Social Studies 10

Lesson Consumer Rights

8.10 FACTS The first law related to consumer right was formulated in the USA on 15th March
1963. This is the reason of observing the International Consumers Day on
to Understand 15th March every year.

The word consumer means any person who uses or consumes any type of goods or
services from the market. The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) 2054 was implemented
by the government on Baishakh 1, 2055. Despite more than a decade of it into being
the law still suffers a weak enforcement in Nepal. There is poor implementation and
lack of proper mechanism of consumer court. It is not able to hear complaints and
grievances of the consumers and make them satisfied. Nepali consumers still are not
able to enjoy the benefits of a competitive and efficient economy; they are not able to
get quality products in a cheaper rate.

According to the Consumer Protection Act 2054, the following rights are given:

i. Consumers have the right to protect themselves against unsafe goods and
services they have right to get complete information about the quality, price,
quantity and ingredients from the manufacturing company or supplier of the
goods.

ii. All consumers have the right to redress on their grievances about substandard,
unsafe, unduty, expensive goods and services, unfair claims and other unfair
consumer practices.

iii. To file a case and get compensation against any illegal trade practice.
iv. To get consumer rights education

A producers shall compulsorily mention the following particulars on the labels of
consumer goods.

1. Name and address of the produces and registration number of the industry.
2. In case of consumer goods such as food and medicine, their ingredients as well

as their quantity and weight should be mentioned.
3. The standard should be mentioned if any.
4. The way of using goods and the possible impact
5. Price, batch number, production and expiry date should be mentioned.
6. Warranty period, tested mark and other required information should be in

electronic and electric goods
7. Protection and safety measures in inflammable and fragile goods or commodities

should be mentioned compulsorily.

351 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Role of Consumer International

The consumer is often cheated while buying goods. To hear
the voice of consumers, there is an organization called the
Consumer International. This is the global campaigning
voice for consumers. It has over 240 members organizations
spreading over 120 countries. It is launching a powerful
consumer movement to protest and empower consumers. It
makes consumer concerned about their rights by making their
voice strong. If needed, the organization also helps in getting
compensation or other legal support.

The UNO on Consumer Protection

1. Right to satisfaction of basic needs
2. Right to safety
3. Right to information
4. Right to choose
5. Right to be heard
6. Right to seek redress
7. Right to consumer education
8. Right to a healthy environment

Good Governance Foundation (GoGo) has been working to promote education with an
objective to provide the skill and knowledge to empower consumers and enable them
to use their resources effectively and increase their awareness of their wider role in
the society It believes that proper consumer education addresses not only problems
of consumers individually but also of sustainable consumption, social justice, human
rights, right to information and ethical values to create consumer culture through a
participating, critical and informed citizens.

Consumers education based on advocacy, media campaign,
sensitization and capacity development approaches, GoGo
foundation has been educating, empowering and informing
to Nepali consumer by making them well equipped with
knowledge, skill and understanding known to the market,
enabling them to judge and make competent decisions
about the quality public goods and services they choose.
GoGo foundation also seeks legal solution to the issues and grievances of the Nepali
consumers in courts.

History of the Concept of Consumer Rights

The concept of consumer emerged from the establishment of civil society. Prior to
the Industrial Revolution the needs of human being was very few and can fulfill

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 352

through the exchange of goods (barter system). Later on, people used coins and
currency to take any goods and services from the market for daily life. In this context
the principle of “Caveat Emptor” came into existence which meant “Let the buyer be
aware” to maintain relationships between buyers and sellers. Later, the Principle was
superseded by caveat vandites’ which meant “Let the seller be aware." Again another
principle of “Consumer sovereignty or consumer is the king of market” was adopted.
In this principle consumers were free to consume any goods and services without
being cheated.

In this context, Nepal also adopted consumers rights based on UN Guidelines as
Consumer Protection Act 2054 (1998 AD). Then consumer council and other authorities
have been established by the government for the settlement of consumer’s disputes.
However, the consumers rights are limited only in paper. Enforcement of the Act is
very poor in Nepal.

Legal Protection of Consumer Rights

The Constitution of Nepal, 2072 has recognized

the rights of consumers as fundamental right.

The Article 44, part 3 of the constitution

maintains that every consumer has right to

get quality goods or services. In case of the

harm caused by the use of low quality goods

or service, the consumer has full right to get

compensation as per the law. Similarly, the

consumer protection Act, 2054 tells that a

consumer can file a case if he/she feel that he/

she has been cheated. He/she can do it either Consumer Rights

in the District Administration office, policy

office, Department of commerce or related ministrations and departments. The Nepal

government has made provision of inspection officers for assuring coinsurance rights.

They are given authorities to take strong action against the malpractices prevalent

in this field.

Advantages of Consumer Education

The following are the benefits of consumer education:
Consumers get a chance to make proper choice
They become aware and concerned about the problems they face while
purchasing goods and services.
It makes people informed about market.
Consumers will learn about the quality of goods
Consumers will have knowledge on legal provision of their rights.

353 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Some of the problems in enforcement of consumer’s right in Nepal are as
follows:

1. Nepalese people are still unaware about their basic rights. So, they are being
cheated and exploited by some dishonest businessmen.

2. Consumer Sovereignty is the main motto of consumer Jurisprudence but in Nepal,
markets are guided by only business and profit oriented motive. So, consumers are
facing problems.

3. There are limited NGOs relating to consumer protection and their role is also not
satisfactory.

4. Majority of consumers are poor and illiterate. So they are not aware about the
quality of goods and services.

5. Due to the open border with India, to get goods in cheaper rate consumers are
being cheated.

Some of the solutions to the problems discussed below:

1. Consumers protection awareness is to be built in all levels of student life.
Therefore, curriculum should be made mandatory to provide consumer education
in school to college level.

2. Low income groups are least educated and unaware. They should get
maximum information on issues and their rights

3. NGOs relating to consumer protection, mass media and civil society should be
active and conscious for Consumers Right Protection.

4. Consumers protection measures must be set up to check and control the inflow
of low quality goods and services at high prices in open borders.

5. Implement rules of punishment more effectively so that manufacturers,
shopkeepers and service providers do not cheat to the consumers. Without quality
of goods and services quality life is impossible. Therefore, it has become very
necessary to improve the situation to ensure consumer rights. However, Some of
the government organizations like Kathmandu Upatyaka Khanepani Limited
(KUKL) has bought toll free number to hear the complaint of consumers. In this
way many other organizations have made their work effective by introducing
toll free number. Their effort is appreciable but these efforts must be reachable
to every city and village. This can give quality life to the people in Nepal.

Activity

Discuss the areas to ensure consumer rights for quality life.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 354

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:
1. Define a consumer. Make a list of consumer rights according to the Consumer

Protection Act, 2054.
2. Why is it essential to protect consumer’s right?
3. What is GoGo foundation?
4. When did consumer Protection Act introduced in Nepal? Write the legal

protection of consumer rights.
5. What are the problems to ensure consumer rights in Nepal?
6. Mention the solutions to the problems of consumer right.
7. Make a list of advantages of consumer education.
8. Write the consumer rights secured by the United Nations.
9. How did the concept of consumer rights developed? Explain.
10. What is the role of Consumer International? Explain.

iCommun ty Work
Being a responsible and aware consumer make a plan to visit least 5 shops and check the
details of the goods and its quality and prepare a report and present in your class.

