Social Studies 10

6. What climate region is illustrated by the given picture? Give any two causes
that you used to identify the region.



7. Below given is the table of temperature and rainfall of a place located in the
Savanna region of a place located in the Savanna Region in the Northern
hemisphere. Represent the data in a climate-graph by using the appropriate
title, description and index.

Month J FMAMJ J A S ON D

Temperature(°C) 22 28 34 32 31 28 27 26 28 28 26 24

Rainfall(mm) 0 0 0 10 80 140 200 300 100 10 0 0

8. Life is possible in oasis. Justify

9. Differentiate between:

i) Tropical Desert Climate and Equatorial Climate

ii) Temperate Oceanic Climate and Siberian Climate

10. What is Taiga?

11. Who are Inuits? Differentiate between an Igloo and a Tupiks in a sentence.

12. What is cordillera?

13. Compare the economic condition of North America with Nepal. What should
Nepal learn from North America to be prosperous? Explain

14. The USA is a centre of all cultures and flow of people. Hence, it is often called
a land of melting pot or salad plate. Explain.

15. Explain the economic activities of Canada and the USA.

16. Name the grasslands found in North America South America and Africa. Also
explain their main features.

17. Compare the social economic conditions of Africa and South America with
Nepal.

18. Prepare a report based on your experience of Nepal earthquake 2072.

19. Draw an outline map of Nepal and insert the following facts:

a. Any 5 major rivers b. Any 5 major peaks

c. Any 5 major protected areas d. Provincial States of Nepal

20. Differentiate between GIS and GPS.

251 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Unit OUR PAST

7 Learning Outcomes of the Unit

UNIT CONTENTS The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
7.1 The Revolution of BS 2007 and q define history, its sources and importance.
q understand the mass revolution of BS 2007 and Delhi
Delhi Agreement 253
agreement.
7.2 Decade of Democratic Politics q figure out the political activities from BS 2007 to BS 2063
(BS 2007 – BS 2017) 258
and after it.
7.3 Abduction of Democracy and q know the reason of ban on political parties and direct rule
Ban on Political Parties 262 q understand the causes and consequences of World War I

7.4 Major Political Events from and II.
BS 2017 to BS 2046 266 q know to prepare a research report on historical or cultural

7.5 Causes of Rise and Fall of monuments.
the Panchayat System 270

7.6 Political Events between
BS 2046 and BS 2062 273

7.7 Post BS 2062/2063 276
Political Events

7.8 The Economic and Social

Impact after the Second Mass

Movement 281

7.9 Causes of the First World
War 284

7.10 Major Events and Consequences

of World War I 289

7.11 Causes of the World 293
War II

7.12 Consequences of the Second
World War and the Role of
Nepal 298

7.13 Identification, Preservation and
Promotion of the Historical
Places and Monuments 302

Review Questions 305

Evaluation Scheme for the Unit -7

Total Period(s): 22

Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
of Marks (Minute)
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions
1x1=1 1x1.8=1.8
1. VSATQ 1 – – –1
2 x4=8 8x1.8=14.4
2. SATQ – – 1 12
2 x 7 = 14 14x1.8=25.2
3. LATQ 1 1 – –2
23 23 x1.8=41.4
Total 2 1 1 15

Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q =25Q2uestion(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson The Revolution of BS 2007 and
Delhi Agreement
7.1

FACTS The features of Interim Constitution BS 2007 were
-directive principles to establish people's representative government.
to Understand -people's fundamental rights were ensured.

The Rana rule started on 2nd Asoj 1903 and ended on 7th Falgun 2007. It was family rule
which lasted for 104 years. Due to the lack of awareness of the anti-Rana Movement,
it was not much active in the beginning but gradually with the increase in education
and awareness anti-Rana activities expanded in an organized way. The first anti-
Rana organization called Prachanda Gorkha was established in BS 1988, but its
activities could not be very effective. The Praja Parishad is the first political party of
Nepal established on 28th Jestha 1993 in Ombahal, Kathmandu with the initiation of
5 persons. They were Tanka Prashad Acharya as President, Dasharath Chand, vice-
President, Ram Hari Sharma as the General Secretary and founder members were
Dharma Bhakta Mathema and Jeev Raj Sharma. The party was actively involved in
anti-Rana activities. The Ranas were extremely unhappy with them. As a result in
Magh 1997 four promising and determined democratic leaders got martyrdom. The
then ruler King Tribhuwan was also equally victimized. He had no power and he was
only the ceremonial head but all the powers were used by the Rana rulers. Thus, he
also used to provide financial and moral support to the anti-Rana activities secretly.

In BS 2003, the Nepali Congress was established and the Nepal Communist party
was established in BS 2006. These political parties reinforced the anti-Rana activities.
Students of Teen Dhara Sanskrit Pathshala started "Jayatu Sanskritam Andolan" in
Jestha 2004. It raised awareness and anti-Rana feeling in general public.

Cause of the Revolution BS 2007

Establishment of political
parties and revolution

unjust and Causes of Internal
suppressing behaviour Revolution 2007 conflict among

of the Ranas Effects of the World the Ranas
War II and Worldwide
Poverty and unemployment Increase in political awareness
democracy among people

253 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Do You Know

A few incidents had already taken place. Makai Parva, Library incident, Prachanda
Gorkha, establishment of Praja Parishad (BS 1993), execution of four Martyrs
(BS 1997), formation of Nepali National Congress (BS 2003), Communist Party
(BS 2006) and later unity of Nepali Congress and Communist Party had set the
background for Revolution of BS 2007.

The Ranas were autocratic and caused a lot of harms to the country and the people. It
was necessary to dethrone the Rana Regime. So, people had begun to rise against the
regime. In fact, anti-Rana activities began during the period of Chandra Shumsher.

Armed Revolution and Major Events

The Nepali Congress held the Bairgania Conference on 10-11 Ashwin, 2007 and
adopted the policy of armed revolution to overthrow the Rana regime. On Kartik 21,
2007 the revolution was declared. The Nepali Congress formed Mukti Sena (Liberation
Army).

The Liberation Army captured the eastern hilly region under its control along with
Biratnagar from the control of Ranarchy. Similarly the Liberation Army captured
Palpa the western part of Nepal as well.

Do You Know

Liberation Army was the Militant Wing of the Nepali Congress. The party took part
in an armed uprising against the Rana rule in Nepal in the late BS 1990. The revolt

started in the Terai region and spread throughout the nation. The party later
integrated into the Nepalese Police following the Delhi Agreement.

The Liberation Army had taken the following places into its control with the armed
confrontation. Diktel, Ilam, Aathrai, Terhathum, Okhaldhunga, Parwanipur, Bridge
over the Sirsiya River, Bhairahawa, Gorkha, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Doti, Biratnagar,
Rangeli, Malangwa, Upardang Gadhi, Birgunj and Parasi.

The place into its control without any armed confrontation are: Bhojpur, Khotang,
Dhankuta, Mahottari, Mahinath, Thori, Chitwan, Taulihawa, Palpa, Pokhara,

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 254

Gulmi, Syangja, Baglung, Koilabas, Dang, Deukhuri, Pyuthan, Dadeldhura, Surkhet,
Dailekh, Baitadi and Shivaraj Khajhani.

Though Mohan Shumsher stood against all sorts of democratic reforms, anti-Rana
activities were spreading across the country and beyond the border too. Not only from
Nepal, Congress leaders were protesting against the Rana Regime from India also. The
Government of India helped the democrats. On Kartik 23 the then King Tribhuwan
along with his whole family left for Delhi by Indian Airways. He was warmly received
by Indian Prime Minister Jawahar Lal Nehru. Here in Nepal, Mohan Shumsher
ascended the second grandson of King Tribhuwan, Gyanendra Shah to the throne
and declared him the new king of Nepal. The coin was also issued in the name of the
new king. But it was not accepted by the people as well as by India. The rage against
the Rana Regime was spread everywhere. Therefore, Mohan Shumsher requested the
Government of India to play the role of a mediator between him and the democrats.
So he sent his son Bijay Shumsher to Delhi on behalf of him. The Delhi Agreement
was signed on Falgun 1, 2007 in Delhi between Rana, Nepali Congress (B. P. Koirala)
and King Tribhuwan. Therefore, it is also known as the 'Tripartite Agreement'.
On 4th Falgun King Tribhuwan returned to Nepal and declared Democracy on 7th
Falgun, 2007. In this way 104-year long Rana Regime came to an end and established
Democracy in Nepal.

Major Conditions Coded in Delhi Agreement

An elected Constituent Assembly shall draft the democratic Constitution within
two years.

A 10-member Interim Government shall be constituted to run the administration
until the new constitution is drafted. There shall be five members from the
Ranas and the five from the Nepali Congress in the Interim Government.

King Tribhuwan shall remain as the legitimate king of Nepal.
All the political prisoners shall be set free except those charged with criminal

offenses.
The revolutionaries shall have to submit their arms and ammunitions to the

government and stop the revolution.

On the basis of the agreement on Interim Government comprising five members from
the Rana and five from the congress was formed. But Dr. K.I. Singh, the commander
of Liberation Army of Western Nepal, refused to accept the Delhi Agreement and
continued the revolution. He wanted complete abolition of the Ranas from the civil
post and high post of the army. He also didn't like the agreement being done in a
foreign land. He ignored all the agreements and declaration. Hence, Dr. K.I. Singh
was declared a traitor and arrested with the help of Indian army.

255 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

10 Members of Interim Government

From Rana side

1. Mohan Shumsher : Prime Minister and Foreign Minister
Defence Minister
2. Babar Shumsher : Forest Minister
Education Minister
3. Chuda Raj Shumsher : Health and Local Development Minister

4. Nripa Jung Rana :

5. Yagya Bd. Basnet :

From Nepali Congress

1. B. P. Koirala : Home Minister
Finance Minister
2. Subarna Shumsher : Commerce and Industry Minister
Transport Minister
3. Ganeshman Singh : Food and Agriculture Minister

4. Bahdrakali Mishra :

5. Bharatmani Sharma :

Activity

a. Discuss your view on the effectiveness of the Delhi Agreement.
b. Make a list of anti-Rana Movement during the Rana Regime.
c. Organize a debate competition on the topic "Autocratic rule of the Ranas

came to an end in BS 2007 but gave birth to another tyrannical rule in Nepal".

