Saray Naach
People take weapons like Khunda, Khukuri, sword or stick in hand and stand in a line in
monasteries and temples during Dashain specifically it is performed in areas like Gulmi,
Arghakhanchi, Syangja, Banglung, Palpa.
Chaulo Naach or Chalo Naach
It is organised in the hilly region of the far western parts of Nepal during the Shukla
Paksha (waxing moon period) of Kartik.
Pulkisi Naach
It is performed in Kilagal, Kathmandu during Indrajatra. It is prevalent in the Jyapu
community. It is a symbolic dance of the white elephant.
Jharra Naach
Tharu people of the Terai region dance to the music produced by striking bamboo stripes.
Jat Jatin Dance
It is organised based on the prevalent folk tune in the Mithila region. Joys and sorrows are
described in this folk dance based on actor Jat and actress Jatin. There is a myth that it is
performed to please God Indra during drought.
Salhes Naach
The Dusadhs and the Musahars in the Eastern Terai dance during main deity Salhes Puja.
Rudrayani Naach
It is performed in Khokana, Lalitpur during Rudrayani Puja.
Panchabuddha Dance
This dance is based on Buddhist tradition and is considered to be the main ritual dance of
the Shakyas. It is performed in honour of the Pancha Buddha.
Thali Naach
It is a traditional dance originated in Chimkhola, Myagdi district. This dance entails the
performer to make movements of the body with the tune of folk music holding plates on
the palms and rotating them meticulously.
Balan Dance
The dance performed in different feasts and festivals based on religious stories of Krishna
Charitra, Ram Charitra, etc. along with the gestures is known as Balan Dance.
Importance of Folk and Classical Dance
1. It supports conservation and promotion of typical culture of the country.
2. It helps an individual in developing art and skill.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 101
3. It develops physical and mental competencies.
4. It helps in socialization and development of social relation.
5. It helps an individual to get domestic and international travel opportunities.
6. It helps in recreation.
Differences between folk dance and classical dance
Folk dance Classical dance
It is based on castes, communities or their It is based on a particular religion, myth or
culture legend
It is generally meant for recreational It is associated with an aura of spirituality
reasons and symbolizes enjoyment. and imitates the nature of god or goddess
in their special forms.
Dances wear racial or cultural costumes Dancers disguise themselves as character
and jewels. of myths, etc.
It is funnier and free. It usually has a story It is more demanding and is usually strict
line. with technical aspects.
It does not have special rules, costumes or It has specific costumes, certain steps and
steps and gets changed with the passage gesture and doesn't change with the time.
of time.
Example: Dhan Naach, Chandi Naach, etc. Example: Bhairab Naach, Panchabuddha
Naach, Sorathi Naach, etc.
Measures to Preserve and Promote Folk Music, Song and Dance
●● We should organize different programmes of folk music/song/dance time to
time at local, national and international level.
●● We should practise and prioritize our typical folk music/song/dance during
different feasts, festivals and celebrations.
●● We should make compulsory practice of folk music/song/dance among students
during formal programmes at schools and colleges.
●● We should commercialize our folk music/song/dance without spoiling their
uniqueness.
●● We should ask the mass media like radio, television, newspaper, etc. to give top
priority to our folk heritages (music, song, dance).
●● We should ask the government to honour those personalities who have played
important role in the promotion and preservation of folk song, dance and music.
102 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
gesture Glossary
tilling
sowing - the movement of body parts (esp. hand) to express something
impersonate - cultivating
manifestation - planting seeds
- to take next form; imitate
- incarnation
In-class Activity
Are there any efforts made in your community to preserve folk and classical dances?
Mention in points.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is a folk dance?
2. What is classical dance?
3. What kind of dance is Kartik Naach?
4. How does dance help in creating a healthy body?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write down the importance of folk and classical dance.
2. How are folk dances different from classical dances? Write in four points.
3. How are folk dances related to community culture? Explain with appropriate
examples.
4. Briefly introduce at least three dances mentioned in the lesson.
5. Make a list of dances discussed in the lesson that you are not familiar with.
Gather as much information as you can about the dances you have listed.
6. Prepare a brief report on a folk or community dance, not mentioned in the
lesson. Present your report in the class.
7. 'Folk songs, folk musical instruments and folk dances are complementary to
one another.' Justify the statement with examples.
8. Write a brief note on each of the following dances:
Dhan Naach, Ghatu Naach, Hudkeli Naach, Deuda Naach, and Charya
Naach
Self-discovery: Project Work
There may be folk or classical dances popular in your community. Prepare a short report
on any dance practised in your community. In the report, include information related to
the origin, belief, techniques, costumes, songs, instruments, and meaning of the dance.
If possible, also collect images or photos of the dance and display on the board with
explanatory captions.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 103
Lesson Our National Days
3.5 -xfd|f /fli6«o lbj;x?_
Pre-reading Activity
What is your favorite national day and why? What do you do to celebrate the day? Can you think of
alternative ways of celebrating national days, besides enjoying the holiday?
Reading
A day having significance and celebrated throughout the nation is called a national
day. We celebrate national days to mark the special event or occasion in the history
of the nation. On these days, we celebrate holidays with various programs to honour
the occasion and persons associated with the day. It is also an occasion manifested by
joy reflecting the sincere simmering love for the country and the true loyalty to our
predecessors. On this day, we re-emphasise our national constants, and show the world
our pride in our country, our unity and the cohesion among our people which is the root
of our pride. Nepal has gone through several important changes in history. Accordingly,
we commemorate several days as the national days.
1. Loktantra Day
We observe Baishakh 11 of Nepali
calendar as the Loktantra Day
to commemorate the People’s
Movement II in 2062/2063 that
established democracy in Nepal.
Loktantra means the rule of the
people which is equivalent to
‘democracy.’ The term "Loktantra"
replaced “Prajatantra” which was
commonly used before. It is because
the word “praja” in the Nepali
language is considered pejorative as it roughly means “subjects under the king.”
2. Republic Day
Every year Jesth 15 is celebrated as the Republic Day. On Jesth 15, 2065 the first
meeting of the then Constituent Assembly declared Nepal a republic state formally
ending the monarchy and on the same day the Republic Day is celebrated every
year.
104 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
2. Constitution Day g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
Constitution is the system of fundamental principles ;l+ jwfg;ef ;lrjfno
according to which a nation or state is governed.
After a long political exercise, Nepal finally got the l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F
formal constitution on Ashwin 3, 2072. This is the first
constitution drafted by the representatives through the
Constituent Assembly. We observe the Constitution
Day on 3rd Ashwin to commemorate the promulgation
of the Constitution of Nepal.
4. Martyr's Day
Many known and unknown people sacrificed their lives for democracy and freedom at
various stages of the history of Nepal, including the Rana Regime (1903-2007 BS),
Panchayat period (2017-2046 BS), People’s Movements (2007, 2046 and 2062/63 BS). Due
to the sacrifice of those people, we enjoy democracy, freedom, and fundamental rights.
The person who has got martyrdom in the campaign for the achievement of
democracy and civic rights is called a martyr. Shukra Raj Shastri, Dharma Bhakta
Mathema, Ganga Lal Shrestha and Dasarath Chand were the pioneers of the efforts
for the end of the Rana rule and establishment of democracy. The period between 10
Magh and 16 Magh when they were executed is commemorated as the Martyrs'
week. There are several statues of the martyrs at Martyrs' Gate in Kathmandu,
Martyrs' Park and several other places in honour of the martyrs who sacrificed their
lives for the welfare of the nation at different times. We observe the Martyrs’Memorial
Day on 16th Magh every year. On the day, people gather at Martyrs' Gate (Sahid Gate)
in Kathmandu and offer flowers, garlands and tribute to martyrs.
It is true honour to the martyrs if we honour the family members of the martyrs. We
get inspired from martyrs and it is our responsibility to fulfill their dream.
5. Democracy Day
Political parties and people fought to
overthrow the autocratic Rana regime and
finally democracy was introduced in Nepal
on Falgun 7, 2007 B.S. So we celebrate this
day as the Democracy Day every year.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 105
6. Children’s Day
It is observed on Bhadra 29. In 1948, the United
Nations passed a protocol on children’s rights.
Nepal signed the protocol on September 14,
1990. The day is celebrated to raise awareness
about and protect children’s rights. Schools,
organisations related to children such as Bal
Mandir, Paropakar Sanstha, other government
and non-government organizations observe the
day organising various programmes.
7. Education Day
On the occasion of the World Literacy Day,
Sepetember 8, we observe Education Day
in Nepal to promote education. The Day is
celebrated with special programs honouring
meritorious students with medals and prizes.
Individuals who have contributed to education
also receive honour from the Government,
colleges, and universities. Especially, the
Ministry of Education and other educational
institutions observe the day with various
programs.
8. International Women’s Day
The International Women’s Day is observed
on March 8. It is celebrated to mark women’s
economic, political, and social achievement.
The first International Women’s Day was
observed on February 28, 1909 in the United
States. The Government of Nepal has
declared a public holiday for women on the
day. Different programs are organized by the
Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare and other organizations. In such
programs, the issues related to women such as education, health, gender equality,
human rights, are discussed and emphasized.
9. International Labour Day
It is also called the May Day and is celebrated
by the labourers of the world as the great
festival. It honours the international labour
movement. Originally, International
Workers’ Day is the commemoration of
the 1886 Haymarket massacre in Chicago.
106 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
The May Day was formally recognized as an annual event in 1891.American labourers
fought for the rights of labour demanding 8 hours' work, 8 hours' entertainment and
8 hours' rest. They got rights on May 1, 1901. International Labour Organization
(ILO) looks after the laws, social and economic security of the labour and observes
the Labour Day.
Glossary
simmering - filled with a strong feeling
predecessor - ancestor
cohesion - closely united
commemorate - to mark by with ceremony
promulgation - declaration
protocol - an original draft
In-class Activity
Imagine your school is organizing special activities to mark the International Women’s Day. Imagine
that you are the chair of the organizing committee. Draw a plan to celebrate the day with various
activities. Then, justify why each activity expresses the spirit of the day.
Exercise
A. Write very short answer to the following questions.
1. What do you mean by a national day?
2. Why is March 8 marked as International Women's Day every year?
3. What are national festivals?
4. Why do we celebrate a national day?
5. Write down the significance of Children's Day.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What is the importance of national days? Discuss with examples.
