Social Studies 10

Agreement: The agreement should be made between the local consumer's
committee and the local level government and agreement letter is received by
the consumer's committee to start the project.

Implementation of the project: To carry out construction activities.
Monitoring and Evaluation by the stake holders time to time. They check

the quality on work and the work done according to the structure of proposal. If
required they can give necessary directions too.

Process of Drafting a Local Project

1. Establishment of Relation

Relation between the people concerned with planning, local consumers group or
stakeholders is established through discussion and interaction.

2. Situation Assessment

Situation of plan catchment area or livelihood of the group, natural resource
management are studied.

3. Prioritization of Problems

Priority is determined keeping in mind the appropriate cost, output, means and
resources, mandate and concern of stakeholders and solution measures etc.

4. Agreement and Contract

Agreement and contract is made mentioning ownership of community towards
the plan contribution, partnership, responsibility, work plan, etc.

5. Documentation and Presentation

Process of drafting plan, estimate of achievement, development of monitoring
mechanism, etc. are mentioned and documentation of plan is done including the
final approval of the programme.

Steps of Plan Implementation

Civic assembly
Collection of required plans, tole wise and ward wise, with presentation
Budget
Formation of consumers committee
Agreement for project implementation
Financial management and documentation after the completion of plan
Providing a certificate of completion to consumers committee with thanks

51 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Activities

a. Suppose you need to reconstruct a school building. Prepare a model of
proposal draft related to the reconstruction of schools building and paste it
on school's notice board including the details of its implementation.

b. Organize a speech competition in your classroom on the topic "Is it Possible
to Carryout any Development Activities without Proposed Plan?" Request
your teacher to be the judge of the competition.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:
1. What is a development proposal draft?
2. Make a list of process of drafting local project and explain them briefly.
3. Write any four advantages of development plan at local level.
4. How do local bodies mobilize the available local resources? Explain.
5. What are the different steps of plan implementation?
6. 'Good and effective development proposal draft is half work done of the plan'.

Present your opinion to support the statement.
7. Why is it necessary to involve people of affected area while forming the

development plan at local level? Write in points.

iCommun ty Work
Observe any project running in your community study the proposal draft of the project.
Evaluate the project whether it is as per the draft or not and prepare a news on it.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 52

Review Questions

Answer the following questions:

1. How is sustainable development different from a mere development? Elucidate
with examples.

2. When was the concept of sustainable development brought forth for the first
time?

3. What is a project? Define.
4. Highlight the importance of projects for the development a nation.
5. Despite the efforts made by the government, the degradation of the Chure hill

has not been stopped. It has been deforested. Write a letter to the office of
the president, President Chure Conservation Project to take strong initiative to
protect the site.
6. One skilled manpower can generate much manpower? Justify this statement.
7. Prepare an editorial report on the relation between skilled manpower and
employment opportunity.
8. Was Nepal successful or unsuccessful in achieving the Millennium Development
Goals? Write your views.
9. What are the different steps of plan implementation?
10. "Good and effective development proposal draft is half work done of the plan."
Justify the statement with reasons.
11. "There are different strategies of on producing skilled human resources." State
any four of them.
12. The report forwarded by the National Planning Commission shows that absolute
Poverty in Nepal has been reduced to 23.8%. What might be the reasons behind
decreasing of poverty? Find any four reasons.
13. Why is there need of public participation while carrying out any development
work? State the advantages of public participation in four points.
14. Draw a full page map of Nepal and show the on going projects of Nepal.
15. What might be the long-term advantages of Upper Tamakoshi Hydroproject and
Mid-Hill highway? Explain.

53 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Unit OUR TRADITIONS, SOCIAL NORMS
AND VALUES
3

UNIT CONTENTS Learning Outcomes of the Unit

3.1 Our National Heritages 55 The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
3.2 Folk Songs of Nepal 62
q define national heritages.
3.3 Folk Musical 65 q understand our national heritages in the list of the
Instruments of Nepal
world heritage site.
3.4 Our Folk and Classical q identification of our cultural heritages, their
Dances 71
importance, folk songs, folk musical instruments,
3.5 Our National Days 79 classical and folk dance and national days of Nepal.
q identification of international personalities and their
3.6 International contributions.
Personalities 82 q importance of Universal Brotherhood for peace and
prosperity.
3.7 Universal Brotherhood 86 q responsibilities towards the senior citizens.

3.8 Responsibilities Towards

the Senior Citizens 89

Review Questions 92

Evaluation Scheme for the Unit -3

Total Period(s): 16

Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time
of Marks (Minute)
NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions
1x1=1 1x1.8=1.8
1. VSATQ – – 1 –1
2 x4=8 8x1.8=14.4
2. SATQ – 1 – 12
– –
3. LATQ – – – ––
9 9 x1.8=16.2
Total – 1 1 13

Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | Q =54Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s)
Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Our National Heritages

3.1 FACTS The Kathmandu Valley which includes three districts; Kathmandu, Bhaktapur
and Lalitpur holds around 7 World Heritage Cultural Sites at around the radius of
to Understand 15 kms. Some of them include the Pashupatinath, the Swoyambhunath,
Boudhanath Stupa, Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Patan Durbar squares.

The national heritages are the important properties, art, culture, monuments, etc. of
the nation given by our ancestors. These heritages are our ornaments and identity.
They help to enhance the glory of the nation. National heritages are the possessions
of every citizen living in a country. These things are religious places, forests, rivers,
mountains, etc. Similarly our cultural dresses, folk musical instruments, folk dances,
Jatras, feasts and festivals, rites and rituals, archaeological things and historical
facts are also the national heritages. There are ten such heritages in Nepal enlisted
by UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organizations) in
the World Heritage Site. Among them eight are the historical and cultural sites and
two are natural sites. These national heritages should be promoted by everyone who
feel themselves responsible citizens.

1. Religious Heritages Our National 3. Natural Heritages
Heritages
Related to Religions: Temples, Related to Nature: Mountains,
Gumbas, Church, Mosques, etc. 2. Cultural Heritages Hills, Waterfalls, Lakes, Rivers,
Forests, Wild Animals, etc.
Related to Culture, Customs,
Practices: Buildings, Arts, and
Artifacts, etc.

The brief description about the national heritages of Nepal are discussed below:

1. Swoyambhunath Stupa

This is one of the holiest places for the followers
of Buddhism. The stupa is located in Kathmandu. In
the premises of the stupa there are several Hindu
temples and convents. It shows the high degree
of religious tolerance. There are the big statues of
the Buddha and Manjushree in its surroundings.
Swoyambhunath Stupa is enlisted in the World
Heritage Site in 1979 AD by the UNESCO.

55 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

2. Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square

Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square

Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square is also known as Kathmandu Durbar Square. It is
located in the heart of the Kathmandu Valley. There are many temples and palaces
having cultural, religious and historical values. There is a big statue of Lord Hanuman
established in the main gate of Durbar Square by Pratap Malla. So the Durbar
Square is called Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square. It is a rich area in ancient art,
architecture and sculpture. In this area, there are many temples, statues like statue
of Lord Hanuman, Basantapur Palace, Taleju Temple, Museum, Kumari Palace,
Kasthamandap, Giant Bell, Nagara, Statue of KaalBhairav, etc. Many heritages
are badly affected due to the massive earthquake of BS 2072. The reconstruction
and renovation is going on. This heritage is included in the World Heritage Site in
1997 AD.

3. Lumbini

Gautam Buddha is popularly known

as : "The Light of Asia" born in Lumbini in

Rupandehi district of Nepal. It is the most

sacred place for the Buddhist followers.

There are Ashoka Pillar erected by Indian

Emperor Ashoka, Pushkarini Pond,

Temple of Maya Devi and many Vihars in

Lumbini. There are library, museum and Mayadevi Temple of Lumbini
research centres for researchers, visitors

and the educationists. Many Bouddha

Vihars are built by many countries here, like India, China, Myanmar, Japan, Vietnam,

South Korea, Thailand, France, Germany, the USA, Canada, Sri Lanka, etc. This

sacred place is enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1997 AD.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 56

4. Pashupatinath Temple Area

Pashupatinath Temple Area
The Pashupatinath temple lies on the bank of the Bagmati River in Kathmandu.
It is a pious shrine for the Hindu followers. In Pashupatinath area, there are many
temples like Guheshwori temple, Deupatan, Jai Bageshwori, Gaurighat, Gausala,
Kutumbahal, Pinglasthan, Shlesmantaka Jungle, etc. Similarly, Bagmati River,
Aryaghat, Raj Rajeshwori Ghat, Electric Crematorium and old-age home are there in
the area. Pashupatinath is decorated with about 492 temples constructed in different
style, Sattal, Chaitya, are constructed including 1000 Shivalingas in this area. The
main temple of Pashupatinath is one of the best examples of Pagoda style in Nepal.
This place was enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1979 AD. The statue of Nandi
(a big bullock) and Hanuman, just infront of the western gate of the temple increase
the attraction of the temple.