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the Delhi Agreement? Why is it called the Tripartite Agreement?
2. One of the point in the Delhi Agreement is that constitution would be drafted

by an elected body of the Constituent Assembly. But it never happened before
BS 2072, that none of the Constitutions were drafted by the elected members.
Why was it so? Give reasons.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 256

3. Write an email to your classmate explaining the political changes after the
advent of democracy in BS 2007.

4. Write an essay on the Armed Revolution BS 2007 in about 200 words.
5. Prepare a poster related to the Democracy Day.
6. Explain the role of King Tribhuwan on establishment of democracy.
7. Was it good to litigate Dr. K. I. Singh as a traitor? Share your opinion with your

friends.
8. How do you evaluate the Delhi Agreement?
9. Make a list of dates and events in a table of the major anti Rana activities

carried out from the very beginning of the Rana rule and draw a time line using
the table.

iCommun ty Work
There may be some people in your community who have either taken part or heard the
movement of BS 2007. Ask them about the events and situation of the revolution in your
locality and make a report on the basis of their shared experiences.

257 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Decade of Democratic Politics
(BS 2007 – BS 2017)
7.2

FACTS The Head of the Government and their ruling periods from BS 2007 – BS 2017
are given below:
to Understand
Mohan Shumsher Rana Falgun 2007 – Mangsir 2008

Matrika Prasad Koirala Mangsir 2008 – Shrawan 2009

Matrika Prasad Koirala Ashad 2010 – Falgun 2011 *

Tanka Prasad Acharya Magh 2012 – Ashad 2014

Dr. Kunwar Indrajeet Singh Ashad 2014 – Kartik 2014

Subarna Shumsher Kartik 2014 – Jestha 2016

Bishweshwor Prasad Koirala Jestha 2016 – Poush 2017

* 30th Falgun 2011 King Tribhuwan died and on Chaitra 4th 2011 Mahendra
ascended to the throne and started the direct rule till Magh 12, 2012.

The Royal declaration on 7th Falgun 2007 made by king Tribhuwan brought to an
end of the 104-year long Rana regime which resulted in the dawn of democracy in
Nepal. Thereafter, the party politics started in the rule of Nepali Congress Party and
Nepal Communist party. Thus, the period between 2007 and 2017 is called history of
party and democratic politics. The coalition government of the Ranas and the Nepali
Congress passed "Interim Government Act" on Chaitra 17, 2007. The Constitution
had the following features:

Government from people's representative

Directive principles of state coded

Fundamental rights guaranteed to the citizens

Aimed at holding Constituent Assembly elections

Provisions of adult franchise and Public Service Commission

In BS 2008 student leader Chiniya Kazi was killed. The Nepali Congress and the
Ranas started blaming each other for Kazi's death. On the other hand there was a
tussel between the Ranas and the Nepali Congress from the very beginning of the
formation of the government. Khukuri Party continued its political struggle. In this
pretext, the then Home Minister B. P. Koirala gave the statement that the democracy
would never come until Mohan Shumsher remained in the cabinet. He also made his
dissatisfaction to public through a speech from the radio stating that the real objective
of the revolution would never fulfill until the Ranas remained in power. When the
government could not work according to the people's expectation, it lost its popularity.
Ministers in the cabinet held and believed in two opposite ideologies and systems.
Rana ministers wanted the Pre-2007 sort of government but strongly opposed by

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 258

the Nepali Congress. There was clash and confrontation among the ministers. Then
Home Minister B. P. Koirala broadcast his and his party's opinion through radio that
until Mohan Shumsher remained the Prime Minister, democracy could not function.
So, Nepali Congress stepped down from the cabinet on Kartik 25, 2008. This situation
compelled Rana ministers to resign from the post.

Cabinet Under Nepali Congress

After the dissolution of coalition government, king Tribhuwan formed cabinet under
the Nepali Congress on Mangsir 1, 2008, under the Chairpersonship of Matrika
Prasad Koirala. There were 14 cabinet members. The objectives of the newly formed
cabinet were as follows:

To establish impartial judicial body
To improve the management of public service commission
To conduct election of the Constituent Assembly by BS 2009
To guarantee fundamental rights to the people

Democratic United Front and Demand of All Party Government

The great expectations from the new system and new government could not be
satisfied. So the people turned unhappy and dissatisfied with the government. After
the dissolution of the Rana-Congress Government, Nepal Praja Parishad, Nepal
Communist Party and other political institutions combinely formed Democratic
United Front (Janatantrik Samyukta Morcha). It pressurized to form all-party
government. Even Matrika's own brother B. P. Koirala also had made protest against
the government. According to him the same person should not be the Chairperson and
the Prime Minister. Dr. K.I. Singh even began rebel against Matrika's government.
So, he was declared a dacoit and was imprisoned in Singha Durbar in between tight
security for the reason of running riot in the country for sometime.

On Magh 8 and 9, 2008 the supporters of K. I. Singh attacked Singha Durbar and
freed him. Consequently, the government became failed to continue its governance.

Royal Councillor Government of Tribhuwan

King Tribhuwan formed five members councillor's government under his own
leadership on Shrawan 30, 2009. General Keshar Shumsher was the chairperson of the
cabinet. Those five members had to be solely responsible to the king. The government
administration could not function smoothly because political parties made a protest of
it. There was rapid increase in external intervention. Farmers in the eastern region
started revolt under congress. Finally, on Ashad 2, 2010 the government was dissolved.

Single Party Government Under Matrika Prasad Koirala

Matrika Prasad Koirala had opened a new party named Rastriya Praja Party
by splitting the Nepali Congress. On Ashad 2, 2010, king Tribhuwan declared 5

259 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

members cabinet under Matrika Prasad Koirala. 12 secretaries were appointed to
operate the several departments because of limited number of ministers. The entry
on armed Indian soldiers to Nepal, protest of the Koshi Agreement, the revolt of Bhim
Dutta Panta, and his assassination on Bhadra 7, 2010 in Dadeldhura, etc. evoked the
downfall of this government. Consequently, Matrika Prasad Koirala gave resignation
on Falgun 19, 2011 from this government.

Direct Rule of King Mahendra and Advisory Government

King Tribhuwan died on 30th Falgun, 2011. On Chaitra 4, 2011 Mahendra ascended to
the throne. Soon, Mahendra formed a five members advisory board under Gunjaman
Singh. As per their suggestions, king Mahendra started his direct rule. This
government was continued till Magh 12, 2012.

Formation of the Cabinet under Tanka Prashad Acharya and Dr. K.I.
Singh

On Magh 13, 2012 seven members cabinet was formed under the Chairpersonship
of Tanka Prasad Acharya. Due to severe economic recession, an attempt to put ban
on Newspaper and failure in conducting the General election, he also had to give
resignation. His government was dissolved on Ashad 31, 2014. Another cabinet was
formed with Dr. K.I. Singh on Shrawan 11, 2014. Singh was living an exiled life in
China before he was called by King Mahendra. Dr. K.I. Singh government had 11
members in his cabinet. But due to various reasons his government was also dissolved
on Kartik 29, 2014 and king Mahendra started his direct rule from Kartik 29, 2014
to Jestha 2, 2015.

Cabinet Under the Chairpersonship of Subarna Shumsher

On Jestha 2, 2015 another Interim Government was formed under the Premiership
of Subarna Shumsher Rana. On Chaitra 3 2014 five members drafting committee
was formed under the Chairpersonship of Bhagawati Prasad Singh. This committee
included foreigners also. The constitution was promulgated on 1st Falgun, 2015 named
"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015." The 1st General Election was held
on 7th Falgun 2015 for total seats of 109 and Nepali Congress got an absolute majority
with 74 seats. This government was dissolved on Jestha 2, 2016.

First General Election and Do You Know
the First Elected Government
Under B. P. Koirala Dwarika Devi Thakurani was the first woman
minister in B. P. Koirala government.
The final result of the election was
announced on 28th Baishakh 2016 in
which Nepali Congress got absolute
majority with 74 seats out of 109 seats.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 260

Then 19 members cabinet was formed on 13th Jestha under the Premiership of B. P.
Koirala. It was extended later on 16th Ashad in full-fledge. His cabinet consisted of the
following 21 members. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was elected as Chairperson of the
party. B. P. Koirala led government continued till Poush 1, 2017.

Activity

a. "BS 2007 to BS 2017 was the decade of political instability". Discuss in your
class and find out the reason.

b. Divide the class into two groups and discuss the direct rule imposed by King
Mahendra.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following question:

1. "The period between BS 2007 and BS 2017 was the period of political instability."
Explain.

2. What compelled Mohan Shumsher to resign from the cabinet in BS 2008?
Explain.

3. Who was Bhim Dutta Panta? Why did he revolt? Explain his contribution.
4. Why did Tanka Prasad Acharya called Living Martyr? Collect the information

and share in your class.
5. What is General Election? Differentiate between Constituent Assembly and the

General Assembly.
6. What were the special features of the Constitution Promulgated in BS 2007 and

the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015? Write any two features of each.
7. What do you mean by councillor government? Write the main features of the

government.
8. Make a list of major dates and events from BS 2007-2017.

iCommun ty Work
There may be a person who has contributed to your society. Explain his contribution
in your classroom.

261 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Abduction of Democracy and
Ban on Political Parties
7.3

FACTS B. P. Koirala led government finally collapsed on Poush 1, 2017. The first elected

to Understand government ruled out withing eighteen had half months.

King Mahendra addressed to the nation showing
dissatisfaction towards the political parties. "People's
sorrow and hurdles are as they are. Not only peace
of the country has been disturbed, there is a danger
of having a negative impact on fundamental unity
and sovereignty of Nepal. Political parties were
involved in individual's and party's interest. So, the
international relation deteriorated and corruption
increased."

Soon after the above proclamation, king Mahendra
brought an end to democracy achieved from blood,
sweat and sacrifice of the people. People's human
rights and fundamental rights have been seized
with the declaration on Poush 1, 2017. This day is
considered as the Black Day in the history of Nepal.
King Mahendra suspended the political parties by
using article 55 of the constitution of the Kingdom
of Nepal. He banned all the political parties and
imposed party less Panchayat System.

Four hours before the Royal proclamation all the

minsters along with elected Prime Minister B. P.

Koirala were sieged, arrested and imprisoned by the King Mahendra Shah

Royal Nepal Army. Curfew was imposed from the

night of Poush 1 infront of the Royal Palace. There

was an army in patrolling in the city to torture and terrify the public. In continuity

with it autocratic Partyless Panchayat System was established on 22nd Poush 2017.

Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal BS 2015

Article 55. Emergency Power

1. The Article state that "If his Majesty on his declaration is satisfied that a grave
of emergency exists whereby the security or economic life of Nepal or any part

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 262

thereof, is threatened by war or external aggression, or by internal disturbance."
He may, by proclamation in his discretion:
a. Declare that His Majesty's function shall to such extend as may be

specified in the proclamation, be exercise by him or his discretion.
b. Assume to himself all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by

Parliament of any other governmental body or authority; and any such
proclamation may contain such incidental and consequential provisions
as may appear to him to be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the
objects of the proclamation including provisions for suspending in whole
or in part of the operation of any provision of this constitution.