2. In your opinion, who is a martyr? How should we honour martyrs?
3. What is the importance of the International Labour Day? What is its historical
importance?
4. If you are given responsibility to manage any one of the national days, what
sort of programme will you make? Show the format.
5. Make a list of major national days celebrated in Nepal.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 107
6. 'To get the right wage for the right task is the right of every employee.' Justify
the statement with examples.
7. Prepare at least two slogans for all the national days mentioned in the text.
8. If you get an opportunity to speak on the occasion of the Children's Day,
what sort of opinion will you put? Present your views.
9. What sort of programmes are organized in your school to mark different
national days? List out the activities.
10. "National days should not be limited only the celebration, rather the essence
of the day has to be enlivened." Justify the statement.
11. Write a brief note on each of the following national days:
i) International Women’s Day ii) Democracy Day iii) Education Day
12. Most national days we observe are also celebrated in many other countries.
However, very few countries declare public holidays on such days. Do you
agree with the Government of Nepal’s decision to declare holidays? What
other ways can there be of celebrating such important days?
13. While celebrating national days and festivals, generally, people organize
rallies in the streets, obstructing traffic and so on. Do you agree with the way
we celebrate festivals and national days? Why?
Self-discovery: Project Work
You must have noticed that people often give lofty speeches during national days
such as Children’s Day about how everyone should work to improve the lives
of children and educate them. In fact, it is always hard to translate speeches into
reality. Imagine you’re a member of an “Action for Children’s Education” group.
Devise a plan to help homeless and poor children get education.
108 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson International
Personalities
3.6
-cGt/fl{ i6«o JolStTj_
Pre-reading Activity
What is your aim in life? How does your aim contribute to the mankind? Share it with the class.
Reading
Every person is born with an innate talent and ability. Only a few have realized the
potential and contributed to the nation and the world. They have left a lasting legacy for
the future. Through the good work they have done for humanity, they inspire us to adopt
the habit of hard work, self-discipline, and perseverance. The world is replete with such
inspiring personalities. An individual's contribution can benefit other people anywhere in
the world. An individual's work and experience inspires and encourages other people in
the world. In this lesson, we are going to learn about two such international personalities
who have led the world with exemplary deeds and inspirational life.
Kailash Satyarthi
Name : Kailash Satyarthi
Birth : 11 January 1954, Bidisha, Madhya Pradesh, India
Nationality : Indian
Education : Electrical Engineering from Samarat Ashok Technological Institute
Religion : Hindu
Kailash Satyarthi is a loving social worker for children. He
was born on January 11, 1954. He is an Indian dedicated to
providing rights to children. He is a child rights activist and
a social worker fighting against child labour across the whole
world. He worked for the protection of child rights of more
than 8300 children in 144 countries in 1980 through his Bachpan
Bachao Andolan (Save the Childhood Movement). This work
and activity of Satyarthi put the slogan of prohibiting child
labour according to convention no. 182 of the International
Labour Organisation into action and thus directed even the
governments all over the world.
Work
In the beginning he had an experience of teaching in a college in Bhopal in 1980. Thereafter
he established the Bonded Labour Liberation Front and initiated the Save Childhood
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 109
Movement as the secretary general. He was associated with Global March International
Advocacy, International Child Labour and Education Center, Global Trade Union of
Teachers. He was involved in the Global Campaign for Education from the very beginning
and even worked in Action Aid, Oxfam and Global Education out of four of its founders.
Identity and Honour
Satyarthi established the first clean label good weave of carpets produced without child
labour in South Asia. At the same time, he initiated the monitoring and verification
system. He traveled to Europe and the United State of America to promote consumers'
awareness and to advertise the objective of the organisation and international campaign.
After this he became stronger in issues like human rights, child labour, child welfare
and benevolence. Apart from this he brought awareness about social problems and he
urged people to fight against poverty, unemployment, illiteracy, population growth. He
worked in the boards and committees in the UNESCO, International Labour Rights Fund
and International Cocoa Foundation in order to make all have an access to education to
strengthen campaign against child labour.
Satyarthi and Pakistani child activist Malala Yousafzai were jointly honoured with the
Nobel Peace Prize in 2014. They received the prize for the struggle against children and
youths and service for child right and education.
Satyarthi was honoured with Harvard University Award "Humanitarian of the Year
(2015 AD)", Honorary Doctorate by Amity University, Gurgaon (2015), Defenders of
Democracy Award, 2009 (the USA), Alfonso Comin International Award 2008 (Spain),
Gold Medal of the Italian Senate (2007), "Heroes Acting to End Modern Day Savery, 2007
(US state Department), Freedom Award 2006 (USA), Wellenberg Medal 2002 (University
of Michigan), Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Award 1999 (Germany), Golden Flag Award 1998
(Netherland), Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award 1995 (USA), The Trumpeter Award
1995 (US), The Aachener International Peace Award 1994 (Germany), Elected Ashoka
Fellow 1993 (USA), etc.
Dr. Martin Luther King
Martin Luther King is a civil rights activist. He fought for the freedom, equality, rights
and honour of African Americans in the United States.
He was born in Atlanta on 15 January 1929. Atlanta is the
old centre for Civil Movement. He joined the struggle in his
adolescence only. King started his educational career from
David T. Howard Elementary school and later went to Booker
T. Washington High School. At the age of 15 he enrolled
himself in Atlanta's Morehouse college. Subsequently
he attended Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester,
Pennsylvania and later earned PhD degree from the Boston
University. During the course of his study he got involved
in the struggle against apartheid. There was discrimination
against blacks and people of colour in the USA. There was
discrimination in education on the grounds of skin colour. The Supreme Court gave the
verdict to end discrimination against blacks in 1955.
110 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
After the verdict, a wave of protest against discrimination spread all over the country. In
this process there was 381 day long bus boycott protest in Montgomery (Alabama, the
USA) also called Montgomery Bus Boycott protest against discrimination in the public
transport on the basis of colour. Martin Luther took the leadership role in the movement.
He launched Civil Right Movement in various cities like Birmingham (Alabama, the
USA) Alaska and he led it. He faced arrest, imprisonment and torture and organised a
historical protest demonstration in Washington on 28 August 1963. In that demonstration
thousands of Civil Rights activists heard his famous speech 'I Have a Dream'.
After he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, he became popular worldwide. He also
protested against all types of violence done by the American government. He raised his
voice against a decade-long war put on the Vietnamese by the American government in
1967. Similarly, he strongly advocated for the poor and labourers. He declared that all the
poor people had a moral right to get food, shelter, clothes, education, health and essential
work for livelihood and proper remuneration for work. His action enraged groups such
as Ku Klux Klan, a group that believed in the supremacy of the whites. This group was the
group to worship dictator Hitler. He was assassinated while returning after participating
in the 3-day strike of sanitation workers on 3 April 1968. It is still considered that even
after his death his dream has not come to an end.
Dr. Martin Luther King had dream of social revolution. He raised his voice for the creation
of state of equality, independence and honour and liberation from violent war. He initiated
a social revolution in a non-violent way. Still the whole world is praising his work.
perseverance Glossary
replete
apartheid - working continuously despite difficulty
- full
- racial discrimination
In-class Activity
Get into small groups of 4-5 students. As a group, select an international personality, not mentioned
in the lesson, who deserves our appreciation. Then, make a list of contribution the persons made to
humanity. On the board, write names and some information about all the personalities chosen by
each group.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Who are called international personalities?
2. Who is Kailash Satyarthi?
3. Name the movement launched by Kailash Satyarthi.
4. Name two personalities who were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in
2014.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 111
5. Who was Dr. Martin Luther King?
6. What was the famous speech given by Martin Luther King?
7. When was Martin Luther King awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?
8. What was the major agenda carried by Martin Luther King?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. 'Though Kailash Satyarthi is an Indian citizen, his contribution is to the world'.
Justify the statement.
2. Write down the major noble tasks of Kailash Satyarthi.
3. Write down the major contributions of Martin Luther King.
4. What lessons can you learn from Kailash Satyarthi and Martin Luther King?
5. The Nobel Peace Prize 2014 was awarded jointly to Kailash Satyarthi and Malala
Yousafzai for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people
and for the right of all children to education. Now compare the life of both these
personalities.
6. What similarities do you find between Martin Luther king and Mahatma Gandhi?
Present in a table.
7. Find at least four personalities from different countries who have contributed to
social sector. Make short notes on those figures.
8. If you had to choose one between Kailash Satyarthi and Martin Luther King, who
would you choose and why?
9. Write down the biography of Malala Yousafzai using the given clues:
Born July 12, 1997, Mingora, Swat Valley, Pakistan-parents Ziauddin Yousafzai
and Toor Pekai Yousafzai - Pakistani prominent education activist - 2011,
nominated for the International Children's Peace Prize - 2012 became the recipient
of Pakistan's first National Youth Peace Prize - 2012, Pakistani President Asif Ali
Zardari announced the launch of a 10$ million education fund in Yousafzai's
honour - October 9, 2012, Shot by Taliban gunman on head, luckily survived,
became more active in her mission - July 12, 2013 first appearance after being
shot and addressed an audience of 500 at United Nations in New York - 2013,
founded Malala Fund - 2013, won Sakharov Prize - 2013, won the United Nations
Human Right Prize - 2013, named one of the most influential people by Time
Magazine - 2014, won Noble Prize at the age 17, became the youngest Noble prize
Laurete - 2015, opened a girl's school in Lebanon for Syrian refugees from the Malala
Fund - wrote the picture book based on her childhood named 'Malala's Magic
Pencil' - 2017, awarded honorary Canadian Citizenship - source of inspiration for
all mankind.
Self-discovery: Project Work
In this lesson, you have learned about two international personalities who have
contributed a lot to the world and humanity. In our own country, there may be such
personalities who have contributed to our society. Find one such personality and write
a brief biography. Write down the biography of Malala Yousafzai using the given clues.
112 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Cosmopolitanism
3.7 -ljZjaGw'Tj_
Pre-reading Activity
In your class there might be students of different castes and religions. What sort of relation exists
among the students? Does fraternity exist? Discuss.
Reading
●● Damanta watches the live Rio Olympic game on the television.
●● Urmila makes video call to son who is working in Saudi Arabia.
●● Millions of aid came to Nepal from different parts after the massive earthquake of
2072.