5. Chitwan National Park

Chitwan National Park is located in the Chitwan district of Nepal. It is the oldest
National Park extended in an area of 932 sq. km. The major unique wild animals
protected in this park are the Bengal tiger and one horned rhinocerous. This is a

57 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

famous tourist place having different animals like crocodiles, peacocks, wild boars,
ant eaters (Saalak), hornbills, (Dhanesh), etc. There are Tharu communities near
the park. So, every evening, Tharu people show their cultural dance, songs, musical
instruments, etc. to entertain tourists. It helps to preserve their culture too. It was
enlisted in the World Heritage Site in 1984 AD.

6. Sagarmatha National Park

Sagarmatha National Park is located in Solukhumbu district of Nepal. It covers
about 1148 sq. km. The highest mountain peak in the world, Mt. Everest, Mt. Choyu
Amadablam, Lhotse and Pumori are located in this region. The vegetation like
rhododendron, pine, Bhojpatra, etc. and animals like musk dear, deer, mongoose,
snow leopard, etc. live here. This National Park is enlisted in 1979 AD in World
Heritage Site.

7. Bouddhanath Stupa

Bouddhanath Stupa is located in

north eastern part of the Kathmandu

Valley. It is considered to be constructed

in 5th century. Boudhanath Chaitya

resembles Lord Swoyambhunath in its

form. There are many other Buddhist

Shrines near the Chaitya. Many

Buddhist monks and nuns as pilgrims

from different countries visit this site. Boudhanath Stupa

The gift shops are the added attractions

of the place. And this place is enlisted as the World Heritage Site in 1997 AD. It is

very famous for religious and cultural tourism.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 58

8. Patan Durbar Square

Patan Durbar Square
Patan Durbar Square was constructed during Malla Period. It is located in Lalitpur
district in the southern part of the Kathmandu Valley. There are many ancient and
religious monuments such as Krishna temple, Bhimsen temple, Vishwanath temple,
Jagatnarayan temple, statue of Yognarendra, Mahaboudha, Kumbeshwor Mahadev,
Rato Machhindranath temple, etc. Many monuments are destroyed due to the massive
were earthquake of BS 2072. This Durbar square is enlisted in 1979 AD in World
Heritage Site by the UNESCO.

9. Bhaktapur Durbar Square

Bhaktapur Durbar Square
Bhaktapur Durbar Square is located in the eastern part of the Kathmandu Valley.
Bhaktapur is considered as the cultural capital of Nepal. The major temples located

59 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

here are Nyatapola, Dattatreya, etc. Fifty-five Windowed Palace, National Art
Museum, Siddha Pokhari, Golden Gate, Museum of Wooden Craft, etc. are very
famous and visited by many internal and external tourists. This place is enlisted in
the World Heritage Sites in 1979 AD.

10. Changunarayan Temple

The Changunarayan Temple is Changunarayan Temple
located on a hillock in north eastern
part of the Kathmandu Valley in
Bhaktapur district. The temple
was built by Haridatta Barma and
renovated by Mandev, a Lichchhavi
king. There are inscriptions of stone,
wooden and metals which are the
significant example of Lichchhavi
Period. The temple is constructed in
pagoda style. This temple is enlisted
in World Heritage Sites in 1979 AD.

Apart from these heritage sites, there are many other heritages. Some of them have
been proposed by the Government of Nepal to be enlisted in World Heritage Site.
They are Lomathang of Mustang, Muktinath, Bardiya National Park, Sworgadwari
of Pyuthan, Goshainkunda of Rasuwa, Pathibhara of Taplejung, etc. Similarly, Ram
Janaki Temple of Janakpur, Gorkha Durbar, Khokona Village of Lalitpur, etc. are
also famous heritages of Nepal. Bajrayogini temple of Sankhu, Resunga area of Gulmi,
Tansen, Panauti, etc. are also the popular heritages. People have great concern about
the protection and preservation of these heritages.

Measures to preserve and promote the heritages

Create public awareness by organizing participative competition or suggestions
among local people and tourists.

Strictly prohibit the construction of building and human settlement around the
heritage sites.

Incorporate the need and importance of religious and cultural heritage in the
education curriculum.

Renovate and repair the old temples and monuments without destroying their
original state or uniqueness.

Provide strict security and maintain proper sanitation around the heritage
sites.

Mobilize the local, national and international organizations in the preservation
and promotion of the national heritages.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 60

Activities

a. Collect the pictures of World Heritage Sites and explain each of their
importance.

b. Prepare a collage of other any ten heritage of Nepal in a chart paper. Also
mention their importance.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:
1. Define national heritages. Write their importance.
2. What are the ways of protection and preservation of national heritages? Explain.
3. Write a news article on national heritages which you have visited.
4. Write a letter to the chief of the UNESCO requesting him/her to enlist the

heritage located in your community into world heritage site.
5. Many world heritage sites are in the verge of destruction. Many heritages are

destroyed by the earthquake of BS 2072 and many of them are about to be
destroyed. How do you protect and preserve these heritages? Explain.
6. Explain Bhaktapur Durbar Square as a world heritage site.

iCommun ty Work
Visit a historical or cultural place and prepare a report on the following topics:
i. Topic: ..........................................................................................................................
ii. Objectives: ...................................................................................................................
iii. Methodology: ...............................................................................................................
iv. Findings: .......................................................................................................................
v. Conclusion and Recommendation: ................................................................................

61 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Folk Songs of Nepal

3.2 FACTS The real name of Koili Devi was Radha Basnet. She entered into the palace of
Singha Shumsher JBR at the age of 11 years as a helper. Singha Shumsher called
to Understand her Koili after listening to her melodious voice, after which she became known as
Koili Devi, the name that gave her success and fame.

Nepal is culturally a rich country. There are various types of folk songs in different
places of Nepal depending on the locations, caste, culture, religions, etc. These folk
songs are sung in different social occasions like festivals, ceremonies, wedding, rituals,
etc. These folk songs have own importance and identities. Every occasions has its own
folk songs, such as Deusi Song at Tihar, Malshree Song at Dashain, Teej Song in Teej,
Ashare Song in Ashar, on the occasion of paddy cultivation, Chandi Song at Udhauli
and Ubhauli, Hori Song in Maghi, etc. There are many other folk songs which are
sung during different occasions. For example, Palam of Limbu, Syabru of Sherpa,
Selo of Tamang, Kaura of Magar, Kharka of Gandharva, Hakpare in eastern region,
Deuda in far western region, Hory in the Terai region are the songs that reflect the
unique cultures of Nepalese society. These songs are the glory of the nation. So, it
is the responsibility of every conscious citizen to protect and preserve our glorious
culture. The songs are admired and loved by everyone because it has the unique
feelings and sentiments of the Nepalese society. These days, these folk songs have
been professionalized and commercialized in the remixed form, duct folk song. The
sample of folk songs are given below:

a. Tamang Selo

Tamang Selo is sung by the Tamang community in mid-hill region of Nepal.

cfkf b]g cfdfnf hf Rofªj\ f
dfofnf yfO{ rfO l/ ªf 5af{
cf:ofª\nf hfd] roflgp lal;
lbdnf cfkf;] ªfbf kfª\af

b. Purbeli Geet

This song is sung in eastern Nepal where people are busy in their work like
collecting the firewood in the jungle, fodder for the cattle or any such work, they sing
the song for entertainment.

l3gl3g dfbn sxfF aHof] sf;] L lsgf/df
s] 5 s] 5 ;fGgfgL xfdf| ] lgwf/df
dfbn aHbf efO alxgL v/L /Gs]sf]
pQ/ xb] f{ efO alxgL lxdfn 6Nss] f]

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 62

c. Hory Song

In the Mithila area of the eastern region this song is sung by the people. The
song is based on the story of Ram-Sita and Holi is special festival to sing Hory song.

