sustainable development
The concept of sustainable development was realized in 1970s. United Nations
organized the first world UN conference on Human Environment from June 5
-16, 1972 in Stockholm, Sweden. It tried to develop the strategy of sustainable
development. The Brundtland Commission was established in 1987. It releases report
on "our common future" in 42nd General meeting of United Nations. The commission
defined sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs."
The concept of sustainability relates to the maintenances and enhancement of
environmental, social and economic resources in order to meet the needs of current
and future generations. Sustainable development ensures the well-being of the human
being by integrating social, economic development and environmental conservation
33 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
and protection. The main feature of sustainable development is to utilize available
resource wisely and preserve for future generation.
Factors related to sustainable development are:
1. Socio-cultural factor (human society like ethnic groups, festival, culture, etc.)
2. Technological factor (tools and machines that suit in particular area)
3. Political factors (an administrative system that ensures good governance)
The overall aim of the sustainable development is to provide basic sources to the
future generation to run their livelihood. It helps to eliminate poverty and promote
the process of social-economic, political, cultural and environmental opportunities
in a rapid way.
Sustainable Development Agenda for Nepal BS 2060
Sustainable development has two key purposes; to provide maximum welfare to
the people in order to live a quality life and to maintain the balance of environment
through human effort. It should be eco-friendly. Some of the objectives of sustainable
development are as follows:
To help in poverty alleviation
To develop and promote individual's life
To conserve the environment effectively
To assure wise of available means and resource
To achieve stable, high and sustainable economy
To establish social justice to physically challenged people and women
Importance of Sustainable Development
Appropriate Use of Resources
It emphasizes the saying "wastes not, want not", it teaches people how to
manage and use all types of resources wisely and economically.
Secure Future for New Generation
It helps to create and promote secured future of the new generation. People take
the responsibility of preserving protecting and conserving the resources as a
common property of every person, irrespective of nationality.
Emphasize on Environmental Protection
By minimizing the use of chemical fertilizers pesticides and insecticides and
by utilizing organic manure it emphasizes on environmental protection. It also
conserves natural sources of water in both urban and rural areas.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 34
Promote and Focus more on Recycle, Renewable and Reuse (3R)
It emphasizes more on the use of alternative sources of energy and electricity in
place of non-renewable fossil fuels wherever practicable.
Help in Wide Economic Progress
It encourages local people's participation in all kind of development work. The
people conserve and utilize their local resources wisely which helps to wide and
high economic progress.
Dimensions of Sustainable Development
There are many dimensions in sustainable development. It is concerned with social
cultural, economic and humanitarian dimensions. According to UNESCO sustainable
development has social, economic, natural and political dimension. It transfers the
relations of human community, transformation of good culture and presentation
of good culture. See the chart shown in the page below to understand the various
dimensions of sustainable development:
Administrative Economic Socio-cultural
Humanitarian Sustainable Development Environmental
Political
Activity
'Unmanaged development brings destruction'. Discuss this statement in your
classroom.
35 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. What is sustainable development?
2. Mention the things to be considered to bring sustainable development.
3. Write down the benefits of sustainable development.
4. What can problems may occur while carrying out development activities in
Nepal? How these problems can affect development activities in Nepal? How can
those problems be addressed from the perspective of sustainable development?
5. "Needs of sustainable development." Prepare an editorial on this topic for
leading daily newspaper of Nepal.
6. What are the different aspects to be kept in mind while carrying out different
projects as per the concept of sustainable development?
7. "Unmanaged development has a diverse effect on the environment." Justify the
statement.
iCommun ty Work
Choose a development plan in your community and prepare a structure of the plan on the
following topic.
Name of the project: ...........................................................................................................
Objectives: ..........................................................................................................................
Place: ..................................................................................................................................
Status of project participation: .............................................................................................
Appropriate budget: ..............................................................................................................
Duration of project: ...............................................................................................................
No. of beneficiaries: ..............................................................................................................
Better options to protect the environment: ............................................................................
Present it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 36
Lesson On-going Projects of Nepal
2.2 FACTS China EXIM Bank agreed to provide a loan of $ 215.96 Million (NPR 2326 billion)
on March 2016 at 2 percent interest per annum for the construction of Pokhara
to Understand International Airport.
Source: nepaliaviator.com
Development is a dynamic process. A planned task that targets some aims, objectives
and achievement in specific time period is called a planned project. Government of
Nepal can conducts some projects which need money, highly skilled professionals
and sophisticated technology. They can be completed with the help of other agencies.
