Social Studies 10

C. Terrorism
Terrorism is another challenge for the world. Terrorism is the use of violence among

people to fulfill any political, social, economic or other objectives. Groups that
spread terror are active to fulfill their vested interests by frightening people. Recent
attacks in Brussels in Belgium, Paris in France, Stockholm in Sweden, New York in
the USA, etc. are the examples of terrorist events. Syria is severely suffering from
terrorism. Afghanistan has fallen victim to it. Every year in the world hundreds
of people are killed because of terrorist attacks. Though various regional and
international organizations have committed to ending terrorism, it has not come to
an end.

d. Land-mines

A large number of people lose their lives due
to the explosion of land-mines under the land
or the sea. Thus, explosion causes deaths
and injuries. With the modern technology,
people have easy access to explosives. Thus,
innocent children, women and animals have
fallen victims to explosion. As a result, there
is a negative impact on the society. Therefore,
UN agencies and programmes have been providing necessary information with
economic and technical co-operation. It is necessary for us to be aware of these
issues.

e. Population Growth
The world is witnessing a strange population status. The population above 10 years

is high due to decreasing fertility rate.

Now 64% elderly people live in less developed regions. There are the least number
of elderlies in Europe and the highest number of elderlies in Asia. Therefore, in 1982
AD the General Assembly of the UNO announced 62-points Declaration related to
elderlies. It has taken elderlies not as a problem but as an issue of social security.
Thus, it has logic to give priority to elderlies. Nepal has started providing elderly
allowance under social security fund since 2051 BS to honour them. We all should
develop positive thought towards ageing.

f. Atomic Energy

Production and use of atomic energy has developed as a complex contemporary
event. There is a controversy because Iran and North Korea produce and use such
energy. But if we look at the use of atoms, in 1945 AD atom bombs were dropped in
Japan. Therefore, the General Assembly of the UNO established the Atomic Energy
Commission to fight against the problem on human life created by atomic energy.
Atomic energy has to be used to create positive impact on human life.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 451

g. Infectious Diseases

These days various problems related to human health are
seen. Several diseases like Corona Virus (COVID-19) Ebola,
AIDS, SARS, (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) MERS
(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome), Swine flu, Zika virus,
sickle cell anemia, etc. have developed as complex social
problems. Such problems have become more complicated
to be epidemics. Zika virus recently spread from Brazil
has affected 42 countries of the world. This has affected all
creating negative effect on life. For this we have to improve
our behavior like food habit and company.

h. Climate Change

Climate change is the most complicated and the most burning problem of the
present day world. This concept is observed linking it with global warming. Such
problems can be seen specially due to human activities. Actually, the ozone layer
can be preserved if we produce harmful gases as little as possible. Growth in global
warming has negative effects on human life and biodiversity. The snow covered
mountains have become snowless mountains. Climate change causes acid rain and
disaster resulting in epidemic. Therefore, we have to be aware of creating healthy
environment, of conserving bio-diversity and minimizing the causes and effects of
climate change.

Glossary

contemporary - happening in recent times
COVID-19
- a mild to severe respiratory illness caused by a corona virus
Ebola virus and is transmitted through contact with infectious material; a
SARS pandemic decease that got spread from China and has killed
Swine flu millions of people around the globe.
MERS
Zika virus - a deadly virus that causes high fever and massive internal
sickle cell anemia bleeding

- a severe form of pneumonia that appeared in outbreaks in
2003 AD

- a respiratory illness of pigs caused by influenza A virus

- a respiratory disease that emerged in 2012 AD

- a mosquito-borne virus found in parts of Africa and in
Malaysia that causes Zika fever

- a genetic blood disorder caused by the presence of an
abnormal form of hemoglobin

452 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

In-class Activity

If someone talks about the development of nuclear energy in Nepal, what will be your reaction
to it? Write your views with reasons.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is disarmament?
2. What is terrorism?
3. Write one reason behind the increase of population in the world.
4. When was the nuclear energy tested for the first time in the world?
5. Where did Zika virus originate?
6. What is climate change?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What do you understand by the contemporary events? Make a list of the
contemporary events other than given in the lesson.
2. Write down the positive aspects of disarmament.
3. Terrorism has become one of the serious problems of the world. Write any
four ways to combat terrorism.
4. What do you mean by infectious diseases? How do they pose a threat to the
human health?
5. Why do most of the infectious diseases originate in Africa and South America?
6. Write two positive and two negative impacts of nuclear energy.
7. How are land and naval mines dangerous to our lives?
8. Write down the major attempts made in Nepal to maintain a clean
environment.
9. Write down the major impacts of the depletion of the ozone layer.