355 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Review Questions

Answer the following questions:

1. Define a Periodic Plan. Write the ways to achieve the targeted goal by the
current plan.

2. What is tourism industry?
3. Name the major tourism sites in Nepal. What are the possibilities of tourism in

Nepal? Explain.
4. In what ways economic crisis can be resolved in Nepal? Explain with possible

suggestions.
5. Write one economic importance of cooperative.
6. What are the types of share? Explain them briefly.
7. Many people in Nepal are still unknown about the insurance. Suggest the ways

to impart education and awareness in insurance.
8. "Nepal is the cheapest destination of tourism." Justify the statement.
9. Write the full form of VAT. What is the objective of introducing VAT in Nepal?
10. Differentiate between direct and indirect tax.
11. Explain the role of Consumer International.
12. What is Consumer Protection Act, 2054? What are the things to be mentioned

in product?
13. 'Whenever any crisis arises, consumers are deceived'. What does it mean?

Explain.
14. What is the importance of financial education? How does it help the people?
15. Describe the role of banks in Nepal.
16. How many types of Bank Accounts are there? Make a list and explain them

briefly.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 356

Unit INTERNATIONAL UNDERSTANDING,
PEACE AND CO-OPERATION
9

UNIT CONTENTS Learning Outcomes of the Unit

9.1 United Nations and Its The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
Organs 358 the unit are to enable students to:

9.2 Specialized Agencies of q learn international understanding, peace and co-
operation.
the UN0 363
q understand Nepal's relationship and co-operation
9.3 Role of Nepal in UNO 367 with UN agencies.

9.4 The UN Activities in q know Nepal's contribution to establish peace in the
Nepal 371 world.

9.5 Contemporary Events and q learn United Nations Organization and Nepal on global
issues.
Their Impacts 375
q define globalization and localization, their advantages
9.6 Concept of Localization and and disadvantages.
Globalization 379

Review Questions 384

Evaluation Scheme for the Unit -9

Total Period(s): 15

Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time

NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)

1. VSATQ 1 – 1 –2 2 x 1 = 2 2x1.8=3.6

2. SATQ 1 – – –1 1 x 4 = 4 4x1.8=7.2

3. LATQ – – – –– ––

Total 2 – 1 –3 6 6 x1.8=10.8

Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type |3Q5=7 Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s) Social Studies - Book X
Dynamic

Lesson United Nations and Its Organs

9.1 FACTS The Atlantic Charter set the foundation for the United Nations. Besides it, the
Moscow Declaration, the Teheran Declaration, the Dumbarton Declaration, the
to Understand Yalta Declaration, etc, had also played a significant role in creating platform for
the United Nations.

The United Nation Organization is an international

governmental organization established to prevent

the world from the enormous and destructive world

war and to promote international cooperation.

The organization was established on October 24,

1945 AD after the treaty was signed between US

President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the British

Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 12

1941 AD. The treaty was signed in a warship in United Nations logo
Atlantic Ocean, therefore, it was known as the

Atlantic Charter. On June 26, 1945 AD, 50 countries

signed the same charter and named as UN Charter in San Franciso, the USA. Later,

on October 24, 1945, the UNO was formally established with 51 member countries.

Its headquarter is in New York, the USA.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X UN Building
358

At present there are 193 member nations. There are 19 Chapters and 111 Articles in
the UN Charter. UN is established to maintain peace and harmony in the world and
to develop the feelings of brotherhood among the member nations. Languages like
English, French, Chinese, Russian and Spanish are institutionalized languages in
UNO. In 1973 the Arabian language also got legalized as the UN language.

The objectives of the UN Charter are as follows:

1. To prevent the world from the destructive and awful wars and promote
international peace and security

2. To develop friendly relationship between the countries in the world through the
principles of equal rights and freedom

3. To develop the sense of human rights, freedom and dignity of the people living
in the world

4. To bring out understanding and cooperation to solve various problems faced by
the countries in the world

5. To bring out the programs and planning to develop the socio-economic and
political status of the people

Purpose and Principles

1. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in attaining these common
ends

2. To maintain international peace and security
3. To develop friendly relations among the nations based on respect for the

principles of equal rights and self-determination of people
4. To cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian

problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedom

Nepal became a member of the UNO on December 14, 1955 AD. Thereafter, Nepal
is taking part actively in various plans and programs of the United Nations such as
Peace keeping force, Peace building, etc.

The Organs of the UNO

There are six organs of the UNO. They are

1. General Assembly

Chapter IV, Article 9-22 of the UN charter has the provision of General Assembly.
It is the parliament of UN where the member countries can discuss various matters
and cast their votes. There is a provision of sending 5 representatives from each
nation in the meeting of the General Assembly. They can cast vote. In every general
meeting one President and 17 Vice-Presidents are elected. Within the regulation of
the UN charter some of the major functions of the General Assembly is given below:

359 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

a. It is the biggest organ of the UNO. It is like just a parliament of a country. It
comprises all the member states and each member nation has right to one vote.
So, every member nation has equal power. The General Assembly meets once
every year on the second week of September.

b. It approves the budget of the UNO and develops policies and programmes for
the UNO. It recommends the countries to be granted membership of the UNO,
if applied.

c. It appoints the General Secretary on the recommendation of the Security
Council.

d. It elects Judges of International Court of Justice.

2. Secretariat

Chapter XV, Article 97-101 of the UN Charter has a provision of the secretariat.
Secretariat implements the decisions made by the General Assembly. Its structure
and functions are given below:

This is the head office of the UNO, headed by the Secretary General as the Chief
Executive Officer. The tenure of secretary General is 5 years. The present UN
Secretary General is Antonio Guterres.

It maintains the record of the General Assembly meetings and reports to the
member nations about the result of the meeting.

It prepares agenda to be discussed in the General Assembly meeting

It implements the decisions taken by the General Assembly.

3. Security Council

Article 23-50 of the UN Charter has the provision of Security Council. It is the
most powerful organ of United Nation. The structure and functions of the Security
Council is given below:

It consists of 15 members. 5 members are permanent members. They are China,
Russia, France, the UK and the USA and 10 temporary members. The temporary
members belong to the different geographical regions. The temporary members
are elected by General Assembly for 2 years turn by turn.

It recommends to the General Assembly for the appointment of the Secretary
General and the admission of new members to the United Nations. It also elects
the judges of the International Court of Justice, together with the General
Assembly.

Its main function is to work for security and peace and to mobilize the UN forces
when necessary.

5 permanent members have a ‘Veto Power’, i.e. they can jointly decide on
any issue. Such as deploying the UN Peacekeeping force in any place at any
time for maintaining peace. Similarly, if any permanent member rejects any

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 360

proposal, the proposal cannot be implemented. The special power exercised by a
permanent member to stop, oppose or reject the proposal or decision of the UNO
is called a veto power.