In Nepal, big and small projects are launched in local and state level and some are
launched in national level. The main aim of all such projects is to bring prosperity
in the life of the people. National level project needs more means and resources in
comparison to the local and state level. National level projects are the pride of the
nation. There are altogether 21 projects launched in the country till BS 2073. The 21
projects are the project of national pride. As per the time and budget projects can be
increased or decreased. Some of the on going projects of Nepal are as follows:
1. President Chure Conservation Project (Rastrapati Chure
Samrakshan Karyakram)
The President Chure conservation project is one of the on going projects in
Nepal. It is launched to resolve the problem seen in conservation of bio-diversity,
geography, social and economic aspects of the Chure region and enhance the living
standard of the people living in the Chure region.
The youngest hill formed by the deposition of the river products around four crore
years ago extended from the Indus River in the west and the Brahmaputra in the
East is also called Shivalik. 12.78 percent of the total land of Nepal is covered with
Chure. In most of the places in the Terai Chure is found as up hills and lower land to
the Mahabharat range. This area is made up of sedimentary rocks which is not fully
adjusted and all the rivers and rivulets from the Mahabharata range flow from this
area to the Terai which is naturally a very sensitive area.
The program has been started from the fiscal year 2067/2068 by Ministry of Forest
and Soil Conservation, Government of Nepal and in 2070/2071 the project is converted
into nation's pride. For the effective work implementation there is a strong committee
formed in the centre named as Rastrapati Chure Terai Madhesh Conservation
Development Committee.
2. Pokhara International Airport
Pokhara is naturally a very beautiful city. Every year many tourists visit to
Pokhara. So, the Government of Nepal felt the need of one international airport also in
37 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Pokhara. So, a year after the government started upgrading Gautam Buddha Airport
in Bhairahawa as an international airport, it has started another international
airport in Pokhara. The project lies in 3600 Ropani land in Chhinedanda, has started
to establish Pokhara as one of the major destinations of world tourism. Former Prime
Minister K. P. Sharma Oli laid the foundation stone of the project on 1st Baishak,
2073. The total budget of 20 billion 300 million (Rs 20 Arba, 30 Crore) is allocated and
the project is expected to be completed by BS 2076 (Source: nepaliaviator.com). The
run way of airport will be 2500 m long and 45 m wide. There will be taxi parking area,
domestic and international terminal building, Air traffic control tower, 50 m long
bridge, etc. in the airport area. The airport will accommodate medium category Jets
like Boeing 757 having 200 seats and Airbus 320. The contract of the project is taken
by a Chinese company.
Pokhara International Airport Project
3. Budhi Gandaki Hydropower Project
Budhi Gandaki Hydropower
project is declared as the project with
the national glory by the Government
of Nepal. This project is located in 80
km west from Kathmandu in the border
of Gorkha and Dhading district. The
capacity of the project is 1200 MW. The
approximate investment to complete
the project is 5.33 billion (Source:
thekathmandupost 2017). The concept
was developed by Budi Gandaki
Hydropower Project Development
Committee. This project got financial
assistance from many organizations, such as World Bank, International Financial
Organization, Asian Development Bank, etc. It is under the supervision of Government
of Nepal for operation, regularization (regulation) and regular inspection.
At present, feasibility study and detailed engineering design of the project is under
the progress. So far, draft of final feasibility study report has been prepared. The
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 38
preparatory works are mainly construction of approach road up to the proposed dam
and power house site, construction of bridge on Budigandaki River, construction of
office building, camp facilities, diversion tunnels, etc. Similarly, various activities
related to resettlement and rehabilitation have also be carried out in parallel. This
project is to be completed in 8 years. It is the prime solution for energy crisis in Nepal.
4. Mid-Hill Highway (Pushpalal Marga)
Mid-Hill Highway is constructed from east to west across the interior hills of
the country. The Mid-Hill highway is now bending its way from Chiyabhanjyang
of Panchthar in the east to Jhulaghat of Baitadi in the far-western region with a
distance of 1776 km. It connects 23 districts
in hilly region and 215 villages and about 7
million (70 Lakh) people will be benefited from
this highway (Source: localnepalitoday.com).
According to the town planning policy there is a
plan to establish villages with all facilities that
are given to the urban areas. These villages will
be established in 10 different places which are
connected to the Mid-Hill Highway. The total Mid-Hill Highway
length of 1517 km road is constructed already
and came in operation but in other places the
construction work is going on. The project is targeted to complete by BS 2074/2075.
5. Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project
Nepal Electricity Authority has established an autonomous company named
Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Limited (UTKHPL) on 25th Falgun, 2063 as an
executing agency for the implementation of the project.
The project is situated in the north of Dolakha in Lama Bagar. It has the capacity
to generate electricity of 456 MW. The upper Tamakoshi Project is the national
priority project and when it is
completed it will be the largest
hydropower plant in Nepal. The
project is entirely financed from
domestic financial institution and
companies.
The majority of shares (51%) of Upper Tamakoshi Hydropower Project construction area
the company is held by four public
entities, namely, Nepal Electricity
Authority (NEA) Nepal Telecom
(NTC), Citizen Investment
Trust (CIT) and Rastriya Beema
Sansthan (RBS). NEA has 41%
39 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
stake, NTC has 6% and CIT and RBS each has 2% stake in the company. Similarly,
general public and residents of Dolakha district have 15% and 10% respectively. The
remaining 24% share will be taken over by the contributions in Employment Provident
Fund (EPF), NEA and company staff and staff of the financial institution providing loans.
(Source: wikipedia.org)
Some of the Major Projects of National Pride
Kathmandu-Terai Fast Track Koshi, Kaligandaki and Karnali Corridor
Hulaki Marga East-West Electric Railway
Melamchi Drinking Water Gautam Buddha International Airport
Second International Airport Nijgadh Pashupati Area Development Trust
Lumbini Development Trust West Seti Hydropower Project
Sikta Irrigation Project Rani-Jamara Kulariya Irrigation Project
Babai Irrigation Project Railway and Metro Development Project
Bheri Babai Diversion Multipurpose Project Budhi Gandaki Hydro Project
Tama Koshi Hydro Project Pokhara Regional International Airport
Mid-hill Highway President Chure Conservation Programme
Source: National Planning Commission
Do You Know
Every piece of work that we carryout in order to get something by investing our resource
in outs like money, labours, time, technology, etc. is understood as a project.
A programme is an extensive and consistent set of action units stating the needs of
interrelated activities to achieve the plans objectives and goal.
A plan is an image, map or vision to represent the form and features of desired
situation(s) within a time horizon.
Projects are the building blocks of a programme and programmes are the integrated
blocks of a development plan
Programme I Project I
Plan Programme II Project II
Programme III Project III
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 40
Activity
If you were a member of National Planning Commission what kind of project
would you launch in your area? Discuss with your friends.
Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...
1. What is a project? Write the contributions of projects in a nation's development.
2. Many projects operated in Nepal couldn’t be completed in the specific time
period. What are the reasons behind it? Write in points.
3. What are the infrastructures of projects?. Make a list.
4. Express your opinion on establishment of the project in domestic investment.
5. What are the benefits acquired from the Mid-Hill highway project? Give your logic.
6. Why is it difficult to achieve a balanced development? What efforts have been
made to maintain the regional balance of development so far?
7. Write short notes on:
i) Lumbini Development Trust ii) Babai Irrigation Project
iii) Hulaki Marga iv) Kathmandu Terai Fast Track
v) Railway and Metro Development Project
iCommun ty Work
Divided your class into four groups and choose the project which is in operation in your area.
Prepare a report on the following topics:
Name of the project: ...........................................................................................................
Objectives: ..........................................................................................................................
Required materials: .............................................................................................................
Status of project participation: .............................................................................................
Date of operation and completion date: ................................................................................
Required manpower: ............................................................................................................
Approximate budget: ...........................................................................................................
Identification of source: .......................................................................................................
Present it to your teacher.
41 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson Prerequisites of Development:
Human Resource and Employment
2.3
FACTS The construction of Banepa-Sindhuli-Bardibas Road started in November, 1996
with a grant assistance of Government of Japan. The highway was handed over by
to Understand Japanese ambassador to Nepal MR. Masashi Ogawa to the then Prime Minister
of Nepal Late Sushil Koirala. The total cost of the project was NRP 21.5 billion.