Political, Social and Economic Achievements from BS 2007-BS 2017

Political Achievement

It introduced democratic system in Nepal for the first time in the history.
Political parties got legitimacy and democratic process has started.
Nepal kept friendly relations with other countries after democracy.
Nepalese people started to go to foreign countries for work and studies.

Social Achievements

Friendly and diplomatic relations were established with many nations.
School were established all over the country to impart English education.
Tribhuwan University was established in BS 2016.
Domestic and International flight started.
Telephone and telegraph services started.
Nepal became the member of the UNO on Mangsir 29, 2012 (14th December

1955).
Election of Kathmandu Municipality was held.
Civil Service Act 2013 came into effect.
Extension of Hetauda-Kathmandu Ropeway.
The Koshi Agreement (12th Baisakh, 2011) and the Gandak Agreement (19th

Mangsir 2016) were signed.
All the forests were nationalized.
Construction of highways was initiated for development of transportation.
Impartial and independent judicial system started..
Nepal Cultural Council (NCC) was established to strengthen the Nepalese

culture.
On 26th Ashwin 2013, Nepal became the member of World Postal Union (WPU).

263 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Economic Achievements

In Shrawn 2008, budget was presented and published.
On Bhadra 17, 2013 land related declaration was enforced which made a

provision of rights of tenant.
Five-Year Plan was announced on Ashwin 22, 2012 and initiated from BS 2013.
Nepal Rastra Bank was established on Baishakh 14, 2013.
Agriculture was modernized and trade promotion was initiated.
New Tax System came into effect.
Birta Abolition Act, 2016 came into effect in Poush.
Uniformity was maintained in monetary System.

Activities

a. "King Mahendra was highly ambitious". Write your opinion and send email to
your friend living in Solukhumbu district.

b. Fill the following table showing the reason for ban on political parties in
different sectors.

Sl.No. Area Reasons
i. Political parties
ii. Economic Condition
iii. Foreign Condition
iv. Nationality
v. Society

c. Prepare a news article for a leading newspaper explaining the changes on
education, health and employment after the implementation of Five-Year
Plan in BS 2013.

d. If you were a member of any political party, how would you have reacted to
the step of king Mahendra? What would you have done? Present it in form
of dialogue.

e. King Mahendra alleged that the leaders of political parties misused the
authority, corruption increased widely and anarchy increased and sovereignty
threatened. Therefore, he stated that his step of putting ban on political
parties by using Article 55 is correct. Do you agree or disagree with the
steps of King Mahendra. Put your view forward by dividing the class into
two groups.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 264

Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...

1. Evaluate and put your opinion on the provision made in the Article 55 of the
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, BS 2015.

2. Was it right to form a constitution and accept its provision in the democracy and
parliamentary politics acquired through people's sacrifice? Explain in points.

3. Name the first elected Prime Minister of Nepal.

4. What do you mean by Birta system?
5. What happened on 1st Poush 2017? Why is the date considered as the "Black

Day" in the history of Nepal?

6. Explain the political, social and economic achievement from BS 2007 to
BS 2017.

7. Write the names of the Prime Ministers from BS 2007-Bs 2017.

8. Make a list of dates and events from BS 2007-BS 2017 and show it in time line.

9. Write the blames in four points announced by the king Mahendra while banning
on the political parties and political activities in BS 2017. Why do you think
there occurred no rapid development in Nepal in the period BS 2007-BS 2017?
Write in five points.

iCommun ty Work
Meet an elderly and well knowledgeable person of your community and ask him/her about
the activities performed from BS 2007 -BS 2017. Make a questionnaire and ask. Prepare a
report on the basis of his answer and present it in your classroom.

265 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Major Political Events
from BS 2017 to BS 2046
7.4

FACTS Partyless System was established on Poush 22, 2017 and continued for 30 years.
The political system was four tiered, consisting of the village/town Panchayats
to Understand the District Panchayat, the Zonal Panchayat and the National Panchayat.

Royal Coup and Declaration of the Panchayat System

When king Mahendra took over the executive power after the 'Royal Coup' on 1st Poush
2017, he formally began the Partyless Panchayat System from 22nd Poush 2017. King
Mahendra formed the Panchayat Council and Panchayat Development Department.
He also divided Nepal into 14 zones and 75 districts on Baishakh 1, 2018. He did not
allow any political parties and activities through the constitutional prohibition.

Janakpur Bomb Incident

King Mahendra completed his travel to eastern Nepal and went to visit the Janaki
temple on Magh 9, 2018. White returning towards the amphitheatre some anti
Panchayat youth including Arvinda Thakur under the leadership of Durgananda Jha
hurled a bomb at king's vehicle. Durgananda Jha, Arvinda Thakur and Dal Singh
Thapa were arrested. On Magh 25, 2020 Durgananda Jha was sentenced to death
whereas remaining two were sentenced to life imprisonment.

Jhapa Revolt and Sukhani Massacre

Nepal Communist Party (Marxist and Leninist) initiated a revolt from Jhapa in BS
2028. Revolt was started fro cleansing of feudal and liberation of the poor. Ramnath
Dahal, Narayan Shrestha, Krishna Kuikel, Netra Prasad Ghimire and Biren
Rajbanshi alleged in the murder of Dharma Prasad Upadhyaya the then member of
the Rastriya Panchayat. They were taken to Sukhani, Ilam and shot to death on 21st
Falgun, 2029. This is known as Sukhani Massacre.

Plane Hijack and Singha Durbar Blaze

On 25 Jestha, 2030 the plane headed for Kathmandu from Biratnagar was forcibly
landed in Farbisgunj, Bihar, India. The plane was freed after controlling 30 lakh
Indian currency (IC). It is believed that Girija Prasad Koirala was the master-mind
behind the hijack for managing the fund to fight against the Panchayat government.
Singha Durbar fire incident on 25th Ashad, 2030 destroyed important documents of
the nation. Prime Minister Kirti Nidhi Bista resigned from his post on the basis of
morality.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 266

Timburbote Incident

Nepali Congress wanted to launch protest against the Panchayat system. It provided
training to some Nepali youths at Patna, India. The youth intended to attack army
barrack and capture whole Okhaldhunga. They set up a camp at a cave of Timburbote
(Okhaldhunga at present) in BS 2031 and started providing training to local
youths. However, the Panchayat Government attacked in the camp in advance and
assassinated Ram, Laxman and other youths in a cruel way. Captain Yagya Bahadur
Thapa and Bhim Narayan Shrestha were also murdered being hanged on Magh 2033
for their involvement.

Assassination of Ratna Kumar Bantawa

The then daring communist leader Ratna Kumar Bantawa was shot death at Imang,
Ilam nearby the Deumai river on 27th Chaitra 2035. Rishi Raj Devkota (Azad) and Jay
Govinda Shah were also killed during the Panchayat System.

Announcement of the Referendum

The army rulers in Pakistan hung Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, the then Prime Minister of

Pakistan on Chaitra 22, 2035 (4th April, 1979). Nepali students protested against this

act and submitted the letter of condemn against the act to the Pakistan embassy.

Gradually, the protest spread nationwide. Students and teachers came out to the street

across Nepal. Schools were closed for 3 months. On Jestha 10, 2036 King Birendra

announced 'referendum'. People had to choose between Multiparty Democratic

System and Reformed Panchayat

System. On Baishakh 20, 2037

Referendum was completed. 10 Do You Know
percent more votes were cast in
favour of reformed Panchayat

System. In BS 2038 the Rastriya

Panchayat election was held and In referendum, the reformed Panchayat System
Surya Bahadur Thapa became the obtained 24 lakh votes (54.79%) against 20 lakh
Prime Minister. votes to the Multiparty System (45.21%).

Piskar Massacre

The Piskar massacre took place on Magh 1, 2040 in Piskar, Sindhupalchowk district.
The political parties were organizing a cultural programme on the occasion of Maghe
Sankranti intending to make people aware against the Panchayat. In the meantime
some policemen surrounded the place and fired randomly killing many innocent
villagers, like Bir Bahadur Thami, Ile Thami, etc. Surya Bahadur Thapa were sacked
from the premiership through vote of no confidence. He was replaced by Lokendra
Bahadur Chand in the same year. The second General election was held in BS 2042
and Marich Man Singh Shrestha became the Prime Minister of Nepal.

267 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Satyagraha by Congress and Bombing by Ram Raja Prasad Singh

The Nepali Congress started peaceful Civil Disobedience Movement (Satyagraha)
nationwide on 10th Jestha 2042. Meanwhile Janabadi Morcha led by Ram Raja
Prasad Singh exploded bomb in Narayanhiti Royal Palace and other different places
on 6th Ashad, 2042. The bombing was in demand of republic country. The Panchayat
Government passed the new law and declared death penalty to Ram Raja along
with Khem Raj Bhatta, Bhisheswor Mandal and Prem Bahadur BK. The incident
obstructed Ssatyagraha and Nepali Congress had to withdraw it in the middle.

Mass Movement of BS 2046

Nepali Congress, the United Leftist Front (ULF) and the United National People's
Movement Committee started a joint movement from 7th Falgun 2046 under the
commander-ship of Ganeshman Singh, an Iron Man. People from all walks of life:
Lawyers, professors, teachers and other professionals supported the movement.
Despite of rallies, strikes everyday in Kathmandu, the government tried to
suppressed the protests mercilessly. About 21 people were killed, hundreds were
wounded and thousands were arrested. To pacify the protest, king Birendra dissolved
the government headed by Marich Man Singh and appointed Lokendra Bahadur
Chand as the new Prime Minister. However, protest continued. Government could
not control people's rage. Finally, king Birendra called Ganesh Man Singh, Krishna
Prasad Bhattarai, Girija Prasad Koirala, Sahana Pradhan, Radha Krishna Mainali
for negotiation. In this way after 49th day of the movement on 26th Chaitra, 2046 at
11:45 midnight Radio Nepal and NTV broadcast and telecast ending of the Panchayat
System and restoration of democracy. People rejoiced the success and chanted slogans
for a long life of democracy.

Activities

a. Work in a group, what might be the difference between the General election
and the referendum? Discuss and find out and share the ideas with your
friends.

b. At present Nepal is under a dilemma on deciding so many issues of national
concern. In this circumstances, conduct a mock referendum in your classroom
on any of the issues and publish the result to be attached into the school
noticeboard.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 268

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What is the Timburbote incident and Sukhani Massacre? Explain.

