Untouchability Do You Know
The rigid social and cultural
practices of the so-called upper As per the report of Women Rehabilitation Centre
castes by which they treat the (WOREC), in August 2015, 58 percent of cases
so-called lower caste groups as were the cases of domestic violence with
untouchables and strictly prohibit husbands the main perterators and 15 percent of
them from participating, touching, abuse comes from other family members.
sharing and mixing up in the
socio-cultural activities of the so-
called higher castes is known as
untouchability. It is the discrimination based on caste, religion, occupation, region,
gender, disability, etc. There are more practices in rural areas in Nepal than in urban
areas. In some places, so-called low-caste people are not allowed to enter into the
temple, public well, etc. These are the social problems existed in our society.
caste discrimination
Effects of Untouchability
Victims feel less social respect.
Conditions of disintegration exist in society
Increase in social conflicts.
Weak social cooperation and harmony
The practice of untouchability is a serious offence punishable by law. The Muluki
Ain BS 2020, the Constitution of Nepal BS 2047, the Interim Constitution BS 2063
and the Constitution of Nepal BS 2072 clearly declared all forms of discriminatory
practices as illegal acts. Therefore, it needs to be discouraged.
101 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Some of the measure to resolve untouchability problems are as follows:
Awareness programme should be launched
Promote quality education
Strict rules and regulations should be made and implemented
Unity, cooperation and integration among people
Maintain social inclusion
Maintain positive feelings and encourage people's participation
Broaden democratic framework
Activities
a. Prepare posters with some catchy slogans to generate awareness that evil
practices in the society should be stopped.
b. Nepali society hasn't been free from untouchability. What measures should
be adopted to make society free from such problem? Prepare a dialogue an
this issue.
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. Why is domestic violence taken as a social problem? What are the adverse
effects of domestic violence?
2. What steps should be taken to remove evil practices from our society? Write in
points.
3. "Untouchability is the burden/strain of the society." Prepare a news article on
this topic to any leading newspaper.
4. What are the legal provisions for the social problems and evils existing in
Nepalese society?
5. Mention the social problems and evils existing in your society.
iCommun ty Work
Visit your community and observe the evil practices prevalent in the society. Take an interview
with the intellectual personalities about the eradication of such practice from the society. Prepare
a report on the basis of the answers collected from the interview and present it in your class.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 102
Lesson Some Malpractices
4.3 FACTS Polyandry is seen in the northern Himalayan region in the Sherpa community.
Sherpa women accept the system because the community believe that woman
to Understand can have the advantage of generating income from both the husbands. Turnwise
husbands go for shepherding and one becomes available to the woman. It shows
sense of protection and security to the woman.
Ghumto Practice Ghumto Pratha
Married women cover their head and face using
the edge of sari in order to hide their faces and
red vermillion tika (Sindur) from the sight of the
males except husband. This practice is known as
Ghumto Pratha. This practice is mostly prevalent
in the Terai region. In such practices newly
married woman are not allowed to go to toilet
in daylight. These sorts of bondage decrease the
confidence and efficiencies of women. They are
not getting opportunities of getting education
and other facilities. This practice is gender
discrimination that needs to be stopped so that
women can exercise their freedom in the day-to-
day social life and events.
Deuki and Jhuma System
Deuki Pratha Jhuma Pratha
Deuki is disgraceful traditional practice in the Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
name of religion generally in the far-western
region of Nepal. It is the practice of offering a
daughter to a local temple to please the god and
103
goddess and get supernatural blessing from the deities to get relief from all pains
and sorrows. A girl offered to the temple is called Deuki. Such offering is done with
the belief that the god or goddess would fulfill the wishes of the ancestors, family
and individuals in all matters including economic prosperity, curing diseases, having
male child, winning a lawsuit and preventing the impacts of natural disaster, etc. It
violates women's right to education, health, family care, etc.
Jhuma is another ill practices of Himalayan region mostly practiced by Sherpa
community. Young second girl is offered to the gumbas in order to carry out the services
of the god in gumbas, cleaning the compounds and offering support during public
festivals. When these girls become adults, they may have illicit sexual relationships.
The male child born illegally from the lama becomes the future lama of gumba. Both
these practices are the social slur because the innocent girls are deprived of their
natural and state guaranteed rights and the opportunities to live a life of their own
choice. Social awareness, strict rules, education and employment can reduce such evil
practices from the society.
Chhaupadi
Chhaupadi is in practice mostly in the far-
western and mid western region of Nepal.
During menstruation periods, adolescent girls
and women are not permitted to stay inside
their home.
They are kept in the cow-shed during
menstruation period. The natural process of
periodic cycle is explained in a wrong way and
considered women as untouchable during the
menstruation period and kept them in cow-
shed for 4 days in a month. There are many
difficulties faced by girls and women such as,
snake-bite, rape, insecurity, etc. This practice
can be eliminated by social awareness, equal Chhaupadi Pratha
social behavior, gender equality and education.
After the decision of the supreme court, as
Chhaupadi is a crime, the Government of Nepal has declared to abolish Chhaupadi
system but still it is being practiced in many remote areas of western Nepal.
Dowry System
A system in which the bridegroom's family demands a certain amount of money, and
valuable goods from the bride's family at the time of marriage is known as Dowry
System. The system is practice traditionally in certain form. Nowadays, the system
is linked with the economic status. Consequently, the problem is increasing. It has
become difficult to the poor people to get their daughter to marry. The social dis-
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 104
integrity, disharmony, class discrimination,
gender discrimination is created in the society.
Case of suicide, women's violence, domestic
violence, etc. cases are rapidly increasing in the
society.
Dowry system is more common in the Terai
region and urban areas of Nepal, but other Dowry system
parts of our country are also affected to some
extents. Most of the cases of dowry begin with the demand but end at sudden
confrontation. Many women have been tortured due to not being able to bring dowry
as demanded. Consequently, physical and mental pressure occur leaving many women
psychologically traumatized, too. This system is a serious problem of our society.
People from everywhere should raise their voice against the dowry system and save
the life of girls. It is the time to prove ourselves civilized and build problem free
society. Education, social awareness, strict rules and their implementation, strong
organization against the social problems and evils are required to eradicate dowry
system from Nepalese society.
Activity
Read the following case carefully.
A woman named Radha Mahat aged 29 was found hanging in remote village of
Terai region. Police arrested her husband and father-in-law on the suspicion of their
involvement in the killing of Radha. As per the police report Radha was killed by
the members of her own family for not bringing dowry from her maternal home
as expected by her in-laws.
Now answer the following questions:
a. What do you suggest to the culprits?
b. What are the ways to protect girls and women from such evil practices?
c. The evil practices affects more to women than men. Discuss the problems
and try to find out their solutions.
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. "Chhaupadi is the result of superstitious belief." Justify the statement with
suitable examples.
105 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
2. "Purdah (Ghumto) System decreases the level of confidence and obstruct the
development of women." Write an essay on this topic.
3. "To give and take dowry is a social crime." Justify this statement with examples.
4. What causes malpractices in the society?
5. What are possible solutions to eradicate such bad practices from the society?
6. Mention the roles of an individual, family and the society to eliminate existing
bad practices from the society.
7. Even in the twenty first century, untouchability has not been uprooted from the
Nepali society. List out the possible solutions.
8. Prepare a case study on Dowry system a social crime.
9. Prepare an editorial on "Ghumto system hampers the personal development of
women."
10. Remember the song of Yash Kumar, a Nepali singer "Na Aau Mero Saamu
Timi, Maile Chhoyeko Pani Chhaldaina." Find out the other Nepali song which
has helped to generate awareness against social problems and evils.
iCommun ty Work
Visit your community and reach the people from 16-45 years of age group of male and
female and collect their opinion about superstitious belief, their effects and reformation.
Prepare a report and present it to your teacher.
Project Work
Read at least 10-20 newspapers and collect news clips about social problems and get the
pictures cutting related to the news. Write a brief report using the information you have
collected. Present the report during the morning assembly.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 106
Lesson Role of International Organizations
in Solving Social Problems
4.4
FACTS In 2007 AD, as part of the Centenary of Scouting, Nepal renamed Urkema Peak in
to Understand the Himalayas as Baden-Powell peak.