Development is the positive transformation of a society. It requires various means
and resources, facilities, services, etc. in order to transform a society positively. Such
requirements needed for bringing social and economic development in a country are
known as prerequisites of development. To run day to day activities some essential
means and resources, technology and development structures are required. The
means and resources for development is divided into two parts:
i) Natural Resource ii) Human Resource
Means and Resources
Natural Resources Human Resources
These two types of resources are equally important for the development of the
nation. The availability of natural resource only cannot develop the nation. To utilize
them skilled human resource is essential. Therefore, skilled human resource is also
known as the prerequisites of development. Human resources means the skillful
and knowledgeable human being. The human resource utilizes the available means
and resources for the development of the country. The human resource possess the
capability, strength, skills experience and efficiency to carry out some work. For
example; teachers, pilot, engineers, drivers, porters, etc. It is possible by utilizing
the capital and natural mean and resources. The formation of social, political and
economic organization is possible due to the human resources. It increases the pace of
development to produce human resource that can fulfill the short-term needs as well
as long-term needs of a nation.
Knowledge and skills can be acquired from education and training provides perfection
in related field. So, the resource with skills and education with positive thinking and
ready to work at anytime in any situation is known as skilled human resources. For
example, engineers, doctors, teachers, planners, nurses, etc. who are ever ready to
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 42
accomplish their work in any situation. The requirement of human resources is very
high in National Development Plans to implement plans. In developed countries
there is optimum utilization of available natural resources and human resources but
in developing countries such resources cannot be utilized properly, due to various
problems. So, there is a scarcity of many things and country is also economically
poor. Thus, the countries should pay attention to produce skilled human resources by
imparting quality education and developing skills on them.
There are short-term needs and long-term needs of human resources. The human
resources that are prepared to fulfill the short-term needs of a country is known as
short-term human resources. It is prepared to fulfill the present or immediate needs of
a nation. Such type of human resources can be prepared through short-term training
and education. For example, volunteers, census enumerators, rescue operators and
temporary police during elections.
Long-term needs are defined as the human resources which are prepared for fulfilling
present as well as future needs and purpose. It requires more skill, education, training,
investment and longer time, for example, doctors, engineers, lawyers, teachers,
pilots, etc.
Natural resources refer to the nature given resources like water, forest, land and
minerals. For development, we need to utilize such resources. Industry, trade and
commerce depend on utilizing these resources. Nepal has immense potential for
development by using these resources but yet not fully utilized.
Methods to Produce Skilled Human Resources
As per the requirement of time, develop the system of technology and vocational
education
Manage the effective skill oriented training.
Update with developed information technology.
Regular tour, research and study to produce skilled manpower.
Relationship between Skilled Manpower and Employment
Well educated, skilled human resources and dedicated and efficient human resources
towards work get job very easily. The state aims to provide good employment
opportunities to well qualified and efficient skilled candidates. There is a high
demand of such people. Many schools, colleges, universities and training institutes
are producing skilled manpower to fulfill the needs and demands of the labour
market. Such manpower is not only eligible for the labour market but also eligible
to be an entrepreneur who are self-dependent, having self-respect and skillful. In
such condition the country should provide an opportunity for employment where the
knowledge and skill gained will remain within the country. It helps to develop the
country. Instead of wandering for job in others' country we must work within our own
country. The knowledge and skills we acquire remain within the country.
43 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Activity
Write an editorial in a leading newspaper on the topic "Relationship between
the Natural Resources and Human Resources".
E ixerc se...
1. What is human resources? Mention the types of human resources and explain
them briefly.
2. What do you mean by short-term needs and long-term needs? Explain.
3. How is human resource produced?
4. Explain the relationship between skilled manpower and employment with
examples.
5. Without skilled manpower the development of the country is not possible.
Prepare a dialogue on this statement.
6. According to National Planning Commission's report 2013, Nepal's poverty is
reduced to 23.8 percent. Explain the efforts and reasons behind this.
7. Prepare a case study on women empowerment.
8. "The development of a nation is not possible without the production of skilled
manpower." Justify the statement.
9. Why do many Nepalese youth go to foreign countries? What are the impacts of
such drain in the country? Write an editorial to the leading newspaper.
iCommun ty Work
Make a survey on skilled manpower in your community and find out the occupations adopted
by them. What roles are they are playing to contribute their society?. On the basis of given
format write a report and present it in your class.