A permanent member can exercise its veto power and reject the resolution of
the General Assembly.

4. Trusteeship Council

Chapter XIII, Article 86-91 of the UN charter has the provision of the Trusteeship
Council. Five permanent members of the Security Council are also the member of
Trusteeship council. Its structure and functions are as follows.

It is mentioned in Article 86-91.
It has permanent members of the Security Council as its members.
Its main function is to look into the affairs and take care of the newly independent

countries which were the colonies before the first and the second world wars.
These permanent member states accept as a Secret Trust in order to protect

the territories and to promote the well being of formerly colonized countries and
its people.
It is deactivated since 1994 AD.

5. The International Court of Justice

International Court of Justice is consists of 15 Judges. They are elected for 9
years its structure and functions are as follows

It is mentioned in Chapter XIV, Article 92-96 of the UN charter.

It is a legal organ of the UNO which is composed of 15 Judges from different
countries. Its head quarter is in the Hague, the Netherlands.

There is a provision of being elected for not more than one judge from one
member country.

Its main function is to settle the legal disputes between the member states and
give advice or suggestions on legal issues to different organs and agencies of
the UNO.

6. Economic and Social Council

Article 61-72 of the UN Charter has the provision of the Economic and Social
Council. This Council looks after the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian
activities. It is the non-political body of the UNO. Its structures and functions are
given below:

There are 54 members in the council, whose tenure is 3 yrs. Each year 1/3 (18
members) are elected and one executive council is formed.

361 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

This council monitors different activities. A simple majority makes a decision
and each member has an authority of one vote only.

It works on the social, economic, cultural and humanitarian areas.
For further detail you can power practice by the UN Security Council.

This is mentioned in the UN Charter Article 61-72.

Activity

a. Draw a logo of United Nation.
b. Discuss on the Veto Power practice by UN Security Council.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. When was the UNO established? Write a brief history of establishment of the
United Nations.

2. What is the General Assembly? Mention its functions.
3. Write down the organs of the UNO and write down the functions of secretariat and

International Court of Justice
4. What is veto power? Who can use veto power?
5. Draw the logo of the UNO.
6. Write the critical analysis of the UN activities. Why is UN role very important

in the present context? Explain.
7. What is Atlantic Charter? How did it create the platform to the establishment

of the UNO?
8. Compare the activities and objectives of League of Nations with United Nations.
9. Has the UNO been able to achieve its objectives or not explain?
10. Has Nepal represented in any organs of the UNO? Find out the answer

and write.
11. What role has Nepal been plying to develop international peace and cooperation?

Explain.

iCommun ty Work
Visit some of the areas where some projects are run by United Nations agencies.
Prepare a report people from the UN projects.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 362

Lesson Specialized Agencies of the UN0

9.2 FACTS The UN works for the welfare of the world through 20 UN agencies and functional
commission. These agencies are concerned to bring forth socio-economic
to Understand progress and solve all sorts of problems that appears in the world.

Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations work with the United Nations
and each other through the coordinating machinery of the United Nations Economic
and Social council at the international governmental level. Some of the specialized
agencies under the UNO are given below:

1. FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization)

It was established on October 16, 1945 AD and its
headquarter is in Rome, Italy. Formally, it became an organ
of the United Nations in 1946. Its functions are: to promote
food and agro products and improve processing management
of markets and distribution of such products. It helps in rural
development and raises the standard of living of people. The
International Food Day is celebrated on 16th October.

2. International Labour Organization

It was established on April 11, 1919
in Geneva, Switzerland. Its functions are:
To work for the welfare of laborers and to
provide socio economic security and help in
framing fair labour law.

3. UNESCO [United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural
Organization]

It was established on November 4, 1946 in Paris,
France. It became the authorized agencies of the UN in
14th December 1947. Its functions are as follows:

To strengthen international cooperation and contribute
to global peace and security through education
communication, culture science and technology and to
encourage -preservation of national cultural heritages.
In 1966, Nepal became its member.

363 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

4. WTO (World Trade Organization)

It is an intergovernmental organization which
regulates international trade. It was established on 1st
January 1995. It helps to maintain transparency in trade
policy. The WTO has 164 members and 22 observer member
nations. Liberia became the 163rd member on 14th July, 2016
and Afghanistan became the 164th member on 29th July
2016. Nepal also became the member of WTO in 2004. It
headquarter is located in Geneva.

5. WHO [World Health Organization]

It was established on April 7, 1948 in Geneva,
Switzerland. Its functions are as follows:

To improve general health of the entire people worldwide.
For this the organizations initiate and undertake research
in medical science, health and diseases and control of an
epidemic. Nepal became the member of the WHO in 1954 AD.

6. IMF (International Monetary Fund)

It was established on December 27, 1945 in Washington DC,
the USA. In 1961 Nepal became its member. Its functions are:

To promote international economy and financial support to
maintain balance of payment and debt.

To help the countries in economic crisis.

7. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development)

It was established on December 27, 1945. Its headquarters
is in Washington DC, the USA. To be the member of this
organization, a nation must be the member of IMF. Its functions
is to provide financial assistance to the member states for
reconstructions and development.

8. ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)

It was established on April 4, 1947 in Montreal,
Canada. Its main functions are:

To manage safe and regular flights across the world
To extend essential services to the aviation field and

to promote peaceful and smooth utilization of aviation
services

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 364

9. UPU (Universal Postal Union)

It was established on October 8,
1874, in Bern, the capital of Switzerland.
Its major functions are to:

Develop postal services worldwide
To provide technical support to promote the efficient and effective postal service

Nepal became its member in 1957 AD.

10. ITA (International Telecommunication Association)

It was established in 1947 in Geneva, Switzerland. Its major function is to
develop technical assistance for the development of telecommunication service. Nepal
became its member in 1957 AD.

11. WMO (World Meteorological Organization)

The organization established on 23rd March, 1950
in Geneva and became the specialized agency of the
United Nations. Nepal became its member in 1966. Its
functions are:

To establish inspection stations or centers
concerning hydrology and meteorology.

Establish the exchange system of Meteorological
information.

12. IMD [International Maritime Organization]

It was established on March 17, 1958
in London. Its major functions is to expand
international cooperation in water transportation.

13. WIPO [World Intellectual Property Organization]

It was established on April 26, 1970 in Geneva,
Switzerland. It provides support for the preservation of
intellectual property and develops treaties. It works for
industrial property right includes, trademark, industrial
design, etc. Copyrights include music, painting, literature,
sculpture, documenters, advertisements, etc.

14. UNIDO [United Nations Industrial Development
Organization]

It was founded on January 1, 1966 in Vienna, Austria. Its
main function is to expedite the industrial process of developing

365 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

countries and encourage industrialization. In 1985, it became the specialized agency
of the United Nations.

15. IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development)

It was established on November 30, 1977 in Rome, Italy.
It encourages developing countries to invest on the increment of
agro products.

16. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme

It was established on 22nd November, 1966.
Its headquarters is in New York, the USA. Its main
objectives are sustainable development, poverty,
alleviation, etc. It fights against HIV AIDS, natural
calamities, promote information technology and help
to address the effects of conflict and help the victims.

17. IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)

It was established on 29th July 1957. It is an
international organization that seeks to promote the
peaceful use of nuclear energy and to stop the use for
any military power to maintain peace. It also supports to
the developing countries. Its headquarters is in Vienna,
Austria.

18. UNHCR [United Nation High Commission for Refugees]

It was established on 14 December, 1950 in Geneva,
Switzerland. It is also known as the UN Refugee Agency. Its
main function is to care for and protect refugees and explore the
permanent solutions of the problems of refugees worldwide. The
UNHCR has won two Nobel Peace Prizes, once in 1954 and again
in 1981.

19. UNICEF [United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund]

It was founded in New York, the USA on 11 December 1946. Its main function
is to conduct immediate and long-term programmes for the welfare of the children
of the underdeveloped and developing countries, rescue from violence, war and
exploitation, etc.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 366

Nepal's Relations with UN Agencies

Nepal's relations with UN agencies are very good. The peace keeping force was
established in 1978 when Israel invaded Southern Lebanon. Nepal has been sending
her peace keeping force to the UN peace keeping mission since the first UNIFIL
(United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon) in 1978. Nepali Peace keeping force
is still active in different countries like Lebanon, India, Pakistan, Kosovo, Sierra,
Congo, East Timor, Pakistan, Cyprus, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Libya, Burundi, Sudan,
Georgia, etc.

The international organizations have played a very crucial role for conflict resolution
and the establishment of peace in Nepal. For this United Nations Mission In Nepal
(UNMIN) has actively worked in Nepal.

Nepal’s most substantive international relations are with international economic
institutions such as Asian Development Bank, International Monetary Fund, the
World Bank, etc.

During the Massive earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015, the UN agencies helped
Nepal from every sides. It shows Nepal’s good relations with the UN special agencies
and other organizations.

Nepal’s policy on foreign relation is Non Aligned Foreign policy based on the
principle of panchasheel. It includes;

Non-interference
Non-aggression
Sovereignty
Equality and
Peaceful co-existence

Therefore, Nepal has maintained friendly bilateral and multilateral relations with
many countries. As it has become UN member in 1955 AD. Many UN agencies are
voluntarily working in Nepal for the overall development of Nepalese people and the
country.

Activity

a. Discuss the functions of any five UN agencies and their logos.
b. There might be certain UN agencies working in your community find out the

contribution of the agency and send an email to your foreign friend.

367 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What activities and program are launched by UN Special agencies in Nepal?
Make a list.

2. Write a letter to the UNICEF requesting to help earthquake-affected children
in Nepal in their education, health, food and security.

3. The WHO is yet to achieve its objective of eradicating epidemics from the world.
Make a plans and programmes of WHO to eradicate some diseases like HIV
AIDS, Bird flu, SARS, Dengue, etc.

4. Make a list of UN Agencies to help Nepal in rescue program during Gorkha
Earthquake 2015.

5. What was the role played by the UNHCR to manage Bhutanese refugee problem
in Nepal? Explain.

6. What does the UNDP do?
7. Are the specialized agencies of the UNO able to meet their objectives? Explain.
8. What should be done to make the activities of the specialized agencies more

effective? Describe briefly.
9. Prepare a news article about the major functions of UN agencies working in

Nepal.
10. How are UN agencies working in different parts of the World?

iCommun ty Work
Visit your community and meet some intellectuals and discuss the UN projects in your
community. Get the detailed Information about the development activities and other about
the development activities and other benefits to the local people, write a report and present
it in your class.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 368

Lesson Role of Nepal in UNO

9.3 FACTS The UNMIN (United Nations Mission in Nepal) was sent to Nepal on Shrawan
24, 2063. It helped in signing the Comprehensive Peace Accord between the
to Understand government and the Maoist militia (PLA) and settled the conflict continued for
one decade. Finally, it departed from Nepal on 1st Magh, 2067. The UNMIN chief
was Ian Martin followed by Mrs. Karin Landgren.

There are 193 nations in the UNO. Nepal also became the member of the UNO in
1955 AD. After the 2nd World War Nepal tried to extend its relationship with many

countries. So, it sent the proposal to the UNO for membership in 1948 and finally in
14th December 1955 Nepal became the member of the UNO.



Nepal flag United Nations flag

Under UN, Nepal played an important role for maintaining peace and harmony in
the world. It also has send peace keeping force to different conflicted area to maintain
peace. Nepal has worked as the temporary member of UN Security Council for two
complete tenures. In 1969-1970 AD and 1988-1989 AD Nepal has worked as the
temporary member of UN Security Council. Similarly, Nepali diplomats Kul Chandra
Gautam also appointed in the post of Deputy-Secretary General of the UNO.

Nepal elected as the Vice-President of the UN in 1958, 1986, 1970, 1974, 1983, 1984,
1988 and 2001 AD. Nepal raised its voice openly against the attack on Egypt in 1956,
attack on Arab by Israel in 1967 AD. Nepalese army were sent under the UN peace
keeping Force in Lebanon in 1978 AD. Still Nepalese soldiers are working in Lebanon.
They have not only been able to restore peace there but also led the development and
construction work of the areas better. Many soldiers from the Nepalese army and
Nepali police have even sacrificed their lives while working for the UNO.

Since 1992/93 Nepalese army are deployed in Cambodia and Yugoslavia and since
1994 Nepalese army are working in Haiti to maintain peace and harmony. Nepal
has always been for all agreement pacts, conventions and declaration without delay.
Nepal has shown her commitment by signing all the declarations of the UNO. The
declaration against terrorism and conventional. Test Ban Treaty are some of the

369 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

examples. To follow the declaration on human rights Nepal has made National
Human Rights Commission as an independent constitutional organ.

Nepal is raising its voice in favour of landlocked countries. It plays an active role
in disarmament. UNO is celebrating Budhha Jayanti as "Peace Day" Nepal always
worked on poverty alleviation, against imperialism, colonialism, interference on
personal affairs, etc.

Activity

Meet a person who recently returns from the UN peace keeping force. Ask
him/her about the UN peace keeping force. Ask him/her about the role of
peace keeping force and present his/her answer in your classroom.

Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...

1. What is the UN peace keeping mission? How does it help to achieve the objectives
of the UN? Write in three points.

2. Conflict, hostilities and alliances still exist among different countries in the
world. What sort of strategies should be adopted by the UN to minimize such
conditions and establish harmony peace and security in the world?

3. Write any four suggestions to Nepal to make the functions the activities
performed by the UNO for controlling terrorism in the world.

4. Evaluate the activities performed by the UNO for controlling terrorism in the
world.

5. Imagine, your friend is participating in the conference of the UN General
Assembly as the representative of Nepal. Give him your suggestions about
contemporary issues on behalf of Nepal, to be raised in the conference.