Non-governmental organizations with specific visions, mission, goals, objectives and
activities established for giving selfless service to the needy people are known as
social organizations. These are non-profitable organizations, for example, the Red
Cross Society, Paropakar Sanstha, the JCI (Jaycees), the CWIN (Child Workers in
Nepal), WOREC (Women Rehabilitation Centre), etc. Some organizations with their
contribution in solving social problems are given below:
The Red Cross Society
The Red Cross Society is an international organization established
on 26th October 1863 in Geneva, Switzerland. The founder of this
organization is Jean Henry Dunant, a Swiss banker. In 1859
AD he had been to Italy on his vacation where he witnessed the
battle of Salferino (Austro-Sardinian War). He saw the dead
bodies of 40,000 people next
day in the battle field and many were injured badly.
There were no doctors, no volunteers to rescue the
wounded soldiers. He returned to Switzerland and
wrote a book and published in 1862. The book was
about rescue operation to the victims of war and
natural calamities. In 1863 AD delegates from 16
countries assembled in Switzerland and founded
the Red Cross Society.
The flag of the Red Cross Society has red cross with
white background. In Islamic States the Red Cross
is popularly known as Red Crescent and Red Star.
Today, more than 175 countries all over the world
have the Red Cross Society or the Red Crescent
Jean Henry Dunant or Red Star Society which work for the welfare
(8 May 1828 -30 October 1910) of victims of war and natural calamities. Henry
Dunant was awarded the Noble Prize in 1901 for his
selfless humanitarian service. In Nepal, Red Cross
Society was established in BS 2020 at Tahachal, Kathmandu. It has been providing
service to humanity since its inception.
107 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Humanity Impartiality
Universality
Red Cross Society
Non-political Neutrality
Activities
Volunteer Non-alignment
Service
Principles of Red Cross Society
Contribution of Red Cross Society in Nepal
Providing food, clothes, and shelter for the victims of natural calamities
Arranging medical services for poor, sick people and providing medicine for
them
Establishing blood banks
Conducting child welfare programmes, family planning, primary
healthcare, etc.
Providing rehabilitation services for refugees and the people affected by natural
disasters
The Scout
The Scout is the world's largest social service organization
and was founded in England in 1907 AD by Baden Powel, an
army officer. Baden Powel fought many wars. While fighting
in the war, Powel took an interest in British Children and
youths who had lost their parents, fallen ill or were taking
drugs, drinking and committing crimes. He saw their future
heading towards dark. So, to bring them
back to the bright future, to develop the
leadership quality and responsibility with Baden Powel
new talents, he founded this organization. (1857 -1941)
In the beginning boys were called 'Scouts'
and girls were called 'Guides' but now both boys and girls are
called 'scouts'.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 108
Do You Know At present the number of scout
members is over 16 million from 150
different countries including Nepal.
The principle and objectives of the
Scout Mottos: Cubs – Do your Best, Scouts – Scout is same everywhere but each
Be prepared and Rovers – Service country has its own independent
Scout Association. The Nepal Scout
was formed in 1952 AD (BS 2009).
The Parliament of Nepal has made Nepal Scout Act in BS 2050 to promote Scout
activities in Nepal.
The main activities of Nepal Scouts are as follows:
Training youths in different types of social work
Tree plantation
Conducting awareness programme
Launching relief or rescue programmes for victims of natural calamities
Developing discipline, skills, efficiency in youths
Helping to maintain sanitization, drinking water and organize people during
the occasion of festivals.
SOS
Save our Soul (SOS) was founded by Austrian
citizen Hermann Gmeiner in 1949 AD. The SOS
was established to help the children who had been
physically different or orphaned during the World
War II. Later on, it started serving the needy
children throughout the world. At present SOS is
providing service in more than 133 countries in the
world.
The first SOS children's village was established in
Sano Thimi, Bhaktapur in BS 2028.
The SOS villages in Nepal are in: Hermann Gmeiner
(June 23, 1919 -April 26, 1986)
Jorpati, Kathmandu
Pokhara, Kaski Bharatpur, Chitwan
Lumbini Dhangadi
Itahari, Sunsari Surkhet
Banepa, Kavre Nepalgunj
The main services provided by SOS in Nepal are: SOS logo
a. It is running many SOS villages and schools.
109 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
b. It gives protection to the physically different children, orphans and ignored
from their family.
c. It gives love and care to the children.
In Nepal, Asian Development Bank, World Bank, European Union, World Food
Programme, United Nations, Development Programme, DANIDA, FINIDA (Finish
International Development Agency), Jaycees, Leo and Lions Club, Rotary Club, etc.
are also working very actively for social welfare. They are helping in Nepal's physical,
economic, educational, social and environmental protection and development.
Activities
a. Make a list of social organization working in your society. Also mention their
contributions.
b. In what ways Nepal Red Cross Society and Nepal Scouts helped in rescue
operation after the massive earthquake of 12th Baishakh 2072? Share your
experience in the form of an editorial in the leading newspaper.
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. Why was the Red Cross Society formed?
2. "Scout was established for the welfare of youths." Justify the statement.
3. Who was the founder of SOS?
4. Write the major activities of the Red Cross Society and the Scouts.
5. In what ways is SOS providing homely environment to the needy children?
Explain.
6. What is the Scout's motto? Mention.
7. Draw the logo of Red Cross Society and SOS.
iCommun ty Work
There may be a Red Cross Society or a SOS village in your community. Meet the chief of the
team and get idea about their activities in Nepal. Prepare a report based on the information
shared by the chief of the SOS.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 110
Lesson Some Other International
Organizations Working in Nepal
4.5
FACTS According to the research of Plan International, "When schools have water and
sanitation facilities, attendance rates increase, especially for girls. Unfortunately,
to Understand globally one third of all schools lack access to sanitation and drinkable water.
There are many international organizations working in Nepal actively working to
resolve social problems existing in our society. These are supporting in economic and
technical field to control the problems like poverty, illiteracy, ill practices, superstitious
beliefs, etc. These organizations are playing very supportive role in Nepal. They are
generating awareness among the people and developing confidence level to fight
against the superstitious belief and malpractices existed in the society.
Some of the international governmental and non-governmental organizations working
in Nepal are discussed below:
International Nepal Fellowship (INF)
This organization has been working and helping to rehabilitate
those who have jeopardized their lives by using drugs. It has also
established a Green Pastures Hospital in Pokhara and Surkhet to
treat the people suffering from leprosy. It is also runs awareness
program in various places of Nepal.
Plan Nepal
Plan International has been working in Nepal since 1978 AD, helping
poor children to access their rights to health, education, economic
security and protection. This organization is mainly contributing for
construction of school building, distributing textbooks, and education
materials, establishment of library and operation, promotion of
health and skills, etc. It creates the group of children and work for
the promotion of their skills, knowledge, education and awareness.
It is trying to reach among the children to provide facilities and
opportunities to them who are deprived of getting all such facilities.
International Labour Organization (ILO)
This organization is actively working in the abolition
and prevention of all kinds of child labour. It
formulates international labour standards in the form
111 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
of conventions and recommendations setting minimum standards of basic labour
rights. It is working actively to abolish child labour mostly from urban areas and the
industrial areas of Nepal. It is a specialized agency of the UNO.
Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD)
This organization is working in Nepal since BS 2028. It
is actively participating in promotion of new education
system and free legal services to poor and under
privileged Nepalese women.
Rotary International
This organization has been helping the
disabled and the underprivileged group
with the help of professionals from
different countries. It is also working for
social welfare and providing equal access
in clean drinking water, good health and
education to the children from backwarded classes. The organization is organizing
skill oriented training and leadership training as well as actively participating in
school building construction and establishment of library in various places.
International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN)
It is an international organization established in 1948 AD and
its head office is in the city of Gland in Switzerland. Nepal has
got its membership in 1973 AD. The IUCN Nepal is committed
to controlling the environmental impacts and illegal supply
of herbs and animal products due to the existing poverty
and illiteracy in Nepal. It takes initiation in conserving bio-
diversity. It is supporting financially in protection and conservation of wildlife,
vegetations, cultural and natural heritages of Nepal.
Danish International Development
Agency (DANIDA)
This organization has been providing help as well as a
training programme to aid the hearing impaired people.
It is supporting in economy as well as in technical field.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 112
Activities
a. Prepare a list of organizations working in your community also discuss about
their contributions.
b. Write a letter to your foreign friend explaining the role of international
organization played in your society to control various social problems and evils.
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. Explain the contributions of International Nepal Fellowship.
2. "Plan Nepal is supporting Nepalese children in their overall development."
Write an essay on this topic.
3. "NORAD is helping Nepal in multi-sectoral development." Justify this statement
with example.
4. What are the contributions of International Labour Organization in Nepal?
Explain.