Topic:
i) Introduction ii) Objectives iii) Description
Sl.No. Types of job Contribution to development Job status
iv) Conclusion 44
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson Aims of Contemporary
Development and Nepal
2.4
FACTS Nepal's economic is expected to recover and grow by 4.8 percent in Fiscal Year
2017.
to Understand
Source: www.adb.org
In 1990 AD, the UN General Assembly formulated its International Development Plans
with the objectives of alleviating poverty. Similarly, the UN's Summit in September
2000 AD set its Millennium Development Goals. Millennium Development goals refer
to a set of goals that were made by the UN in 2000 AD to improve the lives of people
of some poorest nation in the world. This summit issued the UN's Manifesto with the
committment of eradicating poverty and economic crisis from developing countries
with 8 objectives and 21 indices. It aimed to achieve all its objectives by 2015 AD.
Total 189 countries of the world along with Nepal had signed this commitment.
Millennium Development Goals and the Achievements of Nepal
Sl. Millennium Goals Set by Nepal Achievements Source
No. Goals 2015 (Basic Year 1990)
1. Eradicate
Decrease the population 23.8% National
Poverty and under poverty line to Planning
Hunger 21% Commission
2013 AD
2. Achieve Global
Primary Provide Primary Self enrollment NPC:
Education Education to all in primary level = 2013 AD
Children 96.2% and literacy
3. Increase rate 88.6% (Age
gender equality group 15-24 years)
and women
empowerment End gender Ratio of Ministry of
discrimination and enrollment in Education
4. Decrease Child equality in enrolling primary level 1:03 2015 AD/
Mortality Rate children in school. and involvement CBS 2011
of women in non- AD
agricultural sector
44.8%
Decrease Child Morality 38 per thousand CBS: 2014
by One-third (54 per (under 5 years)
thousands
45 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
5. Promote Decrease Maternal 258 (Per 1 Lakh WHO: 2014
Maternal Death Rate by One- live birth)
Health fourth (213 per 1 Lakh
live birth
6. Control To control epidemics, HIV infection 14th Plan
HIV/AIDS, its prevention and 0.20% (youths of Approach
Malaria and eradication age group from 15 paper
Tuberculosis to 24)
7. Maintain Increase forest area by Forest area 39.6% Ministry
Environmental 40% and availability of and drinking of Forestry
Sustainability drinking water by 73% water facility 2015 AD
83.6%
8. Develop Global To develop global Mobilization of Ministry
Co-operation for Co-operation total foreign aid of Finance
Development (55.3%) 2015 AD
Aims of Sustainable Development (2016-2030 AD)
Aims of sustainable development has become the topic of global discussion since past
two decades. It formally began in 2012 June in Rio De Janerio, Brazil and in 2014
September in the UN General Assembly. After the end of Millennium Development
Goals in 2015, sustainable development goals have been brought into implementation
as the next step of planned development from 2016 to 2030 AD. The General Assembly
accepted its aims and goals in September 2015 but most of the indices and strategies
of implementation are yet to be formulated. So far, only 17 aims and 169 goals have
been set.
Nepal has aimed to step into the higher level from the level of underdeveloped
countries by 2022 AD. These aims are challenging but vast and ambitious, which
requires a large number of resources to be fulfilled. It has been aimed to make Nepal
an inclusive, equitable and prosperous country.
Nepal's Aims for Sustainable Development
Aim Aims of Sustainable Major Goals
Aim 1 Development
To decrease the acute poverty into
Aim 2 To alleviate all kinds of poverty 50% faced by individual from all
from every place places by 2030 AD
To alleviate poverty, starvation, End of starvation, provide
food security, get highly nutritious adequate nutritious and enough
diet and promote sustainable food to all poor and endangered
agriculture people by 2030 AD
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 46
Aim 3 To ensure healthy life and promote To decrease ratio of maternal
Aim 4
welfare of all age group people mortality by 70 per 1 Lakh by
Aim 5
Aim 6 2030 AD
Aim 7 To ensure inclusive and To ensure free, inclusive and
Aim 8 quantitative education to all qualitative primary and secondary
Aim 9 and promote lifelong skill based education to all youths including
trainings disabled and achieve effective and
Aim 10 relevant skills
Aim 11
Aim 12 To achieve gender equality and To end every kind of violence and
empower women of all age discrimination against women and
ensure women participation in all
kind of works
To ensure availability of drinking By 2030 AD, aim to achieve secure
water and sanitation and promote and affordable and equitable
sustainable development services of drinking water to
all and make all places Open
Defecation Free Zone (ODF)
To ensure access of all people to To ensure access of all people to
affordable, reliable, sustainable affordable, reliable, sustainable
and modern energy sources and modern energy source by
2030 AD
To continuous, inclusive and To achieve economic growth on
sustainable economic growth for national GDP by 7% per person in
all and promote, productive and least developed nation to alleviate
respectful job for all child labour
To develop strong infrastructures, To develop easy access of
promote sustainable and inclusive qualitative, reliable, sustainable
industrialization and encourage and durable infrastructures for
new discoveries economic growth and social welfare
to all
To decrease the disparity within To increase the income of 40%