2. What is Janakpur incident?

3. Draw a timeline including all the dates and events from BS 2017 to BS 2046.

4. What is Satyagraha Movement? Why did the Nepali Congress withdraw the
movement?

5. Construct a bar diagram based on the result of the referendum of BS 2036.

a. Reformed Panchayat System 24,33,452

b. Multi party Democracy 20,07,965

c. Total invalid votes 3,72,069

6. Find out the reasons for the defeat of democratic forces in the referendum of BS
2036.

7. Mention the objectives and achievement of the Mass Movement I. Describe the
major events of the movement.

8. Who was Ratna Kumar Bantawa? Why is he still remembered by the Nepalese
politicians?

iCommun ty Work
Visit your community and meet the senior people. Ask them about the various incidents or
events that had occurred in the People's Mass Movement-1 (Jana Andolan I) against the
Panchayat. Prepare a short report and share it among your friends.

269 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Causes of Rise and Fall of the
Panchayat System
7.5

FACTS King Mahendra dismissed the Koirala government in BS 2017 and declared that
a "Partyless" Panchayat System would govern Nepal, and promulgated another
to Understand new Constitution of Nepal 2019.

The Class 10 students of Dhumbarahi Secondary School organized an interaction
program about the establishment of democracy and later the political activities in
Nepal. They invited a popular historian with the help of the teachers and school
management. The program was hosted by Sharmila Chaudhary.

Sharmila : Welcome to all in the interaction programme on causes of rise
and downfall of the Panchayat System. Now I would like to
call upon the historian Mr. Satish Chandra Vasistha to clarify
the subject matter.

Satish : First of all, I would like to thank the principal, school
management and the students for giving me an opportunity
to be here in front of you all. Democracy was established in
BS 2007 for people's welfare. But as per the expectation
people did not get their rights and freedom. This weakness
encouraged to strengthen another dictatorial system. The
main reasons for the failure of Parliamentary democracy are
as follows:

(a) Failure to implement the Delhi Agreement.

(b) High ambition of king Mahendra and active Anti-
democratic elements.

The Delhi Agreement was not accepted and implemented.
Rulers focused more in their power and position than the
people's welfare. Political parties were also immature and have
less experience. Consequently, king Mahendra became highly
ambitious to become a powerful ruler of the country. He didn't
have good faith in democracy since he was the crown prince. On
the other hand Parliamentary System was new and there was
conflict among political parties. There were the reasons for the
beginning of Panchayat System. There was a lack of awareness
among people. There was a lot of illiteracy, foreign concern
and interference was in the increasing trend. Corruption and
red tapism went on increasing. Behind these circumstances
King Mahendra brought an end to democracy on Poush 1,
2017 and declared the Partyless Panchayat System on 22
Poush 2017.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 270

Sharmila : Thank you Mr. Satish. Now I would like to call President of
school management and senior citizen of our community Mr.
Nanda Kishor Bhandari to express his opinion on Panchayat
System.

Nanda Kishor : Thank you dear Sharmila. I was one of the Panchayat member
of this village Panchayat. As per my opinion, Panchayat
System was completely a unitary centralized ruling system.
Some of the causes of its failure are:

(a) Undemocratic Centralized and Despotic Nature:

People had to follow the instructions that came
from the above. The worst aspect of the Panchayat System
was autocracy. People were deprived of human rights,
fundamental rights and freedom. People were very tired of
Panchayat System. I also resigned from Panchayat member
and involved against Panchayat System in BS 2046. People
became successful in restoring democracy.

(b) Aware of Democracy:

The level of education and awareness went on
increasing. People were tired of such activities of Panchayat
System. The rulers of Panchayat System were divided into
two groups. They were more active in gaining power rather
than the welfare of the country. The system was autocratic in
nature and people could not exercise their fundamental rights.
They had no rights to express their feelings. Panchayat rulers
had fear that national development and awareness in people
could lead to the end of the monarchy in Nepal.

(c) Unity Among Political Parties:

Divided communists got united forming United Left
Front. During this process, the Nepali Congress and the
Communists having opposite political thoughts agreed to
start a joint movement against Panchayat System. As a
result, people started trusting the political parties more. The
Mass Movement started on 7th Falgun, 2046. There was band
or strike everywhere. People came onto the street against the
Panchayat System defying the curfew. King Birendra called
the political parties for negotiation. At 11:45 pm on Chaitra 26,
2046 king Birendra announced the removal of the Panchayat
System from Nepal and restoration of democracy. From here I
want to end my speech.

Sharmila : Thank you sir. We got lots of knowledge about our history.

271 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Activities

a. List out the major causes behind the rise and downfall of the Panchayat
System in a table.

Sl.No. Causes of Rise Causes of downfall

b. Write a letter to your friend explaining the causes of rise of Panchayat
System.

c. Find more information about Plane Hijack of BS 2030 and share it with your
friends in your classroom.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following Questions:

1. What is Panchayat System? What causes rise of Panchayat System?
2. Why was the Delhi Agreement not accepted?
3. With very beginning of the Panchayat System, why did many massacres take

place? Write reasons.
4. Make a table of major political events that took place between BS 2017 and BS

2046. Draw a timeline.
5. What were the failures of the Panchayat System?
6. Why were the Panchayat System so autocratic?
7. How did political parties regain the trust of the people?
8. Communist party and the Nepali Congress had different ideologies. So, there

were disagreements in many things between the two political parties before
BS 2046. What made them united in BS 2046?

iCommun ty Work
Organize an interaction program in your school regarding improvement in education and
infrastructural improvement. Invite some scholars of your community. Prepare a report from
the conclusion of the interaction and present it in your class.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 272

Lesson Political Events
between BS 2046 and BS 2062
7.6

FACTS The immediate cause behind the people's movement BS 2062/63 was the
undemocratic step of King Gyanendra on 19th Asoj, 2061.
to Understand

On Chaitra 26, 2046 Multiparty Democracy was established. People came onto the
street to celebrate their victory and to share happiness with each other. People took
part in the historical rally. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became the Prime Minister of
the Interim Government formed on Baishakh 6, 2047. The government was comprised
of the representatives of the movements, nominated members from the king and some
independent candidates. The government was assigned two responsibilities: making
new democratic constitution and conducting general election.

The events that followed the political change of BS 2046 have been listed
below:

a. Declaration of the restoration of democracy or multiparty system at 11:45 pm
on 26th Chaitra 2046.

b. All organs, departments and units of Panchayat were dissolved on 3rd Baishakh
2047.

c. On 6th Baishakh, 2047 the Interim Government was formed under the
premiership of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai. The government was assigned with
two major responsibilities. They were making new democratic constitution and
conducting general election.

d. To frame the constitution as per the spirit of the Mass Movement, under the
Chairpersonship of Bishwonath Upadhyaya. The Constitution Suggestion
Commission was formed. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 was
declared on Kartik 23, 2047.

e. On 29th Baishakh, 2048 general election was held in which the Nepali Congress
got the majority seats. It won 110 seats out of 205 constituencies.

f. Girija Prasad Koirala was appointed as the Prime Minister with 17-member
cabinet on Jestha 12, 2048.

g. In BS 2051, the Koirala government was dissolved due to the internal clash of
the Nepali Congress and the mid-term election declared for Kartik 29, 2051.

h. No party got the clear majority. The Nepal Communist Party (UML) was
the largest party with 88 seats, formed the minority government under the
premiership of Manmohan Adhikari on 13th Mangsir 2051. After nine months, the
government was dissolved on Bhadra 12, 2052 by passing vote of no confidence.

i. The coalition government was formed on Bhadra 25, 2052 under the premiership
of Sher Bahadur Deuba.

273 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Do You Know

People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed wing of Communist Party (Maoist) of Nepal.
PLA was founded in BS 2058. PLA fought armed battles against the state until BS 2063
when Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) was signed between the government of
the Nepal and CPN (Maoist). Then the PLA soldiers were put in the cantonments
monitored by UNMIN (United Nations Mission in Nepal). PLA soldiers who were
also known as Militia were 19,000 in number. Out of them 8000 combatants took
voluntary retirement package from the government in Poush 2068. Remaining
combatants opted for integration in Nepal Army.

j. Maoist insurgency began on Falgun 1, 2052.
k. General elections were held on 20th Baishakh and 3rd Jestha 2056, in which

Nepali Congress got the majority. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was appointed as
the Prime Minister.

l. Royal massacre took place on Jestha 19, 2058 and Gyanendra Shah ascended to
the throne.

m. King Gyanendra Shah dissolved the cabinet of Sher Bahadur Deuba on Asoj 18
2059 by using article 127 of the Constitution of Kingdom of Nepal, 2047.

n. Sher Bahadur Deuba was again appointed as the Prime Minister due to the
pressure from political parties and people.

o. King Gyanendra Shah formed another government under his Chairpersonship
suspending the government of Deuba on Magh 19, 2061. He imposed a
direct rule.

p. Twelve point memorandum held between Seven Party Alliance and Maoists on
7th Mangsir 2062 in Delhi.

q. CPN-Maoist and Seven Party Alliance got united and initiated the Second Mass
Movement on 25th Chaitra 2062.

r. After 19-day movement, on Baishakh 11, 2063, the reinstated House of
Representatives declared Loktantra and the end of monarchism.

In his address king Gyanendra said, "Janata ko Naaso Janata Lai Nai Firta Gare." In
this way, Nepal was declared as the "Federal Democratic Republic country".

Activities

a. Show the political activities given in the text in form of a timeline.

b. Seven years after the declaration of Republic, Nepal finally got a new
constitution. What do you think are the most obstructing issues for the
implementation of the constitution? Make a slit of the most contentious
issues and then offer suggestions to solve those issues.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 274

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. Prepare a chart including the major events of 19-day Jana Andolan (People's
Movement).

2. Explain the similarities and differences of People's Movement I and II.
3. What is the Interim Government? Define.
4. What were the major responsibilities of the government formed after BS 2046?

Describe.
5. In BS 2051 a minority government was formed under Man Mohan Adhikari's

Prime Ministership. What do you understand by the minority government?
Explain.
6. What were the effect of direct rule of the King of Nepalese People? Explain in
brief.
7. King's step of Asoj 18, 2059 and Magh 19, 2061 were not in democratic process.
Justify the statement.
8. To consolidate democracy in Nepal what should the political parties and leaders
do? Suggest with suitable examples.
9. Suppose you were an eye witness of People's Mass Movement II. Prepare a
report explaining the political rage of the people on the present government. If
not, ask your elders in your family

iCommun ty Work
Find out the women activist of your community who took part very actively in people's Mass
Movement II. Ask them about the political and social conditions during the period and prepare
report and present it in your classroom.