6. What role has Nepal been playing to develop international peace and cooperation?
Explain.

7. What does the UNMIN stands for? How did it contribute in the peace building
process in Nepal?

iCommun ty Work
What kind of support has been provided by the UN to Nepal? Meet any UN representatives
and as this question and prepare a report on the basis of his/her answer and present it in your
classroom.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 370

Lesson The UN Activities in Nepal

9.4 FACTS The UNO has been assisting Nepal through many agencies and organizations.
The United Nations Capital Development Fund is an agency of UN, helping
to Understand nations for capital development. Fund is an agency of UN, helping Nepal through
local climate adaptive living facility project. It is investing 1.3 million US dollars
in energy sector through the project clean start, it provides solar and wind power
to 1,50,000 low income houses holds.

The UNO is an international organization established for the world peace and security.
There are 193 member nations benefited by the UN activities. A large number of
UN specialized agencies are working in different countries in various field, such as
health, education, human rights, communications and various socio-economic fields.

Areas of cooperation of the UNO for development of Nepal are discussed below:

1. United Nations Emergency
Children Fund

The organization that works for the
protection of child rights guided by the
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)
this organization has been working in Nepal
since 1964 AD. It is helping different projects
running for the protection of child rights, child
care and health and environment education,
programmes related to HIV/AIDS, etc.

2. International Fund for Agricultural Development

Nepal got the membership of this organization in 1978. It has been providing
cooperation to 12 different projects. It has carried out various programmes in the
development of rural and hilly areas. It conducts programmes targeting the poor,
landless, indigenous, women and children. The fund provides loan and subsidy with
the collaboration of the Nepal government. Its main objective is to increase the income
by empowering rural men and women and to
give priority to food security.

3. International Labour Organization
(ILO)

Nepal becomes the member of the ILO in
1966 AD. Working for a long time in Nepal, the
organization has been carrying out programmes

371 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

to eradicate poverty by promoting employment to make industrial relations to improve
labours administration, to free child labour and bonded labour, to improve labourers'
work place, etc. The head quarter of the ILO is in Geneva, Switzerland. It received
Noble Peace Prize in 1969 AD.

4. United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDS

Under this programme United Nations Residential coordinator
works in collaboration with the government and other internal and
external organization. It has been working for zero HIV infection, zero
discrimination and zero death due to HIV.

5. United Nations Population Fund

The organization has been helping
in Nepal since 1971 AD. At present, its
activities have been carried out in 18 districts.
It provides cooperation in health, gender
violence, household and the area of census.

6. United Nations Capital
Development Fund

It helps in decentralization in local development, promotion of inclusive financial
system and building of resources management, it helps in capacity building of local
agencies and helps to provide quality service at local level.

7. United Nations Human Settlement Programme

The organization was established on 1978. It has been working in the sector
on the basis of various declarations related to human settlement. Its objectives is
to bring improvement in slum area and the people living there. It helped the Koshi
victims in BS 2065.

Its functions are:

Advocacy, monitoring and partnership
Participatory urban plan, management and administration
Appropriate infrastructure and services
Strong human settlement financial system

8. United Nations Volunteers Programme

It has been working since 1974 AD in Nepal. Through many volunteers, it
is helping in peace and development and has strengthened trust, solidarity and
reciprocity among the citizens.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 372

9. UN Women

In 2012 AD, the UN women office was established in Nepal. It helps in women
employment, leadership quality development and economic empowerment among
females.

10. World Food Programme

The activities of the World
Food Programme are in operation
in 32 districts. It has established
regional offices in Damak, Nepalgunj
and Dadeldhura. It has carried out
Programmes giving priority to
i) Rapid starvation control and

provide emergency food relief
ii) Long-term food security
iii) Effective food and nutrition

strategy
iv) Participation in development activities

11. World Health Programme

The programme is conducted by the WHO with the collaboration of Ministry
of Health and Population. It provides technical co-operation in the health sector.
Further, it helps in medicine and medical treatment-related research and conducts
programme like promotion of health service, programmes related to reproductive
health.

373 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Activity

Which UN agency is working in your locality? Find out the areas of co operation
and benefits the people. Make a brief report and discuss in your classroom.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:
1. Make a list of any four programmes launched by the United Nations in Nepal.
2. What are the different activities run by the UNDP in Nepal?
3. How is International Fund for Agriculture Development helping Nepal to

promote the agriculture sector? Explain its programmes.
4. Write a letter to the UN office asking it to make the work if the United Nations

Programme for HIV/AIDS is more effective in Nepal.
5. When was the ILO awarded the Nobel peace prize?
6. How is United Nations Volunteering Programme helping Nepal? Write its area

of co-operation
7. Many international organizations like UN Agencies have not been successful

to meet their goals in Nepal due to political instability, weak governing system
and corruption. Justify the statement with suitable examples.

iCommun ty Work
Find out the working areas of any UN agencies in your community. Meet the concerned
authority and get the detailed information prepare a report and present it in your classroom.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 374

Lesson Contemporary Events and
Their Impacts
9.5

FACTS (i) A devastating earthquake of 7.9 magnitudes triggered the death of more than
8500 people and 23000 injured in Nepal. Its epicentre was in Barpak, Gorkha
to Understand on Baisakh 12, 2072.

(ii) On 7th Bhadra, 2072, seven security personal and two years old child were
killed in the clash between police and the protesters of Tharuhat Movement
in Tikapur of Kailali district.

Contemporary events are those events taking place in the world rights now or in
recent time. The event may be different by nature, by place or may create impact of
world's economy, politics and environment. As a conscious citizen, we must remain
updated to them.

Some of the contemporary events are discussed below:

1. Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is the long lasting development. The concept of such
development started in the decade of 1980s. Its main objective is related with the
earth and the protection of its inherent means and resources. In 2015 AD the World
Conference of the Heads of Government has made democracy, good governance and
rule of law and the standard of sustainable development. If the concept of sustainable
development is not included, then it may cause environment degradation, natural
disaster and crisis. At the same period the available means and resources also may
get depleted. Consequently, the future generation will not be able to use them.

2. Disarmament

It is the concept to reduce the use of arms and weapons. Issues like balanced
reduction of traditional weapons, disposal of atomic bombs come under the
disarmament. Manufacturing of various biological and non-biological weapons have
destroyed the peace of the world. There is legal trade of 2 billion dollars worth weapons
every year in the world and about 1 billion dollars worth weapons are trafficked.
Some of the weapons keep on actively blasting for years. After the establishment of
the UNO, the organization is working for disarmament and control over the usage of
weapons to maintain international peace and security. Such use of weapons and their
trafficking has put human existence in crisis.

3. Terrorism

Terrorism is another great challenge for the world. The use of violence to fulfill
and political, social, economic or other objectives is called Terrorism. Groups that

375 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

spread terror among the people are active to fulfill their vested interest. Events in
New York, the USA and Paris, France are considered as an example of terrorist
activities. Syria is severely suffering from terrorism. Every year hundreds of people
are killed by terrorism. Many regional, national and international organizations have
committed to end terrorism but still it has become threat to the world.

4. Land Mines

The mines or the explosives kept under the land or the sea cause death and
injuries of many people with the modern technology is called land mines. People have
easy access to explosives. Thus many innocent people including women and children
and animals have fallen victims to explosion. This has created negative effects on
the society. Therefore, UN agencies and programmes have been giving necessary
information with economic and technical co-operation. It is very essential for us to be
aware of these issues.