Df:t dlxgf kmfu'g cfon
lkg] e+u dtu+

aRrf a'9f h'cfg g/ gf/L
drf /Fxn x'/b+u

lsof] u'nfn caL/ p8fa}
lsof] lkrsf/L ;+ /+u

9fn] s emfOn{ d+lh/f afh]
x/d'lgof Fs] ;+u

cfon xfn] 5fon xf]nL, v]n' /+u cla/

d. Teej Geet

Teej is a festival of women. Married Hindu women are invited to their parent's
house to have feast and observe fast. They sing and dance throughout the day and
perform puja in the evening. They even do not drink a drop of water for the whole day.
The Teej songs contain the hardship they face in in-law's house. Now a days the song
is modified and covers the area of social and political activities.

tLhsf] /x/ xfof] a/L n}
tLhsf] /x/ xfof] a/L n}
ufpF ;x/ vf]n/] lbbL / a}gL
gfrF f} g ldn/] gfd lnO o;} gL

5. Deuda Song

Deuda Song is sung in far western region during different occasions and festivals.

dflnsfsf w'/fdLsf] ;Nnf] xf] ls bNnf]
;'jfsf] 3/ emfGof af6f] tNnf] xf] ls dNnf]
e'mg\ e'mGof+ j/if' nfUof] sf6\of af6f] bsL{
o;} lbg emfGof x'g\ ls cfpGof xg' \ ls kmsL{

6. Paalam Song

Paalam song is popular in Limbu community while dancing "Dhaan Naach",

in the eastern hills of Nepal. While singing Paalam song, a popular instrument

"Chaybrung" is played.

l;o]ª3\ f nª' \;], nª' f k'mª\;] .
tfDgfcfª jo] ;]jf rfS] ;,]
cfb'd] Hof;fª ga' f kfS] ;] .
yfS] kmS] nf k'mªx\ f < km]StN] n] cf,
n'ªf;] cflDa x]SsN] n] cf .
km'PTnf] :of< ;fª cf/ Hof;fª .

63 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

In addition to these, there are number of folk songs in each community which are
sung during the festivals, plantation as well as in harvest time and on the several
occasions like marriage, birth, and death. All communities have their own traditional
songs and dance. We should preserve them. They are our cultural wealth.

Activity

a. Collect the folk songs you like and present any one of them in the class.
b. "Folk songs are our identity". Discuss the importance of folk songs.

c. Organize a folk song singing competition in your class. Ask your teacher to be a judge.
Give some rewards to the winner.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a folk song? Explain.
2. What kind of song is Tamang Selo?
3. Give a short introduction to Deuda song.
4. What are the seasonal folk songs of Nepal? Illustrate with examples.
5. Collect the songs from various places that you have heard. Where and in which

occasions are those songs sung? Which caste or community or religion are the
songs related to?
6. Write a stanza of Hory song that you have heard.
7. "Nepal is a small but culturally rich country." Justify the statement.
8. Write a biography of folk song singers Tara Devi and Jhalakman Gandharva.
9 . Write any three advantages of folk songs over western songs.
10. "Folk songs represent the nature of society and its culture and geography."
Explain the statement.

iCommun ty Work
Each community and ethnic group has its own typical folk songs and folk dances. Write any
two folk songs with their singers, and the occasion when the song is sung.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 64

Lesson Folk Musical Instruments of Nepal

3.3 FACTS Dhimey is the most common musical instruments popular among the Newars. It
is considered as the oldest Newari musical instrument. It is actually constructed
to Understand from cylindrical hollowed tree trunk with leather pads at both of its ends.

Folk musical instruments are our identity. Music makes songs and dances alive.
Musical instruments are played along with songs during festivals, occasions, Jatras,
fairs, etc. The folk musical instruments of Nepal differs with respect to places, regions,
castes, occasions, festivals, religion, etc. For example, a conch (sankha) is played during
religious occasion as well as in funeral procession but with different tunes. The group
of panche baja are Sahanai, Jhyamta, Tyamko, Damaha and Narsingha. Which are
played in wedding ceremonies. A brief description of folk musical instruments are
given below:

Madal

The Madal is a popular and common musical
instrument of Nepalese society. In the
beginning it was introduced by the Magar
community but now it is found in almost
all parts of Nepal. It is made up of a hollow
cylinder of wood with parchment stretched over the open sides. People wrap the string
of the Madal around their waist and strike it with both hands. The ring of Madal
where the string is tighter is called Mathara and string to wear while playing is called
Juine. A round patch of Khari (a kind of stone slur) is pasted on the both sides. Special
kind of wood called Khamari is used to make Madal.

Sarangi

It is a traditional musical instrument of the Gandharvas
of Kaski district. It is a wooden instrument made of Khirra
having four strings. It is played by rubbing the bow on the
string. It produces very sweet melody from four strings.

Flute (Bansuri/Murali)

It is made by making holes in a small piece of bamboo. It is played throughout the
country. It is played by blowing air with our mouth from one end.

65 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Other Folk Musical Instruments and Their Importance

Narsingha

It is one of the Panchai Baja (a set of five musical
instrument). It is long and round in shape and made of
copper. It is played by blowing air with our mouth from
the narrow ends.

Shehnai

It is made of metal. It is a musical woodwind instrument
with finger holes and keys. It is placed between the lips
and blown to produce musical sound. It is one of the
Panchai Baja.

Jhyali/Jhyamta/Jhurma

It is also one of the Panchai Bajas made from a particular
piece of metal. There are a pair of flat metal discs either
of bronze or brass and they are collided to produce music.

Dholak

It is made of a hollow cylinder of wood. It looks like a
Madal but bigger than Madal. Both the open sides are
covered with skin, it does not have khari.

Karnal Baja

This instrument is made from about two-hand long
copper sheet. It is played by blowing air. This instrument
is played in Gorakhkali Temple of Gorkha and Bhairavi
Temple of Nuwakot.

Damaha/Nagara

The copper frame is covered with skin to make this
instrument. It is also one of the oldest folk musical
instruments of Nepal and one of the major instruments
of Panchai Baja. It is played one sided by beating with
wooden stick.

Tyamko

It is also one of the Panchai Bajas. It is smaller than
Damaha/Nagara. It is played with two sticks. Its sound
is smaller than Damaha/Nagara.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 66

Khaijadi

It has wooden frame covered with skin and played when
Roila, Balan, etc. Songs are sung. It is also played during
Bhajan Kirtan by the Hindus.

Pungi

It is made up of coconut shell and bamboo and is used by
snake charmers to tame snakes.

Tungna

Four strings as in Sarangi are attached to the wooden
frame of rhododendron. It is popular musical instruments
in the Himalayan region.

Yalamber

It is made up of bamboo with two strings. It is used by
Kirant community. The name of the instrument is kept
after the name of the first Kirant king Yalamber.

Ektaare

A wooden frame covered with skin and a wooden stick is
attached to it to hold one string. Saints and sages play
this instrument. It is played with the help of nails and
fingers.

Urni

It is played especially by Dhimal made of outer hard
cover of the coconut by stretching leather and fastening
a string with a rod. It is played in religious functions.

Dhyangro

It is a type of drum made of hollow wood by stretching
leather both of its edges and played with a curved stick
called Gajo. It is specially used by faith healers (Dhami/
Jhankri) on the occasion of worshipping or treating
people who believe in superstitions. Sherpa and Tamang
people use this instrument in cultural programmes.

67 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Hudko

It looks like the Damaru. The instrument is popular in
mid-western and far-western region especially in fair
in Khaptad. A person who plays the Hudko is called
Hudke.

Binayo

It is popular in the Kirant community. It is made of a
king of bamboo called Maalingo or Raato Nigalo. A piece
of bamboo is curved and a small thread is fastened on it.
Binayo is played by blowing air.

Murchunga

It is popular instrument of the Kirants. A kind of
musical instrument made of a piece of iron which is
played by plucking its metal wire reed with fore finger
being gripped between the teeth. It is also popular in
Kirant, produces sounds like Binayo.

Damphu

It is a popular instrument especially in Tamang
community. It is made of hollow wood stretched by
leather over one edge. It looks like a small drum.

Masak

It is popular in Bajhang in Far-Western hilly region of
Nepal. It looks like a traditional bagpiper.

Dafali

Dafali is made by stretching leather over an edge of a
circled wood or metal. It is popular in the Mid-Western
Terai region of Nepal, among the Tharu community.

Fasmuk

It is popular in Limbu community. This instrument is made by joining three pieces of
bamboo together. Music is produced by blowing air through the mouth.

Dhamngyen

The wooden instrument with eight strings is popular in
the Sherpa community.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 68

Kawayan

It looks like flute. It is made of bamboo and popular in
Jyapu Newar community.

Arbajo

It is the traditional instrument of Gandharva. There is
human structure in Aarbajo's top to which Gandharvas
worship and respect their Guru. It is also their religious
instrument. Aarbajo is considered as male instrument
and Sarangi is considered as female instrument.

Pung

It is made of horn of ox and popular in the Kirant
community especially in Solukhumbu district. It is
blown with mouth to produce sound.

Dakkari

Dakkari instrument is popular in Mithila region, the
eastern part of Terai. It is made of wood joining six
strings on it.