Project Work

Chhaya Devi was an elderly woman activist of People's Mass Movement II. Find out her
contribution in the movement by using internet and paste it on the displayboard of your
classroom.

275 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Post BS 2062/2063 Political Events

7.7 FACTS On Bhadra 30, 2072, Constitution Bill was passed and on Asoj 3, 2072, the
Constitution of Nepal, 2072 was promulgated and Interim Constitution was
to Understand dissolved.

After the restoration of Loktantra, the House of Representatives had the first meeting
on Baishakh 15, 2063. Girija Prasad Koirala became the Prime Minister of the new
government. The restored House of Representatives made the following declaration
on its meeting on Jestha 4, 2063.

Declaration of the House of Representatives on Jestha 4, 2063

Highly honouring the Nepalese People's sacrifices of all sorts including their lives,
and their participation in the people's peaceful joint movement; and in view of state
power of independent and sovereign Nepal is vested in the Nepalese people, and of
the people's peaceful joint movement that took place sometime ago through which the
people demonstrated the strong aspiration for providing the truth of the sole source of
the sovereignty and the state power is only the people.

Committing to implement the people's mandate given by the people's peaceful
movement for establishing a lasting peace, democracy and for restructuring the state
into an inclusive democratic state by formulating a new constitution through the
Constituent Assembly set up by elections, following the road-map of the Seven Party
Alliance and the 12 points understanding reached between the SPA and the CPN
Maoist. Bearing the great responsibility of the sovereignty, Nepalese people have to
strengthen the national unity, invisibility and integrity of the country.

In order to resolve the ongoing conflict of the nation on Baishakh 11, 2063 (24th April
2006) the king declared that "Convinced that the source of State Authority and
Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Nepal is inherent in the People of Nepal and cognizant
of the spirit of the ongoing people's movement as well as to resolve the ongoing violent
conflict and other problems facing the country according to the road map of the
agitating SPA accepted the House of Representatives reinstated under the pressure
of the people's movement is the sovereign authority.

For bearing the responsibility to safeguard the achievements of the people's movement
of BS 2046, institutionalized the achievements of the current people's movement,
exercise all the rights to end the autocratic kingship and move on to establishment
of the full-fledged democracy, until another constitutional arrangement is made,
the House of Representatives declares itself a sovereign authority and makes the
following declaration of using the state power through this House of Representatives.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 276

1. The House of Representatives shall exercise the rights concerning the legislative
body of Nepal.

2. All the executive powers of the state shall be vested in the Council of Ministers.
His Majesty's Government shall be called as the "Government of Nepal" from
now onwards.

3. The name of "Royal Nepal Army" shall be replaced with "Nepal Army."

4. The current provision for the Raj Parishad has been annulled.

5. The private property and incomes of His Majesty the King shall be taxable
pursuant to the laws.

6. Nepal shall be a Secular State.

After the declaration of the House of Representatives there was great change in the
ruling system of Nepal. On Manshir 5, 2063 the Comprehensive Peace Accord was
signed between Armed Nepal CPN Maoist and the Government of Nepal. In that
accord, Pushpa Kamal Dahal, (Prachanda) and Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala
signed on behalf of the CPN Maoist and the Government of Nepal respectively. The
ten year long people's war came to an end and opened the gateway to establishment
of peace. On Magh 1, 2063, the Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 was declared as a
document of political consensus.

The election for Constituent Assembly was held on Chaitra 28, 2064. In this election
CPN (Maoist) got a large number of seats. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly
declared Nepal as the Republican country on Jestha 15, 2065. King Gyanendra
addressed to the nation and peacefully quit the throne from the Narayanhiti Palace.
Thereafter, the Constituent Assembly started working as the Parliament elected Dr.
Ram Baran Yadav, the son of common man, as the first President of Nepal on Shrawan
6, 2065. The CPN (Maoist) President Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) became the
Prime Minister on Bhadra 2, 2065. On Jestha 11, 2066, Madhav Kumar Nepal and
on Magh 23, 2067, Jhalanath Khanal became the Prime Minister respectively. Those
governments played a significant role in making peace process successful. Dr. Babu
Ram Bhattarai became the Prime Minister on Bhadra 12, 2068. On 14 Jestha 2069,
the Constituent Assembly was dissolved during his tenure. Four-year long agreement
unity efforts collaboration made by political parties for framing a constitution from
the Constituent Assembly became futile. With the agreement of all the political
parties a government to conduct election was formed under the Chairpersonship of
Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi on Chaitra 1, 2069. This government could conduct an
election of the Second Constitution Assembly on Mangsir 4, 2070.

The Nepali Congress acquired the highest number of seats and under the leadership
of party President Sushil Koirala formed the government on Magh 27, 2070. Framing
a constitution got a momentum due to understanding, unity and dedication of the
political parties towards the nation. Therefore, the Constitution of Nepal, 2072 was
promulgated by the President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav on Asoj 3, 2072. The Nepalese
people got the written constitution drafted by their own representatives after long

277 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

time. Nepal was declared as the Federal Democratic Republic State. After the
completion of the responsibilities of the Constituent Assembly, it has been changed
into the Parliament. Soon after the declaration of Constitution of Nepal, 2072 the
country had to face undeclared blockade.

On 24 Asoj, 2072 a new Council of Ministers was formed under the leadership of
Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli, popularly known as K.P. Sharma Oli. The massive
earthquake 2072 hit on 12 and 29 Baishakh causing a lot of destruction in more than
14 districts of Nepal. All the Nepalese political parties felt the necessity to be united
for reconstruction by forgetting all the mutual differences in the hours of disaster.
This situation created the environment to be one for building the nation after drafting
a constitution.

Major Political Events after BS 2063

Date (BS) Events
Magh 1, 2063
Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 and declaration of the Interim
Chaitra 28, 2064 Parliament
Jesth 15, 2065
Shrawan 6, 2065 Election for the First Constituent Assembly

Shrawn 31, 2065 Declaration of Nepal as a Republican State

Jestha 9, 2066 Dr Ram Baran Yadav elected as the first President of Nepal by
Legislative Parliament
Magh 20, 2067
Formation of a new government under the leadership of CPN
Bhadra 11, 2068 (Maoist) Chairperson Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda)

Jestha 14, 2069 Formation of a new government under the leadership of CPN
Chaitra 1, 2069 (UML) leader Madhav Kumar Nepal

Mangsir 4, 2070 Formation of a new government under the leadership of CPN
Magh 27, 2070 (UML) Chairperson Jhalanath Khanal.

Formation of a new government under vice-Chairperson of UCPN
(Maoist) Dr. Baburam Bhattarai.

Dissolution of the first Constituent Assembly.

Formation of the Interim Government under the Chairpersonship
of the Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi to conduct an election.

Election of the Second Constituent Assembly

Formation of Coalition government under the leadership of Nepali
Congress President Sushil Koirala

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 278

Baishakh 12 and 29, 2072 Massive earthquake of 7.8 and 6.8 rector magnitude respectively,
Ashwin 24, 2072 heavy loss of lives and properties
Ashwin 29, 2072
Kartik 11, 2072 Formation of new government under the leadership of CPN (UML)
Poush 1, 2072 Chairperson K.P. Sharma Oli.
Poush 10, 2072
Magh 9, 2072 Onshari Gharti Magar elected as the first woman speaker in
Shrawan 19, 2073 Nepal's history.
Baisakh 31, 2074
Ashad 14, 2074 Bidhya Devi Bhandari elected as the first woman President of
Asoj 2, 2074 Nepal
Mangshir 10, 2074
Mangshir 21, 2074 The Reconstruction Authority was formed

Jesth 03, 2075 Sushil Gyawali was appointed as the Chairperson of the
Reconstruction Authority

First Amendment of the Constitution of Nepal, 2072

Formation of the Council of Minister under the leadership of CPN
(Maoist) Chairperson Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda)

First local level election (Gaunpalika and Nagarpalika)
in Bagmati, Gandaki and Karnali Pradesh

Second phase local level election (Gaunpalika and Nagarpalika) in
Province No. 1, Lumbini and Sudurpachim Pradesh

Third Phase local level election (Gaunpalika and Nagarpalika)
in Province No. 2

First Phase Provincial Assembly election and election for House of
Representative or Federal Parliament in 32 Hilly districts.

Second Phase Provincial Assembly election and election for
House of Representative or Federal Parliament in rest of the 45
districts.

The unification of between CPN-UML (United Marxist and
Leninist) and Communist Party of Nepal(Maoist Centre)

Activities

a. Show the major events of post BS 2063 in a timeline.
b. Why was the government formed under the Chairpersonship of Khil Raj

Regmi? Write down the major achievement of his government.

279 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What is Constituent Assembly?
2. What were the reasons behind the failure in drafting constitution? Explain.
3. Make a list of causes of the People's Mass Movement II.
4. Why did Nepal face an unofficial blockade? Just after the proclamations of the

constitution?
5. Have the expectations of the people been fulfilled after the Second Mass

Movement? Give logical answer.
6. What were the major declarations of the House of Representatives on Jestha 4,

2063?
7. What were the political activities after the restoration of Loktantra.

iCommun ty Work
The Reconstruction Authority is formed to establish the destroyed heritages by the Nepal
earthquake, 2072 visit your area and see the work done by the authority. Prepare a report
based on your visit and present it in your classroom.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 280

Lesson The Economic and Social Impact
after the Second Mass Movement
7.8

FACTS A large number of farming women from Rukum and Rolpa highly conflicted
district, whose husbands were either serving in the Indian or British Army, were
to Understand forced to leave their villages, where they had land, house and other physical
asserts, due to frequent armed fights between the CPN-Maoist combatants and
the government security forces. They migrated to Dang District leaving behind
land and properties.

Today Rajen and Sauharda learnt in school about the economic and social impact in
Nepal. They wanted to learn more in detail from their grandfather.

Rajen : Grandpa! Today we want to learn more about People's Mass
Movement II and its effect on Nepali Society.

Grandpa : OK, I will explain you every thing. Is that in your course book?

Sauharda : Yes Grandpa, I heard that after 19 days long Mass Movement in BS
2062/2063 Loktantra was established in Nepal. Thereafter various
other political events took place. What is the achievement people
got from these activities?

Grandpa : Now Listen! The nation has faced several social changes in the
nation after the Second Mass Movement. It started just by adopting
the regions castes, classes, genders, language and all other citizens
to the mainstream for development. It ensured their participation
and suffering.

281 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Rajen : There are provisions for services and facilities to women, Janajati,
Grandpa : Madhesi, Dalit, Physically challenged people, people from the
Sauharda : remote areas and underprivileged group has come after the Second
Grandpa : Mass Movement. Is it also an achievement?