and among the countries population living in poverty above
the average national income and
maintain them
To make cities and residential To ensure adequate secure and
areas inclusive, secure, long lasting affordable residences and access of
and permanent all to basic services and improve
the conditions of slum areas
To ensure sustainable consumption To achieve maximum services from
and production structure available natural resources
47 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Aim 13 To start working against climate To increase the capacity of every
change and its effects country to face the negative effects,
natural calamities and climate
Aim 14 For promotion and utilization of change
Aim 15 oceanic resources for sustainable Not relevant in Nepal
development
Aim 16 To ensure conservation, promotion
Aim 17 For conservation, reconstruction and longtime utilization of forest,
and promotion of sustainable wetlands, mountains dry lands and
environment, management control land and water diversity by
of forest areas, work against 2020 AD as per the international
desertification, stop soil erosion understanding
and control the destruction of
bio-diversity To decrease all types of violence
and death rate related with such
For promotion of peaceful and and decrease corruption
inclusive society for sustainable
development prove judicial To improve national capacity
accessibility to all and develop of raising taxes and mobilize
effective responsible and inclusive domestic resources in developing
organization countries with international aid
To strengthen implementation
process and re-establish global
understanding
Activities
a. Why has UN General Assembly determined the Millennium Development
goals to be achieved by 2015? Discuss in the class.
b. Find out the Sustainable Development Goal from the internet or any other
sources.
c. What is your goal (plan) for next ten years? Write in a chart paper and show
it to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 48
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. What are Millennium Development Goals?
2. When did the National Planning Commission of Nepal adopt Millennium
Development Goals?
3. Was Nepal successful or unsuccessful in achieving the Millennium Development
Goals? Present your view.
4. What should Nepal do to achieve development related goals in stipulated time?
Discuss.
5. Which goal of the Sustainable Development Goals do you think is of more
important? Compare with other goals giving reasons.
6. What were the major goals set by Millennium Development Goals?
iCommun ty Work
Meet the people in your community who can tell you to upgrade the status of Nepal from
least developed country to developing country. What are the planning and strategies he/she
told you? What will be the role of people? Include everything and prepare a report and present
it in your classroom.
49 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson Preparation of Development
Proposal in Local Level
2.5
FACTS A local development framework is the planning strategy introduction in England
and Wales by the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 and given detail
to Understand in Planning Policy statement.
Development is always planned. The first step of development is to prepare effective
plan so that it gives guidelines to the development activities in local level as well as in
national level. So, the preparation of proposal of development activities is also the skill
of an individual. The preparations of planning means to include the proper utilization
of available means and resources in specific time period to fulfill the objective of a
plan. In such preparation, the aims and objectives of plan is clearly mentioned. It gives
proper guidance to the planners. So, it is also known as pre-decision of development.
Federal countries have adopted the policy of decentralization and got autonomy to
make proposal framework. They get the power to use local means and resources,
decision on developmental work and its implementation.
Rural Municipality (Gaunpalika) and Municipalities (Nagarpalika) are the Local Self
Government of the country. All kinds of developmental project are implemented by
these local executives. It participates the local people forming various committees like
Consumer's Forum and Tol Sudhar Samiti if required. It is very important to find
out the basic requirement, preparation, budget, people's participation, availability of
means and resources, then only development projects and activities can be started.
The topics of proposal is given to all the stakeholder and committees and prepared
accordingly and submit to the office of Gaunpalika or Nagarpalika. After the necessary
evaluation on the proposal the approval for development is granted.
Model of Proposal Preparation on Local Level Development
Identify the basic requirement such as school building, road, drinking water
forest conservation, etc.
Focus on priority of development.
Preparation of proposal including various topics like introduction, objectives
affected area, number of household, budgeting, volunteer labours, place to
start project, starting date, total duration of project, means and resources,
implementation, benefits of implementation, name of the consumer's forum,
conclusion, etc. The proposal is submitted to the Gaunpalika or Nagarpalika.
Estimate of Source of Investment: There will be assessment of money
collections from the consumers and estimated budget from the local sources.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 50
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