Irlung Pipari

It is popular in the Kusunda community and played by blowing the air. It is a pipe
like musical instrument.

Shringinad

It is made of horns of Krishnasar (black antelope) used especially by Jogis in the
month of Kartik. They blow it around the houses of people believing that there will be
no harm from evils.

Activities

a. Make a list of folk musical instruments that you have seen or known and state
what they are made of and which caste they are related to.

b. Collect the pictures of Panchai baja and name them.
c. Prepare a model of folk instruments and exhibit in your schools cultural

program.

69 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What is a folk musical instrument? Explain with examples.
2. Explain the musical instruments which you know with illustration.
3. Due to the influence of western civilization the traditional or folk musical

instruments are in the verge of extinction. What measures can be adopted for
the protection and preservation of these instruments? Write an editorial for a
leading newspaper of Nepal.
4. "Folk musical instruments represent any of the place or caste with specific
culture." Justify the statement.
5. State the name of Nepalese Panchai Baja and give a brief introduction to each
of them.
6. What is the difference between the Madal and the Dholak?
7. Write a letter to your foreign friend explaining how our folk musical instruments
are our identity.

iCommun ty Work
There must be some folk musicians in your community or neighbouring community. Meet the
concerned person and make a list of folk musical instrument and mention on what occasions
these musical instruments are played.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 70

Lesson Our Folk and Classical Dances

3.4 FACTS Mungrahawa dance is also called stick dance popular in Tharu Community of
Western Nepal and in Chitwan. Tharu youths holding wooden sticks in their hands
to Understand dance to their own stick. It is performed to entertain tourists visiting Chitwan
National Park and Bardiya Wildlife Reserve in central and western Nepal.

Folk dances are such dances that are developed by people that reflect joy, sorrow,
love, dissatisfaction and overall life of the people of certain community or groups or
country, for example, Maruni Dance, Jhyaure Dance, etc.

Classical dance forms are based on grace and formal gestures, steps and poses. The
dance which describes about religious story and the character of gods and goddesses
is known as classical dance. Classical dances have very particular meanings for each
step known as "Mudras." The meaning of dance is expressed by eyes, fingers and
facial expressions. It is performed according to Natyasastra. There are specific rules
to be followed in classical dance.

Importance of Folk and classical Dance

It develops art and skill of a person.
It protects and conserves the unique culture of the country.
It helps to develop physical and mental efficiency of a person.
It helps to develop socialization and good relations in the society.
It provides opportunities to travel to different places within the country and in

other countries.
It gives entertainment.

Some of the classical and folk dances are given below:

1. Dhan Naach

This folk dance is practised among the youths
of Limbu community by holding each other's hand
during Mela-parva and Haat bazaar. The song
sung with this dance is called Palam.

2. Ghatu Naach Dhan Naach

It is practised among the Gurung, Magar and
Dura community. Every year the dance performance starts from Basanta Panchami
and ends in Baisakh Purnima. The story of dance is based on king Parshuram and

71 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

queen Yammawati. The girl whose menstruation period has not started perform
this dance. The Guru or teacher makes the spirit of the god enter the girls while
performing the dance. It is popular in the Gandaki region.

performing ghatu naach Chandi Naach
Jat-Jatin Dance
3. Chaulo Naach

This dance is performed in the hilly
area of far-western region. This dance is
organized in Kartik Shukla Pakshya.

4. Chandi Naach

The Rai community performs this
dance playing Dhola-Jhyamta and singing
Chandi song during Udhauli and Ubhauli.

5. Jat-Jatin Dance

The dance programme is organized
in Mithila region from Shrawan Purnima
to Bhadra Purnima. This dance is based on
folklore. Love, joy and sorrow is expressed
by Jat-Jatin in this dance. It is a myth that
this dance is performed to please Lord Indra
during drought.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 72

6. Pulukisi Dance

This dance is mostly popular in Jyapu
community. It is performed in Kilaagal in Kathmandu
during Indra Jatra. It resembles a white elephant.

7. Jharra Naach

This dance is performed by striking bamboo Pulukisi Dance
sticks with each other.

8. Balan Dance

This dance is performed in different festivals. The dance is based on religious
stories of Krishna Charitra, Ram Charitra, etc. along with the gestures.

9. Saraya Dance

This dance is performed in a queue in a group in temple of gods and goddesses
during Dashain. Dancers carry Khunda, Khukuri, sword or stick in their hand while
performing this dance. It is mostly popular in Gulmi, Arghakhanchi, Syangja, Baglung
and Palpa.

10. Jhijhiya Dance

This dance is popular in Maithali community of Eastern and Mid-Terai region
of Nepal. Women lit fire in a clay pot and carry on their head and perform the dance.

Jhijhiya Dance

11. Kaura Dance

This is performed with Kaura song accompanied by the Madal especially by
Magar communities who live between the Gandaki to the Rapti rivers in the western
region.

73 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

12. Kartik Dance

This dance is performed in the month
of Kartik. So, it is called Kartik dance. It was
started to practise by Siddhi Narsingh Malla.

13. Maruni Dance Kartik Dance

Usually this type of dance is performed
in Magar community of Eastern Hilly region
of Nepal. Males dress up as female, wearing
saree and choli to perform this dance. However,
these days women also take part. This dance is
perfomed throughout the year.

14. Madi Khole Dance Maruni Dance

This is the popular dance of the people
practised in the Mid-Western region.

15. Hopcha Dance

It is one of the classical dances especially
of the Rai community in Dhankuta district.

16. Deuda Dance

This dance is performed in a circle by
joining together. It is popular in Mid and Far-
Western region of Nepal.

17. Salahes Deuda

This dance is performed by Dusadh and Musahar community of the Eastern
Terai region to worship their deity salahes.

18. Rudrayani Dance

People of Khokana, Lalitpur perform this dance
while observing Rudrayani Puja to please their deity.

19. Mundhum Dance Mundhum Dance

This dance is popular in Eastern Nepal in
the Kirant community performed on the basis of
Mundhum (a religious book). Fedangwa or Nakchong
(a priest) recites Mundhum in rhythm and dancers
perform Mundhum dance.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 74

20. Charya Dance

This classical dance is popular in the Kathmandu Valley performed by playing
a role of God and Goddesses. Charya dance is danced with beautiful movement and
artistic facial expression. The Newars with Buddhist belief perform this dance.

21. Bhairav Dance Bhairav Dance

People dance wearing the
clothes and mask of Bhairav god.
It is practised in Kathmandu
and Pokhara. In this dance there
are 12 Bhairavs namely, Dagini,
Kwancha, Bhuccha, Bhairav,
Kali Bhairav, Indrayani, Barah,
Kumari, Vaishnavi, Bramhayani,
Ganga and Ganesh. Dancers
take bath and wear ceremonial
clothes and masks. After wearing
the mask dancers must maintain
silence.

22. Sorathi Dance

This dance is one of the traditional dances performed in the Gurung community
in the Gandaki region. Generally, sixteen women take part in dance and hence the
name is kept as Sorathi.

Sorathi Dance Dynamic Social Studies - Book X
75

23. Hanuman Dance

It is one of the popular dances of the
Newar community in and around Baglung and
Syangja. In this dance, the dancer disguises
himself as Hanuman.

24. Charitra Dance

This dance performed by depicting the Hanuman Dance

characters of legends of mythological stories

is called Charitra or character dance. It is popular in the Terai region.

25. Khyali Dance

It is performed with Khyali song, also known as Pangdure dance. It is popular in
the Gandaki region and performed mostly by the Gurung and the Magar community.

26. Tarbare Dance

It is one of the traditional dances performed by Gandharva of Pokhara, Palpa
and Gulmi. This dance is performed during Dashain
and dancers carry a metal or wooden sword during
the dance.

27. Singaru Dance

This dance is in practice in hills of the mid-
western region of Nepal.

28. Pancha Buddha Dance Singaru Dance

This dance is based on the Buddhist tradition and religion.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X Pancha Buddha Dance
76

Besides these folk dances, others like Chhokra dance, Hudkeli dance are performed
in far-western region and Devi dance is performed during Gaijatra and Indra Jatra in
Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur.

Measures to preserve and promote folk music, song and dance

people should organize different competitions or programmes of folk music,
songs or dance time to time at local, national and international level,

should practise and prioritize the typical folk music, song or dance during
different occasions, festivals and celebrations

should make compulsory to perform folk music, song or dance in the formal
programme of schools and colleges,

should commercialize the folk music, song and dance without spoiling their
uniqueness,

should ask the mass media like radio, television, newspaper etc. to give top
priority to our folk music, songs and dance,

should ask the government to honour those personalities who have played
important roles in the promotion and preservation of folk song dance and music.