Self Discovery

Talk to an environmentalist and find out the reasons and impacts of climate
change. Prepare a report including the solution to the problem of climate
change.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 453

Lesson Globalization and
Localization
9.7
-ljZjJofkLs/0f / :yfgLos/0f_

Pre-reading Activity

Think of the modern machinery equipments around your community? Where do they come from?
How do they come? Discuss in the class.

Globalization

Globalization is the use and process of operation of any goods and services in the global
context. It is a process to link global economy, culture and politics in a broad way. The
whole world has become a global village as Rigved has presented the world as a nest.
Similarly, Prof. Brown has envisioned a world without border.

Issues of economy, information and communication and human desires are interrelated.
There is independent flow of thoughts, goods and services. Thus in the present time
social, cultural, political and economic system we are using point to globalization. In the
present context, globalization is mainly related with economic aspect. Its impact is linked
with political, social and cultural aspects. Thus, free mobilization of individuals, goods,
services, capital and information crossing over the national border is globalization.

Further with the end of cold war the perspective developed in the decade of 1990 AD
influenced the world more. Concept of democratization, privatization, human rights,
freedom originated in the developed country and gradually spread to developing
countries. From the economic point of view we can say that globalization has created
the situation in which developing countries are following the concept adopted by
western countries. The impacts of globalization on cultural and traditional norms and
values have become broader. Foreign assistance, means of mass media, multinational
companies, international economic organisation, tourism, technology, education, human
rights, politics, diplomacy, etc. have been directly and indirectly helping in the process of
globalization.

The impact of globalization is more visible in the least developed and under developed
countries. Therefore, it has supported growth in access to market, technological
development, mobilization of means and resources in those countries.

While globalization has created opportunities, it has also led to dependency on others.
Therefore its impact can be mentioned in the following way:

Positive Effect (Strong Aspect) Negative Effect (Weak Aspect)

It has helped in improving relation of People of the least developed countries are
developed countries with external world benefitted less.
creating economic growth, alleviating
poverty and minimizing trade imbalance.

454 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

We can get information about art, culture There is a tendency of adopting foreign
politics and other subjects of developed culture and tradition due to decline in local
countries through the means of television, culture, tradition, norms and values.
satellite, radio, air service, Internet.

With the growth in foreign co-operation The voice of weak countries becomes

quality education and health facilities further weaker as they depend on others

have expanded. for national unity, nationality and economy.

Development of technology has helped There is lack of skilled manpower in
in trade diversification, balance of underdeveloped and least developed
payment, flow of capital, growth in countries due to brain drain.
foreign investment, growth in efficiency of
labourers and development of free trade.

There is creation of an environment to use There may be growth in drug trafficking,

quality goods at reasonable price due to use of weapons, social disorder, spread of

international competition in trade. infectious diseases.

It has helped in peace and security making Expansion of multinational companies

an end to misunderstanding between may affect national economy. It may

countries. increase disparity between the rich and the

poor due to inequality in access to means

and resources.

It has improved the lifestyle of the people It may create a situation in which the rich

of the underdeveloped countries due to countries pressurize incompetent countries

flow of available services and facilities in to adopt their ideology and perspective

various developed countries. through various means.

Localization

Nepali dictionary has defined localization as administrative decentralization. Localization
means limiting any issue, products and services to a certain place. Localization places
high priority to a special place.

It emphasizes on the promotion of local art, culture, dress, customs, norms and values. It
has put forth the assumption to prioritize thoughts, viewpoints, desires and ideas of the
local people. Localization has emphasized the development of knowledge-based society
making the access of information technology reach the local level. Modern inventions
have to be based on local skill and technology and on that basis identity of traditional
norms, values and cultures has to be focused.

Federal system has increased the importance of localization. It has given importance to
direct participation of citizens in politics, service distribution at local level, socio-economic
development of local area and localization of politics. In fact, localization is the protection
of typicality. It gives preference to unity in diversity. The United Nations had determined
the Millennium Goals keeping localization in priority. The effect to localization can be
mentioned in the following ways:

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 455

Positive Aspect Negative Aspect

• Focuses on the development of backward • Creates obstacles to the plan of

group/ class. internationally recognised goods and

services.