5. Explain the role of DANIDA in Nepal.
6. Though the consciousness had been increased in past few years in Nepal in
education, Nepalese youths are involving increasingly in drug addiction. Find
out the reasons. Also suggest the programmes to be launched to eliminate such
problems from the Nepalese society.
7. How is Plan Nepal contributing to the development of Nepalese children? Write
in brief.
8. IUCN is an organization that works for the development of environment
and solution to its problems. What kind of help should Nepal take from this
organization to solve the environmental problem?
iCommun ty Work
Divide the class into four different groups. Ask each of them to write a short note on each of
the different organizations engaged in dealing social problems in Nepal in the given format:
Name of the organization: ......................................................................................................
Date of establishment: ...........................................................................................................
Country: ................................................................................................................................
Aims and objectives: ............................................................................................................
Area of contribution: .............................................................................................................
Major activities of an organization: ......................................................................................
113 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson Identification of Social Problems
and Problem Solving Skills
4.6
FACTS Problems are classified into two types; ill-defined that do not have clear goals,
solution, paths or expected solution, well-defined problems have specific goals
to Understand and clear expected solutions. Being able to solve problems sometimes we should
have ability to understand the causes and the goal of the problems and rules
applied to get key to solving problems.
Study the given pictures of a society which are seen around us.
× ×
child labour child marriage
× ×
women violence drug addiction
Case Study
Dinesh and Ramesh are the best friends. Ramesh practices smoking which he learnt
from his other friends. When Dinesh and Ramesh are together Ramesh forces Dinesh
for smoking but Dinesh does not like this, so he refuses.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 114
Save the Brain, ×
Be Healthy Again
1. What are the related problems depicted in the picture?
2. Prepare the possible solutions to the problems.
3. What can be the alternative solutions to the problems? Prepare merits or
demerits of the alternative solutions.
4. How do you implement the alternative solutions to the problem given in case
study?
Let's see the report prepared by Saina Maskey, Bipaswi Poudel, Bisesh Pandey,
Asmi Dhakal and Swikriti Joshi related to the problems shown in the given
Case Study.
1. Case related problem: Smoking
2. Alternative solutions to the problem:
Refuse, do not accept the proposal, ignore
3. a. Advantages of denying proposals:
i. safe from bad habits
ii. safe from humiliation in school
iii. good relations with family members
iv. saving of money
v. no health complications
vi. gain respect and love from friends and family
115 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Disadvantages
i. Friends get angry ii. Relations cut off
b. Advantages of accepting proposals
i. Friends will be happy
ii. Intimacy increases with drug addicts
Demerits
i. health condition deteriorates, high risk of involvement in bad habits
ii. if known in school there is high chance of humiliation and insult
iii. family will be in stress, wastage of money
iv. relations develop with bad company
c. Advantages of ignoring or avoiding proposals
i. good at present
ii. sufficient time to find out the options
Disadvantages
i. Friends pressurize repeatedly × Say "No"
ii. Friend can be aggressive To DRUGS
4. Refusal is the best option, because it has more
advantages than the disadvantages. Therefore, in
this option Ramesh will remain happy forever.
5. Suggest friends to leave all bad habits, explain
disadvantages of smoking, suggest not to do smoking, say frankly to your friends
that you don't like smoking and never practise. The best way to save yourself
from smoking is refusal.
Activities
a. Look at the picture given in the text. The problems related to the picture
might be in your community. Discuss with your parents to resolve these
problems.
b. Draw the pictures which depict the present situation of Nepal and paste it
in displayboard of your school.
c. Organize the speech competition on the topic "Brain Drain and Nepal".
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 116
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. What are the adverse effects of child marriage? Explain.
2. Why is child labour practiced in Nepalese society? Mention the causes.
3. How do you differentiate between a good person or a bad person? List out the
habits you like and dislike.
4. Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions:
Muniya is just 14 years old. She got marriage proposal from another village.
Family members are discussing seriously on the proposal. Muniya wanted to
study more. Her ambition is to be a doctor and serve the nation. She is tensed
about her future.
i. What kind of problem is discussed in the passage?
ii. Why have family members taken the matter so seriously?
iii. Why is Muniya in stress?
iv. How far is Muniya's thinking good? Explain.
v. How do you help Muniya to get out of stress?
iCommun ty Work
Make a survey of your community and identify the existing social problems. Discuss
with the intellectuals and try to find out the solutions to existing problems.
117 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Review Questions
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by human trafficking? Write its causes and list out their
solutions as they help to control it.
2. Mention the legal provision made by each of the following on organ trade:
i) UN General Assembly ii) Istanbul Declaration
3. Although human organ transplantation is safer for health human organ trade is a
crime. Explain with reference to the case study given in text book.
4. Write a letter to the local level government officer requesting to help to prevent
child and human trafficking that has taken place in your community.
5. Who is responsible for domestic violence? Preset your view
6. Suppose you are the eye witness of domestic violence. What role would you play
against it and How? Explain
7. What is meant by unsociability? Write its causes and list out its possible solutions
8. Why is domestic violence and untouchability a social crime? What is the role of an
individual, family and society to eliminate such social crime? Explain
9. Prepare a dialogue between two friends on untouchability.
10. Prepare a slogan against any two social problems.
11. Prepare a news article about Chhaupadi a social crime.
12. The given picture is the picture of Kumari,
the living goddess. The "Kumari Culture"
is prevalent in all the three districts of the
Kathmandu Valley. Express your opinion
logically regarding the system.
13. Following news headlines published in
different news papers. Based on the given
topics prepare a model of a news article for
any leading news papers.
!= bfOhf] sd NofPsf] eGb} xTof @= 5fpk8L uf7] df ;kn{ ] 8;/] d[To'
#= b]psL / e'mdf ky| f nf]k xFb' } $= udL{df as' f{÷3D' 6f]sf] ;f:tL
%= blnt;Fu lax] u/]sf] eGb} ufpF lgsfnf
14. Briefly introduce the background of the establishment of the Red Cross Society.
15. "To be prepared "is the prime objectives of the Scout. Why is it important to all the
youths, in daily life, for future and during emergency or any type of incidents?
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 118
Unit CIVIC SENSE
5 Learning Outcomes of the Unit
UNIT CONTENTS The competencies of the social studies curriculum in the
unit are to enable students to:
5.1 The Legislature 120
q introduce the organs of government.
5.2 The Executive 124 q write the composition, importance and functions of the
5.3 The Judiciary 128 legislature.
q explain the meaning, importance and functions of executive.
5.4 Constitutional Organs 134 q describe the process of formation of federal and provincial
5.5 Other Commissions of governments.
Nepal 141 q explain the meaning, composition and functions of the judiciary.
q give a brief introduction to constitutional bodies.
5.6 Political Parties 147 q explain the role and responsibilities of the political parties in the
5.7 The Election Process 151 ruling system of Nepal.
q mention the election process and the role of citizens in it.
5.8 Role of Citizens in the q introduce the concept of human rights and act accordingly.
Election 160 q mention the role of national and international agencies in the
5.9 Human Rights and National protection and promotion of human rights.
and International q maintain ones identity as a citizen and know the process of
Agencies 164
obtaining citizenship.
5.10 Rights to Women, Indigenous
and Adibasi Janajati 170
5.11 Citizen Identification and
Citizenship 174
Review Questions 177
Evaluation Scheme for the Unit -5
Total Period(s): 22
Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)
1. VSATQ – – – –– ––
2. SATQ 1 1 1 – 3 3 x 4 = 12 12x1.8=21.6
3. LATQ – 1 1 –2 2 x 7 = 14 14x1.8=25.2
Total 1 2 2 –5 26 26 x1.8=46.8
Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q =11Q9uestion(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s) Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson The Legislature
5.1 FACTS The term government has many meanings. It's most popular usage is it refers
to the system of managing the affairs of a large political unit such as a nation,
to Understand a state, a province, a large country, a city, or a village. There are many different
forms of government existing in different countries. In modern times, the most
popular form of government is democratic government that is managed by
representatives elected by the people.
Introduction
The legislature is one of the main organs of the state and government in democratic
system which makes law. It is a law making body of the country. The laws passed
by legislature are implemented by the executive bodies. Legislature is formed by the
elected or nominated representatives.
Legislature can be unicameral or
bicameral. A unicameral system has Do You Know
one body of representatives whereas
bicameral system has two houses
or bodies of representatives. It
depends on the political system and The legislature system or parliamentary system
unique characteristics of a country was developed in the 18th century in Europe.
that it may adopt a unicameral or
bicameral legislature. Britain has a
bicameral system with the House of Representative and the House of Lords.
