Social Studies 10

Lesson Causes of the World War II

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Pre-reading Activity

Study some interesting facts about the Second World War and briefly write what you think about
them.
• Eighty percent of Soviet males born in 1923 AD did not survive the war.
• Between 1939 AD to 1945 AD, the Allied forces dropped 3.4 million tons of bombs.
• 12000 heavy bombers were shot down.
• 100000 Allied bomber crews were killed.
• By D-day the Germans had 1.5 million railway workers operating 988000 freight cars.

• The USSR suffered the most casualties, estimated 42,000,000.00.

Reading

The World War I ended with the Versailles Treaty signed on June 28, 1919. However, the
treaty became the root cause of the Second World War. The Allied forced Germany to
sign on the Versailles Treaty declaring Germany as the war criminal. This became the root
cause of another war just in 20 years.

The World War II started in 1939 AD and ended in
1945 AD. It involved a vast majority of the world’s
nations forming two opposing military alliances:
the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread
war in history, with more than 100 million people
serving in military units. The war resulted in 50
million to over 70 million casualties. These deaths
make the war the deadliest conflict in human
history. Here are the causes of the World War II.

Immediate Reason Violation of the
Treaty of Versailles

by Germany

Failure of League
of Nations

Economic Crisis Causes of the Rise of Dictator
Civil War of Spain Second World
Impure Alliance of
War Nations

Fear of Communism Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 351
and a Policy of
Appeasement

1. Violation of the Treaty of Versailles by Germany

The Versailles Treaty itself became the seed of the Second World War because
Germany was treated rudely and forced to sign the treaty that it considered was
unfair. To force Germany to follow the conditions of the treaty, foreign forces of
different countries were deployed in Germany. It was unbearable for true German
patriots to continue to follow the treaty. Unexpectedly there was the rise of Hitler
in a very short period of time. He extended the military power. He established
arms manufacturing industries. In 1936 AD he sent the soldiers back to Rhineland.
All these activities were against the Treaty of Versailles. Thus, it became one of the
causes of the Second World War.

2. Failure of League of Nations

The League of Nations could not work according to its objectives. The permanent
member nations of the League of Nations themselves were involved in paralyzing
the organization. In fact, the organization was rendered weak from the beginning.
Knowing the situation, Japan attacked Manchuria, a part of China, and took over its
control in 1931 AD. In 1933 AD, Japan renounced its membership from the League
of Nations. In 1936 Italy attacked Ethiopia and captured it. Germany also suspend-
ed the treaty and attacked Austria in 1938 and over Czechoslovakia in 1939 AD.
Russia captured Finland. Hitler gradually started to recapture the lands it had lost
in Versailles Treaty like Rhineland, Anschlus of Austria, and Mamel of Lithuania.
The League of Nations neither could stop them nor could take any sort of actions.
Thus, it also became one of the causes of the Second World War.

3. Rise of Dictator
There was rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, Benito Mussolini in Italy, Joseph Sta-

lin in USSR, General Francisco in Spain, etc. They started ruling dictatorially and
autocratically. They used their authority to involve in domestic politics and they
sped up militarism and demonstration of weapons in order to warn and chal-
lenge other countries. Not only this but they raised a slogan of ultranationalism.
Hitler suspended the constitution and took power in his own hand. He made it
mandatory for the youths to join military service. Thus democracy weakened in the
world and it became the platform of another world war.

4. Impure Alliance of Nations

Japan and Italy that fought the First World War from the Triple Entente joined
Germany that led the Axis power respectively in 1936 AD and 1937 AD. It is called
Rome Berlin Tokyo Pact. This alliance made the Anti-Commintern Pact. They want-
ed to stop increasing communist power of Russia and its impact on China. On the
other hand, another alliance was formed by France, the UK, Romania, Yugoslavia
and the USA. Later even Russia also joined and it led to the Second World War.

5. Fear of Communism and a Policy of Appeasement

During the course of the First World War a revolution took place in Russia in 1917
AD (Bolshevik Revolution) and it led to the establishment of Communism. Under
the system Russia made a list of progress and therefore, other European countries
also copied her. As a result, Russian influence expanded. But the UK and France
were not internally happy with it. The UK was afraid of losing her influence. Thus,

352 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

the UK followed a policy of appeasement with an intention that Germany's alliance
may attack Russia and Russia may lose power. France also supported it.

6. Civil War of Spain

Civil War started in Spain in 1936 AD. General Franco mobilized army to suppress
the revolution. Italy and Germany supported him. They got a golden opportunity
to use their military power and capacity of weaponry. As a result, Franco won and
was ready to join Germany's alliance. Thus it helped to increase the self-confidence
of Axis power and it led to the Second World War.

7. Economic Crisis

The First World War created worldwide extreme economic crisis. As a result,
dissatisfaction and frustration increased in people due to difficult life. Thus,
agricultural production decreased. Industries and factories were almost closed.
On the other hand, unemployed youths were involved in army and armament. It
invited the Second World War.