• Presents the view of people-centered • Gives priority to the development of

development. limited and small area.

• Opposes the interference of outer • Makes certain castes and class more

world and nations and focuses on the conservative towards their custom and

preservation of nationality. tradition.

• Focuses on the consumption of local • People remain disconnected from outer

products. culture and economy.

• Inspires to play the effective role in the • Stops the internalization of goods and
promotion of local culture and customs. services.

• Discourages the internationalization of • Focuses on certain geography and area

labour and goods. more than overall development of the

nation.

Relation Between Localization and Globalization

Think Globally Act Locally

Today the world has become a small village. Due to immense development in science and
technology we are connected by certain network which does not let us remain aloof. One
little event in one corner influences the whole world. One little act at local level can make
a difference in global level.

Localization involves the adoption of any product as service to a particular culture,
language, and desired local preferences. It is the narrowing and confining the people,
activities, norms, ideas, goods, services and other aspects to a particular or specific
geographic area.

Globalization is the dissemination of different activities of people, their norms, ideas,

goods, services and other capabilities from one corner to different corners of the world.

It also refers to the process of global integration of the economies, cultures, services,

investments and goods. Social

Globalization and localization are two globalization Technological
opposite and conflicting trends but can globalization

coexist. They affect the world in three

major areas. Economic Different
i. Politics globalization dimension of

ii. Economics globalization

iii. Culture Political Cultural
Political globalization has resulted in the globalization globalization

456 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

accumulation of power in a single international government. The best example can be
taken as the establishment of the greatest organization, the United Nations Organization.
It is the result of the combined effort of different countries. Localization focuses on the
practicalities of building more localized governance.
Globalization tends to focus on the expansion of productions of trade and economy. On
the other hand, localization tends to focus on more narrow and more specific activities of
consumers and producers.
The ideas and practices of globalization are beyond their originality. They keep on
changing. On the other hand, localization attempts to discourage any new ideas, norms,
values, practices and other aspects of culture.
As we see in the figure, multiple globalization have emerged today which are far beyond
the concept of localization. Every change in globalization causes change in localization
and vice-versa. Hence, we cannot separate them although they carry opposing concepts.
Both localization and globalization will continue to co-exist with globalization always
in the upper hand because most countries are generally leading to and becoming more
accepting of the idea of globalization.

Glossary

disseminate - spread
synergy - increase effectiveness

In-class Activity

Suppose you got an opportunity to observe a trade fair with a slogan " Use the national product
increasing local production.' What sort of information do you expect from the fair? Prepare a
report on it.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is localization?

2. What is globalization?

3. Write one impact of political globalization.

4. Where do you find more impact of globalization?

5. How did the concept of globalization develop?
6. What is the major concern of localization?

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 457

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write down any four major positive impacts of localization.

2. Write down any four major positive impacts of globalization.

3. Discuss the negative impacts of globalization.

4. Mention the economic features of globalization.

5. Differentiate between localization and globalization.

6. Justify the statement 'a world without border'.
7. Write a short note on the development of globalization.

Unit Revision

In this unit, we have learnt that:

●● The United Nations works towards promoting peace in the world.

●● The United Nations was established in 1945 AD with the objectives of:

- Maintaining international peace and security
- Developing friendly relationship among countries on the basis of principle of

equality
- Securing international cooperation to solve various problems
- Promoting and protecting human rights across the world
●● General Assembly, the Secretariat, Security Council, Trusteeship Council (now

inactive), International Court of Justice, and Economic and Social Council are the
six organs of the United Nations.

●● To achieve different objectives, the UN brings programs through its various
specialized agencies such as ILO, UNESCO, WHO, IMF, etc.

●● Since Nepal received her membership of the UN in 1955 AD, she has been actively
contributing to world peace, specially by sending Nepalese security forces in UN
missions.

●● Sustainable development, disarmament, terrorism, population growth, climate
change, infectious diseases are some of the contemporary events and issues of the
world. They have a direct impact upon the human life.

●● Localization focuses on promotion of local products and being self-dependent
whereas globalization focuses on promotion of goods and services between
countries.