Nepal also has bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives and
the National Assembly. Federal Legislature in Nepal is also called the Federal
Parliamentary System.
In the House of Representatives there are 165 members from First Past The Post
(FPTP) and 110 members from Proportional Electoral System with total of 275
members. The tenure of the members of House of Representatives is 5 years.
The National Assembly is the permanent House with 59 members. There are 56
elected members; 8 members each from the 7 Provincial States and 3 members are
nominated by the President on the recommendation of the Government of Nepal.
There is a provision of more than one-third women participation in the Assembly. The
tenure of the members of the National Assembly is 6 years and the term of one-third
members expires in two years.
The provision of the speaker and the Deputy-speaker is in the House of Representatives
whereas the Chairperson and Vice-Chairperson are in National Assembly. In both the
houses there should be representation of different genders and political parties.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 120
Do You Know
Legislature is mentioned in Part 8 Articles 83, in the Constitution of Nepal 2072 BS
states that " There shall be Legislature called Federal Parliament. Consisting of
two Houses, namely the House of Representatives and the National Assembly.
There is certain procedures to present, approve and verify a bill in the Federal
Parliament. A bill can be tabled in any house whereas finance bill has to be tabled
only in the House of Representatives. Once a House approves the bill it has to be
immediately sent to the other house for approval. After the approval of the bill from
both the houses it has to be verified by the speaker or the Chairperson of the House
where it was tabled first. Then finally it has to be presented to the President of Nepal
for verification within 15 days and both the houses have to be informed about it. After
the approval of President, a bill becomes a law.
There is a provision of State Legislature (Pradesh Byabasthapika) granted by the
Constitution of Nepal. In every State Legislature there is a provision of 60 percent members
from First Past the Post Electoral System and 40 percent members from the Proportional
Election System. The State Legislature makes the essential laws for its State.
Qualifications of the members of Federal Parliament (Legislature)
1. Must be a Nepali citizen.
2. Must be 25 years of age for the House of Representatives and 35 years of age for
the National Assembly.
3. Should not be disqualified by any Federal law.
4. Should not be punished for any criminal offence involving moral torpitude.
5. Should not be holding any office of profit.
Functions of the legislature
Law Making Functions
Law making function is the primary function of the legislature. Legislature is an
organization comprised of people's representative. They formulate the law by passing
the bill as per the aspiration, will, need and sentiment of the people. So, it is called law
making body and the members of the legislature are also called law makers. They also
see that the proposed laws are favourable for human rights gender equality, national
development. Different committees and sub-committees amend bill if necessary and
pass the bill from the legislature or ordinances. When it gets signature from the
President then it becomes law of the country.
121 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Executive Functions (Function related to the administration of the state)
Executive is the apex body of the administration and it is regulated by the parliament
in democratic countries. In other words the Legislature controls the Executive. The
head of the executive is appointed by the legislature and remains in the post as
long as it has the confidence of the legislature. If necessary, he or she should get
vote of confidence from the
legislature. The Council of
Ministers is accountable to Do You Know
legislature. The members
of the legislature raise
questions, present attention
proposal and criticize The 1st amendment of the constitution on 9th Magh 2072
activities. The legislature has kept the provision that the constituency Delimitation
also keeps power to bring no mentioned in article 286 shall consider population the
confidence motion against
first priority and geography the second while fixing
the Council of Ministers. 165 electoral constituencies as per the federal laws.
In this light it is said that However, each district in the provision shall have at
the life and death of the least one electoral constituency.
executive lies in the hands of
the legislature.
Amendment of Constitution
In most of the countries Constitution makes provision for the legislature's power of
amending it. The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 make provision for amendment of the
constitution by two-third majority in the legislature. They can have judicial power as
well. If judges, Chief Justice, the Head of the Constitutional Organ show misconduct,
misuse the power then the legislature can impose impeachment and can force him/
her to resign from the post.
Financial Functions (Function Related to the Taxation and Budget)
To control finance is another important function of the legislature. It passes annual
budget of the government. The legislature is considered the owner of the public finance
of the state. No tax can be raised without the consent of the legislature. In this sense
people lay control over the finance
of the state through the legislature
Do You Know that is constituted by their elected
representatives.
Impeachment stated in Part 8, Article 101 in the Ratification of National
Constitution of Nepal, 2072 means the process by Issues
which a legislature body formally levels charges
The full cabinet meeting (Council
against the high official of the government. of Ministers) of a country can sign
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 122
treaties on issues of national importance. These issues include minor treaties such as
bilateral treaties on trade and welfare programs. However, treaties that have broader
and long-term effects must be approved by the legislature. For example, the Tanakpur
Treaty of BS 2050 between Nepal and India was passed by the two-third majority of
parliament members.
Activities
a. Find out the activities in the parliament and play a role of the Member of
Parliament.
b. Prepare a chart of criteria's required for the eligibility to be the Member of
Parliament and paste it on the display board.
c. Divide the class into four groups and discuss each function of the legislature.
d. Discuss the Provision of Rural municipality and municipality.
Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...
1. What is the legislature?
2. Write the procedure of the formation of the legislature of our country.
3. "The Legislature is also known as the Factory of Law making body." Justify the
statement.
4. Compose a dialogue mentioning the process of the formation of law through
a bill.
5. What are the functions of the legislature in our country? Describe them in detail.
6. Write a letter to your friend explaining the major features of the present constitution.
7. Write an editorial on the provision of women participation in the National
Assembly.
8. Though democracy is the rule of majority, minority is also valued in this system.
Justify this statement.
9. Mention any four good aspects of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072.
10. What role do you think we should play to protect democratic system achieved at
the high cost of martyr's blood? Give your opinion.
11. What is meant by impeachment?
12. Explain the structure of the legislature.
iCommun ty Work
Collect the names of the members of parliament representing your district.
123 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson The Executive
5.2 FACTS The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 has provision of Federal Executives in part 7, State
Executive in part 13 and provision of Local executive in part 17. Part 7, Article
to Understand 74 states, the form of Government of Nepal shall be a multi-party, competitive,
federal democratic republican parliamentary system based on plurality.
Introduction
The executive is an important organ of the government which implements the laws
made by the legislature of a nation. It also prepares plans, polices and programmes
and executes them accordingly. It is also known as federal executive, government,
cabinet or Council of Ministers.
According to the Constitution of Nepal, 2072, Nepal shall have three levels of executive,
federal, provincial and local. Federal executive is stated in part 7, Article 74 to 82 of
the constitution. According to Article 76 (1), Part 7, "The President shall appoint
the leader of the party which commands a majority in the House of Representatives
as the Prime Minister and shall constitute the Council of Ministers under his/her
Chairpersonship. The Prime Minister selects the Deputy Prime Minister, Ministers,
State Ministers and other Assistant Ministers on the recommendation of the political
parties. Similarly, non-legislative members can also be appointed as ministers on
political consensus (part7, Article 78) but it is clearly mentioned in the Article 78 (4)
"a person who has lost election in the election of the existing House of Representatives,
shall not be eligible to be a minister during the tenure of the existing House of
Representatives."
The executive is the law implementing agency. The executive authority is vested in the
Council of Ministers. There is a provision of electing the leader of the parliamentary
party with a majority in the federal executive. The President of Nepal forms the
Council of Ministers with maximum of 25 members out of the total members at the
recommendation of Prime Minister according to the inclusive principle.
Functions of the Executives
The functions of executive is broad general and accountable to the country. The
primary function of the executive is to maintain peace and order within the country
and make plans, policies and programmes according to the will, needs and aspirations
of the people within the country. There are several functions of executives, among
them some of the functions are discussed below:
Administrative Function
Executive conducts daily administration and manages the security, maintains law
and order and protects people's lives and properties. The function of government or
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 124
executive is also to build necessary structure coordination among them. The executive
also prepares polices strategies and directives for the development and management of
people and the society. The executive can issue different decrees, directions and orders
for the application of laws, rules and regulations. Similarly, it is the duty of executive
to keep an environment of coordination and cooperation from high level to the local
level, maintain good governance, etc. It issues directives, ordinances (authoritative
orders),orders messages and declarations. It also recommends appoints, transfers,
controls and supervises the government employees.
Diplomatic Function
The executive performs several diplomatic functions such as extending relationship
with other countries, to form foreign policy, signing the treaties and agreement with the
foreign countries. It appoints ambassador to other countries and receives ambassadors
from other countries. These are all the diplomatic functions of the executive. The
executive accepts and signs bilateral and multi lateral welfare programmes.