Rajen : Yes, along with these social discrimination over caste has come to
Grandpa : an end. Regionally backward community has an access to State
Mechanism.
Sauhardra :
Grandpa : Grandpa! Due to the rapid development of education, employment,
communication, transport, etc. has people's life become easier and
Rajen : more comfortable than before?
Grandpa :
You are right my grandson. After the Second Mass Movement,
there has been restoration of peace and conflict has come to an end.
Thus, development activities were carried out smoothly, General
awareness increased all of a sudden. People themselves could
punish the corrupt. Literacy rate is more than 65 percent. There
has been people's access to basic health service.

General awareness increases in all the people, but how were the
mutual understanding, collaboration and cooperation among the
people?

You asked a very good question my grandson. Look! Previously,
people were very much particular on the basis of political ideology.
But these days living aside political ideology people have come
together for the development and prosperity of the nation. Mutual
understanding, collaboration and cooperation are increased. It has
been contributing to eradicate social problems and evils.

How was the economic achievement, Grandpa?

After the Second Mass Movement, the nation has achieved a lot of
progress. There are periodic plans in progress. Economic growth rate
is on an increase. The gate is open to foreign investment. Therefore,
there are agreements like BIPPA (Bilateral Investment Protection
and Promotion Agreement), transit, cooperation, subsidies with
various countries.

Has poverty decreased and the nation become self-dependent
Grandpa?

Yes, Poverty has gone down. But the nation has not yet become self
dependent. The government has given priority to rapid economic
growth and self employment. There are various large projects of
national pride. Foreign employment is getting well managed. It will
make the economic condition of the nation better.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 282

Rajen and Sauharda

: Thank you, Grandpa! Today we got complete and detailed
information about the Second People's Mass Movement.

Grandpa : My Pleasure dear. Let's watch news, Everyday we need to get
updated with news around the world. [They started watching news
on television]

Activities

a. What major changes occurred within a period of five years in your family?
List them out.

b. The political changes as per the wish and desire of the people will bring
social and economic change in the nation. Organize a debate competition in
your class.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a political change?
2. What is political consciousness?
3. How long did the Second People's Mass Movement continued?
4. What is BIPPA? Write its full form.
5. What positive changes have occurred in your community after the Second Mass

Movement? Write in four points.
6. Present in table the major economic and social impacts in Nepal after the Second

Mass Movement.
7. Compare the major social and economic impacts brought by the political change

from BS 2007 to 2017 and BS 2063 till date.

iCommun ty Work
Visit your community and make a survey on social and economic changes that have occurred
in your community after the Second Mass Movement. Prepare a report on the basis of a
survey report and present in your class.

283 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Causes of the First World War

7.9

FACTS By the end of the First World War, 2 billion letters and 114 Million parcels has
been delivered.
to Understand
Source: BBC, History

According to the Historians, the
First World War was the most
destructive war in the human
civilization. It was the war in
which almost all the countries of
the world were involved directly
or indirectly. The First World War
was a major war centred in Europe
that began on 28 July 1914 and
lasted till 11 November, 1918.
It involved all the worlds great
powers, which were divided into
two opposite groups.

i) The Allies or Allite Power. England, France, Russia, Belgium, China, Japan
and America were in Allite power.

ii) The Axis Power: Italy, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Turkey, etc.

The war was continued for 1565 days became the bloodiest and most expensive war
of that time. More than 70 million personal including 60 million Europeans were
mobilized in the war. More than 9 million combatants were killed. There were many
reasons to broke out such horrific war. Some of the causes are given below:

Ultranationalism and Colonalism and
Militarism Imperialism

Atrocity Propaganda
by mass media

Groupism among the Causes of he First
European Nations World War

Immediate cause Balkan crisis

The revolt feeling of
Bosnia and Herzegovina

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 284

1. Groupism among the European Nations

After the unification of Germany, Otto van Bismark was appointed as the
chancellor in 1870 AD. He took the policy of expanding the territory of Germany.
Consequently, Germany attacked over France and annexed two French border
Provinces. Alsace and Lorraine in 1871. This sowed the seed of hostility between the
two countries. Otto van Bismark adopted the policy to weaken and isolated France. In
1879, he made a secret treaty with Austria and Hungary and later with Italy in 1882.
This is called Triple Alliance (Tripakshiya Sandhi). After the downfall of Bismark in
1890, France got an opportunity to play with Germany. In the same way, France also
made a secret treaty with Russia in 1894 and later in 1904 a treaty with Britain. It is
called Triple Entente (Tripakshiya Maitri Sandhi). Thus, whole Europe in any way
was divided into two hostile groups. This increased unhealthy competition, suspicion,
jealousy, hatred, revenge and tension among the nations.

2. Ultranationalism and Militarism

For the prosperity and progress of any nation, the feeling of nationalism is the
most. It makes one realize his duty towards the nation. It is also required for his
own self-easteem and pride but when the same nationalism is used to fulfill own
vested interests it becomes threatening and harmful. Especially, the nationalism
reached at the peak after the unification of Germany and Italy. The people in those
countries were extremely local to their country and racist and hostile to the other.
They themselves thought that they were superior to others and were born to rule
the world. This is what we call Ultranationalism. This led to the hostility among the
nations in one hand and on the other hand it created the birth of new militarism in
Europe. Every nation started collecting arms, ammunition and recruiting military in
the name of the national defense. It created entrusts, tussle and confrontation among
the nations.

3. Colonialism and Imperialism

Industrial Revolution of Europe and the development of auto machine increased
mass production which needed more raw materials and expansion of market was
essential for the good produced. Thus, European nations began to control other
countries as colony. Specially, poor and weak nations of Asia, Africa and Latin America
were the victims of colonization. The unhealthy competition war arose to make more
colonies among the powerful countries of Europe: France, Britain, Germany, Italy
and Russia were among the competitors to make colonies. As a result unnecessary
tensions and unhealthy competitions created among these nations.

4. Atrocity Propaganda by Mass Media

All most all of the nations at this time adopted a policy of possessing
unreasonable nationalism. For example, Germany used to hate England whereas
France used to treat Germany as an enemy. The magazines and newspapers at that

285 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

time used to publish the fake news and matters against each other. Austrian and
Serbia newspapers were also prejudiced to one another. This filled the mind of people
with war.

5. Balkan Crisis Do You Know

Before the First World

War, Turkey was a big empire,
there were many states in The term 'Sick man of Europe' refers to the declining
Turkey which was losing many of its territories of
Turkey Out of them the region Ottoman Empire as new independent countries.
around Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria

and Montenegro, was called the

Balkan League or the Ottoman

Empire. They jointly attacked Turkey from four sides, defeated it on October 8, 1912

AD, and got independence. This is known as the First Balkan War. To settle the

dispute about the captured land, the Balkan Leaque signed a treaty with the Turkey

in London on May 30, 1913 called Treaty of London. Turkey gave up a large portion

of its territory. All these four nations became independent. After getting victory over

Turkey the four nations agreed to form a new Balkan nation called Albania. However,

Bulgaria became dissatisfied with the land called Macedonia that was divided between

Greece and Serbia. There, it attacked Serbia in 1913 with the back support of Austria-

Hungary. Bulgaria was badly defeated since Greece, Turkey and Romania supported

Serbia. This is called the Second Balkan War. After annexing Bulgaria, Serbia's

territory enlarged. In this way, the Balkan wars created war sentiments in Europe

and became the platform to practice war. The Second Balkan War also created the

hostility between Serbia and Austria-Hungary which later on turned to be the cause

of the First World War.

6. The Revolt Feeling of Bosnia and
Herzegovina

As per the Berlin Conference Austria-Hungary

declared the annexation of two Balkan states Bosnia and

Herzegovina on October 8, 1908. But most of the people

there were Serbian by race who would share same culture unity of death logo
and language like Serbia. Thus, they wanted either the

total independence or annexation to Serbia. To take

revenge against the Austria-Hungary, the youths of Bosnia and Herzegovina formed

an association which was called the Black Hand Society or Unity of Death. Serbia also

helped this group. This created hostility between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.

7. Immediate Cause

Crown Prince of Austria Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie
Chotek were travelling Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. Meanwhile, a 19 year's old
Bosnian student and a member of the Black Hand Society shot them on June 28, 1914

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 286

AD. The murderer was Gavrilo Princep, who was the native of Bosnia but Serbia by
race. Serbia was accused of murder. With the direct support of Germany, on 23 July
1914, Austrian king Francis Joseph sent 12 points ultimatum to Serbia asking it to
fulfill the demands within 48 hours. The king of Serbia, Peter was ready to fulfill
the 11 demands. He was also ready to suppress the Black Hand Society but was not
ready to allow Austrian investigators to come and inspect the issue. This created
tussle between the two nations. Austria declared war against Serbia on the consent of
Germany on 28 July, 1914. This began the First World War.

Major Dates and Events of the First World War

Sl.No. Date Events
1
28 June1914 Murder of the crown prince of Austria Hungary Francis Ferdinand
2 and his wife Sophie Chotek

3 28 July 1914 Emperor of Austria-Hungary Francis Joseph declared war against
4 Serbia.

5 29 July 1914 Russia mobilized its army to defend Serbia

6 30 July 1914 Germany pressured Russian emperor Tsar Nicholas II to withdraw
its army back.
7
8 1 August 1914 German declared war against Russia and France ordered its army
9 to support Russia.
10
3 August 1914 Germany declared war against France, German troops entered
11 Belgium, a neutral country, to attack France, Britain warned
12 Germany to withdraw its force back.
13
14 4 August 1914 Britain and France declared war against Austria-Hungary.
15
16 12 August 1914 Britain and France declared war against Austria-Hungary.
17
18 23 August 1914 Japan joined Triple Entente and declared war against Germany.
19
20 October 1914 First battle of Ypres (Yaprus) began in which many soldiers lost their
lives.

24 May 1915 Italy joined Triple Entente and declared war against Austria-Hungary.

15 October 1915 Britain declared war against Bulgaria.

27 August 1916 Romania declared war against Austria Hungary.

28 August 1916 Italy declared war against Germany.

6 April 1917 The USA declared war against Germany.

7 August 1918 The Black Day of German force.

9 November 1918 German emperor Keiser William II fled to Holland.

18 January 1919 Paris Peace Conferment was held.

28 June 1919 Treaty of Versailles was signed in the Versailles Palace of France
and the World War I formally ended.

287 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Activities

a. What are the ways to be safe from conflict and stress? How do you
protect yourself from conflict and stress in your daily life? What are the
consequences? Explain the details in your class.

b. Complete the following table.