5. Population Growth

The world population is rapidly soaring up. The population above 10 years is
high due to decreasing fertility rate. Now 64% aged people live in less developed
regions. There are least number of aged people in Europe and highest number in Asia.
Therefore, the UN General Assembly announced 62 points Declaration related to old
age people in 1982 AD. It has taken old age people not as a burden but an issue of
social security. Under the Social Security Fund, Nepal has started providing old age
pension since BS 2051 to honour the old age people. We all should develop positive
thought of aging.

6. Atomic Energy

Another complex contemporary event is the production and use of atomic energy.
Nuclear weapon has been used twice on the Japanese cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki
on 6th and 9th August respectively in 1945. There is a controversy on use of such
energy by Iran and North Korea. So, UN General Assembly established the Atomic
Energy Commission to fight against the threat on human life by atomic energy. Such
energy has to be created for positive impact on human life.

7. Infectious Diseases

Many infectious diseases are appeared nowadays which have created health
related problems in human being. The diseases like Ebola, HIV/AIDS, SARS (Severe
Acute Respiratory Syndrome), MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), Zika
virus, Swine flu, Sickle Cell Anemia etc. have developed as complex social problems.
They became so complicated when started spreading as an epidemic. Zika Virus
spread from Brazil has affected 42 countries of the world. This has affected all creating
negative effects on human life. For this we have to improve our daily life, food habits
and company.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 376

8. Climate Change Destruction Caused by Nepal
Earthquake 2072
Climate change is the burning issue of the present world. The concept is related
to the global warming. The problems arose due to the human activities like over uses
of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides more vehicles releasing carbon
monoxide (CO), deforestation, industries and factories, etc. In fact, Ozone layer can be
preserved if we produce harmful gases as less as we can. Increasing global warming
has negative effects on human life and biodiversity. Snow capped mountains are
turning into black rocky mountains without snow. Climate change can cause acid
rain and disaster resulting the epidemic. Therefore, everyone must be aware to create
healthy environment, conserve biodiversity and minimize the causes and effects of
climate change.

377 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Activities

a. Collect the contemporary events from various means of communication and
present in your classroom.

b. If anyone talks about the development of nuclear energy in Nepal, what
would be your reaction? Prepare a monologue.

Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...

1. What is contemporary event? Make a list of contemporary event.
2. What is terrorism? Write any four ways to combat against terrorism.
3. What is disarmament? Why is it essential to reduce the uses of arms and

weapons? Explain with examples.
4. Why do most of the infectious diseases originate in Africa and South America?

Give logical answers.
5. How are land mines and explosives dangerous to our lives? Describe with

reference to Maoist insurgency.
6. Write any four measures to control the effects of Zika Virus.
7. Write down the major attempts made in Nepal to maintain clean environment.
8. What are the major impacts of the depletion of the ozone layer? Explain.
9. Prepare an editorial on the negative effects of explosives on human life.
10. Prepare a dialogue between two friends on the topic global warming.

iCommun ty Work
Meet an intellectual personality of your community and discuss about global warming, its
causes, effects and the measures to control global warming make a report on the basis of
your interaction and present it in the class.

Project Work

What will happen if plants and animals disappear from the surface of the earth? Can
human being survive under such situation? Why is bio-diversity necessary? Answer the
given questions with the help of the internet or journals or magazines and prepare a
project and present it to your teacher.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 378

Lesson Concept of Localization and
Globalization
9.6

FACTS The concept of human development is small deeper and richer than what can be
captured in any composite index or even by a detailed set of statically indication.
to Understand Yet it is useful in simple to complex reality and that is what the HDI (Human
Development Index) set out to do.

Localization

Localization is the process to keep something within the limited area or to assign or
keep something within a definite locality.

Localization is very important to enhance business relations with the local people.
It helps to make familiar with the local products, risk factors decreases, sales get
increases. Localization is the best way to show local clients that you care about them.
Even if your clients are in Nepal and speak Nepali, then it is a good idea to localize by
state or region of the country. This brings additional value to your product and shows
that you respect their local history, language, culture and traditions. Localization
expands business and achievements can be higher than the expectations of the
companies.

Even the best marketing campaign is nothing without good localization. Having a
great campaign or advertisement is useless if the targeted audience don’t understand
the language used by the company.

379 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Therefore, to enhance business, to extend markets by the business company
localization is very important. For example, in the process of localization Unicode
Nepali is introduced. It helps to increase Nepalese users, various advertisements of
foreign products are translated into the Nepali language to draw the attention of local
users, etc.

The effects of Localization are given below:

Positive Effect Negative Effect

Promotes local products cultures and Restricts on using internationally
services. reported goods and services.

Prioritization of people centered Promotion of rigidity towards own
development. culture and way of life.

Focuses on the consumption of local Restriction on globalization of goods and
products. services to people.

Discourages the internationalization of Focuses to particular area more than
labour and goods. over all development of the nation.

Focuses to the development of Promotion to price hike with no or less
backward class. competition.

Globalization

Globalization through technology

Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of
world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Advanced in transportation,
telecommunication, internet and mobile phones have been the major factors in
globalization. Globalization began in the late 19th Century and early 20thcentury.
Thereafter the world's economy and cultures grew very quickly with the connectivity

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 380

of many countries. In 2000 AD the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified four
basic aspects of globalization. They were trade, transactions, capital and investment
movement, migration and dissemination of knowledge. Globalizing processes are
more visible in business and work organization, economics, sociocultural resources
and the natural environment.

For a landlocked country like Nepal, globalization means chances of exchange of
goods, people, knowledge and ideas. This could profit Nepal in terms of prosperity,
freedom, plurality and life chances.

While globalization has created opportunities, it has also led to dependency on others.
Therefore, its impacts are discussed in the following ways.

The effects of Globalization are given below:

Positive Effect Negative Effect
Global commerce is increasingly
It creates greater opportunities for firms
in less industrialized nations to tap into dominated by translational corporations
more and larger markets around the which seek to maximum profits.
world.
Developing countries can get less
This can lead to more access to capital benefits of the science and technologies.
flows, technology, human capital,
cheaper imports and larger export Problems of brain drain can increase in
markets. developing countries which can create
scarcity of manpower in developing
It allows business in less industrialized countries.
countries to become part of international
production networks and supply chains Incense of drug trafficking supply of arms
that are the main conduits of trade. and weapons and transfer of diseases.

Flow of regular information of art, culture, The growth of international trade is
politics, etc. from developed countries increasing income inequalities, both
through Television, satellite, radio, air between and within industrialized and
services, internet, etc. less industrialized nations.

It helps to maintain good relationship Decline in local culture, traditions norms
among the different nations. So, that and values and increase in trend to adopt
peace and harmony is promoted. foreign culture blindly

Less competition in international market Extension of multinational company
and environment is created to use the affects the nation's income. Inequality
quality products. in means and resources increases gap
between rich and poor people
It helps extend international cooperation
that increases quality education and
good health facilities.