Financial Mobilization and Management Functions
The executives has important role in financial administration. It controls the financial
affairs of the state. It puts forward proposal in the legislature to impose, review or
increase or decrease taxes or tariffs and makes financial decisions, collects revenues
takes loans etc. The finance minister presents estimated budget of income and
expenditure in parliament each year. The executive gets the budget approved by the
legislature and spends the budget for various purposes.
Army Related Function
It is the duty of the executive to maintain peace and security in the country. There is
a provision of the National Security Council under the Chairpersonship of the Prime
Minister to recommend the Nepal Government in the mobilization and regulation of
Nepal Army. The supreme commander of the army will be the President of Nepal. He
appoints and removes the Commander-in-Chief of Nepal army on the recommendation
of the Council of Ministers. Similarly, the executive decides for the management,
production import of arms and ammunitions for the army required for the internal
and external security. It is the duty of the state and the executive to protect country
from foreign attacks. Generally, the executive declares war and proposes for peace
with other countries or the opponent. The President shall control mobilize and manage
the Nepal Army in development activities, disaster management and other activities
according to the decision made by the Government of Nepal on the recommendation
of the National Security Council.
In every Provincial State, there is a provision of the provincial government. It is
authorized to have the responsibility for general directions of the state's administration,
control and conduct. Chief Minister is the head of the executive in Provincial States.
There is a formation of the Council of Minister with the maximum of 20 percent of the
total member of the state legislature.
125 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
There is provision of Gaunpalika (Rural Municipality) or Nagarpalika (Municipality)
with the executive authority at the local level. It is vested with the authority
of administration, control and conduct of Gaupalika (Rural municipality) and
Nagarpalika (Municipality).
Activities
a. Write a news articles in a leading newspaper explaining the importance of an
executive as another most important organ of the government.
b. If you were to become the Prime Minister, what plans would you make for
the development of the country? Make plans and discuss in the group.
c. Prepare a chart with name list of Prime Minister since the restoration of
democracy in BS 2046 to date.
Sl.No Name of Prime Ministers Period of Premiership (Date and Year)
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. What do you mean by the executive? What is the structure of the present
government? Explain
2. How can you help the government from your personal level?
3. If you were to become the minister of Government of Nepal than what would be
your responsibility? Explain.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 126
4. How is executive related to legislature?
5. Normally the tenure of a government is 5 years but after the restoration of
the House of Representatives in 2063 no government has completed its 5 years
tenure. What are the causes? Write any four causes.
6. Write down the relationship between provincial executive and the local
executive.
7. What is the reason of not getting any female Prime Minister in Nepal? Explain
8. Explain the functions of executive in details.
9. What are the differences between federal executive and the provincial executive?
Explain.
10. Explain the role of the ministers to develop the country. Write in four points.
11. Write any four functions each of the Federal Government and the state
government.
iCommun ty Work
Survey a national daily newspapers for a week and some news related to ministers make two
separate columns, one for "creative and positive work and another column for useless and
unproductive work." Prepare a report by explaining the reasons on both the topics given on
two columns. Present it in your class.
127 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson The Judiciary
5.3 FACTS Sushila Karki is the first woman Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in the history
to Understand of Nepal.
Introduction
Judiciary is another most important organ of the government. It makes sure that
laws are implemented and justice is served to people. The Judiciary explains the
laws passed by the legislature. The Judiciary works to protect fundamental rights
and freedom of its citizens. It orders punishment to the guilty and reward or justice
to the innocent. Since it safeguards the constitution, it is called as guardian of the
constitution and considered as a foundation of the true democracy. The legislature
makes laws the executive executes the law and the judiciary makes sure that the
laws are implemented properly or not. Judiciary also functions as the patron of laws
and interprets laws including the constitution. Therefore, legislature, executive and
judiciary are independent and interrelated organs of the state. In the absence of
one, two other bodies' cannot function properly. Therefore, in political theory, the
relationship between these three bodies is called the principle of check and balance
of power.
In order for a just and democratic society to exist, an impartial, competent and
independent judiciary is very essential. It protects and provides freedom, justice and
security to the people in every democratic country. Similarly, neither legislature nor
executive interfere with the judiciary and its decisions. Rather, it is the duty of the
executive to make sure that the directives given by the judicial are implemented.
As per the Constitution of Nepal, 2072 Part 11, the judicial body should respect and
follow people's aspiration for democracy, freedom and human rights as expressed in
People's Mass Movement BS 2062/63.
There are three tiers of judicial system in Nepal. They are Supreme Court, High
Court and the District Court.
Supreme Court Do You Know
It is the apex body of the Judiciary All the courts and Judicial System (except the military
System. There is only one supreme court come under control of Supreme court.
court lies in the federal capital of
country. It is also called the Court
of Records. All courts and judicial
bodies of Nepal shall be under
the Supreme Court. The Supreme
Court has the final authority to
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 128
interpret the constitution and the laws in force. The Supreme Court may inspect,
supervise and give necessary directives to its subordinate court and Judicial bodies.
Supreme Court of Nepal
In this court, besides a Chief Justice, there shall be maximum of 20 Judges. In case
the number of the justices is inadequate because of the increase of the number of
cases at the Supreme Court, a maximum of 10 temporary judges may be appointed
for a certain period. The President, on recommendation of Constitutional Council,
appoints the Chief Justice and on recommendation of the Judiciary council, appoints
the Justice of the Supreme court. The tenure of the office of Chief Justice shall be six
years.
Qualifications
Must be a Nepali citizen.
Has worked at least for 3 years a Judge of the Supreme Court is eligible to be
appointed as the Chief Justice.
Completed Bachelors Degree in Law.
Has worked as a Chief Judge or judge of High Court (Before Appellate court) for
7 years.
Has practised law at least for 15 years as a law graduate senior advocate or has
worked as a first class gazetted officer or above at the judicial service at least for
12 years is eligible for the appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court.
The Supreme Court can issue various writs and orders including habeas corpus,
mandamus, certiorari, prohibition and quo warranto to protect and promote
fundamental rights of the people. These terms are defined below:
129 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Habeas corpus (Bandi Pratechikaran)
A writ issued in order to bring somebody who has been detained into court, usually for
a decision on whether the detention is lawful.
Mandamus (Paramadesh)
An order from a High Court to a Lower Court or to an authority instructing it to
perform a specific action or duty.
Certiorari (Utpresion)
A writ issued by a higher court to obtain records on a case from a Lower Court. So,
that the case can be reviewed.
Prohibition (Pradibandha)
An order from the superior court that forbids an inferior court from deciding on a
matter beyond its jurisdiction.
Quo warranto (Adhikar Prichchya)
A document issued by a Court of law formally requiring somebody to state by what
authority he/she acted or has held a position.
The High Courts
The High Court is the second tier Judicial body. There are 7 High Courts in total;
each Provincial State has one high court. Each of the High Court has the provision of
a Chief Judge and other Judges in the number as provided by the Federal law.
The Chief Judge and other Judges are appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court on the recommendation of the Judicial Council. The retirement age is 63 years.
Qualifications
Must be a Nepali citizen
Has passed a Bachelors Degree in law.
Has worked as a District Judge for at least five years.
Or for at least 10 years has practised as a law graduate, senior advocate or
advocate.
Or has either taught law or conducted research there on for at least 10 years.
Or has worked in any other field of law and justice or worked in any post of
gazetted first class officer of the Judicial service for a period of at least 5 years
shall be appointed as the Chief Judge or other judges.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 130
District Court
The District Courts are the second and last tier judicial body. Altogether there are
77 District Courts one in each district in Nepal. All local judicial system established
according to the provincial law remain under them. There is provision of a Chief Judge
and one or more Judges on the basis of its cases in each District Court. The District
Court may inspect, supervise and issue necessary instructions to its subordinate
judicial body.
Kaski District Court
The Chief Judge and other Judges of the District Courts are appointed by the Chief
Justice on the recommendation of the Judicial Council. They retire at the age of
63 years.
Qualifications
Must be a Nepali citizen.
Has completed Bachelors Degree in law
Has worked as an advocate for 8 years or in any post of gazetted second class
officer.
Or has taught law or conducted research thereon or worked in any other field of
law and justice for at least 8 years.
131 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Specialized Court
The Constitution of Nepal has also made the provision of specialized Court mentioned
in part 11, Article 152. Such courts can be established and formed to look after the
special cases as per the federal law.