●●

458 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Test Your knowledge

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Name the largest organization in the world.
2. Does the UN work in its every member nation?
3. Which country contributes the most to the regular UN budget?
4. What portion of the total budget of the UNO is contributed by Nepal?
5. How are poor nations much benefited through the UN?
6. Write one role of Nepal in maintaining global peace.
7. What is Ebola Virus?
8. How does the concept of localization promote the local goods?
9. Name any two means which have broadened the globalization.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. List four UN agencies and explain any one of them.
2. What is UNMIN? Discuss its role in Nepal.
3. List some suggestions you would like to give to the UN Secretary General for

keeping peace in the world.
4. Write down major functions of the Secretary General of the UNO.
5. What role did Nepal play while it was a member of the Secretary Council?
6. Name any four programs launched by the UN in Nepal and explain any one

of them.
7. Which sector do you think is the most important in the UN and why?
8. Write about the role of Nepal Army in peacekeeping.
9. Write any six duties of the UN peace keeping force.
10. Write any four reasons for the establishment of the UNO.
11. Is it justifiable to give veto power to only five permanent members of the

Security Council? Write your views for and against the statement.
12. How are UN agencies working in different parts of the world?
13. Make two columns. On one side write down at least 10 contemporary events

and on another side write down their major impacts.
14. Show the relationship between localization and globalization.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 459

Key Terms

UNO: the largest international organization established on 24 October 1945 to promote
peace, security, and economic development

Atlantic Charter: the joint declaration issued by F.D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill
on August 14, 1941, resulting from a conference at sea, setting forth the peace aims of
their governments for the period following World War II and that acted as the milestone
for the United Nations

General Assembly : the main organ and legislative body of the UNO

Security Council: United Nations' most powerful body with the prime responsibility
of maintaining international peace and security

veto power: the power of any of the five permanent members (the USA, China, Russia,
France, England) of the Security Council of the United Nations to cast a negative vote,
affirmative votes of all five being required to take action on other than procedural
matters

Secretary General: the head of the United Nations secretariat, one of the major organs
of the United Nations

specialized agencies of the UNO: independent international organizations funded by
both voluntary and assessed contributions

Non- alignment: the political ideology of being neutral

disarmament: demilitarize, reduction in number of soldiers and weapons

neocolonialism: the economic and political pressure or influence of powerful nations
over the poor and weaker nations

expansionism: a policy or practice of expansion and especially of territorial expansion
by a nation

Apartheid: the policy of strict racial segregation and political and economic
discrimination against nonwhites as practiced in South Africa

Zero HIV infection: free from HIV infection

contemporary events: the events existing or occurring at the present time or in the
same period of time

terrorism: use of violence among people to fulfill any political, social, economic or
other objectives

460 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

land-mines: a bomb that is buried under the ground and gets exploded if stepped
on it

atomic energy: energy that can be liberated by changes in the nucleus of an atom
( as by fission of a heavy nucleus or fusion of light nuclei into heavier ones with
accompanying loss of mass

infectious disease: a disease caused by the entrance into the body of organisms ( as
bacteria, protozoans, fungi, or viruses) which grow and multiply there

climate change: (global warming) the rise in average surface temperatures on Earth,
mostly due to the burning of fossil fuels

Ebola virus: a deadly virus that causes high fever and massive internal bleeding

SARS:(severe acute respiratory syndrome) a severe form of pneumonia that
appeared in outbreaks in 2003 AD

Swine flu: a respiratory illness of pigs caused by in influenza A virus

MERS:(Middle East respiratory syndrome) a respiratory disease that emerged in
2012 AD

Zika virus: a mosquito- borne virus found in parts of Africa and in Malaysia that
causes Zika fever

COVID-19: (coronavirus disease2019)an infectious disease characterized by a
mild to severe respiratory illness caused by the newly discovered coronavirus; the
pandemic disease was first identified in Wuhan, China on 31 December 2019 and has
taken the life of millions of people around the globe

Sickle cell anemia: a genetic blood disorder caused by the presence of an abnormal
form of hemoglobin
globalization: the dissemination of different activities of people, their norms, ideas,
goods, services and other capabilities from one corner to different corners of the
world
localization: the adoption of any product as service to a particular culture, language,
and desired local preferences
charter: and official document of rules and regulations

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 461

Model Question Paper Based on Specification Grid

Time: 2 hours and 15 minutes Full Marks: 75

Group 'A'

Very short answer questions 7×1=7
1. Justify the need of human resource development in a sentence.