381 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Theories like SWOT “Strength, Weakness Opportunities-Threats” analysis have
said that “threats should be taken as opportunities. Nepal also has many challenges
in globalization process but it needs to accept it as an opportunity. Doing business
today means competing in the world market. Globalization in Nepal however does
not mean liberalization in totality. Many of the laws and rules have unmodified, old
traditions and practices still exist. The entrepreneurs of Nepal seem to abide by the
old rules and traditional way of handling business. In such situations, Nepal has
fewer opportunities to compete in a global market. Even though, there are many
possibilities in Nepal to extend its business globally. Nepal products like carpets,
Pashminas, handicrafts herbal products, tourism can be extended globally.

To enhance internal and external business Nepal has to focus mainly in its
infrastructures like transportation and communication. Apples from Mustang and
Jumla have a possibility of a huge market in South Asian market. Proper roads will
not only open markets for apples from the true regions but will also help in fulfilling
tremendous demands for herbs, handicrafts, honey, carpets and Pashmina. With the
advancement of technology and sufficient infrastructures of development will open
the gate to compete in the global market. Promulgation of Constitution of Nepal, 2072
opened many possibilities in the country to extend its economy globally and lead the
competitive market.

Globalization and localizations are not antagonistic rather both are complementary to
any concepts. Globalization seeks universal network and whereas localization seeks
local network and customization process. With the development in human customization
process. With the development in human civilization globalization process has become
inevitable. However, it can have adverse effect on indigenous local value but local
people should know to compete in global market by preserving their local products.
Integrated system of globalization and localization can make the country prosperous.
In the present context no nation can remain aloof from others. Therefore, the concept
of globalization is developing to increase deeper integration and interconnectivity
among the nations in the world Nepal, being a developing country needs to adopt
globalization with the modification of policies.

Activity

Globalization and localization are two opposite and conflicting trends but
can coexist, they affect the world in three major areas. They can

i) Politics ii) Economics iii) Culture

Write and editorial to any leading newspaper explaining the economic
and political condition of developed countries and its influence in least
developed countries like Nepal.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 382

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:
1. Define globalization and localization.
2. In order to develop the country what should be adopted, localization or

globalization? Explain.
3. Write the positive and negative aspects of globalization and localization.
4. How does localization help to preserve local culture and tradition? Explain.
5. The concept of federalism rests on localization. Justify the statements in four

points.

iCommun ty Work
Visit your locality and observe the local products. In what ways do those products help
to preserve local culture and traditions? Find out and prepare a report on it.

383 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Review Questions

Answer the following questions:

1. Write the formation of the UNO.
2. What are the organs of the UNO? Name them and explain briefly.
3. Write the functions of the Security Council.
4. What is a veto power? Is it good to use veto? Give your opinion.
5. List any four agencies of the UNO and explain them.
6. Who is the present General Secretary of the UNO? Also explain the procedure

of election of UN Secretary General.
7. What role did Nepal play while it was a member of the Security Council?
8. Write any four programmes launched by the UN in Nepal.
9. What is Ebola Virus? How does it cause?
10. Is it justifiable to give veto power to only five permanent members of the

Security Council? Evaluate.
11. There is direct relationship between climate change and human activities.

Illustrate with examples.
12. What is disarmament? Write the positive impacts of disarmament.
13. Difference between globalization and localization.
14. What are the advantages and disadvantages of localization? Write in four

points.
15. There are still so many things that can be done with the assistance of the UN

Agencies. Highlight the areas of importance in four points.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 384

Appendix 1

Date Sample Timeline
1st Magh 2063
28th Chaitra 2064 Events
6th Shrawan 2065 Promulgation of the Interim Constitution: 2063
14th Jestha 2069 Election of Constituent Assembly I
Dr. Ram Baran Yadav was elected as president.
Dissolution of Constituent Assembly I

Year in BS Scale: 1.5 cm = 1 year

2070

2069 Jestha 14 Dissolution of Constituent Assembly I

2068

2067

2066

2065 Shrawna 6 Dr. Ram Baran Yadav was elected as president
2064 Chaitra 28 Election of Constituent Assembly I
2063 Magh 1 Promulgation of the interim constitution: 2063

Events

385 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Appendix 2

Samples of a Letter to the Editor, News Report and Editorial

Write a letter to the editor of a National Daily Newspaper giving suggestions about celebrating
our national days.

Date: 2074| 01|02

The Editor,
The Rising Nepal,
Gorkhapatra Sansthan, Kathmandu,

Subject: Celebrating National Days

Dear Sir/madam,
I would like to make a request and draw your attention regarding the ways of
celebrating our national days. The most important thing is that most of the people of
our country do not know about our national days. Media like television and newspaper
do not broadcast and publicise the news on the very day. As a result, most of the
people are not aware and prepared to celebrate this auspicious day.
For this, the various media should publicise about the coming National Days in
time so that the people will be informed. They can prepare plans and programmes so
that the people ca be involved. Both the government and the people should take active
initiative to celebrate our national days with joy and pride.

Thank you !
Yours sincerely
Prinsa Devkota

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 386

Appendix 3

Additional Reading Materials

A Sample of Report Writing

A Research Report on A Historical Monument "Dharahara’’

Introduction

The impression of Dharahara of Kathmandu in our mind is the same as the Eiffel
Tower of Paris. Dharahara situated in the centre of Kathmandu city is also known
as Bhimsen Tower, established in 1825 AD by Nepal’s first Prime Minister Bhimsen
Thapa. This tower has historical and cultural significance. This report is based on the
research that is carried out on this historical monument.

Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of the research are as follows:
i. To identify the historical facts of the monument
ii. To observe and present the structure of the monument
iiii. To evaluate the present situation of the monument

Method of Study

Information are collected from both primary and secondary sources. The related books,
newspapers, magazines, etc. were reviewed as the secondary sources of information.
Primary information are collected through the following techniques:

a. Interview
Information about different aspects of the monument is collected through

interviews with resource persons like culture experts and other concerned
persons of the monument.
b. Observation
Information about the structure of the monument is collected through
observation of the monument and its surrounding.

387 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Findings

Dharahara which lies besides Sundhara was built by Bhimsen Thapa in the
memory of Queen Lalit Tripura Sundari Devi. Meanwhile some culture experts
say that it was built by Thapa after winning a war over the British to register
this historical account.

Bipendra Maharjan a culture expert says-Dharahara was 11-storey then and
was used by the government to announce events, festivals and important
messages by bowing trumpets. The nine-storey Dharahara, was re-built by
Prime Minister Juddha Sumsher in 1936 after it was destroyed by the great
Bihar Earthquake of 1934.

The 203 feet and nine-storey monument stands tall just with strength Vajra
Sukra (brick dust), chuna (lime), mass (blackgram) and Chaku (caramel). While
the body of Dharahara is built in Moughal style, the walls are in European
style and there is a Shivaling on the top floor. Thus, it is a unique structure
incorporating features from Muslim, Hindu and Christian religions.