Activities

a. Organize a folk dance competition in your class performing an organizing
committee and evaluation committee. You can manage some sorts of awards
for the winners.

b. some of our classical and traditional dances are in the verge of extinction.
Discuss the role of an individual, students, local organizations and cultural
department for preservation and protection of our cultural dances.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:
1. What are the differences between classical and folk dances? Write on the basis

of study and discussion.

77 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

2. What type of dance is Dhan Naach? To which caste the dance is related?
3. Folk dance, folk song and folk musical instruments are interdependent to each

other. Justify the statement with suitable examples.
4. Write short notes on:
a. Kartik Dance
b. Charitra Dance
c. Deuda Dance
5. Find out the folk dance and classical dance among the dances given in the text.
6. What does a dance of an ethnic community represent? Why is dance important

for us?
7. What are the folk dances associated with the Limbu and the Gurung

communities? Explain any two of them.

iCommun ty Work
Visit any of the dance experts in your community and prepare a statement by collecting
information on importance, advantages and methods of dancing.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 78

Lesson Our National Days

3.5 FACTS World Refugee Day is celebrated on June 20 throughout the world to raise
the awareness of the situation of Refugees throughout the world UN General
to Understand Assembly marked the 50th anniversary as convention relating to the status of
Refugees.

National Days are based on the important events that took place in the history of
a nation. They are the glorious events and national identities. They are national
festivals celebrated by all irrespective of caste, culture, language and gender. Such
national festivals celebrated in Nepal are discussed below:

Martyr's Day

A person who sacrifices his/her life for democracy and civil rights is called a martyr.
A Martyr's Day is celebrated on the 16th of Magh every year. It is celebrated for seven
days in the memory of the martyrs who have sacrificed their life in the struggle of
establishing democratic system in the nation.

There is Martyr's Gate in Kathmandu with the statue of the four great Martyrs
Shukraraj Shashtri, Dharma Bhakta Mathema, Dashrath Chand and Gangalal
Shrestha. The leaders and public come to Martyr's (Sahid) Gate and pay their respect
to the martyrs by offering bunch of flowers. Similarly, people come to Martyr's
Memorial in Lainchaur, Kathmandu as well and pay their respect in the same way.
Shukra Raj Shastri was hung at Teku, Pachali, Dharma Bhakta at Siphal, Dasharath
Chand and Gangalal were shot at Shobha Bhagawati, Kathmandu. People go to these
places and pay their respect to the Martyrs as well on Martyr's Day. Martyrs who
sacrificed their life in BS 2046 and BS 2063 for the establishment of democracy in
Nepal are also duly respected and remembered by organizing different programmes
all over the country. We should pay homage to the martyrs and their contribution.
Our responsibility is to fulfill their dream.

Democracy Day

Falgun 7 is the day celebrated as the Democracy Day to mark the end of the Rana
regime. So we celebrate this day as the Democracy Day every year.

Republic Day

Every year Republic Day is celebrated on 15thJestha. On 15thJestha 2065, the then
Constituent Assembly declared formally the end of monarchy and the establishment
of Nepal as a Republic country.

79 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Children's Day

Children's Day is celebrated every year on 29thBhadra since BS 2063 instead of
4thBhadra that used to be celebrated before. Nepal has decided to celebrate the
Children's Day on 29th of Bhadra marking the date of approval and singing upon United
Nations Child Right Resolution on 14th September, 1990. Every school celebrates the
day by organizing various programmes.

Constitution Day

The Constitution Day is celebrated every year
marking the day of its declaration. On 3rdAsoj, 2072
the Constitution of Nepal was declared. So, every
year on 3rdAsoj, the Constitution Day is observed.

International Labour's Day

Labour's Day is also known as May Day. After the establishment of Loktantra in Nepal,
it got more importance and was observed as the national holiday. The main objective
to observe Labour's Day is to provide every rights and facilities and prosperity to all
the labours. Internationally it is celebrated on 1st May.

Education Day

The Education Day is also observed as the literacy Day. It is observed on 8th
September every year. Personalities who have significant contribution in education
field are respected and awarded. Ministry of Education, Universities, and colleges and
educational institutions actively celebrate the Education Day by organizing several
programmes.

International Women's Day

This day is observed on 8th March every year in the memory of women's struggle for
welfare. The Government has announced the public holiday for female employees.
Different organizations observe the day by organizing several programmes.

Do You Know

Mary Wolf Stonecraft was an American woman who took the leadership of women's
movement for the rights and welfare of women workers working in factory. The first

International Women's Day was observed on 28 February, 1909 in the USA.

Besides these there are Loktantra Day observe on 11th Baisakh every year,
Republic Day observe on 15th Jestha every year with great pomp and interest.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 80

Activities

a. Divide your class into four groups and select one activity per group from the
activities performed in National Days and then prepare a news for any one
of them.

b. Draw a picture and posters that represent our National Days and write their
captions.

Answer the following questions: E ixerc se...

1. What is the importance of democracy in Nepal? Explain.

2. Make a list of national days observed in Nepal.

3. Why do we observe the International Women's Day every year? Explain.

4. Make a programme list to observe Children's Day in your school. Also mention
the importance.

5. Write a letter to the editor of the Gorkhapatra suggesting the ways of celebrating
the National Days effectively.

6. On the following National Days, an important event took place in the history.
Give the year for the respective events and complete the table.

Sl.No. National Day Important Events Date
1. Martyr's Day
2. Democracy Day
3. Republic Day
4. Children's Day
5. Constitution Day
6. Labour's Day
7. Education Day
8. International Women's Day

iCommun ty Work
a. Visit your community to observe the National Days organizing by community people.
Write a news article to any leading newspaper explaining the details of the programme.
b. Prepare a dialogue about your participation in the programme of Democracy Day and
the different activities performed in the programme.

81 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson International Personalities

3.6 FACTS The organization of Kailash Satyarthi 'Bachpan Bachao' rescued many Nepalese

to Understand youngsters trafficked to India to work in slave like conditions in garment and
leather factories, circus, dance bars and brothels.

International personality means the person who contributes for the welfare of human
being in the world. Many people were born and became famous due to their great
deed, they have performed some pioneering works in their respective fields. They
have rendered notable service to human kind. We remember them for their great
deeds, respect and follow them. A brief introduction of such two personalities has
been described below:

Kailash Satyarthi

Kailash Satyarthi was born on 11th January Kailash Satyarthi
1954 in the Vidisha district of Madhya
Pradesh. He was a children's right activist
who dedicated his life in helping millions of
youths in India and around the world. He is
an Indian citizen.

Work

He founded the Bachpan Bachao Andolan (save the childhood movement) in 1980.
From this movement he worked for protection of Child Rights of more than 83,000
children of 144 countries. He has also been involved with Global March Against Child
Labour and its international advocacy body the International Centre of Child Labour
and Education (ICCLE) which are worldwide coalitions of NGOs, teachers and trade
unionists. He has also served as the President of the Global Campaign for Education
from its beginning in 1999 to 2011 having been one of its four founders alongside
Action Aid, Oxfam and Education International.

Awards and Honours

Kailash Satyarthi established Good Weave International Formerly known as
Rugmark as the first voluntary labeling, monitoring and certification systems of rug
manufactured without the use of child-labour in South Asia. With the intention of
raising consumer awareness he operated a campaign in Europe and the United States
in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Satyarthi has highlighted child labour as a human
right issue. He invoked to fight against poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, population
growth and other social problems. His movement against child labour linked with the

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 82

efforts for achieving "Education for All." He became the member of the UNESCO, the
Fast Track Initiative (now known as Global Partnership for Education), International
Labour Rights Fund and the International Cocoa Foundation to get support to the
movement.

Satyarthi, along with Pakistani activist Malala Yousafzai was awarded with the
Nobel Peace Prize in 2014 AD for their struggle against the suppression of children
and young people and for the right of all children to education. Besides this he has
been awarded with Harvard's University Award, Humanitarian of the Year: 2015,
Defenders of Democracy Award (US) 2009, Golden Flag Award (the Netherlands),
1998, The Achiever International Peace Award (Germany) 1994, etc.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

Dr. Martin Luther was an American activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights
movement. He is best known for his role in the Civil Disobedience based on his
Christian beliefs. He struggled for the American independence, honour and dignity.