Functions of the Judiciary
Judicial
functions
Preservation of Citizens Judiciary Explanation and
Rights and freedom Formulation of laws
Advisory
Functions
The Judiciary is a highly esteemed organ of a state. It maintains respect to laws. It
is a special mechanism established for administering justice. Its main functions are
as follows:
Judicial Function
This function is related to the administration of justice. The main function of the
Judiciary is to give justice to citizens. According to the spirit of existing constitution
and other laws, it administers justice and recommends punishment to the criminals.
Judiciary settles both civil and criminal types of cases.
Explanation and Formulation of Laws
Judiciary gives explanation to the existing laws. Judicial bodies, especially the
Supreme Court have the right to interpret the laws. While explaining laws, sometimes
previous decisions of the Supreme Court (precedents) function as the law.
Advisory Function
Sometimes, the executive and the legislature cannot take any decision or interpret
existing laws or cannot estimate and imagine the impacts of law. In such case,
the executive and the legislature take advice from the Supreme Court on those
constitutional and legal matters. While drafting the laws most of the democratic
countries follow this process.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 132
Protector of People's Rights and Freedom
The constitution of every country, state guarantees different kinds of rights and
freedom to the citizens. The judiciary is the only institution to protect such rights and
freedoms if they are violated by the state or by any person. Therefore, the judiciary
is supposed to be the guardian or protector of such rights and freedoms of the people.
Activities
a. Prepare a monologue based on the judgement court in favours of a person.
Also explain his expression. Make sure about the rights and explain.
b. As a student what kinds of rights you would like to protect through laws.
Discuss with your friends.
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the Judiciary?
2. What are the power and functions of the Judiciary?
3. What should be due to make the judiciary independent and impartial?
4. What are the qualifications required to be the Chief Justice and Judges of the
Supreme Court?
5. Explain the functions of the Judiciary in detail.
6. Explain the statement, 'Justice delayed is justice denied'.
7. Why is the Judiciary known as the guardian of the constitution?
8. Show the interrelationship between the legislature, the executive and the
judiciary.
iCommun ty Work
Generally, the decisions made by the Supreme Court become national news. Collect three
such decisions which have made great effect in your society. Write a brief report on them
and present it to your class.
133 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Lesson Constitutional Organs
5.4 FACTS The heads of constitutional bodies are appointed by the President on the
recommendation of Constitutional Council. Attorney General is appointed by the
to Understand Prime Minister.
The organs whose powers, functions and duties are described in the constitution are
called Constitutional Organs. The constitutional organs are formed to contribute to
the overall implementation of the constitution in a system. They are independent and
separate than the organs of the government. They have authority to check whether
the government's work is impartial, transparent and responsible to the national or
not. The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 has guaranteed the constitutional organs in
parts 21 to 26. These constitutional organs are discussed below:
Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority
(CIAA)
It is in Part 21, Article 238-239 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. The President
appoints the chief commissioner and other 4 commissioners of this commission on the
recommendation of the Constitutional Council. The tenure of the commissioner is of
six years from the time of appointment.
Responsibilities
a. Investigate the cases
of abuse of misuse of
authority by persons
holding public posts.
b. Recommend to the
concerned authority to
carry out investigation
regarding corruption
and violations of the
law in case it falls under
the jurisdiction of other
bodies.
c. Prepare reports of the
cases with regard to cases of abuse of authority and to register the cases in the
court of law for punishment, penalty.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 134
Qualification
a. Should be a Nepali citizen.
b. Should hold a bachelor's degree from a recognized university.
c. Should not be a member of any political party at the time of appointment.
d. Should have an experience of at least 20 years preferably in the field of auditing
or accounting, engineering, law, development or investigation.
e. Should have attained the age of 45 years and possess high moral character.
Auditor General
It is in Part 22, Article 240-241 of
the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. The
Auditor General is appointed by the
President on the recommendation of
the Constitutional Council. The term
of the Auditor General is of 6 years
from the date of appointment and can
remain in the post till the age of 65
years.
Responsibilities
a. Should audit the accounts of
the office of the President and
the Vice-President, the Supreme Court, the federal parliament, provincial
assemblies, provincial governments, constitutional organs or their offices,
courts, the office of the attorney general and the Nepal army, Nepal police and
armed police as well as all other government offices and courts.
b. Should audit of any corporate body of which the Government of Nepal or
provincial government owns more than 50 percent of shares or assets.
Qualifications
a. Should be a Nepali citizen.
b. Should hold a bachelor's degree in Management, Commerce or Account from a
recognized University or has worked a special class officer of the Government of
Nepal after successfully completing the chartered accountant's examination or
has at least 20 years experience in the field of auditing.
c. Should not be a member of any political party at the time of appointment.
d. Should have attained 45 years of age and should possess high moral character.
135 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Public Service Commission
Part 23, Article 242-243 of the Constitution
of Nepal, 2072, has the provision of Public
Service Commission. It comprises the
Chairperson and 4 other members who
are appointed by the President on the
recommendation of the Constitutional
Council. At lease 50 percent members in the
Public Service Commission are appointed
among those who have served more than
20 years in civil service and the remaining
members are appointed from among the renowned persons who have worked in the
field of science and technology, arts, literature, law, sociology, public administration
or any other fields such as research, teaching, etc.
Responsibilities
a. It conducts examinations for the selection of suitable candidates to be appointed
to civil service position.
b. It works on the promotion, transfer, reward and punishment of the civil servants.
c. It conducts the written examinations for the recruitment in the Nepalese army,
Nepal Police or Armed Police force or federal government services or corporate
bodies.
Qualifications
a. Should be a Nepali citizen.
b. Should hold a post-graduate degree from a recognized university.
c. Should be at least 45 years of age.
d. Should not be a member of any political party at the time of appointment.
Election Commission
It is mentioned in Part 24, Article 245-247 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. The
constitution states that there shall be an election commission consisting of the Chief
Election Commissioner as a chairperson
and four other election commissioners.
The President on the recommendation of
the Constitutional Council appoints the
Chief Election Commissioner and other
commissioners. The tenure of the office
of the Chief Election Commissioner and
the other commissioners is of six years
and he/she can hold the post till 65
years of age.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 136
Responsibilities
The commission conducts, checks and controls elections of the President, the Vice-
President federal parliament, provincial assemblies and local bodies.
a. It prepares the voters' list for the purpose of election.
b. It holds referendum on subject of national importance as per the constitution
and federal laws.
Qualification
a. Should be a Nepali citizen.
b. Should hold a bachelor's degree from a recognized university.
c. Should not be a member of any political party at the time of appointment.
d. Should have attained the age of 45 years of age and should possess high moral
character.
National Human Rights Commission
It is mentioned in Part 25, Article 248-249 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. It states
that there shall be a National Human Rights Commission consisting of a chairperson
and 4 other members. The Chairperson and other members are appointed by the
President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. The term of office of
the chairperson and members will be 6 years from the date of appointment.
National Human Rights Commission
Responsibilities
1. It ensures respect, protection and promotion and effective implementation of
Human Rights.
137 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
2. It conducts inquiries into and investigation of the violation of the human rights
of any person or a group of people.
3. To forwards the recommendation to the authority concerned to take departmental
action against any authority who has failed to protect human rights.
4. If necessary, it has the authority to recommend to lodge a petition in the court
against a person or institution that has violated human rights.
5. It works jointly with civil society to enhance awareness of human rights.
6. It reviews existing laws related to the human rights on a periodic basis and to
recommend to the Government of Nepal for necessary reforms and amendment.
Qualification
1. Must be a Nepali citizen.
2. Should be a retired Chief Justice or retired Judge of the Supreme Court who has
made the special contribution for protection and promotion of Human Rights.
3. Should be a noted human activist who has contributed a lot to the field of social
service and human rights.
4. Must attain the age of 45 years and have good moral characters.
5. Should not be a member of any political party at the time of appointment.
6. Should hold the bachelor's degree from a recognized university.
National Natural Resource and Fiscal Commission
It is mentioned in Part 26, Article 250-251 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072,
Constitution has the provision of National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission
consisting of the chairperson and members not exceeding five in number. The
Chairperson and the other members are appointed by the President on the
recommendation of the Constitutional Council. The tenure of office of the Chairperson
and members will be 6 years from the date of appointment and can hold the post till
65 years of age.
Responsibilities
1. It determines extensive ground and measures, regarding the distribution of
revenue from federal consolidated fund to the federal, provincial and local level
governments.
2. It makes recommendation on distribution of the equalization grants to provincial
and local governments from the federal consolidated fund.
3. It determines extensive ground and measures regarding the distribution
of revenue between provincial and local governments from the provincial
consolidated fund.