Today, a nine-storey tower is surrounded in five ropani land-the area includes
garden and a cafeteria. After you enter the gate, you will have to climb 25 steps
that circular the base of this monument and climb 213 steps again to reach
the top. Then in every nine step, there is a huge circular window that aids
air circulation. The seventh floor has a balcony, which offers birds view of the
valley. Anil Chitrakar, a cultural historian says the tower and its adjacent was
not so pleasant to visit as it used to be an open toilet until 2005. It has set a good
example of the partnership between private and government organization.

The nine-storey Dharahara is completely collapsed by the massive earthquake
of 2015. The Nepal government has planned to reconstruct the historical
monument more systematically the historical monument more systematically
and earthquake proof style

But the highly destructive earthquake of April 25, 2015 the nine storey
Dharahara got collapsed

Conclusion and Recommendation

The monument shows social-economic and Geo-political aspect of 18th and 19th century
of Nepal. Its architecture helps on learning and understanding our 19th century
of Nepal. Its architecture helps on learning and understanding our history. This
monument turned into a famous tourist destination. Now, it is necessary to rebuild
the monument established the identity of Nepalese and maintain of people climbing
there. In many countries like China and India, public are only allowed to take the
photographs of certain monuments for their preservation. Thus, the commercialization
of historical monuments like Dharahara by opening to public in not a solution to its
preservation.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 388

Appendix 4

Secondary Level (Class 9-10)
SPECIFICATION GRID (For Written Exam)

Subject: SOCIAL STUDIES Total Marks: 75

Unit Subject Hour Knowledge & Creative, Crictical Application, Value and Attitude Total Total Time

Understanding 29% thinking & Analys Practical & Research 12% No. Weight- (min.)

Subject is 36% Skill 23% of age

Very Short Long Very Short Long Very Short Long Very Short Long Qu.

Short Ans. Ans. Short Ans. Ans. Short Ans. Ans. Short Ans. Ans.

Ans. Type Type Ans. Type Type Ans. Type Type Ans. Type Type

Type Qu. Qu. Type Qu. Qu. Type Qu. Qu. Type Qu. Qu.

Qu. Qu. Qu. Qu.

1. We and Our Society 15 25 9
16 1
2. Our Development 1 1 1 25 9
Infrastructures

389 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 3. Our Tradition, social 16 1 25 9
Norms and Values 19

Social Problems, 1 1
4. solutions and Our 1
25 9
Responsibilities

5. Civic Sense 22 1 11 11 2 11 20
6. Our Earth 27 3 15 26

7. Our Past 22 1 1 11 1 3 12 22
8. Our Economic Activities 17 1 3 12 22

9. Our International 15 1 1 25 9
Relation and Cooperation

Total 170 3 3 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 0 21 75 135

Total Weightage 3 12 7 1 17 14 1 8 7 1 8 75

Note: Ans. =Answer | Qu. = Question

Source: CDC, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal

Appendix 5

SEE Model Set Questions for Grade X

Time: 2:15 hours Full Marks : 75

Very short answer type questions Group A 7×1=7

1. How does the federal ruling system help the development of the country? Write
in a sentence.

2. What do you mean by planning for development at the local level? Write in a
sentence.

3. What is the advantage of having important cultural sites listed as the World
Heritage Sites?

4. What can be the solution to the problem of girls trafficking?

5. Show the following facts by appropriate index:

a. National Park

b. Highway

6. What do you mean by Pearl Harbour event?

7. When did Nepal get the membership of International Fund for Agricultural
Development.

Group B

Short answer type questions 10 × 4 = 40

8. What are the major tasks of federal and provincial government? Write in four
points.

9. Name any two districts of Province No. 3 that were worst hit by the earthquake
of 12 Baishak, 2072. Find out the conditions of the affected area and suggest
any three ways for the soonest possible relief and rehabilitation.

10. The tradition of playing Panche Baja in the marriage ceremony is being replaced
slowly by the imported bands. In the urban areas it is almost replaced and in
rural area it is in the process of replacement. Write an editorial for a leading
newspaper stating the measures that should be taken for the continuation of its
use.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 390

11. Every person is born with an innate talent and ability but only a few have
realized the potential and contributed to the nation and the world. Kailash
Satyarthi and Dr. Martin Luther King are one of them. What do you learn from
their biography? Write in four sentences.

12. CIAA is functioning as a Constitutional Body to control corruption in Nepal.
Despite this corruption is rampant. What are the reasons behind such a rise in
corruption? Mention in four points.

13. Study the given picture and answer the following questions:


a. Which climate is indicated in the picture?
b. How is the lifestyle of this region?
c. Write the name and vegetation found in this region.
14. Complete the following table and present in a timeline.

1 Magh, 2063 ......................................................................

............................................ Election of the Second Constituent Assembly

3rd Ashwin 2072 ......................................................................

............................................ First Amendment of the Constitution of

Nepal, 2072

15. Write an editorial on the importance of remittance. Also mention the effects on
Nepalese economy due to the demonetization in neighbouring country.

16. 'Hydroelectricity is the best way to solve the problems of energy crisis in Nepal.'
Justify the statement.

17. What is peace-keeping force? What is the work of peace-keeping force?

391 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Group C

Long answer type questions 4 × 7 = 28

18. Why is the Parliament called the Law Factory? Write the procedures of the law
formation and appointment of the Prime Minister in the Parliament of Nepal.

19. Draw an outline map of Nepal and locate the following facts in it.

a. Mt. Lhotse b. Muktinath

c. Syabrubesi d. Surkhet-Jumla Highway

OR

Fill up the following facts in the world map.

a. River Orange b. Lake Chad

c. Mt. Kilimanjaro d. River St. Lawrance

e. Vancouver Island f. Lake Ontario

g. Argentina

20. Compare any four causes of World War I and World War II. How did the treaty
of Versailles humiliate Germany. Write in five points.

OR

You might have travelled different religious and historical places. Prepare a
report exploring different historical and cultural importances of the place under
the following subtitles.

a. Title:

b. Objective:

c. Methodology:

d. Findings:

e. Conclusion:

21. What is the most serious threat to Nepalese tourism sector at present? Write
any four challenges and four suggestions to improve the tourism industry in
Nepal.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 392

Appendix 6
Look at the outline maps of South America, North America and
Africa.

South America

393 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

North America

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 394

Africa

395 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Appendix 7
Look at the outline maps of seven Provinces of Nepal.

Province No. 1

Province No. 2

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 396

Gandaki Pradesh

Bagmati Pradesh

397 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lumbini Pradesh

Karnali Pradesh

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 398

Sudurpachim Pradesh

Map of Nepal Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

399

Appendix 8

Constitutional Organs and Their Heads

Constitutional Organs Head

CIAA Prem Kumar Rai

Public Service Commission Madhav Regmi

Office of the Auditor General Mr. Tanka Mani Sharma Dangal

Election Commission Dinesh Kumar Thapaliya

Office of the Attorney General Ramesh Baral

National Human Rights Commission Anup Raj Sharma

National Natural Resource and Fiscal Balananda Poudel
Commission

Source: Wikipedia, 2018

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 400