Martin Luther was born on 15th January 1929 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
in Atlanta. In 1948, Martin Luther King Jr.
got a sociology degree from Morehouse College
and attended the Liberal Crozen Theological
Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. He completed
his Ph.D from Boston University in 1955 at the
age of 25 years. He rebelled against the racial
discrimination. In 1955 he led the Mongomery
bus boycott movement against racism. The same
year Supreme Court declared racism illegal in
education. A wave of movement for Civil Rights
spread everywhere. In this period public buses
were boycotted by the Civil Rights Activists in
Montgomery for 382 days in 1955. The movement
was led by Martin Luther. He organized non-violent
protest in many cities of America like Birmingham
and Alabama and took the leadership. Many times
he was taken to the custody and spent the painful
days. On 28th August, 1963 he organized "March
on Washington" where he delivered his famous
and historical speech "I have a Dream."

On 14th October, 1964 Martin Luther received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating
racial inequality through non-violent resistance. He became worldwide famous. He
started raising voice in 1967 in favour of Vietnamese who were the war victims for
a decade. He focussed to include opposition towards poverty, education, health, food
and earning for livelihood. Many so called high class people raised anger against him.
They were in favour of Hitler. The raged mass of Hitler supporter killed Martin Luther

83 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

on 4th April, 1968 when

returning after he addressed

Do You Know a rally in support of the
black sanitary public works
employees. Even after his

death, he is remembered by

"March on Washington" was held in Washington everyone and his dream is

DC on Wednesday, 28th August 1963 to stand up still alive.
for civil and economic rights for African Americans
when racism was still prevalent throughout the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
nation. The historical speech "I have a Dream" is always known for Civil

was called for an end to racism. Rights Movement and Peace

Movement. He was inspired

by Mahatma Gandhi and his

principle of peace and non-violence. He worked for equality to black people and ended

the racism. He always raised his voice against discrimination, inequality, racism and

fierce battle. He led his movement with the principle of non-violence. Today whole the

world appreciates his good deed and remembers him with great respect.

Activities

a. Search any exemplary personalities who have contributed to the welfare of
human beings and write about their contributions to the society.

b. Make a table and write the similarities between Martin Luther King and
Mahatma Gandhi.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. Although Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian citizen but his contribution to the
world is praiseworthy. Justify this statement.

2. The Nobel Peace Prize of 2014 was awarded to Kailash Satyarthi and Pakistani
Malala Yousafzai for their struggle against the suppression of children and
young people. Write the biography of Malala Yousafzai. Search either from a
reference book or from the internet.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 84

3. What things can we follow from the life of Kailash Satyarthi and Martin Luther
King? What should we do to respect such personalities?

4. Search an International personality who is awarded with the Nobel Prize. Write
an article about the personality you have chosen.

5. What is the contribution of Martin Luther? Explain.
6. What do you learn from the biography of Kailash Satyathi? Explain briefly.
7. What similarities do you find between Martin Luther King and Mahatma

Gandhi? Explain.
8. Name the movement launched by Kailash Satyarthi.

iCommun ty Work
There may be an exemplary personality in your community who have contributed for
the welfare of human beings and write his or her contributions for the society.

85 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Lesson Universal Brotherhood

3.7 FACTS The simplicity and hospitable nature of Nepalese people has added attraction to
the Himalayan country, Nepal. If anyone resides among in the Nepalese circle the
to Understand time in Nepal is like home away from home.

Rabin Mahato is studying in class 10 in Aadarsha Secondary School. He took part in
an inter school essay competition on the topic "Brotherhood" and won the first prize.
His essay is given below:

Brotherhood as an ideal has meant many different
things. The world is our common home, wherever
we live, we are living on the earth. So, we are the
single family of our common home. This concept is
known as brotherhood. In a family, if one member
is bears pain, grief or sorrow then other members
also share the same. Likewise, people of one place
harm the environment and give pain to the earth
then everyone has to bear the pain. For example,
in the beginning industrial nations exploited
resources randomly, increased the amount of
greenhouse gases and today problems of global
warming is faced by the people globally.

All the living creatures are interrelated to each
other. Human being is considered as the most intelligent creature. So, we should not
harm any creature, instead we should protect them. To fulfill our need, we should
not affect others lifestyle. Our culture and tradition also emphasize on Universal
Brotherhood. So, we should respect our culture and tradition which teach us to extend
love, share joy and happiness, cooperate and support all. "Live and let live" develops
the feeling of brotherhood.

In today's world no one is self-sufficient. They seek help from each other for better
living. Migration, employment, foreign trade, mutual supports are common these days.
People do not want to live in only one place and struggle throughout the life. They
migrate to better places for their comfortable lifestyle. We have seen many people
from different places in a city. They are living for different purposes. This develops
the feeling of brotherhood among the people living together for the same purpose.

The process of globalization has helped to develop the feeling of Universal Brotherhood.
Transportation, communication and many other facilities are developed. Within few
hours we can travel from one corner of the world to another. In many cities there
are well facilitated hotels, guest houses, home stay which give the feelings of homely

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 86

environment. People living together, doing the same occupation help to reduce
casteism and religious discrimination. People are sharing culture, costumes, feelings,
etc. In this way globalization helps to develop the feeling of Universal Brotherhood.

The major objective of Universal Brotherhood is to establish peace in the world. To
give equal respect to all religions, castes, regions, feelings is the main aim of Universal
Brotherhood. We should develop good relation with others and treat them as if they
are our relatives. This helps to get rid of all kind of war, conflict and hatred. People
are following their own religion and religion always teaches to pay respect to all and
maintain peace and equality. Many organizations are formed in favour of peace, such
as Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), SAARC, ASEAN (Association of South East Asian
Nations), European Union, Common Wealth Nations, etc. which are established to
promote Universal Brotherhood in the world.

The whole world can be a small village through good and healthy conversation,
acceptance of diversity and good feelings to others. Universal Brotherhood can be
promoted if an individual supports another and one country helps to another country.
Prosperous country should help to poor countries. Conservative nationalism and
intolerance weakens the feeling of brotherhood. As a result conflict, chaos, etc. increase
in the society.

Therefore, to strengthen the

unity, feeling of Universal Do You Know
Brotherhood should be
developed. People must

not be selfish, always work

for peace, prosperity and World Brotherhood Day is celebrated on 11th September

happy living. Universal as a mark of respect to Swami Vivekananda speech at
World Parliament of Religion at Chicago.
Brotherhood is very

essential to bring peace in

the world. It brings unity

among all. Where there is the feeling of Universal Brotherhood, there is no conflict,

only peace exists.

Activities

a. Write a letter to your friend describing the importance of Universal
Brotherhood.

b. Prepare a poster with slogan about Universal Brotherhood.

87 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What is universal brotherhood? Define.
2. What should be done to maintain universal brotherhood? Explain.
3. "Peace and Harmony is maintained only from feelings of universal brotherhood."

Justify the statement.
4. Complete the following table:

Sl.No. Merits of Universal Brotherhood Demerits of Hostility
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

5. What has made the world a small family?
6. "Think globally, act globally." Justify this statement.
7. Prepare a dialogue, between two friends on the importance of universal

brotherhood.

iCommun ty Work
Organize a programme on World Brotherhood Day. Make a list of programmes and the
activities you are planning for the day. Prepare a report on the basis of the programme and
submit it to your teacher.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 88

Lesson Responsibilities Towards the
Senior Citizens
3.8

FACTS The Constitution of Nepal, Part 3, Article 3 states that "The state shall not
discriminate among citizens on grounds of origin, religion, race, caste, tribe, sex,
to Understand economic condition, language or geographical region, ideology and such other
matters."

Virginia, the USA
2074-11-11

Dear Sister Anita

Sweet love!

We are fine here and hoping that you all
are fine there. Yesterday only I talked
to mother and father on Skype but you
were not online. So, I am writing this
email to you. I found very low voice of
dad. May be because of old age, mom
was also complaining about her knee
pain due to her old age. I am so far from
the family but I feel relief too because you are there with parents to take care of them.
Our parents are senior citizens. They are the assets of the nation. Senior citizens not
only formed our society but they established social norms, values, traditions, and
cultures. They have seen many ups and downs in their life. They are the storehouse
of knowledge and experiences. We should utilize their knowledge and experiences
for the welfare of the society and nation. Directly or indirectly senior citizens are
contributing continuously to the benefit of the nation. You have a golden chance to
learn many things from our parents.

Do You Know It is the responsibility of the state
to give proper care and attention to
1st October is celebrated as the World the senior citizens. They must get
Senior Citizen's Day. respect from the society. There are
many social networks working for
the protection and welfare of senior
citizens. The social organization
working for development of nation
and concerned for public welfare

89 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

can also extend their helping hand more in rural areas than urban areas because
there are many such organizations working within the urban areas only. It is the
responsibility of the state to manage the activities and areas of such organizations
equally in rural as well as in urban areas. You also can involve in social work through
the organizations.