4. It conducts research and studies with regard to make a basis for distribution
of conditional grants to provincial and local governments in compliance with
national policy and program and standards and the state of infrastructure there.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 138
5. It makes recommendations regarding the measures of reforms on responsibilities
of expenditures and revenue generation for the federal, provincial and local
governments.
6. It makes recommendations about the internal loans; the federal, provincial and
local governments may take, by analyzing the micro-economic indices.
7. It reviews the bases of revenue distribution between the federal and provincial
governments and makes recommendations for reform.
8. It determines base for computing the share of investment and return for federal,
provincial and local government while exploiting natural resources and make
necessary recommendations.
9. It makes recommendations about coordination and mitigation of disputes likely
to arise regarding distribution of natural resources between the federation
and province, between a province and local level entity or between local level
entities.
Qualifications
1. Should be a Nepali citizen.
2. Should hold at least a bachelor's degree from the recognized university
with expertise in natural resources or fiscal management, economics, law or
management and should have at least 20 years of experience in the sector.
3. Should not be a member of any political party at the time of the appointment.
4. Should attain the age of 45 years and possess high moral character.
Do You Know
Composition of the Constitutional Council Chairperson
The Prime Minister Member
The Chief Justice Member
Member
The Speaker of the House Members
The Leader of the opposition party in Parliament
Three Ministers chosen by the Prime Minister
Note: See appendix for the Constitutional Organs and their present Heads of Nepal.
139 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Activities
a. Make a list of the current Head of the Constitutional Organs. Find out their
names and write in a chart paper and paste it in your classroom.
b. Prepare a chart of the members of the Constitutional Council and paste it in
your class.
c. Prepare a collage showing Corruption in Nepal. Organize the speech
competition on "Causes and Effects of Corruption in Development of the
Nation".
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. Compare the constitutional organs provided by the Interim Constitution of
Nepal, 2063 and the Constitution of Nepal, 2072.
2. Mention the major functions of the Public Service Commission.
3. Explain the appointment procedure, power, functions and responsibilities of the
CIAA. What are the qualifications required to be the commissioners of CIAA?
Explain.
4. Write a letter to your brother/sister explaining the responsibilities of the
National Human Rights Commission.
5. Name the constitutional organs. Explain them with the appointment procedure,
responsibilities, qualifications, and tenure given in the text. Also mention their
parts and Articles guaranteed by the Constitution of Nepal, 2072.
6. Which constitutional organ is responsible for checking the government accounts?
Explain.
iCommun ty Work
Choose any case filed by the CIAA against high-ranking government officials and high ranking
politicians. Prepare a report including the name of an accused person, post reason of being
accused and the verdict of the court if a case is registered in the court.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 140
Lesson Other Commissions of Nepal
5.5 FACTS The other commissions of Nepal are created to bring inclusiveness in the country.
to Understand It is stated in Part 27, Article 252-264 in the Constitution of Nepal, 2072.
There are seven commissions included in Part 27, Article 252-264 in the Constitution of
Nepal, 2072. This includes National Women Commission, National Dalit Commission,
National Inclusion Commission, Adibasi Janajati Commission, Madhesi Commission,
Tharu Commission and Muslim Commission. The chairperson and members of
all commission are appointed by the President under the recommendation of the
Constitutional Council. A brief descriptions on these commissions are given below:
1. National Women Commission
It is mentioned in part 27, Article 252 of the Constitution of Nepal. The
Commission consists of a chairperson and four other members. The tenure of the
chairperson and the members will be 6 years from the date of appointment and can
hold the post till 65 years.
Responsibilities
1. It formulates the policies and programmes concerning the rights and interests
of the women.
2. It formulates policies and programmes for women welfare.
3. It ensures proportional participation in all organs of the state, to assess, monitor
and evaluate the existing policies and programmes.
4. It carries out study and research work on the legal provisions relating to gender
equality, empowerment of women.
5. It monitors the government regarding report to be submitted by the Government
of Nepal in matters related to international convenient and treaties.
6. It forwards a recommendation to the concerned authority to lodge a petition in
the court in accordance with the law, in matters related with gender violence
and women deprived of women rights due to social malpractices.
Qualification
1. Must be a Nepali citizen.
2. Should hold a bachelor's degree from a recognized university in case of the
chairperson.
141 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
3. Should have made a significant contribution to the rights, interest of women or
gender justice or women development or in the field of human rights and law for
at least 10 years.
4. Should have attained the age of 45 years.
5. Should not be a member of any political party at the time of appointment and
should possess high moral character.
National Dalit Commission
It is mentioned in Part 27, Article 255-257 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. It
consists of the chairperson and four other members. The tenure will be 6 years from
the date of appointment and can remain in the post till 65 years of age.
Responsibilities
1. It conducts study and explores the overall situation of the Dalit Community.
2. It formulates national policies and programmes concerning the interests of the
Dalit for the uplifting and development of the Dalit.
3. It monitors, so as to ensure whether the special provisions and laws related with
Dalit welfare have been implemented or not, and forwards a recommendation
to the Government of Nepal, in case these provisions are found not to have been
implemented.
4. It makes suggestions to the Government of Nepal about the provisions contained
in the international treaties.
5. It monitors reviews and evaluates the policies and programmes implemented
by the state to bring the Dalit community into the mainstream of national
development such as proportionate representation in all of the state agencies,
and forwards a recommendation to the Government of Nepal for an effective
implementation of these provisions.
Qualification
1. Must be a Nepali citizen
2. In case of the chairperson, he/she must hold at least Bachelor's degree in human
rights, social justice, sociology or law from the recognized university.
3. Should be a person from the dalit community and should have contributed to
dalit welfare, human rights and in the legal field for at least 10 years.
4. Should not be the member of any political party at the time of appointment and
should possess high moral character.
5. Should have attained the age of 45 years.
National Inclusion Commission
It is mentioned in Part 27, Article 258-260 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. The
commission comprises the chairperson and four other members. The chairperson
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 142
and the members are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the
Constitutional Council. The tenure will be 6 years from the date of appointment and
can remain in the post till 65 years of age.
Responsibilities
a. It conducts study and research work for the protection of the right and welfare of
the communities including, Khas Arya backward class, persons with disability,
senior citizens, labourers, peasant, marginalized and minority communities,
people of Karnali region and economically disadvantaged people.
b. It reviews the policies of the Government of Nepal for inclusion of the persons
as mentioned in section (a) above and their implementation, and to forward
necessary recommendation to the government for reform.
c. It conducts study about the rightful representation of the persons as mentioned
in section (a) above in the state mechanisms, and forwards a recommendation to
the Government of Nepal to review the provision to ensure their representation
their in.
d. It studies whether protection, empowerment and development of the persons as
mentioned in section (a) is satisfactory and forwards a recommendation to the
Government of Nepal regarding the policies to the adopted for the future.
e. It recommends the Government of Nepal regarding policies and programmes to
be implemented for development and prosperity of Karnali and other backward
regions.
f. It recommends for timely revision in the laws related to minorities and
marginalized communities.
g. It monitors the situation of implementation of rights and interests of minorities
and marginalized communities and make recommendations for revision based
on reports of period census and human development indices.
Qualification
1. Must be a Nepali citizen.
2. Should have significantly contributed to at least 10 years in the field of social
inclusion, and in promoting the rights and interests and development of persons
disability, marginalized, minority and backward communities and human
rights.
3. In case of the chairperson, he/she should hold bachelor's degree from a recognized
university.
4. Should attain the age of 45 years.
5. Should not be a member of any political party and should possess high moral
character.
143 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Adibashi Janajati Commission
It is mentioned in Part 27, Article 261 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. It comprises
the chairperson and other four members. The tenure is 6 years and members can hold
the post till 65 years of age.
Qualifications and Responsibilities
The qualifications, conditions of vacancy, renumeration and conditions of service of
the Chairperson and members of Adibasi Janajati Commission and other provisions
related to functions, duties and power of such commission will be according to the
Federal law.
Madheshi Commission
It is mentioned in Part 27, Article 262 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. The
Commission has the provision of a chairperson and four other members. They are
appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. The
tenure of the office of the chairperson and members will be 6 years from the date of
appointment.
Qualification and Responsibilities
The qualifications, condition of vacancy, renumeration and condition of service of the
Chairperson and members of Madheshi Commission and other provisions related to
functions, duties and power of such commission shall be according to the federal law.
Tharu Commission
It is mentioned in Part 27, Article 263 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. The
constitution has a provision of Tharu Commission consisting of a chairperson and four
other members. The Chairperson and other members are appointed by the President
on the recommendation of the Constitutional Council. The tenure of the office of the
chairperson and members will be 6 years from the date of appointment.