●● Hem Raj goes to London for official task and returns to Nepal the next day.
What do the above examples reflect? Do these issues relate to something common?
Yes, we live in the most exciting world. We live differently in different parts of the globe.
We have our own way of living. We think and respond in our own way. We shape our life
and give meaning to it in our own way. Yet, we cannot remain isolated from other beings.
We have something common which makes us live together by sharing and caring.
Today, the world does not exist the same as it was in the past. It has been shrunk by modern
advances in communication, technology and transportation. People across the world
belong to the same family where they exchange their feelings, ideas and experiences.
They feel closer to one another. There have been strong ties between them where it is
impossible to imagine them remain in isolation. In fact, the world has become a global
village.
People-to-people conversations are changing the world. Our conversations are mainly
concerned with huge global issues. The problem of one corner is taken as a global problem.
The innovation and creation of any new idea in one corner is shared by the whole world.
Today one healthy individual in healthy family and healthy community can serve as a
basis for a healthy world economy. That is why the maxim " Think Globally, Act Locally"
has been prioritized.
Though the diversity exists within us, this diversity leads to the creation of new
diversion of life. This diversity leads to innovation and development. Had there been
no diversities, the world would not have been so developed and modernized. Even the
UNESCO supports the idea that protecting cultural rights and diversity has the potential
to promote peaceful international relations. It has created an opportunity to gain a greater
understanding of development issues and learn other's culture.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 113
The world is our common home. We are economically, politically, socially and
environmentally dependent on each other. Hence, it is necessary for us all to promote
fraternity by loving, sharing and caring. Unfortunately, today our society is riddled with
injustice, poverty, conflict, violence, terrorism, man-made disasters, etc. Now we need to
combat them together. We need to have the combined effort to root out these problems.
We all need to practise tolerance and strive for global peace.
Biologically not only human beings, but all the creatures of the world are mutually
interrelated. Therefore, human beings, the world's best creatures, should not affect the
lifestyle of other creatures while carrying out their activities. We should never forget
about other's existence while fulfilling our needs and desires. There is a saying in vedic
tradition. "Basudhaiwa Kutumbakam". It means all the people are related to one another.
Therefore, we should live together, we should share joys and sorrows and we should
believe in co-existence.
It is the compulsion of people to migrate to a foreign land because of employment,
tourism, foreign trade, mutual co-operation, etc. People do not want to be limited to
one place. Therefore, they reach a new place leaving the old place to avoid sorrows and
difficulties. There are citizens of several countries in a city. That is the reason why there
is importance of global fraternity feeling. One can reach another corner from one corner
of the world within a few hours' travel. These days in big cities there are guest houses,
home stays, recreational places in order to provide family environment. Due to all these
activities religious and racial fundamentalism has gone down. As a result there is increase
in mutual co-operation, good will and human unity. People rejoice on the occasion of
festivals and fairs wearing dresses of other communities.
Thus, mixing up with all with "we" feeling is the feeling of global fraternity. Global
fraternity only can establish peace. The theme of global fraternity is to demonstrate high
honour to all religions, castes, regions, faiths. If we really want to be free from wars and
hatred, we should consider one another our relatives or friends or brothers and sisters.
Every person must rise above the border of race, religion, language and nation. All the
religions help us to respect peace and this is the objective of education. Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) has made global fraternity its directive principle. The formation of
SAARC, ASEAN, European Union, Commonwealth Nations, etc. is the effort to promote
global fraternity. That is why we all should imagine sovereign global family. The whole
world can be a family through the initiation of dialogue, acceptance of diversity, awareness
about spirituality and purity of soul. If a country or an individual extends love, good
will and co-operation to another country or individual, only then global fraternity is
enhanced. Even if one is rich, other's poverty produces sadness in him/her. It is a human
nature. There should be empathy and co-operation among people of the world to get rid
of pain, fear, epidemic, poverty, etc. Thus global fraternity increases through empathy
and co-operation.
Human life can be joyful. Lack of tolerance on the basis of racial discrimination, narrow
nationalism makes the feeling of global fraternity weak. Therefore, an individual must
114 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
get rid of egoism and work for the prosperity of mankind and happy life. Consequently,
global unity gets stronger. Ultimately when all the people have the feeling of global
fraternity, there will be no conflict and peace prevails everywhere.
Glossary
isolation - the state of being separated
maxim - saying
riddle - puzzle
In-class Activity Disadvantages of hostility
Complete the following table.
Advantages of global fraternity
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is global fraternity?
2. What has made the world a small family?
3. Name any one way to combat the common global problem.
4. What should be done to maintain global fraternity?
5. Prepare any two slogans that reflect global fraternity.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. How has the world become a global village? Explain with examples.
2. Justify the statement 'Think Globally, Act Locally'.
3. 'Global fraternity is a must to maintain global peace.' Justify the statement
with examples.
4. Compose a dialogue between two friends on the importance of global
fraternity.
Self-discovery: Project Work
How are the people of other nations or places treated in your community? If there
are certain memorable events, present them in the class.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 115
Lesson Our Responsibility
3.8 towards Senior Citizens
-Ho]i7 gful/sk|ltsf] xfd|f] bfloTTj_
Pre-reading Activity
Who is the eldest member of your family? Is he/she happy with his/her life? Collect the answer from
each student of the class and draw a conclusion.
Reading
Look at your family members. Who do
you find there? Grandfather, grandmother,
father, mother, brother, sister, uncle, aunt,
etc. Among those members, who are the most
aged ones? Perhaps you all have the same
answer. Yes, it is our grandparents. They are
the people whom we give high respect and
are in the most esteemed position. We call
these people senior citizens. Senior Citizens
Act, 2063 has defined senior citizens as the
citizens of Nepal having completed the age
of 60 years. They are elderly persons usually
beyond the age of retirement.
There are many senior citizens in our
community. As the people approach the age
of maturity or surpass the average life span
of human beings they tend to get the status of senior citizens. Senior Citizens Act, 2063 has
provided several rights to the senior citizens. Sub-article 3 states that it shall be the duty
of all to respect senior citizens. Further, sub-article 4 has the provision of maintenance
and care of senior citizens which says:
i. It shall be the duty of each family member to maintain and care the senior citizens
according to the economic status and prestige of the member.
ii. Where the senior citizen has lived separately or wishes to live separately taking his
or her partition share, the family member of his or her choice shall stay with him or
her and maintain the senior citizen.
iii. No one shall detach the senior citizen from the family or compel the senior citizen to
get detached from the family against his or her will.
iv. Where the economic condition of the senior citizen of the family member
maintaining the senior citizen is weak, other family members shall make provision
116 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
of maintenance and care of the senior citizen in spite of the fact that such member
has not kept such senior citizen with him or her.
The act clearly states that to take care, give freedom and provide good service to old people
is the responsibility of family and relatives. But, there is little provision for punishment to
those who simply ignore the aged people.
Senior citizens are the wisest and the most experienced members in our community
and hence they can contribute a lot to the nation. Physically, they may not be strong
but their experience can contribute tremendously to the welfare of the society. They are
the important engines of society and can give us wisdom and knowledge of past. This
knowledge of past can help to make the present and future a better place to live in. Their
guidelines will assist to explore and unfold mystery of the world. Moreover as many
senior citizens stay at home, they can teach the principles of socialization to their grand
children.
Senior citizens are not only the builders of our society but are also the pillars of social
and cultural knowledge, norms and values, and tradition. They have already seen many
ups and downs in their lives. They have invaluable experience and knowledge. We must
utilize their knowledge and experience. Some of the senior citizens remain active and
have contributed to family, society and nation.
It is the duty of the state to take special care of senior citizens. Such work is within the
social and moral responsibility of the state. The society should also provide sympathetic
and respectful service to them. A network of social organizations has been working for
senior citizens in Nepal. Such organizations play a role in national development and
safeguard public welfare and conserve public concern. Such social organizations have
paid much attention to urban areas with a lot of facilities but the rural areas are in greater
need of social help.
Some ignore senior citizens as they have less energy, feel lazy, and express dissatisfaction.
Some of the senior citizens get neglected at home itself because of the effect of western
lifestyle, busy life, lack of money, generation gap, desire for a nuclear family, etc. As a
result, some of the senior citizens are not able to enjoy the facilities provided by the state.
Actually, the government has made a special provision of the welfare of the senior
citizens. The Constitution of Nepal has mentioned the right to social security as per
the provision in the law about the right related to employment and social security, the
elderlies, differently able people, invalids and helpless citizens. Similarly, it is mentioned
that the state has adopted the policy to make special provision about the protection of the
helpless, elderlies, differently able people, invalids and social security for progress. It is
further mentioned that there should be a provision of allowance for elderlies and invalids
in the law. It is the duty of every member of the family to take care of the senior citizens
according to economic and social status as per the Senior Citizens Act. It is mentioned
that if the senior citizen wants to stay separately taking his/her share, he/she should be
allowed, otherwise he/she should be taken care of by the family member he/she desires
to stay with. Nobody should force the senior citizen stay separately. In case the family
member's economic condition is poor, he/she may not be able to keep senior citizens with
him/her. He/She still has to take care of senior citizens. There is a rule that the family
member or relative who is using the property of the senior citizens must keep the senior
citizens with him/her taking care of them. We should try to implement these laws.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 117
It is everyone's duty to provide essential service, facilities and co-operation to the senior
citizens in public transport, public work, health services, religious and public sites. No
senior citizen needs to be sad if everyone follows the commitment made by the state in
this regard. The state has made an arrangement that there should be at least two seats in
public transport and at least 50% discount in the bus fare, discount in health service and
free treatment, etc. for the senior citizens.
Unfortunately, senior citizens in our country do not enjoy facilities in comparison to other
developed nations of the world. Although our culture recognizes the status of the senior
citizens as that of God most of the senior citizens have pitiful life. Many of them face the
problems like lack of care, emotional support and economic support both from the family
and the nation.
Hence, it is our responsibility to have special care and respect toward the senior citizens.
They might have different problems in their life because of their age but we need to solve
their problems. We need to love and help them because they loved and helped us when
we needed them. The young people will learn from the way we treat our senior citizens.
Tomorrow will be our turn to become the senior citizens and we will be treated in the
same way as we have treated ours. We need to take them as the asset of the society so that
they don't take their lives as a burden.