2. How can skilled human resource contribute to the overall development of a nation? Write any two
ways.

3. Why should we preserve our heritage? Give any two reasons.

4. Prepare a slogan to create public awareness against human trafficking.

5. What is Delhi Agreement? Write one clause of the Delhi Agreement.

6. When did the first five year economic plan begin in Nepal?

7. Name any one UN agency working in your community. Also mention one major activity of the
agency.

Group 'B'

Short answer questions. 10 × 4 = 40

8. Define Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI of Nepal is not satisfactory. Write any three

ways to make HDI of Nepal better.

9. What is development proposal draft at local level? What is the significance of local development
proposal at local level? Write in three points.

10. Suppose two different programmes are organized in your community. One programme is related to

the western pop music and another folk music. Where do you prefer to go? Write with reasons in
four points.

11. Which problem does the given picture depict? Write any three solution to
the problem.

12. What do you mean by rights of Indigenous and Janajati? Write any three
ways to ensure their rights.

13. Take an average temperature of the first six months of a place separately.
Show it in a line graph.

14. Differentiate between the Tropical Monsoon Region and the Temperate Monsoon Region in four
points.

15. You might have taken a tour to any historical or religious place. Based on your tour write down the
objectives and major findings.

16. What is consumer rights? Are people in Nepal conscious about consumer rights? Write in three
points.

17. What is UNO? Justify the need of the UNO in three points.

Group 'C'

Long answer questions 4 × 7 = 28

18. Introduce federalism in a sentence. Write any three similarities and three differences between federal
legislature and provincial legislature as per the provision in the present constitution of Nepal.

19. Draw an outline map of Nepal and insert the following fact in it.
Cardamom production area, Mt. Gaurishankar, River Kaligandaki, Sworgadwari
OR
Draw an outline map of South America and insert the following facts in it.

Atacama Desert, Lake Titicaca, River Amazon, Caracas

20. An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind. How far does the statement link with the cause of
the Second World War? Draft a dialogue on it.

21. Hydroelectricity is considered as the key element to economic prosperity in Nepal. Discuss in detail
the potentiality and importance of hydropower in Nepal.

462 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Specification Grid

Unit Areas Periods Knowledge and Creative, Critical Ability to do Value and Attitude Total Marks Time
Understanding Thinking and Analysis, Application, 12% Questions Weight
Practical and 9
31% Problem Solving Research Skill VS S L 9
36%
21% 9
VS S L VS S L VS S L 9
20
1 We and Our Society 15 11 25 26
1 25 22
2 Development and 16 1 22
Infrastructure of 1 21
Development 9
135
11 1 1

3 Our Traditions, Norms 16 1 11 2 5
4 and Aspirations 19 1 12 5
Social Evils and
Solutions 11
15
5 Civic Awareness 22 1 2 12
3 12
6 Our Earth 27 1
3 5
7 Our Past 22 1 3 75

8 Our Economic 17 1 1 1 11
Activities

9 Our International 15 1 2
Relationship 1 2 0 21

Total 170 4 3 1 13 2

Marks Division

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 463 Question Type Number Marks Division
Long Answer Type 4 4x7=28
Short Answer Type 10 10x4=40
Very Short Answer 7 7x1=7
19 75
Total

Note:
i) Questions will also be asked from the current events of the world and Nepal. They shall be relevant to the curriculum of Social Studies
ii) Very short and short answer type questions are asked jointly from two units. They evaluate different learning skills.
iii) The questions from unit 6 will include the freehand map drawing of Nepal. Freehand map drawing of Africa, North America or South America and

inserting places will in option. While drawing the map of North America, student needs not show the islands north to Hudson Bay.
iv) Minimum one short or long question related to Project Work will be asked from units 5,6,7,8 and 9.

Syllabus Issued by Curriculum Development Centre, Sanothimi, Bhaktapur, Nepal.

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kfg{] k|efj -ª_ g]kfndf ;xsfl/tf / ladf -r_ /fhZj / s/ c;'nL -5_ pkefS] tf
clwsf/ / pkofu]

-s_ ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª\3 / o;sf cu+ x? -v_ ;o+ 'Qm /fi6«;3+ sf ljlzi6st[ , ;:+ yfx?;u+
g]kfnsf] ;DaGw / ;xof]u -u_ ljZjdf 36]sf ;d;fdlos 36gfx? / ltgn] dfgj
hLjgdf kf/s] f k|efj, 3_ :yfgLos/0f / ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff .

464 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10