Person Post Country
Ottovan Bismark Chancellor Germany
William I
Tsar Nicholas II
Francis Joseph
Sophie Chotek

Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...

1. When did the World War I begin?

2. What were the two major blocks of the World War I? Name them with countries
associated in the group.

3. Write the differences between nationalism and ultranationalism.

4. What are the basic differences between colonialism and imperialism?

5. How did groupism invite the war?

6. What is Unity of Death?

7. There is conflict, war and struggle in every part of the world, what could be the
general causes of such wars and conflicts?

8. The World War I was the war for power and imperialism rather than the war
against poverty, hunger and diseases. Justify.

9. If you were emperor of Serbia Peter, how would you respond to the ultimatum
given by the emperor of Austria-Hungary? Why? Giver your opinion.

10. How did the First World War come to an end?

iCommun ty Work
Unhealthy competition, jealousy, hatred, negative thoughts feeling of revenge, high ambition,
etc. were the major causes of the First World War. These elements are obstacles to personal
development also and every individual has to wipe out them from their mind. Find out such
people who have conflict with another in your community. Mention the causes and solutions.
Prepare a report on the basis of given information and present it in your class.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 288

Lesson Major Events and Consequences
of World War I
7.10

FACTS During the First World War, Rana Prime Minister Chandra Shumsher assisted in
obtaining 55,000 men of the Indian Army and also sent some 18,000 of Nepal's
to Understand own troops to take up garrison duties. Including Nepalese in other units such
as the military post in Burma, around 1,00,000 Nepalese were involved in war
efforts, with at least 10.000 killed and another 14,000 wounded or missing.

Source: A History of Nepal, page 64, Author John Whelpton

The most disastrous and horrible war in the human civilization broke out on 28 July,
1914 with the Bombarding on Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia by Austria-Hungary.
It lasted for four years. The treaty of Versailles ended the war formally signed on 28
June, 1919. Some of the consequences of the First World War are discussed below:

1. Loss of Lives and Properties

It is estimated that the war cost about 3 billion 36 million pound. If this amount
were used for development task, the poverty would eliminate from the world. Nearly
65 million people took part in the war. Out of which 9 million and 200 thousand
people lost their lives and 29 million either wounded or missing. Uncountable physical
properties were destroyed in the war. About 6000 British ships and 200 German
submarines and aeroplanes collapsed.

2. Versailles Treaty Versailles palace treaty

On June 28, 1919 the Allied nations and Germany
signed the treaty in Versailles palace of Paris which is
called the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty ended the
war formally. The treaty was one-sided and against
the spirit of Germany since it imposed the war crime
alone to Germany. Some of the provisions of the treaty
were as follows.

War Crime

According to the treaty, Germany was declared as the war criminal. According to the
article 231 of the treaty, Germany had to take all the responsibilities of war crimes,
human casualties and destruction of the properties.

289 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Loss of State

Germany had to lose about 13% of its territory. Some of the great loss it had to bear
were:

Germany had to return Alsace and Lorraine to France.

European and Malmedy were returned to Belgium and North Schleswig to
Denmark.

Polish Corridor and Denzing were returned to Poland.

All German colonies were seized and divided among the Allies.

Military Restrictions

Germany had to withdraw its army from Rhineland and it was kept under the
Allies for 15 years.

German army was reduced to hundred thousand (1,00,000) and no permission
was granted for further recruitments in the German military.

Germany was allowed to keep just 6 warships.

It was banned to manufacture weapons, arms, ammunition, tanks, airplanes,
warships, etc.

War Compensation

Germany had to pay gold or other item worth 660 million pounds to the Allied
Reparation Commission (1921)

Saar Coal Production Area had to be given to France for 15 years.

3. Fall of Absolute Monarchy and Rise of Republic

The monarchy system collapsed in many nations. The place of monarchy
was replaced by republic democracy. The monarchs fell down and exterminated in
Bulgaria, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Ottoman Empire (Turkey).

4. World Economic Crisis

After the World War I, the economic supremacy of the European nations
declined. It affected adversely in agriculture and industries. There was lack of
capital in investment. So, world got suffered from famine, unemployment, economic
crisis, price hiking, etc. This results in 1930 that European nations faced extreme
economic crisis.

5. Rise of Dictators

After the First World War, Adolf Hitler and his Nazi party increased their
influences on Germany with the slogan of extreme nationalism. Similarly, Benito

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 290

Mussolini and his Fascist party in Italy and Francisco Franco in Spain increased
their influence in their respective places. They started to strengthen their power by
killing their opponents. They progressed by suppressing human beings.

6. Rise of New Nations

New nations came into existence after the World War I, such as Albania,
Yugoslavia, Finland, Czechoslovakia, etc. It brought a change in world war.

7. Social Changes

When men were engaged in the war, women occupied offices and industries.
So, it gave an opportunity to the women for self-empowerment. As a result, women's
movements for equal rights started in Europe and America.

8. Establishment of the League of the Nations

The League of the Nation, an international organization was established with
the initiation of Woodrow Wilson, an American Prime Minister, on 10 January 1920.
Its main objectives were to establish warfree nations in the world, established peace,
maintain international understanding and world peace. It had 42 founder members.

The Role of the Nepalese in the First World War

Chandra Shumsher, the then Rana Prime Minister, sent 7500 Nepalese soldiers
under the command of Babar Shumsher Junga Bahadur Rana to support the British
force. On the request of the British Government of India, again the troops under the
command of Tej Shumsher and Keshar
Shumsher were sent as reinforcement. It
was estimated that around 16,544 Nepali
soldiers fought the war as allies of Britain.
Bravery, courage and skill of warfare of the
Gorkha forces were well praised by even
rival forces. Britain won the battle, Nepal
gave 1 million pound to Britain during the
war. Keiser William II, the then German
emperor, commented " I am confident and
can ask my military troops to declare war
against the forces of other countries, but my heart beats faster when I hear of Gorkha
troops."

The contributions and sacrifices made by the Gorkha troops were honoured with the
Victoria Cross and the Military Cross. Chandra Shumsher was honoured with the
title of General for his valuable contribution to the British government. Other Gorkha
troops were honoured with the Victoria Cross. They were Kulbir Thapa (1915) and
Karan Bahadur Rana (1918). The British Government of India provided a sum of Rs

291 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

2.1 million as a gesture of gratitude and agreed to contribute sum of Rs. 1 million per
year to Nepal.

Activities

a. Prepare a pie chart by using the following table.

Nation Loss of Human Lives (Military)
Italy 6,50,000
Germany 17,73,000
Bulgaria 8,75,000
America 1,16,516
Romania 3,35,000

b. Collect the pictures of dictators by using the internet or journals and prepare
a brief biography of each of them.

c. Organize a class debate on "Nepal's participation in the World War I."

E ixerc se...

1. Revenge cannot solve the problem. Explain the statement with reference to the
World War I.

2. Show the events of the World War I in a timeline.
3. What were the consequences of the World War I? Explain in detail.
4. What is dictatorship?
5. The Treaty of Versailles sowed the seed of revenge to Germany. Justify the

statement.
6. What did William Kaiser say about Nepali soldiers? Explain.
7. Write the major events of the World War I and draw a timeline.
8. How was Germany humiliated in the Treaty of Versailles? Write the important

clauses related to Germany?

iCommun ty Work
Many people consider that taking part in a war that was not related to us was nothing to be
proud of where as many people also believe that Nepali participation in the war raised the
prestige of Nepal. Collect the opinion from the community people and present it in your class.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 292

Lesson Causes of the World War II

7.11 FACTS Some facts about the World War II are as follows:
• Between 1939 to 1945, the Allied forces dropped 3.4 million tons of bombs
to Understand • 12,000 heavy bombs were shot down.
• 1,00,000 Allied bomber crews were killed.
• 50 percent of soviet males born in 1923 did not survive because of the war.
• The USSR suffered the most casualties estimated 42,000,000,00 (four

billion and two hundred million).

The World War II was the most widespread and deadliest war in the history, involving
more than 30 countries and causing more than 50 million military and civilian deaths
World War I ended with the Versailles Treaty signed on 28 June 1919. However, the
treaty become the root causes of the World War II. The Allies forced Germany to sign
on Versailles treaty declaring Germany as the War Criminal. This becomes the root
cause of another war just in 20 years and 9 months. Some of the major events of the
World War II are as follows:

Year Months Events
1939 September 1 Germany attacked Poland, beginning of World War II.
1940 September 3 Britain and France declared war on Germany.
1940 April 9 Germany attacked Denmark and Norway.
April 30 Japan Joined the Axis powers.
1941 May 10 Germany attacked Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg.
May 17 Germany attacked France.
June 10 Italy declared war on Britain and France.
July 10 Britain takes part in a war.
October 28 Italy attacked Greece.
April 6 Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece.
April 21 Greece surrendered to Germany.
June 22 Germany attacked Russia.
September 1 Italy attacked Egypt.
December 7 The Japanese Air Force attacked the American fleet(ships) at Pearl
Harbour.
December 8 America declared war against the Axis power

293 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

1942 February 27 Ocean war in Java
May 4
1943 June 4 Coral ocean war
1944 September 8
August 25 The Battle of Midway

1945 January 17 Italy surrendered.
April 12
Britain, Russia and France (Allies power collectively made Paris free,
April 28 great loss of Germany
April 30
May 7 Russia attacked Warsaw.
August 6
US President Franklin D. Roosevelt died and Herry S. Trueman elected
August 9 as President

September 12 Mussolini assassinated
October 24
Hitler and his beloved Eva Braun committed suicide.

Germany Surrendered at Rheim in France.

The USA dropped the first atomic bomb named Fat boy on Hiroshima,
Japan

The USA dropped the second atomic bomb named Little Boy on
Nagasaki, Japan.

Japan surrendered, the war ended after 6 years and 11 months

Formation of the United Nations Organization

Causes of World War II

Violation of the Failure of
Treaty of Versailles League of
Nations
by Germany

Immediate
Reason

Economic Causes of Rise of
Crisis World War II Dictators

Civil War of Fear of Communism Impure
Spain and a Policy of Alliance of
Appeasement
Nations

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 294

1. Violation of the Treaty of Versailles by Germany

Germany was treated rudely and forced to sign the treaty which was unfair and
humiliated to end the World War I. Anti German forces were stationed in Germany
to compel Germany to follow the conditions of the treaty. It was unbearable for true
German patriots to follow the treaty continuously. Unexpectedly, there was rise
of Hitler in a very short period. He extended the military power established arms
manufacturing industries. In 1936, Hitler sent the soldiers back to Rhineland. These
all activities were against the treaty, which has become one of the causes of the Second
World War.