8. Immediate Cause

Hitler demanded Denjing and Polish Corridor that was taken by Poland after the
Versailles Treaty in 1939 AD. Germany wanted to reach the Baltic sea via these areas.
But Poland refused to return them. At the same time, Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet
Non-aggression Pact. On August 23, 1939 Russia and Germany made an agreement
not to fight against each other for 10 years and to seize Poland and distribute her
between them. Ultimately, on September 1, 1939 Hitler attacked Poland from both the
land and the sky. As it was a sudden attack it was called Blitzkrieg in Germany, and
"Lightening War" in English. Thereafter, there was the Second World War.

Glossary

rendered - caused someone or something to be in a specified condition

Bolshevik Revolution - The Russian Revolution in 1917, which dismantled the
Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet
Union

suspend - to stop following

In-class Activity

During Anglo- Nepal war, British were enemies of Nepal. In First and Second World War Britain was
enemy of Japan and Germany but was good friend of Nepal. Today British, Germans and Japanese
are good friends of Nepal. Those who are your enemies today can be good friends tomorrow. That is
why, never keep negative attitudes to your enemies because they can be useful some days. Have you
ever seen someone in your community making good friend to his/her opponents? If not, find out and
develop a story based on the event.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 353

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.

1. What do you mean by ‘rise of socialism’?

2. What was the immediate cause of the World War II?

3. What do you mean by lightening war?

4. Differentiate between communism and imperialism.

5. What do you mean by policy of alienation?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.

1. How do you take the Versailles Treaty? Who are responsible for the World
War II, Germany or her opponents (during the time of treaty)?

2. How did economic crisis fuel the World War II?

3. If the League of Nations could function properly, the war would not have
broken out. Do you agree?

4. If the Treaty of Versailles were fair, the Second World War would not take
place. Do you agree with this statement? Put your views.

5. To what extent were ambition of Hitler and the policy of England considered
to be the factors causing the Second World War? Write in points.

6. What were the reasons of signing on the Anti-comentern Pact by Germany,
Japan and Italy? Why did the Allies power along with the USA show
indifference ? Write with reasons.

7. In the First World War Japan and Italy fought from the side of Allies. Why did
they fight from the side of the Axis power in the Second World War ? Write
with reasons.

8. How did the rise of the dictators lead to the Second World War? Explain with
reference to Hitler, Mussolini, France and Hirohito.

9. How did the neutralist policy of the USA lead to the Second World War?
Write with reasons.

10. In an interview once Albert Einstein was quoted,"I know not with what
weapons the World War III will be fought, but the World War IV will be
fought with sticks and stones." Do you agree with this statement? If yes, write
with reasons.

C. Write long answers to the following questions.

1. What were the causes of the Second World War? Explain.

2. To what extent were these nations responsible for the Second World War?
Write with reasons.

i. Germany ii. France iii. Britain iv. Russia

354 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Lesson Major Events and Consequences
7.13 of the World War II

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Pre-reading Activity

The group most heavily targeted by the Nazis were the Jews. Around six million Jewish people
were killed during the World War II in one of history's most terrible events-the Holocaust. Racist
in his views, Hitler blamed Jewish people for Germany losing the World War I and claimed they
were dangerous to German people and society.

National Geographic kids

How do you analyze Hitler and his task?" Discuss in the class.

Reading

Germany started the World War II on September 1, 1939 by attacking Poland. In the first
two years, Germany was getting victory wherever it attacked: France, Czechoslovakia,
Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Netherlands, etc. The victories came easily also because Russia
and Italy were supporting Germany. In the meantime, Japan was expanding territories in
Asia. It had come as near as India in South Asia. The USA was against this expansionist
policy of Japan and asked it to stop. When Japan turned a deaf ear to it, the USA initiated
oil and steel embargoes against Japan in August 1941 AD. This caused a rapid economic
crisis in Japan. Hence, it suddenly attacked Pearl Harbour in 1941 AD destroying 21 ships
and 200 planes. About 3000 Americans were killed in the Pearl Harbour tragedy. Then
America which had kept itself away from war so far got into war against Japan and its
allies, with support from key Allies powers, Britain and France. On April 30, 1945 AD,
Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide and then Germans surrendered to the
Allies power. The Allies power was unable to resist Japan as Japan was fighting with more
than 40 countries. Meanwhile, America dropped atom bombs at Hiroshima (August 6,
1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) destroying the whole cities and killing hundreds
of thousands of people. With no option remaining, Japan surrendered on September 12,
1945 and the Second World War came to an end.