Glossary
detach - to separate
tremendously - largely
allowance - an amount of money given to someone
In-class Activity
What sort of help is being obtained by the senior citizens of your family or community from
children, family members and the society? Ask the senior citizens and put their views in a
table.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Who are senior citizens?
2. How has the Senior Citizens Act, 2063 defined senior citizens?
3. How should we treat the senior citizens?
4. What is the condition of senior citizens in Nepal?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write any four of our responsibilities towards senior citizens.
2. What does the sub-article 4 of the Senior Citizens Act, 2063 say about senior citizens?
3. Write some ways to improve the condition of senior citizens in Nepal.
118 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
4. What sort of discounts and facilities have been managed for the senior citizens
in Nepal?
5. "Senior citizens have a unique set of skills and knowledge." Justify the
statement.
6. What sort of organizations have been established in Nepal for the senior
citizens to safeguard their health, protection and dignity?
7. What sort of provisions have been managed by the government in the
constitution and acts for the right and protection of senior citizens in Nepal?
8. We often hear or read the news of senior citizens being ignored or neglected
by their own family members. What are the reasons behind it? Write down
the solution to the problems.
Self-discovery: Project Work
Talk to one of the senior citizens of your community. Listen to the experience and
contribution made by him to the society and prepare a short report to present in
the class.
Unit Review
In this unit, we have learnt that:
●● Heritages are socially, historically, culturally, and artistically important
achievements of humanity.
●● National heritages help promote the identity and prestige of a country.
●● The UNESCO publishes a World Heritage List, in which it includes the most
valued and most important cultural heritages of the world.
●● Nepal has ten of its national heritages listed in the World Heritage List.
●● Folk songs and folk instruments are expression of our culture and they should be
preserved.
●● A day that has cultural, social, and historical significance is called a national day.
●● We celebrate national days to commemorate our history and culture and also to be
inspired by such occasions.
●● Kailash Satyarthi is well known children's rights activist who managed to free tens
of thousands of young children from forced labour.
●● Martin Luther King inspired the human race to strive for harmony among all
people.
●● We get inspiration by reading the life-stories of great personalities who have
contributed to humanity.
●● Global fraternity focuses on loving, sharing and caring.
●● Senior citizens are the most respectable figures of the nation.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 119
Test Your Knowledge
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Why should we take care of our heritages?
2. Name any two heritages of Nepal which were destroyed by the massive
earthquakes of 2072
3. What does folk song reflect ?
4. Write one significance of Panchebaja.
5. Name one dance which is popular in Karnali province and Sudurpaschim
Province of Nepal.
6. Write one importance of national days.
7. Write one major inspiring task each of Kailash Satyarthi and Martin Luther
King.
8. Why should we promote global fraternity?
9. As a student, what is your responsibility towards senior citizens?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Nowadays people are ignoring the significance of national heritages. Write a
letter to the editor of your local newspaper stating the necessary steps for the
preservation of such heritages.
2. List the national heritage sites included in the UNESCO World Heritage List
and describe any one of them.
3. Write the lyrics of a folk song which is popular in your community.
4. Western culture is overtaking our own. What can we do to promote our
tradition and culture?
5. Folk music and dances reflect the culture of a particular community. Justify.
6. Write a dialogue between two people about the importance of national days.
7. How do Kailash Satyarthi and Martin Luther King inspire you?
8. Write different ways to promote global fraternity.
9. Write the major responsibilities of the family, community and the government
towards senior citizens.
120 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Key Terms
classical dance: an established system of choreographic means of expression characterized
by grace and precision of movement and by elaborate formal gestures , steps, and poses-
usually with certain costume, depicting to god and goddess
cosmopolitanism: an ideology that all human beings belong to a single community ,
based on a shared morality
cultural heritage: the heritage that includes the human's creation such as temples,
monuments, shapes, idols, etc.
folk dance: a dance that originated among the common people and developed by a group
of people that reflects the traditional life of a certain country or region
folk music: music that originates in traditional popular culture and handed down among
the common people
folk song: a song originating among the people of a country or area, passed by oral
tradition from one singer or generation to the next, often existing in several versions, and
marked generally by simple , modal melody and stanzaic, narrative verse
heritage: the evidence of the past such as historical sites, buildings, and unspoilt natural
environment , considered collectively as the inheritance of present day society
'I have a Dream': an iconic speech by Martin Luther King , Jr. before a crowd of some
250,000 people during the march on Washington for jobs and freedom on August 28,1963
international personalities: personalities who have made significant contribution to
international peace, understanding and inspire us to adopt the habit of hard work, self-
discipline and perseverance
martyr: any of those persons who choose to suffer or die for the nation rather than give
up their faith or principles
Montgomery Bus Boycott: 381 day long bus boycott protest in Montgomery against
discrimination in the public transport on the basis of colour which was headed by Martin
Luther King, Jr.
NAM : (Non- Aligned Movement) an international organization dedicated to representing
the interests and aspirations of developing nations and are against any major power bloc
national day: a day having significance and celebrated throughout the nation to mark the
special event or occasion in the history of the nation
national heritage: something valuable that may be socially , historically or culturally
important
natural heritage: the heritage gifted by the nature such as river, forest, mountain, etc.
Save the Children Movement: The movement launched by Kailash Satyarthi in 1980
against the child labour
senior citizens : citizens having completed the age of 60 years who act as the wisest and
the most experienced members in our community
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 121
4Unit
Social Problems
and Solutions
-;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg_
On the completion of this unit, students will develop the following competencies:
●● To identify the existing social problems, social evils and problem-ridden
customs, traditions and our active participation in reformative acts for solving
those problems
●● To explain the role played by different national and international organizations
in solving social problems and evils
●● To solve the problems using different skills such as information, collaboration
and critical study
Teaching and evaluation scheme for the unit
Teaching periods ............................................. 19
Course weight ................................................ 5
Evaluation Grid for Final Testing
Type of Skills tested
questions
Knowledge & Creative, criti- Application, Value Total no. Total Time (in
Very understand- cal thinking & practical minutes)
short & atti- of ques- mark allo-
Short ing analysis & research 9
Long skill tude tions cation
– 1 –
–
– 1 –
– – – 2 1+4=5
1
–
122 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Human Trafficking
4.1 -dfgj ar] lavg_
Pre-reading Activity
What do you see in the picture? Discuss in the class.
Reading
Human community behaves on the basis of norms, values and traditions. At times, it
also functions on the basis of unfounded ideas and superstitions. Any practices that
negatively affect human society are called social problems. Social problems also obstruct
the broader development of the society. Consequently, they raise a question against
human civilization.
Dowry, Ghumto, Chaupadi, Deuki and Jhuma customs prevalent in the Nepalese society
are known as social problems. Girl trafficking, child trafficking, human trafficking,
untouchability, misbehaviour, discrimination on the basis of gender and disability,
child labour, corruption and caste discrimination are also social problems. Similarly
superstitions, orthodox traditions, child marriage and violence against women are the
examples of social problems. Such problems are of different natures according to time
and place.
Human trafficking is a heinous act or crime that involves the extreme exploitation of
someone for the purpose of forced labour or a commercial sex act. It is an insult to human
dignity and an assault on freedom. Perhaps it is the most pressing human rights issues
of our time. It is also the third largest illegal trade in the world. Article 3, paragraph (a)
of the protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons defines trafficking
in persons as the 'recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons,
by means of the threat or use of force or their forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud,
of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over
another person, for the purpose of exploitation.' So, the definition also clarifies the forceful
act or deceit on the fundamental rights of a human being.
According to the ILO, nearly 21 million people are victims of human trafficking
worldwide. Out of them 4.5 million are trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation.
Human Trafficking comprises three major constituent elements.
• The Act : It involves the task or action in the process of trafficking. Recruitment,
transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of person come under this element.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 123
• The Means : It involves the way the trafficking is done. Threat or use of force, fraud,
deception, abduction, coercion to a person are some of the ways of doing the act.
• The Purpose : It involves the reasons behind trafficking the persons. Forced labour
sex trade and transplantation of important organs are the major purpose behind
trafficking.
Human trafficking is a global problem that is basically related with the violation of
human rights. It affects every community across age, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic
backgrounds. Basically, women and children are the major victims of human trafficking
and they are trafficked for sex industry, domestic and factory labour, organ transplantation,
illegal adoption, etc.
According to UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs, and Crime), 24 million people
are the victims of human trafficking annually. Among this 80% are the victims of sexual
bondage (predominantly women and girls), 18% of forced labour and of the victims 2
among 3 are women. Only 1 out of 100 are rescued from trafficking. Worldwide almost
20% of the trafficking victims are children.
Reasons behind Human Trafficking
• Poverty
• Illiteracy or lack of education
• Ineffective law enforcement and lack of policy implementation mechanisms
• Social discrimination and exclusion
• Strong network of traffickers
• Weak surveillance at border area
• Lack of awareness programme
• Non-functional family structure
Effects of Human Trafficking
• Forced to live in inhuman conditions under precarious circumstances
• Freedom or movement is often restricted
• Forced to live stressful life
• Often possibility of losing important organs like kidney, eye, liver, etc.
• Integration back into society is difficult because of shame, stigma, trauma, etc.
Nepal is also one of the nations which has been facing the serious problem of human
trafficking. Many women and children are subjected to sex trafficking within the country,
India, the middle East, Asia and Sub-Sahara Africa. The major districts of human trafficking
in Nepal include Nuwakot, Dhading, Sindhupalchowk, Kailali, Kavre, etc.
Which NGO or INGO? Mention the source: Different NGOs and INGOs report that
10,000 to 15,000 Nepali women and girls are trafficked to India annually, while 7,500
children are trafficked domestically for commercial sexual exploitation.
124 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
The government of Nepal does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the
elimination of trafficking. This has resulted in more number of trafficking cases in Nepal.
The serious problem is found in border areas. The open border has created the better
opportunity for the traffickers to foster their business. Hence, strict law, good governance,
political stability, proper coordination between the government, public and civil society,
active surveillance at border areas, etc. are required to check human trafficking.
heinous Glossary
coercion
deceit – very bad
precarious – force
surveillance – dishonest behavior
– not safe, dangerous
– the act of watching carefully
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is human trafficking?
2. Why is human trafficking a violation of human right?
3. What are the three major constituent elements of human trafficking?
4. Who are the major victims of human trafficking?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write down the reasons behind human trafficking.