2. Failure of League of Nations

The League of Nations couldn't work according to its objectives. The permanent
member nations of the League of Nations themselves were involved in paralyzing
the organization. In fact the organization was rendered weak from the beginning.
Knowing the situation, Japan attacked Manchuria, a part of China and took over
its control in 1931. Japan renounced its membership from the League of Nations in
1933. In 1936 Italy attacked over Ethiopia and captured it. Germany also suspended
the treaty and involved over Austria in 1938 and over Czechoslovakia in 1939. Russia
captured Finland. Hitler gradually, started to recapture the lands it had lost in the
Versailles Treaty, like Rhineland, Austria and Mamel of Lithuana. The League of
Nations neither could stop them nor could take any sort of actions. So, it also becomes
one of the causes of the Second World War.

3. Rise of Dictator

Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party gave slogans of Ultranationalism to the Germans
and vowed to regain the past glory of Germany. There was rise of other dictator Benito
Missolini in Italy, Joseph Stalin in the USSR, General Francisco in Spain, etc. They
used their authority to involve in domestic politics and they spread up militarism and
demonstration of weapons in order to warn and challenge other countries. Not only
this but they raised a slogan of ultranationalism, Hitler suspended the constitution
and took power in his own hand. He made it mandatory for the youths in Germany
to join military service. Thus, democracy weakened in the world and it became the
foundation of another world war.

4. Impure Alliance of Nations

Italy and Japan that fought the First World War from Triple Entente joined
Germany that led the Axis power respectively in 1936 AD and 1937 AD. It is called
Rome-Berlin Tokyo Axis. This alliance made Anti-Commintern Pact. They wanted
to stop increasing communist power of Russia and its impact on China. On the other
hand another alliance was former by France, the UK, Romania, Yugoslavia and the
USA. Later Russia also joined and it led to the Second World War.

295 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

5. Fear of Communism Do You Know

Communism was established October Revolution of 1917 AD is also
in Russia after the October known as Bolshevik Revolution.
Revolution in 1917 AD. This
System brought a good economic
progress in a short span of time and
started influencing other European
countries too.

Russia made tremendous progress and therefore, other European countries also
copied Russia. As a result, Russian influences expanded. But, the UK and France
were not happy internally. The UK was afraid of losing her influence. Thus, the UK
followed the policy of appeasement with the intention that Germany's alliance may
attack Russia and Russia may lose power. France also supported this act of the UK.

6. Civil War of Spain

Spain suffered through a civil war in 1936 AD. General Franco mobilized army
to control the situation. Germany and Italy supported him because they could supply
the arms and ammunition and promote trade. As France became able to control the
situation he became loyal to Germany and joined its camp. This encouraged Germany
and other Axis power nations to use the arms as per need. This situation finally led to
the war.

7. Economic Crisis

After the World War I, there was severe economic crisis across the world.
Since a large number of male youths and adults died in the war there was scarcity of
manpower to the work in agriculture and industries. The places that were ruined by
the war had many people. Starving to death. Hitler appealed the hungry and victims
to help him build the nation. The Germans supported Hilter whole heartedly who
established himself as a dictator and started unchecked invasion.

8. Immediate Cause

In 1939 AD, Hitler demanded Denzing and Polish Corridor that was taken by
Poland after the Versailles Treaty. Germany wanted to reach the Baltic Sea via these
areas. Poland rejected the demand, Britain and France supported Poland. Hitler
signed a treaty with Russia called the "Nazi Soviet Non-Aggression Pact" on August
24, 1939. In the same day Russia and Germany signed the Non-aggression agreement
for 10 years.

On the 1st of September 1939 Hitler made a sudden and surprise attack on Poland
known as Blitzkrieg or Lightning war. France and Britain declared war against
Germany then the second world war broke out.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 296

Activities

a. In an interview once Albert Einstein quoted "I know not with what
weapons World War III will be fought but the World War IV will be fought
with sticks and stones". Do you agree with this statement? If yes, write
with reasons.

b. Divide a role of Hitler, Mussolini and France among the friends and at them to
do role play on the said dictators and their imperialism policy.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. If the Treaty of Versailles were fair, the World War II would not break out. Do
you agree or not? Give your opinion.

2. Differentiate between communism and imperialism.
3. In the First World War Japan and Italy fought from the side of the Allies. Why

did they fight from the side of the Axis power in the Second World War?
4. How did economic crisis fuel the World War II?
5. "The Second World War broke out due to Hitler." How? Give a logical answer.

How are Britain, Russia and France the accused nations in World War II?
Explain.
6. What were the causes of the Second World War? Explain.
7. Why was the 'Anti-Comintern Pact' signed?
8. The treaty of Versailles was the cause of the outbreak of the Second World War.
How far do you agree? Give a logical answer.

iCommun ty Work
In the Anglo-Nepal war, Nepal and Britain were two hostile countries whereas in World
War I and II both were very good friends and today they have diplomatic relations too. So,
it is clear that today's friends can be turned into the great enemies. If you have any such
experiences in your community, then prepare a report on the basis of your experiences and
present it to your class.

297 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Consequences of the Second World
War and the Role of Nepal
7.12

FACTS Hiroo Onoda ,an imperial Japanese Army intelligence officer who fought in
World War II, never surrendered in 1945. Until 1974, for almost 30 years, he held
to Understand his position in the Philippines. His former commander travelled from Japan to
personally issue orders relieving him from duty in 1974.

Source: we are mighty, Wikimedia

The World War I believed to be the 'War to End Other Wars'. But another disastrous
war took place causing high death casualties and property destruction. The Second
World War began when Germany attacked Poland, at 5:30 am on September 1, 1939.
In the beginning, Germany won the war all around. Till June 1940, Germany seized
France, Poland Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, etc.
On the other hand, in Asia, Japan seized East Asia and reached India in South Asia.
But control over these countries did not last for long. The joint military force was found
at the same time. German army was badly defeated by the army of Triple entente.
Hitler had to even commit suicide. Finally, Germany was divided into East Germany
and West Germany. Two big cities, Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed through
bombs. Japan surrendered to the USA on September 12, 1945 and thus the second
World War came to an end.

Consequences of the Second World War

1. Heavy Loss of Lives and Properties

These were unprecedented loss of life and property. Many chemical
weapons were used in this war. It was estimated that about 22 million (2
corers 20 lakh) solders lost their lives more than 34 million (3 crore 40 lakh)
soldiers including civilians were wounded or disabled and more than 12 million
(1 crore 20 lakh) people were displaced in Europe. 110 trillion (11 hundred kharba)
dollar was estimated to spend in this war. Several developed cities and thousands
of factories and industries were destroyed. Fertile arable land changed into deserts.
Hospitals, schools, bridges, airports and many other institutions and infrastructures
were destroyed.

2. Polarised World and the Commencement of Cold War

The power of the USA and Russia increased after the Second World War.
Other countries became economically weak and lost military capacity. The world was

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 298

divided into two power blocks. The USSR led the communist block whereas the USA
led the capitalist (non-communist) block. Cold war started between the USA and the
USSR. The USA exported weapons and other war materials to European countries
and making economic progress. On the other hand there was more military power
with Russia and thus the Russia political power spread in the world. There was not
physical attack on one another but there was a lot of unhealthy competition between
both the groups. Relations cooled down and there was cold war. These problems
lessened with the downfall of the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1990 AD.

3. Establishment of Competitive Organization in the Name of
Economic Reconstruction

In 1949 AD to stop communist influence, European Countries and the USA

jointly established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) whereas Russia in

1955, also established the Warsaw Pact in Warsaw, the capital city of Poland. Russia

established an organization under V. M. Molatov, the Russian foreign minister, to

provide assistance to the countries

of Eastern Europe that were

politically and economically aligned Do You Know
to the Soviet Union. This is called
the Molotov Plan or the COMECON

(Council for Mutual Economic Marshall Plan provided $ 13 000 billion to Europe
Assistance). Under the direction of between 1948 to 1952 through the Organization
Trueman, the then US President, for the European Economic Cooperation (OEEC).
a package program for economic

construction of Europe called the

European Recovery Program was

implemented. The plan was proposed by George Marshall, the foreign minister of the

USA in 1947 so, this plan is called Marshall Plan in 1947.

4. Decline of Imperialism and Colonialism and Extremity of
National Revolutions

The World War II weaken the power of powerful European countries, UK and
France. UK controlled colonies became independent. Similar cases were faced by
other imperialistic nations also. This made India and other nations get independent.

5. Formation of the UNO

The leader of the nations leading the war made a lot of attempts to stop war in
course of the World War II. Gathering at London the Allied announced a declaration
on 12 June 1941. It is known as the London Declaration. In declaration, it was
appealed for the end of war and promote international peace and cooperation. On 14th
August, American President Franklin Delane Roosevelt and British Prime Minister

299 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Winston Churchill prepared a charter in a warship in the Atlantic Ocean. It is called
the Atlantic Charter. On 26th August 1945, 50 nations sat together and passed the
resolution to establish the UNO. Finally Poland signed the charter and the number of
nations reached 51. Thereafter the approved charter was announced on 24th October
1945 and UN0 was formally established.

Second World War and the Role of Nepal

In Second World War also Nepal supported British India government. Juddha
Shumsher was the Rana Prime Minister during the war. He sent a total of 250
thousand soldiers under the command of Bahadur Shumsher and others. Nepali army
fought in Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Italy, Greece, Egypt, Cyprus, Palestine,
Lebanon, Syria and Iraq and showed extraordinary bravery in the war. A figure
states that 7,544 Nepalese soldiers were killed and 23,655 were injured in the war.
This caused a heavy loss of Nepalese youths in the war. As the British government
was very happy, with Juddha Shumsher for his great support, he was awarded with
the full honorary designation of General of the British Army.

Rifleman Laxman Gurung

Nepalese soldiers were honoured with the famous Victoria Cross and the Military
Cross the highest military medal awarded in Britain. Among the Victoria cross
recipients Nepalese soldiers were Rifleman Kulbir Thapa, Capt. Ganju Lama, Capt.
Agamsingh Rai, Rifleman Bhanu Bhakta Gurung, Rifleman Laxman Gurung, Capt.
Gaje Ghale, Capt. Ram Bahadur Begha, Capt. Tul Bahadur Pun Magar, Subedar
Netra Bahadur and Subedar Lal Bahadur Thapa. Many other Nepalese soldiers were
honoured with various other awards. The Nepal government got 33.3 million rupees
in addition to previous 1 million annual grants from the British. Some of the soldiers
got monthly or yearly pension allowances too.

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