Qualifications and Responsibilities
The qualification, conditions of vacancy, renumeration and conditions of service of
the Chairperson and members of Tharu Commission and other provisions related to
function, duties and power of such commission will be according to the federal law.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 144
Muslim Commission
It is mentioned in Part 27, Article 264 of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072. The
constitution has the provision of Muslim Commission consisting of a chairperson
and four other members. The chairperson and other members are appointed by
the President on the recommendation of Constitutional Council. The tenure of the
chairperson and the members will be 6 years from the date of appointment.
Qualifications and Recommendations
The qualification, condition of vacancy, renumeration and conditions of service of the
Chairperson and members of Muslim Commission and other provisions related to
function, duties and power of such commission shall be according to federal law.
Activity
Fill the following table.
Other Commissions
Sl.No. Name of the Parts and Formation Head Major Major
Commission Article qualifications responsibilities
(any two) (any two)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
145 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. Why is National Women Commission necessary?
2. Write the formation of National Inclusion Commission and also mention its
importance.
3. Describe the functions of Dalit Commission.
4. How can Madheshi, Tharu, Muslim and Adibashi Janajati Commission work
for the welfare of their communities? Explain.
iCommun ty Work
Make a survey in your community and find out the status of women. Prepare a report based
on the given topics:
1. Name: ........................................................................................................................
2. Level of education : ......................................................................................................
3. Employment : ...............................................................................................................
4. Health status : ..............................................................................................................
5. Reproductive right : ......................................................................................................
Submit your report to your teacher.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 146
Lesson Political Parties
5.6
A political party is a political organization, which plays a vital role to govern the
country. People share the same view, philosophy and ideology involving in the same
political party. Political parties are the mechanism by which people of any background
can be actively involved in the tasks of shaping policy and deciding how society should
be governed. They are essential for the effective functioning of democracy.
Provision relating to political parties mentioned in Part 29, Article 269 to 272 of the
Constitution of Nepal, 2072. According to the Constitution, a political party should
fulfill the following conditions for its registration.
1. Political parties shall be required to register their names under the Election
Commission in accordance with the procedure determined by law.
2. The Constitution and rules of the political party should be democratic.
3. There should be an arrangement of an election of the executive members from
local level to central level, at least once in every five years.
4. There should be the provision of inclusive representation from different sectors
such as backward communities, women, Dalits and other marginalized groups.
5. No political party shall be registered if its name, objectives, symbol and flag are
of a character that may disturb the country's religious or communal unity.
According to the Constitution of Nepal, Part 29, Article 271 "Registration is required
for securing recognition for the purpose of contesting elections as a political party."
1. Political party required to register its name with the Election Commission in
accordance with the procedures determined by the law.
2. They should submit the names and addresses of its executive committee
members or equivalent committee members as well as details of the budget and
sources of funding and income.
3. Name of the political party and address of the central office is required.
4. There should be an arrangement of an election of the executive members from
local level to central level at least once in every five years.
The Constitution of Nepal prohibits or ban any political party if, any political party
having the objectives of discriminating Nepalese people on the basis of religions,
147 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
caste, race, language, and sex. They Do You Know
cannot be registered in the Election
Commission. Similarly, a party which Nepal Praja Parishad is the first political party of
has the logo and flag of religious or Nepal. Its chairman was Tanka Prasad Acharya
communal nature with objectives of who is known as Living Martyr of Nepal.
national disintegration and division is
also disqualified for the registration. Source: Wikipedia
Role of Political Parties
Establishment and Role of Promotion of
Strengthen the Political Parties Human rights and
democracy
social Justice
Involvement in social
welfare activities Give emphasis on
Awareness against social good governance and
problems and evils perform development
activities
The political parties perform an important task in the government. They provide
the connection between politics and society. They are chief means by which political
power is exercised in the country. The importance of political parties lies in the fact
that democracies cannot sustain and work without the existence of political parties.
Some of the important roles are discussed below:
a. Formulates public policies.
b. Functions to run the parliamentary government.
c. Acts as a bridge between the government and the people.
d. Makes people aware of different political, social and economic issues.
e. Provides stability to the nation.
f. Help to promote the principle of democracy.
g. Help in creating the platform for great leaders.
h. Promotes human rights and social justice.
i. Involves in public welfare activities.
j. Emphases on good governance and development activities.
k. Brings social awareness on social problems and evils.
Role of Political Parties in Establishing Loktantra in Nepal
The political parties played a vital role to establish democracy in Nepal. The first
formal political party in Nepal is considered to be the Nepal Praja Parishad established
on Jestha 10, 1993. Nepali Congress and Nepal Communist Party were established
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 148
in BS 2003 and BS 2006 respectively. The political parties actively took part in the
democratic movement in BS 2007 against the tyrannical Rana regime. Eventually
Rana regime was overthrown and people established democracy in BS 2007. However,
political parties at that time were not perfect and also lacked experience of running
the nation. They were busy in quarrelling among themselves for the post and power.
This gave an opportunity to the king to take over the power.
The first parliamentary general election was held in BS 2015 with an objective of
institutionalized democracy. The government was run for two years. King Mahendra
suspended the elected government on 1st Poush 2017 and banned the political parties
on 22nd Poush, 2017. Then he imposed Partyless Panchayat System for 3 decades
through which the king directly ruled the country.
The political parties were working secretly to remove Partyless Panchayat System
and to restore the Multiparty Democratic System in the country. After 30 years, the
movement for democracy jointly led by Nepali People's Mass Movement I restored
the democracy, secured some fundamental rights of the people, the king was brought
under the constitution and established multiparty democratic system in the country.
Political parties took part in the elections held in BS 2048, BS 2051 and BS 2056.
The CPN (Maoist) led armed insurgency on 1st Falgun 2052. In the midst of Maoist
insurgency imposed his self-rule on 19th Magh 2061. The Seven Party Alliance (SPA)
and CPN (Maoist) jointly launched People's Movement II in BS 2062. The 10 years
long Maoist and People's Movement II lasted for 19 days ended the monarchy and
reinstated the dissolved House of Representatives on 11th Baishakh 2063. The SPA
and CPN (Maoist) signed the Peace Accord on 5th Mangsir, 2063 to bring peace in
the country. On 1st Magh 2063 the
Interim Constitution 2063 was
promulgated to run the Interim Do You Know
Government. The election for the
first Constituent Assembly was held
on 28 Chaitra 2064 which elected
601 CA members to draft a new Altogether 121 political parties registered their
name in Election Commission for local election
constitution but it could not draft BS 2074.
even after the long effort. So, it got Source: Election Commission, Nepal
dissolved on 14th Jestha 2069. Once
again the election of the Constituent
Assembly was held for the second
time on 4th Mangsir, 2070. The 601
members again got the responsibilities to draft the constitution. Finally, after a long
political exercises of the parties, the country got the historical and unique constitution
named "The Constitution of Nepal, 2072" on 3rd Asoj, 2072. To institutionalize the
federalism became another challenge for the political parties.
In this way the role of the political parties in the establishment of the Republic
State, reinforcement of democracy, establishment of peace and the declaration of the
constitution through the Constituent Assemble is commendable and positive.
149 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
Activities
a. Write an essay highlighting the roles of major political parties in establishing
Loktantra in Nepal.
b. Prepare a collage of People's Mass Movement II in a chart paper and paste it
in your classroom.
c. Collect the election manifesto of different political parties and discuss the
major points mentioned in the manifesto.
d. Write an editorial on the role of political parties in democracy.
E ixerc se...
Answer the following questions:
1. What is a political party? Make a list of major political parties of Nepal.
2. Prepare an election manifesto of your party if you were a member of a political
party.
3. Why do we need political parties in a country? Explain.
4. What were the role of political parties in the historical People's Movement II of
2062/63?
5. There was an important role of the political parties in the restoration of the
multi-party system of BS 2046. Justify the statement.
6. What is multi-party system? Discuss.
7. Write the conditions required for registration of political parties in election
commission.
8. "Political parties are the pillars of Loktantra." Explain the statement.
9. Analyse the roles of the political parties after the advent of democracy in
BS 2007.
10. Political parties should be inclusive and democratic. Write a letter to the
President of major political party of Nepal.
iCommun ty Work
Visit your community and ask the people about the role played by political parties and their
representative in your community.
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 150
The words you are searching are inside this book. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking here.
Social Studies 10
Discover the best professional documents and content resources in AnyFlip Document Base.
Search