2. Write down the solutions to human trafficking.
3. 'Human trafficking is a social problem.' Explain the statement.
4. 'The act of human trafficking is increasing in our society.' Analyse the
statement.
5. These days the trend of human trafficking in our society is taking place in
different ways to fulfill different vested interests. What are the major social
effects of human trafficking? Write in points.
Self-discovery: Project Work
Go to the nearby security agency and find out the problems of human trafficking
and the legal provision to control human trafficking. Present it to your class.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 125
Lesson Girl Trafficking
4.2 -r]nLj6] L ar] ljvg_
Pre-reading Activity
Read the news published in E-Kantipur and discuss the questions that follow.
HETAUDA, JAN 14, 2015 - A 19-year-old woman, who was trafficked into India to become a sex worker a
year ago, has somehow managed to escape and return home. The victim, a resident of Bharta-1 in Makwanpur,
arrived home on Tuesday. After she fled the brothel in Lucknow, India, she was able to help police arrest the
culprit who sold her for IRs 34,000.
• What problem does the news highlight? Source: E-Kantipur
• What is your attitude towards the victim?
• How can such problem be solved?
Reading
Every society has its own problems. Even developed countries face problems of urban
poverty, drug addiction, street violence, and aging population. While some social
problems can be found everywhere, others tend to be specific to a region and culture. In
a society like ours, where there is widespread poverty, backwardness, illiteracy, and
superstition, a variety of social problems take firm roots. As a result, our society faces
many social problems such as crimes, prostitution, girl trafficking, exploitation, and child
labour. While such problems are inhuman in themselves, they also obstruct the
developmental process of a society.
Girl Trafficking
One of the major problems Nepali
society faces at present is girl trafficking.
This is a part of the large problem
known as human trafficking. Such an
act is a crime against humanity. In this
sense, girl trafficking simply means
transporting women from one country
or region to another and forcing them
into prostitution. Every year a large
number of Nepali girls are trafficked to
India and other countries. Mostly, the
girls from poor families, marginalised
groups and remote areas are trafficked.
They are mostly misled with the
promise of job and good life and sold to brothels in India. However, many women are
also trafficked into other Asian and European countries and made to work as servants
under inhuman condition.
126 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Such trafficked girls spend miserable life under inhuman condition. They are kept in
bondage with no personal freedom. Whatever money they get out of sex work goes to the
brothel owners. One or two years later, they suffer from dangerous sexually transmitted
diseases (STD) such as AIDS. Once they catch the disease, they are sent back to Nepal
without any treatment and economic means. They also face problems back home as their
families and the society often refuse to accept them.
In many urban and suburban areas of Nepal, the problem of prostitution is on the rise.
Many young women, who migrate to cities from rural areas in search of better life and
employment, end up in prostitution. The rampant poverty, lack of education, and the
glamour of city life puts young women at risk. Many take up prostitution because of other
social problems such as conflict, displacement, and broken family. Besides, depletion of
social values such as family, morality, and ethics also contributes to the rise of such social
problems. In fact, they dream of the prosperous life, live the worst form of life and come
out with darkness everywhere.
Solutions to the Problem
Girl trafficking is an inhuman practice, often known as “modern day slavery.” It is a crime
against humanity. Therefore, there should be a collective effort to stop such a bad practice.
The following are some measures to solve the problem:
(a) Education: One of the major reasons for the increase in the crime of girl trafficking
is the lack of education. In rural areas of Nepal, girls hardly get an opportunity for
education. As a result, young women become easy victims of traffickers. For this,
education has to be made accessible to people living under poverty and education
for girls must be promoted.
(b) Social awareness: Despite being a wide-spread problem in Nepal, there is lack of
social awareness about this problem. Programs to publicize the issues can be carried
out across the country to make people aware about this problem.
(c) Coordination: There are a number of concerned agencies, governmental and non-
governmental, working towards solving this problem. Police, social workers, and
teachers should develop coordination to collectively tackle the problem.
(d) Legal measures: Often those who are engaged in this inhuman business of human
trafficking escape punishment. There should be strong legal provision for punishing
such a crime.
(e) Employment opportunities: In most reported cases of girls trafficking, it is
learned that most young women have been promised with lucrative jobs abroad.
By creating employment opportunities within the most affected regions, this
problem can be solved. For this, income generating programs that provide training
and job opportunities should be carried out in rural areas and areas most affected
by this problem.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 127
Role of Institutions and Organizations
The role of schools can be effective in
stopping girl trafficking from villages
and remote areas. Lessons related to
social problems such as girl trafficking
can be incorporated in the course.
Moreover, teachers can play an important
role in disseminating information and
educating young children about the
problem. For this, there should be a good
coordination between teachers, school
management committees, and parents.
Similarly, there are other agencies, NGOs
and community-based organisations
working in this area, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), including Maiti Nepal
and Didibahini. Among them, Maiti Nepal is actively working in this area. It also provides
shelters and skill development training for the returnees. Government should also play
a key role to solve the problem. By enforcing strict laws, tightening the cross-border
migration, and mobilizing security patrols, government can play an important role in
solving the problem.
Rescue and After-management
Trafficking of girls and women is the first problem. Another problem starts with their
return from Indian or other brothels. A channel should be created to reach up to the
trafficked girls and bring them home. Moreover, programs to rehabilitate the victims
must be implemented. The families and communities should be proactive and support
the victims through programs such as education, health, training and employment.
Glossary
harbour - conceal; give refuge to someone
brothel - a place for prostitution
glamour - attraction
enforce - implement; put something to effect
In-class Activity
The lesson mentions that schools can play an important role to solve the problem of girls
trafficking. Get into small groups of 4-5 students and design a publicity material such as
poster, pamphlet, or a banner to raise awareness about this problem.
128 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What are social problems? Give two examples.
2. Offer one solution to the problem of girl trafficking.
3. Name one national organization that works towards solving the problem of
girl trafficking.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What is girl trafficking? How is it a social crime against humanity?
2. What are the main reasons behind girl trafficking? What do you think is most
responsible for this problem to continue? And why?
3. What can be done to solve girl trafficking problem in Nepal? What has been done
so far?
4. As a student of Social Studies, what do you think is your role in tackling this
problem?
5. Some reports on girl trafficking mention that sometimes even family members
sell young girls because of poverty. Write a short essay on “Poverty and Social
Problems,” showing how poverty is related to a host of social problems.
6. What attempts have been made to stop girl trafficking in our country?
Self-discovery: Project Work
Some Non-Governmental Organizations such as Maiti Nepal and Didibahini work
to solve the problem of girl trafficking. Pick one of the organizations and prepare
a detailed report about the organization. Use the following topics to organize your
report.
• Brief introduction to the organization
• Objectives and functions
• Source of funding
• Recent activities or work related to girl trafficking
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 129
Lesson Child Trafficking
4.3 -afn aflnsf a]rljvg_
Pre-reading Activity
Have you ever heard a read the news of child trafficking? What feelings came to your mind?
Share it with the class.
Reading
Child trafficking is an inhuman deed in which children
are forcibly taken or coerced into working in unfavorable
condition. It is an act of taking children out of their safe
environment and pushing them towards vulnerability.
It often consists of several forms of exploitation. They
are trafficked for forced labour, domestic work, street
hawking, drugs courier, begging, burglary, agricultural
and mine work, sexual exploitation, etc.
Children are often trafficked, employed and exploited
because they are cheaper to hire and often vulnerable than the adults. Children are often
lured by the false promise of a lucrative employment and prosperous life while others are
kidnapped and sold.
Trafficking of children is a serious or gross violation of human rights specifically their
rights to be protected from exploitation, to remain with their family and friends, to get
education in school, to play and have fun, to be protected from sexual violence and
to shape their better future. Child trafficking victims, whether for labor, sex or organ
trafficking come from all backgrounds and include both boys and girls.
According to UNICEF, 1.2 million children are trafficked every year and are subjected
to prostitution in the global commercial sex trade.
Reasons behind Child Trafficking
• Illiteracy • Weak enforcement of law
• Poverty • Weak border security
• Civil unrest • Political instability
• Remoteness of the rural areas
Negative Impacts upon Children
• Fear and anxiety • Depression
• Drug addiction • Long-term health problem
• Domestic slavery
130 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
• Sexually transmitted diseases like HIV/AIDS
• Rectal trauma • Pelvic pain and urinary difficulties
• Loss of dignity • Loss of fundamental rights
Sex industry worldwide is a thriving and profitable market. Hence, children have become
an easy target for the traffickers. According to ILO, in Nepal 40% of children aged 5-7
years are working and around 12,000 children are trafficked to India every year for
various purposes : Sex workers, labour in hotels, domestic labour, labour in industries and
mines, circus, begging, etc. According to CWIN, vulnerable children basically come from
a situation marked by extreme poverty; child labours, child domestic workers, orphan
children and children with disabilities are mostly at risk of being trafficked.
According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), "a child
means every human being below the age of 18 years unless, under the law applicable to
the child, maturity is attained earlier." It further states," the child, by reason of his physical
and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal
protection, before as well as after birth." But, these rights have been under the shadow
because of the traffickers. Hence, prevention of child trafficking must begin at the grass
roots level by the identification of the supply and demand sites of trafficking, the transit
points and trafficking routes. The government, NGOs, civil society, media, family all need
to play crucial role to root out this inhuman act which has become a serious national and
international concern.
Glossary
vulnerability – endangered
burglary – the act of breaking and entering a building in order to
lucrative steal or commit crime
– producing money or wealth
In-class Activity
We often come across the news of missing children through different means of media but
we hardly hear the news of getting them back. Where do those children go? Why don't they
return easily? Discuss in the class and prepare a report.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is child trafficking?
2. Why is child trafficking an inhuman task?
3. For what purpose are the children often trafficked?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What are the reasons behind child trafficking? Explain.
2. What are the negative impacts of child trafficking upon children? Explain
3. Write some solutions to the problem of child trafficking.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 131
Lesson Trafficking of Human
Organs
4.4
-dfgj cª\u a]rljvg_
Pre-reading Activity
Which human organs can be transplanted? Discuss in the class.