Some people ignore old-aged people because they are weak, inactive to perform any
kind of work and not satisfied easily on anyone. Because of these behaviours they
are ignored and avoided by some people. The busy and hectic lifestyle, economic
crisis, interest of nuclear family have also become the major factors of ignoring senior
citizens. As a result they are alone and isolated from all. Even the state couldn't pay
attention to them.

Present Constitution of Nepal, 2072 has guaranteed the right to senior citizens. It
is mentioned in Part 3 Article 41 as "Senior Citizens shall have the right to special
protection and social security from the State." The Constitution has also guaranteed
the social security to economically poor, physically incapacitated and helpless people,
people with physical impairment and the citizens who belong to communities that are
on the verge of extinction. There is provision to give old age pension to the person who
are 70 years and above.

Senior Citizens Act was passed in BS 2063 in Nepal. According to the Act, it is the
responsibility of all members of the society to give proper care and attention as
well as respect to their senior members of the family. If any members want to live
separately then he must take elder member with him or as per the wish of an elder
member he/she can live with any member whom they like. Senior Citizen Act 2063
clearly says that to give good nurture to old people is the responsibility of family and
relatives. If related members don't take the responsibility, old people has the right
to file complaints against them in Gaunpalika (Rural Municipality). There are little
provisions for punishment to those who ignore the old people.

It is the responsibility of all conscious citizens to provide all the services and facilities
and create friendly environment in public transport, health services, religious and
public places. If all the stakeholders follow the instructions and commitment given by
the state then no old age people get any problems. The state has given some privileges
to the old age people such as at least two seats reservation in public transport, 50%
discount in bus fare, concession in health service, free health check up, etc. I hope you
have understood everything about the senior citizens, our responsibilities and their
contribution to the society. If you join any organization, remember the things that
I told you. Explore the contributions of senior citizens. Rest, I will write in the next
mail.

Your loving brother

Manohar Tharu

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 90

Activity

What kind of support is provided to senior citizens in your family and in
neighbourhood? Prepare a list of support.

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:
1. Who are senior citizens?
2. What are the provisions of concessions to the old age people? Describe.
3. "Senior Citizens are the storehouse of knowledge and experience." Justify the

statement.
4. What types of organizations are established for protection and preservation of

senior citizens?
5. What is the legal provision for the rights of senior citizens? Explain.
6. Since past many incidents of disrespect and ignorance about senior citizens

are coming in the news. Explain the reasons. Also find out the solutions to the
problems.
7. Write some ways to improve the condition of senior citizens in our country.
8. Explain Part 3, Article 41 of the present constitution stated about senior citizens
of Nepal.
9. What are the efforts made by the government to facilitate the senior citizens?

iCommun ty Work
a. Meet a senior citizen of your community and ask his/her past experience and
contribution to the society. Prepare a report on the basis of your questionnaire.
b. Visit an old age home nearly your locality. Observe the condition of senior citizens
living there, understand their stories. Make a report of your visit and present it to your
classroom.

91 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Review Questions

Answer the following questions:

1. Define heritage. Enlist the heritages included in world heritage sites by UNESCO.

2. What are the ways to project and preserve heritages? Explain.

3. "Folk songs represent the culture of a contemporary society." Write an essay on
the given topic.

4. Suppose you are going to take an interview any one the famous folk singer from
Nepal, what sort of questions would you ask? Prepare a model of a questionnaire

5. What is folk music? How is it different from classical music? Show any four
differences.

6. Write a plan of programme to observe "Children's Day" in your school.

7. In your views how can our national days be celebrated for the best possible out
come? Write any four ideas.

8. National days reflect national unity. Prepare a model of news to justify this
statement

9. Which are the musical instruments categorized in the list of Panchai Baja? Explain
each in brief with illustration.

10. Many of the folk instruments are in the verge of extinction due the influence of the
western bands and some other reasons. Suggest four measures to preserve them.

11. Folk musical instrument represent caste-based or region based culture. Prove the
statement with reason.

12. Write any two differences between the natural heritage and the culture heritage
with examples.

13. How do we promote folk music and song? Prepare a plan for promotion of the
cultural identities.

14. Make a list of folk songs which reflects the different occessions. Also mention the
name of a community that sing such songs.

15. Write a brief introduction with figure of

i) Binayo ii) Masak iii) Phasmuk iv) Pung

16. Make a separate list of classical and traditional dance practised in Nepali Society.

17. When do we observe World AIDS Day? Why? Write in brief.

18. What are the contributions of Kailash Satyarthi and Dr. Martin Luther king Jr? Write
in separate paragraph?

19. Listen or Read the famous speech of Dr. Martin Luther king " I Have a Dream" with
the help of the internet or any other sources and write down the synopsis in brief.

20. Organize an essay competition on the topic "Basudhaiva Kutumbakan"(universal
Brotherhood)

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 92

Unit SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR
SOLUTIONS
4

UNIT CONTENTS Learning Outcomes of the Unit

4.1 Human Trafficking as a The competencies of the social studies curriculum in
the unit are to enable students to:
Social Problem 94
q identify our social problems and their solutions.
4.2 Domestic Violence and q identify the malpractices in the society and the ways
Untouchability 99
to control them.
4.3 Some Malpractices 103 q know the roles of different international organizations

4.4 Role of International to solve social problems.
q develop the skills to identify social problems and the
Organizations in Solving
ways to control them.
Social Problems 107

4.5 Some Other International

Organizations Working

in Nepal 111

4.6 Identification of Social

Problems and Problem

Solving Skills 114

Review Questions 118

Evaluation Scheme for the Unit -4

Total Period(s): 19

Sl. Question Knowledge Creative, Critical Application, Practical Value & Total No. of Total Weightage Time

NO. Type & Understanding Thinking & Analysis & Research Skill Attitude Questions of Marks (Minute)

1. VSATQ – 1 – –1 1 x 1 = 1 1x1.8=1.8

2. SATQ – 1 – 12 2 x 4 = 8 8x1.8=14.4

3. LATQ – – – –– ––

Total – 2 – 13 9 9 x1.8=16.2

Note: V = Very | S=Short | L = Long | A = Answer | T = Type | 9Q3= Question(s) | 1 Mark = 1.8 minute(s) Social Studies - Book X
Dynamic

Lesson Human Trafficking as a Social Problem

4.1 FACTS Maiti Nepal, ABC Nepal, National Network Against Girl Trafficking (NNAGT)
and Shakti Samuha are the active organizations working against the human
to Understand trafficking in Nepal.

Social problems are the bad social practices that have been created by an individual
or a group in a society. The society behaves as per the traditional norms and values,
superstitious beliefs, etc. If any such practices affect the society then it obstructs the
development of the society.

Some of the social practices that exist in the society are Dowry system, Purda system
Chhaupadi, Deuki and Jhuma system. Girls trafficking, child trafficking, trafficking
of human organs, drugs, untouchability exploitation, gender discrimination,
discrimination to physically different people, child labour, corruption and racial
discrimination, women violence are also the social problems existed in the society.
Actually, almost all societies of the world are facing some sorts of problem. Nevertheless,
the degree of problem varies from society to society and place to place. The developed
societies have fewer problems to deal whereas the underdeveloped ones are full of
them. Nepalese society is still guided by orthodoxy and superstitious beliefs. Besides,
our social, geographical and economic structures are equally responsible for creating
extra problems. Some of the problems are discussed below:

Human Trafficking

Human trafficking is the trade of humans, most
commonly for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced
labour, taking out the human organs illegally and
commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker or
others. This system is defined by Human Trafficking
Act 2064. Innocent and poor people are lured for
employment with good salary, travelling etc, by the
agent of human trafficking. They are trafficked for
labour exploitation, sexual harassment, bonded labour,
child labour and child for adoption. Mostly women
and children who are the victims of domestic violence,
and social exploitation are easily manipulated by the
traffickers.

Nepal is also among the nations which has been facing the serious problem of human
trafficking. Many Nepalese are trafficked to India, the Middle East, Asia and Sub-
Sahara Africa. The major districts of human trafficking in Nepal are Nuwakot,
Dhading, Sindhupalchowk, Kailali, Kavre, etc.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 94

Girl Trafficking

Girl trafficking is a social crime
in which illiterate, ignorant and
innocent girls are sold or bought
within or outside a country for
flesh trade or forced labour. The
brokers visit poor and simple-
minded parents and assure for
jobs, foreign employment, give
good food and clothes, etc. They
even pretend to marry the girls
and later on sell them. The
innocent people who are illiterate,
unemployed, victims of domestic
violence, poverty, unaware of the consequences are the victims of girl trafficking. In
the past India was the destination for trafficking but in present days China, Korea,
Gulf countries, Africa, Europe, America and South and East Asian countries are the
major destination for trafficking. Trafficked girls might be infected by HIV/AIDS,
STDs or STIs. Once their beauty fades away or they fall sick, they are sent back
to Nepal. In this case, not only society, even own family members discard them. To
give them support Nepal Police, Ministry of Women, Children, and Social Welfare,
National Women Commission, District Coordination Committee and secret agencies
are working and giving their tireless effort. The stakeholders should run awareness
programme, give quality education to the girls as well as provide security to the
women and children. The families and communities should be proactive and support
the victim through programmes such as education, health, training and employment.
Love and care to the victims are equally important.