Reading
Human organ trafficking is another heinous crime that has become real and thriving
industry. It is an act of illegal selling of inner organs such as kidney, liver, etc. for
transplantation. Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism
defined organ trafficking as "the recruitment, transport, transfer, harbouring, or receipt of
living or deceased persons or their organs by means of the threat or use of force or other
forms of coercison of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of the power or of a
position of vulnerability, or of the giving to, or the receiving by, a third party of payments
or benefits to achieve the transfer of control over the potential donor, for the purpose
of exploitation by the removal of organs for transplantation." It is clear that traffickers
activate themselves in organ trafficking for the sake of money without considering other's
rights. In fact, it is a serious attack on someone's right. The Guiding Principles on Human
Organ Transplantation (1991) of the WHO state that the commercialization of human
organ is "a violation of human rights and human dignity".
As human organ transplantation has become a common medical procedure globally,
demand for human organs has also been increased. As there is imbalance in the demand
and supply, an illegal and unregulated organ market has been flourished.
132 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Approximately 100, 800 solid-organ transplants are performed every year worldwide :
10% global transplants are estimated to involve trafficking in organs.
Trafficking in organ is an anti-social activity that occurs in three different ways :
• Traffickers force or deceive the victims into giving up an organ.
• Victims formally or informally agree to sell an organ.
• Vulnerable persons are treated for an ailment and organs are removed without the
victims knowledge.
Ever since the first successful transplants in 1950s, organ transplantation has saved and
prolonged the lives of thousands of patients. But, due to misuse of it, thousands of people
have become the sufferer. In fact, transplantation is becoming a victim of its own success.
Nepal has recently become the focus
of concerns over illegal trafficking
in human organs. The selling of
human organs for transplantation is
a crime in Nepal under the Human
Body Organ Transplantation Act,
1998. However, the traffickers have
challenged this act.
Kidneys are the most commonly sold organs. Besides kidneys, the sell of other organs
such as liver, cornea of eyes and lungs are also in increasing trend. Aspects like poverty,
illiteracy, ambition, etc. are playing role in this act. Specially economically disadvantaged
groups are lured by promises of earning thousands of dollars. Poor people with no option
are forced to move to India for selling the organ.
According to Global Financial Integrity, every year 7000 kidneys are obtained illegally
from Nepal.
The rate of kidney failure is increasing rapidly in the world due to the polluted
environment and the adulterated food habits and lifestyles of the people.
Solutions
• Awareness of organ trafficking issues among the general public especially vulnerable
groups
• Strict laws to curb the organ traffickers
• Formation of watch committees at community level
• A strong policy from the state to combat the trafficking
• Ratification of the UN protocol by the government to prevent, suppress, and punish
trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the United
Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.
• Strong co-ordination between the security force, community, NGOs and civil society
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 133
thriving Glossary
deceased
ailment – successful, flourishing
– dead
– sickness
In-class Activity
These days we often hear the news of increasing trend of human trafficking by
traffickers for the sell of organs. Are these activities taking place in your area? Visit the
area and prepare a report.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is organ trafficking?
2. Why is organ trafficking an inhuman task?
3. What are the common human organs often trafficked?
4. Why is it difficult task to curb the trafficking of human organs?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. How does trafficking of organs take place?
2. What are the negative impacts of organ trafficking?
3. Write any four solutions to the problem of organ trafficking.
134 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Domestic Violence
4.5 -3/]n' lx;+ f_
Pre-reading Activity
Anuradha Koirala, the founder of Maiti Nepal who has been working to prevent and rescue Nepali
girls and women from domestic violence, sex trafficking and various other forms of exploitation and,
torture, has been awarded with Padma Shri Award 2017 by India for her exemplary social work. She
is the first Nepali citizen to get the prestigious Indian honour. What else do you know about Maiti
Nepal? Share with the class.
Reading
Violence is an act of an extreme form of
aggression, such as rape, murder or assault.
It is the intentional use of physical force upon
other. When this sort of acts take place at
domestic level, it is called domestic violence.
It is the willful intimidation, physical assault,
battery, sexual assault, violent confrontation
between family or household members. The
Domestic Violence Act defines domestic
violence as any form of physical, mental,
sexual and economic harm perpetrated by a
person to a person with whom he/she has a family relationship and this word also includes
any acts of reprimand or emotional harm. Domestic violence today has become one of the
most permissive human right challenges. These days, domestic violence is increasing due
to dowry, property transaction, illicit relations, addiction, poverty, illiteracy and so on.
Today domestic violence has become a global issue reaching across national boundaries
as well as socio-economic, cultural, racial and class distinction. It is one of the forms
of gender-based violence that encompasses both men and women. However, the vast
majority are women. It can happen to anyone of any race, age, religion or gender.
Generally, domestic violence takes place in different forms like:
Physical assault: Assault with weapons, chocking, kicking, stabbing, pushing, punching,
shooting, shoving, etc.
Psychological abuse: Threats of physical harm, intimidation, coercion, degradation,
humiliation, false accusations, etc.
Sexual assult: Nonconsensual or painful or forceful sexual acts
Social abuse: Isolation from social networks, abusing in public
Financial abuse: Denying access to money, forcing to live on inadequate resources
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 135
85% of domestic violence victims are women.
1 in 4 women report experiencing domestic violence in their lifetimes.
2 million injuries and 1300 deaths are caused each year as a result of domestic violence.
At least one in every three women globally has been beaten, coerced into sex or abused
in some other way.
Effects of Domestic Violence
• Affects one's thoughts, feeling and behavior
• Affects one's mind, body and spirit
• Increases anxiety: PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
• Causes physical injuries
• Increases chronic fatigue
• Ruins the peaceful environment of house
• Dissociation
• Depression
• Sexual dysfunction
• Emotional distress
• Affects senior citizens and children negatively
• Creates social conflict and harms the prestige
• Causes wrong decisions like drug abuse, suicide
The domestic violence has negative impact upon the children also. It can cause physical
and emotional harm to children and young people. The research has shown that children
and young people living with domestic violence are more likely to display aggressive
behavior, experience anxiety, have reduced social skills, have deviated from their normal
daily activity, have shown less interest in studies, suffer from early depression and show
emotional distress.
The most common form of gender-based violence in Nepal is domestic violence. Nepal
is a predominantly patriarchal society where deeply rooted societal customs, norms and
values lead to domestic violence. The 2009 Domestic Violence (Crime and Punishment)
Act has recognized for the first time that domestic violence is a crime punishable by law.
However, due to its poor implementation, violence has not gone down. Nepal has also
made strong normative and legal commitments to end domestic violence ratifying the
Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).
A Domestic Violence Act and a 5-year national strategy and action plan for ending gender
based violence have been put in place. Despite such efforts and commitments, many
women and girls are still waiting for respectful and equal treatment they deserve.
The study has shown that women from lower caste groups or religious minority groups,
divorced, widowed, and women living in the hill and central Terai regions are significantly
more likely to report experiences of violence.
Domestic violence in Nepal is increasing these days because of dowry, transaction of
movable and fixed properties, illicit relation, drug abuse, poverty and lack of education.
Domestic violence is a burden on numerous sectors of the social system and quietly yet
dramatically affects the overall development of a nation. Hence, effective enforcement of
136 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
law against domestic violence, setting up a separate court to look after cases involving
domestic violence, educating collaborative partners, framing strict law to punish the
culprit, educating the communities, etc. are some of the solutions to this vicious problem.
Control Measures of Domestic Violence
• To bring awareness about domestic violence
• To deal with everyone equally
• To establish equal ownership of the property
• To respect the ideas of every member of the family
• To work with collective decision
• To be disciplined and civilized
• To defend against violence unitedly
• In case of violence inform the police post or the concerned agency
Glossary
assault – a violent physical attack
intimidation – to make scared or afraid
shove – to push with force
vicious – violent, dangerous
In-class Activity
These days the news of even males becoming victims of domestic violence has been heard
here and there. Why does this sort of violence take place? Write down some solutions to this
problem.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is violence?
2. What is domestic violence?
3. Why has domestic violence become a global issue?
4. What is the most common form of gender-based violence in Nepal?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write down different reasons behind domestic violence.
2. Explain different forms of domestic violence.
3. Write different effects of domestic violence.
4. Write any four ways to combat domestic violence.
5. There might be some sort of violence taking place in your area. Discuss the
ways to solve such problem in the class and write the conclusion in points.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 137
Lesson Social Evils
4.6 -;fdflhs ljs[lt_
Pre-reading Activity
Read the news below and discuss the questions that follow.
KATHMANDU, MAR 12, 2014 - Although prohibited by law, child marriage is rampant in Nepal, said
lawyers, policymakers as well as women and child rights advocates at an interaction in the Capital on
Wednesday. The minimum legal age for marriage is 20 without parental consent and 18 with consent. Yet,
according to the 2011 census, approximately 75 percent of married women had wedded before the age of 20 and
over 100,000 girls were married before the age of 10.
Source: The Kathmandu Post
Despite legal prohibition, why do you think child marriage is practised in Nepal?
How can this practice be eradicated?
Reading
There are several social and community practices. Such practices help organize the
society and are mostly useful. However, many social practices are not good for society.
The traditional social practices that exploit or discriminate people on the basis of gender,
religion, caste, and ancestry are examples of bad social practices. Such practices are called
social evils. Besides, decline in community values, family breakdowns, poverty, and greed
can also be taken as social evils. The following is a brief introduction to some social evils
still prevalent in Nepal.
1. Child Marriage
In some communities child marriage is still
a a common problem. Traditionally, child
marriage among Brahmin and Chhetri
communities was based on religious beliefs.
It was believed that marrying one’s daughter
off before she reaches puberty used to be
considered religiously fulfilling duty of
the parents. These days, child marriage is
more prevalent among communities that
are economically and socially marginalized.
Especially, the Dalit community members
of the Terai get their children married at an
early age, sometimes as early as or before 10. Child marriage damages life, career,
health, and education of children, specially girls. Although child marriage is illegal,
it has yet to completely stop in many communities.
138 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
2. Chhaupadi System
In the western hilly region of Nepal, during
menstruation period and after giving birth to a
baby, girls and women are not allowed to live
at home. They have to live in what is called a
“Chhau home” which is located far from home.
“Chhau home” is a shed made of dry grass and
logs. After giving birth to a baby, women also
have to live in isolation for 11 days. Women
suffer psychological as well as physical problem
due to lack of hygienic environment, nutritious
food, and poor living condition. Newspapers frequently report even death due to
cold and disease. In modern times, such a superstitious practice is unimaginable
and should be eradicated. After the decision of the Supreme Court, Government of
Nepal has abolished Chhaupadi system but it has not been stopped completely.
3. Dowry System
Gifts given by the parents of bride to
the groom side, whether cash or goods,
is known as dowry. The groom side
demands a certain amount of dowry in
marriage and parents of the bride have
to fulfil the demand. Dowry system is a
common problem in some Nepali and
Indian communities. Specifically, in the
Terai region of Nepal, dowry has been a
major problem. Even if this problem is not
so acute in other parts of the country, the
system of giving gifts to bridegroom has become common across the country. We
frequently hear news about broken marriage, tortures, and even murders and cases
of suicide due to dowry. In many cases, parents are forced to arrange marriages at
an early age due to the fear of dowry. So, dowry is also connected to the problem
of child marriage. It should be discouraged. The government and other social
institutions should play an active role for its abolition. However, there should be a
change in people’s attitude for any measures to be effective.
4. Untouchability
Untouchability is a heinous social evil based on caste
system. It is a practice of the so-called upper caste
people not allowing the Dalits enter their homes.
In some places, still now, the Dalits are not allowed
to touch food and water even in public places. The
caste system has divided society into hierarchy,
which is an obstacle to social co-operation, and
mutual understanding. Although caste system and
untouchability have been abolished time and again
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 139
through legal measures, it is still widely practised in Nepal. The caste system was
abolished by the New Muluki Ain of 2020 B.S. but, the practice could not be stopped.
Now, the Constitution of Nepal, 2072 has also declared the practice of caste system
and untouchability unconstitutional and punishable by law. As conscious citizens, it
is our responsibility to eradicate untouchability.
Effects of Untouchability
• Inferiority complex and guilty feeling in an individual
• Difference between facilities and opportunities
• Reduction in social esteem
• Social discrimination and social dissociation
• Increase in social conflict
• Weak social co-operation and goodwill
Measures to control Untouchability
• Civic awareness
• Education
• Strong legal provision
• Programs to increase collaboration, co-operation and goodwill
• Maintenance of social inclusiveness
• Provision of positive discrimination
5. Deuki System
It is practised in the western hilly region of Nepal.
In this system, a daughter is offered to a god or
deity in order to get blessing. Girls thus offered
have to stay in the temple or around it. They are
not allowed to get married. They are sexually
abused and forced to resort to prostitution as they
do not have other means of supporting their lives.
This practice is the violation of human rights.
Specially it violates women’s right to education,
health, family care, and also right to get married and raise a family. Such extreme
violation of human rights must be abolished.
6. Ghumto System
Ghumto system is an example of gender discrimination.
Especially in some communities of the Terai region and
among traditional Brahmin societies, married women have to
cover their head with a shawl or the edge of sari. They are
not allowed to go out in the public place without covering
the head or face. If someone goes against this practice, she
is accused of being uncultured and mannerless. This system
imposes restriction on women and violates their rights. Such
a practice should be discouraged.
140 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
7. Jhuma System
It is disgraceful traditional practice prevalent in the
mountainous region among the Sherpa community. In it,
the second daughter of the family is offered to a gumba
and she has to spend her whole life in the care of gumba.
Later, she keeps an illicit sexual relationship with the lama
and the male child born from her becomes the future lama
of the gumba. It is an inhuman act because an innocent girl
is deprived of her basic rights such as right to get family
love and care, right to self determination, etc.
Besides, there are a number of social evils in our society. Some evils are community-
based and others are based on religion, ethnicity, and tradition. The practices of
polyandry (a marriage in which a woman keeps more than one husband) and
polygamy are other examples of bad social practices. Social evils that exploit and
discriminate people are unimaginable in an inclusive and democratic society.
Therefore, we should work towards abolishing such bad practices.
Glossary
marginalize - unimportant or powerless position
menstruation - discharge of blood from the uterus of female at a regular
heinous interval
polygamy - very bad
disgraceful - marrying with more than one man or woman
illicit - shameful
- illegal; immoral
In-class Activity
One strong reason for child marriage is a religious misconception. It is a belief that if someone
marriages off a daughter before she starts her menstruation period, the person will receive a
boon from the god. Discuss the role of superstitious beliefs in perpetuating social evils.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is social evil? Give two examples of it.
2. Why are social practices important?
3. What is untouchability? Write a short definition.
4. Name two social evils not mentioned in the lesson.
5. Give two suggestions to solve the problem of child marriage.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 141
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. There might be social evils in your locality which are not mentioned in the
lesson. Give a short description of any one of them.
2. Untouchability is a major problem which is deeply rooted in our society.
Offer some suggestions to solve this problem.
3. Choose one of the social evils that you know of and design materials such as
placards, posters, or banners that can be used to raise awareness about it. You
may also display them on the board.
4. Dowry system is a major problem in the Terai region. However, it is spreading
all over the country. Do you agree or disagree with the statement? Give
reasons.
5. Have you ever witnessed or been victimized by a social problem or a social
evil? If so, write about your experience and share with the class.
6. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper explaining how Deuki system
violates human rights. Also think of offering suggestions to solve this problem.
7. Most social evils discussed in the lesson have already been prohibited. Yet,
they are still in practice. Why do you think are we unable to stop many social
evils despite making them legally punishable?
8. Even in twenty first century untouchability has not been uprooted from the
Nepali society. List out some effective measures to free the society from this
problem.
9. 'Untouchability is the bane of society.' Compose a dialogue based on the
statement.
10. 'To give and take dowry is a social crime.' Justify the statement.
11. 'Chhaupadi is the result of superstition.' Justify the statement with examples.
12. Prepare an editorial on "Ghumto system hampers the personal development
of women".
13. The prevalent social problems in Nepali society have made women suffer
more than males. What are the reasons behind it? What sort of activities need
to be carried out to solve this problem?
14. Chhaupadi System has not only made negative impact upon the illiterate
women of Karnali Province and Sudurpaschim Province but even skilled and
educated women have suffered a lot. Why has this system not been uprooted
even in the twenty first century? What sort of reforms can be brought to this
system? Compose a dialogue between two friends.
Self-discovery: Project Work
Prepare a journal in which you note the news about social evils being practiced. For
this, you will have to read a few newspapers and collect news clips. Having collected
information for about 15 to 30 days, write a brief report using the information you have
collected. With the help of your teacher, present the report during the assembly.
142 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Scouts
4.7 -:sfp6_
Pre-reading Activity
23rd World Scout Jamboree, Japan
The Scout Association of Japan hosted 23rd World Scout Jamboree from 28 July to 8th August 2015
Yamaguchi, Japan. The theme of Jamboree was "WA: a spirit of unity."
Has Nepal hosted World Scout Jamboree? Discuss in the class.
Reading
Scouting, also known as the Scout, is a worldwide movement of
youth that works for the physical, mental, and spiritual development
of youth. The Scout works with youths for community development,
social management, and environment. It was founded by Robert
Baden-Powell, a British army personnel in 1907. There were only 20
members in the beginning and now there are more than 160 million
members in more than 150 countries.
Powell was an army personnel stationed in Africa and became famous for his work
promoting tolerance. He protected an African city, Mafeking, during the Boer War from
the scarcity of food and wide-spread sickness. At the time the city was seized by the
Boers. When he got back to Britain, he thought of working on the part of youth who spent
their time boozing and rambling around. They did not have any sense of responsibility
towards their nation. The state did not have time to think about the children and children
had no concept of nationality and national responsibility. So he wanted to develop
skills, leadership and responsibility in the children so that they could help other people,
community and nation. A camp was organised with 20 youths in London in 1907 as the
initiation of the scout. In 1908, he published a book Scouting for Boys and it helped spread
the scout movement in other countries.
Scout was introduced in Nepal in 1957 and it was legally recognised
in 1993 (2050 B.S.). In Nepal, both boys and girls are called scouts; in
other countries, boys are called scouts and girls are called guides. Boys
wear a light brown colour shirt and dark brown colour pants and girls
put on a green colour sari. There are different levels of scouts. They
put on scarves indicating their ranks and profiles. The main motto of
scout is nation, god and environment, and they take oath in the name
of nation and people and to obey the rules of the scout.
Major activities of scout are rescue in disasters, crowd management, maintenance of
discipline, art, skills and competencies in youth, afforestation and sanitation, drinking
water project and environmental activities, etc.
In Nepal, Scout is working in the field of environment, festival events management,
leadership training for youths, health camp, drinking water, and educational campaigns.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 143
Scout in Nepal is mostly famous in schools. The Scout organizes its meeting in every four
years which is called Jamboree and Nepal participates in the Jamborees.
Glossary
boozing - drinking alcohol
rambling - moving aimlessly; roaming
In-class Activity
Visit different local clubs and organizations of your community. Talk to the authorities of those
organizations about their activities and prepare a report on it.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is Scout?
2. When was it established?
3. Justify the theme of Scout in a sentence.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What are the main objectives of the Scouts?
2. Why did Baden-Powell think of the need of an institution like Scout? How did he
succeed in his mission?
3. Write in brief on the history of the Scouts in Nepal.
4. “Always be prepared” is the main motto of Scouts. Why is this motto suitable for youths?
5. Draw a logo of Nepal Scout. What types of symbols do you see on the logo? Write
their meaning.
6. What are the main activities of the Scouts in Nepal?
7. Describe the uniform of the Nepal Scout.
8. Are you a Scout? Or have you ever been a Scout? Share your experience of being
a Scout. Or, if you have never been a Scout, talk to those who are Scouts and find
information about it so that you could make an informed decision to become one.
9. 'Scout is a group of active youths.' Justify the statement with examples.
Self-discovery: Project Work
Prepare a detailed report about one International Non-Governmental Organization working
in your community. In the report, include the following topics:
●● Brief introduction to the organization, including name, mission, and objectives
●● Areas, in which the organization works
●● Brief introduction to recently completed programs
●● Programs that are currently being carried out
●● Future plan
For this project, you may need to visit the office of the organization and request for
information. Often INGOs publicize their work on their websites. So, alternatively, you may
also gather information visiting their websites.
144 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Red Cross and SOS
4.8 -/]8qm; / P;=cf]=P;=_
Pre-reading Activity
The mission of the Nepal Red Cross is to relieve human suffering and to reduce vulnerability through
community participation and mobilization of an increased number of volunteers, by expanding and
strengthening the organizational structure of the society and by building links with governmental
and non-governmental organizations. Nepal Red Cross
Now, discuss the major activities of Nepal Red Cross Society.