Read the following News Article published in the Kantipur

Hetauda, Jan 14, 2015-A 19 year old woman, who was trafficked into India to become
a sex worker a year ago, has somehow managed to escape and return home. The
victim is a resident of Bharta-1 in Makawanpur, arrived home on Tuesday. After she
fled from brothel in Lucknow, India, she was able to help police to arrest the culprit
who sold her for IRS 34,000 only.

Source: ekantipur

Child Trafficking

Children are trafficked for various purposes such as household purposes, circus,
factory workers, etc. These children are taken by the brokers with or without the
consent of parents and engage them in risky jobs. Therefore, all the stakeholders
including parents and children should be conscious. Specially, towns and districts

95 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

from the Terai region are at high risk. Do You Know
Children are innocent. It is easy to
attract them. Poverty, stress at home, According to UNICEF, 1.2 million children
lack of attention from parents, active are trafficked every year and are subjected to
traffickers, high ambitions, etc. are prostitution in the global commercial sex trade.
the causes of child trafficking. For
the protection of children following
measures can be adopted:

1. Provide quality education.
2. Increasement in awareness.
3. Close monitoring in hotels and industries.
4. Active participation of Governmental and Non-governmental organization
5. Rescue of trafficked children and rehabilitation
6. Self conscious children

Organ Trade

Organ trade is the trade of human organs, tissues, or other body parts for the purpose
of transplantation. Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant
Tourism defined organ trafficking as "the recruitment, transport, transfer, harbouring
or receipt of living or deceased person's organs by the means of the threat or use of
force or other forms of coercion of abduction, or fraud, or deception, or threat, abuse
of the power or position for the purpose of exploitation by the removal of organs
for transplantation." There is a global need or demand for healthy body parts for
transplantation. When an organ cannot function properly or gets failed then it is
transplanted from the healthy body. The family, members or other people can donate
their body part to the patient. If family members are not available and other people do
not want to take any risk then such organs are trafficked illegally. It is estimated that
out of 100 transplanted body organs 42 percent are illegally trafficked organ.

In developing countries like Nepal and India the risk of kidney fail is very high due

to the environmental pollution and food habit. Therefore, in Nepal and India, kidney

transplantation is increasing rapidly. Similarly, the pace of trading of liver, cornea of

eye, lungs, etc. is getting high.

Causes of increasing organ

trade are: Do You Know
1. poverty

2. illiteracy Every year 7000 kidneys are obtained illegally from
3. high ambition Nepal. The rate of kidney failure is increasing rapidly
4. population growth in the world due to the polluted environment and the
5. unemployment adulterated food habits and lifestyle of the people.

6. lack of awareness, etc. Source: Global Financial Integrity

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 96

The measures should be adopted to resolve the problem. They are:

1. Effective implementation of poverty alleviation programmes
2. Increase health consciousness.
3. Increase awareness during the treatment, a monitoring committee should be

formed
4. Make people aware of the wrong intention of people
5. Manage an attendant for the patient, etc.

The selling of human organs for transportation is a crime in Nepal under the Human
Body Organs Transportation Act, 1998. So, it is the responsibility of all to save the
victims.

Case Study of Dr. Ameet Kumar

Dr. Ameet Kumar, an Indian citizen running his private clinic in Gurgaon, New Delhi,
He was the leader of kidney racket. He transplanted kidney from the poor hailing from
the Uttarpradesh to the patients from the USA, Canada, Saudi Arabia and Greece. He
used to pay Rs. 30,000 per kidney to the poor people and transplant in million. On
January 7, 2008 Ameet Kumar was arrested by Delhi police but was released using
different sources. After one month once again he was arrested on 7th February, 2008
from Jungle Resort, Chitwan. He had large amounts of US dollars and Euro. Nepal has
strict laws against foreign currency. Finally, he was handed over to the Indian police
by the Nepal police for further processing of his case.

Read the above cast study and give suitable answers.

a. What kind of crime has been committed by Dr. Ameet Kumar?
b. How did he lure the poor people for kidney trade?
c. Who arrested the racketeer?

Activities

a. Discuss the social problems existing in your society which has disturbed the
peace and harmony of your society.

b. Prepare a case study on human trafficking that you have seen or heard in
media.

97 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

E ixerc se...

Answer the following questions:

1. What do you understand by social problems?
2. "Human trafficking is a social problem." Justify the statement.
3. What is the reason of increasing social problems and evils in our society? Give

any four causes and solutions.
4. As a student of social studies, what do you think is your role in tackling the

social problems?
5. What are the measures to be adopted to stop trading of human organs? Mention

in four points.
6. "Problems make man matured." Do you agree with this statement? Have you

experienced any such problems which have made you matured? If so, write a
monologue.
7. Write a letter to Maiti Nepal for asking a rescue program of the trafficked girls
from Indian brothels.
8. The Guiding principles on Human Organ Transplantation (1991) of World
Health Organization states that the commercialization of human organ is "a
violation of human rights and human dignity." Write an editorial to the leading
newspaper of Nepal.

iCommun ty Work
Visit your ward office and ask the records of trafficked girls in the ward. Then prepare
a short paragraph based on the data obtained so far.

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 98

Lesson Domestic Violence and Untouchability

4.2 FACTS The caste based discrimination and untouchability Crime Elimination and
Punishment Act, which was adopted by Constitution of Nepal prohibits the
to Understand practices of untouchability both in the public and private spheres.

Present society is marching ahead towards modernization but still there are
traditional thinking and behaviours prevalent in our society. These have affected an
individual, family, society and the nation negatively. So, to establish an ideal society,
the conservative thinking and behavior must be changed. Among such behaviours
domestic violence and untouchability are affecting the development pace of the society
badly. So, they should be reformed in time.

Domestic Violence

Break the Silence,
Speak Against Domestic

Violence

Domestic violence and complaint

Domestic violence stated by the United Nations on "Declaration on the Elimination of
Violence against Women" is:
"Physical, sexual and psychological violence occurring in the family, including
battering, sexual abuse of female children in the household, dowry-related violence,
marital rape, female genital mutilation and other traditional practices harmful to
women, non-spousal violence and violence related to exploitation."

99 Dynamic Social Studies - Book X

Domestic violence means any form of physical, mental, sexual and economic abuse
perpetrated by any person to the other person with whom he has a family relationship.
The definition also implies to the acts of reprimand or emotional abuse.

The degree of violence is increasing everywhere due to illiteracy, ignorance, illegal
relationship, dowry system, addiction of alcohol and drugs, transaction of money and
property, etc.

Effects of Domestic Violence

Mental stress, disappointment, fear and tension, depression
Reduces the working efficiency and interest
Drug addict can take wrong decision to commit suicide
Clashes occur in family relationship and breakdown of relationship
Decrease in social respect, increase in social conflict
Affects badly in the activities of children and senior citizens
Take wrong decisions like drug abuse, suicide, etc.

Ways to control domestic violence

Raise awareness among the people.
Maintain equality.
Provide equal ownership in property to female.
Give equal respect to the opinion of every family member.
Take collective decision on family matters instead of single decision.
Maintain, discipline and be civilized.
Inform immediately incase of violence occurs.
Protest against violence, raise your voice.

The most common form of gender based violence in Nepal is domestic violence due to
predominant patriarchal society, deeply rooted social customs, norms and valves. In
2009 Domestic violence Act has been recognized for the first time domestic violence as
a crime punishable by law.

Case Study

Ramaa, a well-educated woman is a victim of domestic violence. The main perterator
was her husband who made her life worse than the hell. She was abused physically,
verbally and more psychologically. She was depressed and took medicine but did not
open her mouth with the fear of losing respect in the society. She felt her life as useless,
so tried to commit suicide but for the sake of kids she left the idea. She talked to the
member of the society. The society supported her and called the WOREC and VAW
members for rehabilitation. Ramaa got a new life with the help of the organization VAW
(Violence Against Women).

Dynamic Social Studies - Book X 100