Red Cross
The founding father of Red Cross is Jean Henry Dunant.
He was born in Switzerland on 8 May, 1828 and died on
30 October, 1910. As he was a businessman, he used to
visit Italy for business purpose. Once he visited Solferino
of Italy to observe his holiday. When he arrived there, the
famous Battle of Solferino (1859) was going on. Dunant
saw many wounded, dying and dead persons left in the
battlefield. It is said that forty thousand men were in the
battlefield. Unfortunately, no helpers, doctors and nurses
were there. There was no hospital, not even a single
person to look after the helpless people and take them to
secure places. Shocked by the situation, Dunant himself
took the initiative to organise the civilian population to assist the injured and sick soldiers.
He called people to help them in the name of humanity, irrespective of country, territory
and army.
Later he wrote a book titled Memory of Solferino
describing his experiences at Solferino. He also
appealed the people from all the countries to help
the needy people affected by wars and natural
disasters. In 1863, representatives from 16 countries
gathered in Geneva, Switzerland and founded the
International Committee for the Red Cross (ICRC).
The organization has a flag with a Red Cross on
white background. It is similar to the Swiss flag.
An agreement was signed by the representatives
of 12 countries in 1964 for the protection of Red Cross volunteers, captive soldiers and
wounded people. It is called the ‘Geneva Conventions.’ According to the agreement,
neither volunteers of Red Cross, nor the wounded and sick soldiers and captive rebels
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 145
would be attacked. So, Red Cross protects civilian people as well as wounded and captured
soldiers and rebels during conflicts and wars. Most of the countries use the name as Red
Cross. In some Islamic countries, it is called Red Crescent. It is called Red Star in Israel.
The main mission of Red Cross is to support the helpless people and respect fellow human
beings. It works with seven principles: humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence,
voluntary service, unity and universality. Red Cross has been working in Nepal since 1963
(2020 B.S.). Red cross activities are rescue and treatment of war victims, mediation between
warring sides, monitoring of ceasefire, health service in disasters, emergency shelters,
help in utensils and food stuffs, blood donation service, basic health service and pure
drinking water service, rescue refugees, etc. The Junior Red Cross circle is very popular
among students and youths. Jean Henry Dunant established such an important
humanitarian institution and served the people across the world. In recognition of his
noble efforts, he was honoured with the Nobel Prize in 1901. We should follow and respect
the life and works of Dunant.
Save Our Soul (SOS) House No. 1 A Loving Home
House No. 2 A Loving Mother/Aunt
SOS Children's Village House No. 3 Brothers and Sisters
The SOS is an international organization which was established
after the Second World War. During the World War II many
children became orphans. Dr. Hermann Gmeiner realized the
voice of orphans ‘Save Our Soul’ and established a children’s
village in Austria in 1949 AD to care them. He was committed
to helping the orphan children by building loving families and
supportive communities. Nowadays it has been extended up
to 134 countries in the world, helping hundreds of thousands
of children each year through family-based alternative care,
schools, health centres, and other community-based work.
Children’s village was established in Nepal at Sanothimi in
2028 BS at first. The SOS has been running children's village
and schools with proper facilities in Sanothimi, (Bhaktapur),
Itahari, Pokhara, Chitwan, Banepa, Nepalgunj, Surkhet. It has
been actively involved in protecting orphans and deprived
children of Nepal in order to build their bright future.There
are several houses in a village. A few children live there with The Logo of SOS
a lady who acts as a mother of children. Another lady works
as an aunt and children maintain the relationship of brothers
and sisters among them. They also celebrate different festivals together which builds
emotional bonding and ties them for the lifetime. Another children village has been
established at Jorpati for orphans and the children with physical disability. A youth hostel
is made at Koteshwor for them.
146 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Organizations like Asian Development Bank, World Bank, European Union, World Food
Programme United Nations Development Programme, DANIDA, FINNIDA (Finish
International Development Agency), Jaycees, Leo, Lions Club, etc. are active in Nepal.
They have been helping in physical, economic, educational, social and environmental
conservation and development in various ways.
Glossary
captive - imprisoned; kept in a prison
rebels
- persons who oppose or fight against the government or
impartiality group in authority
- the act of treating all people or groups equally
In-class Activity
Have you ever observed the activities of the Red Cross Society? Discuss in the class.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is the Red Cross Society?
2. Write down the major tasks of the Red Cross Society.
3. What is the SOS?
4. How was the SOS established?
B. Write short answers to following questions.
1. When and for what purpose was the Red Cross established? Explain
2. Florence Nightingale and Jean Henry Dunant were contemporaries. If they
were to meet today and discuss the contemporary social problems, what
would they be discussing? Write an imaginary conversation between these two
personalities on present day social problems.
3. What are the seven principles of Red Cross? How do these principles help
humanity?
4. What are the areas in which the Nepal Red Cross Society works? Write in
brief.
5. The Geneva Convention was held in 1864 in Switzerland. What was the
agreement signed by 12 countries? Is it possible to follow the conditions of
the agreement by each country?
6. What is the main aim of the SOS? Why is it spreading to so many countries?
7. Who gets benefits from the SOS? Write in brief.
8. Describe the contribution the SOS has made in Nepal.
9. Where are SOS children villages located in Nepal?
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 147
Lesson Some Other International
4.9 Organizations
-cGo sx] L cGt/fl{ i6«o ;+:yfx?_
Pre-reading Activity
Read the extract from UNFPA report and discuss the questions on the right.
UNFPA has been monitoring Nepal’s progress towards gender • What is UNFPA?
equality and empowerment in light of Nepal’s international
and national commitments. • As per the report, what has
Nepal has achieved a great deal in terms of human and gender
development indicators. The GDI increased from 0.312 to it been doing about Nepal?
0.511 in the 1990s, and female/ male disparities have also been
reduced. There has been significant progress in women’s access • What is the conclusion
to education and health resources. Yet gender disparities in
these key areas continue. Male-female disparities in education of the report about
increase steadily from the primary to post-graduate levels the situation of
UNFPA report on “Gender Equality and Empowerment of gender equality and
Women, 2007” empowerment of women
in Nepal?
Various International Organisations
Several international organisations are active in solving social problems existing in
Nepalese society. They have been helping economically and technically. A positive role of
organisations active in Nepal is important in solving social problems like poverty,
education, bad customs and superstitions. Such organisations have to play a positive role
in bringing about awareness regarding traditionally existing superstitions, bad customs.
A society is guided by social norms and values to function properly.
It also needs the provision for human rights, means of fulfilling
basic needs, and democracy. However, as a society progresses and
develops, it also creates a number of problems, known as social
problems such as exploitation, poverty, discrimination, conflict,
and disorder. Since these social problems are related to the society
as a whole, they need to be addressed collectively. For this, we
need cooperation and mutual understanding to help us live
harmoniously in a society and tackle the problems that arise. At
times, a society cannot tackle a range of problems it faces.
There are various organisations and institutions in the world for humanitarian
purpose; these organizations work independently without making profit. Therefore,
they are called Non-Governmental Organizations as well as “non-profit” organization.
Such organizations work in the different sectors of human life such as environment,
development, health, education and so on. The organisations that work within the
country are called National Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and if they work
148 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
at the international level, they are called International Non-
Governmental Organizations (INGOs). Different INGOs are
working in Nepal; some of them are bilateral and others are
multi-lateral agencies.
Various Governmental and Non-governmental Organisations Working in Nepal
International Nepal Fellowship
This organisation helps the drug addicts in getting rid of drug addiction
in order to live a moral life. It has been conducting various awareness
programmes. At the same time it has been running hospitals in Pokhara
and Surkhet for treatment services.
PLAN Nepal
It has been active in Nepal in order to make poverty-ridden Nepalese
children's future bright. It has been helping in construction of
school building, distribution of educational materials and textbooks,
establishment of library, promotion of health and talent. It has been active in developing
access to opportunities, developing contact and working together with children.
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
This organization is a specialised agency of the UNO. It has been working
in activities like eradication of all kinds of child labour, formulation and
implementation of labour law and labour policy and even labour welfare.
Mainly, it is focused on conducting several programmes on the eradication
of child labour from Nepal. It has been active in eradicating child labour
being observed in urban and sub-urban areas.
Rotary International
There is involvement and co-operation of senior professionals of various
countries in this organisation working for the service of the invalids and
the poor. This organisation conducts health camp, manages pure drinking
water, constructs school building, establishes libraries, provides training for
skill development and leadership development.
Norwegian Organisation for International Development
It has been working in Nepal since 2028 BS. The organisation active in development and
promotion of New Education System has been working in the field of women rights in
Nepal. Mainly the organisation has been providing free legal service in essential legal
remedy for Nepalese economically deprived women.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
It has been active in reducing poverty, conservation of environment and
education. It has focused its programs on conservation and promotion of
diversity. It has been extending its economic and technical co-operation to
the conservation of wildlife and plant species.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 149
Danish International Development Agency
It has been contributing to international development activities with the
economic and technical investment from the government of Denmark.
It has been helping in the capacity building and self-dependence of the
people with disability in Nepal.
collectively Glossary
humanitarian
multi-lateral - being together; to approach something as a group
- something that promotes human welfare
- related to many parties or places
In-class Activity
International Non-Governmental Organizations are often criticized as being ineffective in
solving the problems faced by underdeveloped countries. The large administrative cost and
luxurious lifestyle of the expatriates is cited as one of the reasons. Do you agree with this view
about INGOs? Why? Explain your views.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What are NGOs and INGOs?
2. What does the Rotary International do?
3. Name the areas in which the DANIDA works in Nepal.
4. In what areas does the ILO work in Nepal?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Make a list of at least five INGOs, other than those mentioned in the lesson,
that work in Nepal.
2. How are INGOs important in solving social problems?
3. Draw the logos of any five INGOs and briefly write the functions of each of
them.
4. Write down the major contributions made by the following organizations in
Nepal.
i. International Nepal Fellowship ii. International Labour Organization
5. How is Plan Nepal contributing to the development of Nepalese children?
Write in short.
6. The IUCN is an organization that works for the development of environment
and solution to its problem. What kind of help should Nepal take from this
organization to solve the environmental problem?
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