Atomic bomb Little boy dropped at Hirosima Atomic bomb Fat man dropped at Nagasaki

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 355

Major Dates and Events of the Second World War

Date Events
September 1, 1939 Germany attacked Poland.
September 3, 1939 Britain and France declared war against Germany.
April 9, 1940 Germany attacked over Norway and Denmark.
April 30, 1940 Japan got into Axis of powers.
May 10, 1940 Germany attacked Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxemburg.
May 11, 1940 Germany attacked France.
June 10, 1940 Italy declared war against France and Britain.
July 10, 1940 Britain began war.
October 28, 1940 Italy attacked Greece.
April 6, 1941 Germany attacked Yugoslavia and Greece.
April 21, 1941 Greece surrendered.
June 22,1941 Germany attacked Russia violating the treaty.
December 7, 1941 Japan bombed Pearl Harbor.
December 8, 1941 America declared war against the Axis of Powers.
February 27, 1942 Ocean war at Java.
May 4, 1942 Coral Ocean War.
June 4, 1942 Battle of Midway.
September 8, 1943 Italy surrendered.
August 25,1944 The Allied Power made Paris free from Germany.
January 17, 1945 Russia invaded Warsaw.
April 12, 1945 Death of the US president Franklin Roosevelt and Harry S
Truman elected the new president.

April 28, 1945 Mussolini of Italy murdered.
April 30, 1945
May 7, 1945 Hitler and his wife Eva Braun committed suicide.
August 6and 9, 1945
Germany surrendered at Rheims.

America dropped atom bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
respectively.

September 12, 1945 Japan formally surrendered and the war ended.

The Second World War began when Germany attacked Poland at 5:30 am on September
1, 1939. In the beginning phase Germany won the war all around. Till June 1940 Germany
seized France, Poland, Denmark Norway, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, etc.
On the other hand, in Asia Japan seized East Asia and reached India in South Asia. But
control over these countries did not last for long. At the same time joint military force was

356 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

formed. German army was badly defeated by the army of the Triple Entente. Hitler had to
even commit suicide. Ultimately, Germany broke into East Germany and West Germany.
Two big cities of Japan were destroyed with bombs. Japan surrended to the USA on 12
September 1945 and thus the Second Word War came to an end officially.

Consequences of the Second World War

1. Heavy Loss of Lives and Properties

The Second World War was very destructive. Both the chemical as well as mod-
ern weapons were used in the World War II. In this war 22 million people were
killed and 34 million people were wounded. 110 trillion dollars were estimated to
be spent on this war. Several developed cities and thousands of factories and indus-
tries were destroyed. Fertile arable land changed into deserts. Millions of people
became homeless and thus they were forced to lead life of refugees.

2. Polarised World and the Commencement of Cold War

After the Second World War the power of the USA and Russia increased.
Other countries became economically weak and lost military capacity. But the USA
exported war materials (weapons) to European countries and made economic
progress. On the other hand, there was more military power with Russia and thus
the Russia's political power spread in the world.

But there was difference of opinion in politics and ideology between two
countries because the USA was a promising capitalist country whereas Russia was a
communist country. Therefore they started criticizing each other. Countries in
the world were polarized in capitalist and communist groups and the world was
divided into two groups. Though there was no physical attack on one another, but
there was lot of unhealthy competition between both the groups. Relation cooled
down and there was cold war. This problem lessened with the downfall of the
Soviet Union in 1990 AD.

3. Establishment of Competitive Organization in the Name of
Economic Reconstruction

European countries and the USA jointly established the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) in 1949 AD to stop the influence of communism. In reply
to it Russia established the Warsaw Pact in the capital city of Warsaw, Poland in
1955 AD. East European countries including Russia ware involved in it. Russia
established an organization under Molotov, the Russian Foreign Minister, to
provide economic assistance to these countries. This is called COMECON (Council
for Mutual Economic Assistance) or Molotov plan. On the other hand, the USA
made a plan under the leadership of George Marshal, Foreign Minister of the USA,
to provide economic assistance to the European countries supported by the USA.
This plan is called Marshal Plan.

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4. End of Colonialism and Extremity of National Revolutions
The Second World War weakened the power of powerful European countries, the

UK and France. UK-controlled colonies became independent. Similar cases were
faced by other imperialistic nations also. This made India and other nations get
independent.

5. Establishment of United Nations Organization

In course of the Second World War the chiefs of the nation leading the war made a
lot of attempts to stop the war. Gathering in London the Allied announced a decla-
ration on June 12, 1941. It is called the London Declaration. In it, it was appealed for
the end of war and international cooperation and peace. Right after three months on
August 14, 1941 American president Franklin Delane Roosevelt and British Prime
Minister Winston Churchil prepared a charter in a ship in the Atlantic Ocean. It is
called the Atlantic Charter. With the continuation of other efforts ultimately San
Francisco Conference took place with the participation of 50 countries of the world.
Finally Poland signed this charter and the number of nations reached 51. Thereafter
the approved charter was announced on October 24, 1945 and the United Nations
organisation was established.

More on the Marshall Plan and the Molotov Plan

The Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan was an European Recovery Program or an
economic package brought by the USA to help rebuild western
democratic European nations after the end of the World War
II. The plan is named after secretary of state George Catlett
Marshall (1880-1959), who announced it in a commencement
speech at Harvard University on June 5, 1947. The USA provided
13 billion $ to western Europe between 1948-52 AD which later
laid the foundation for the Europe Economic Union. With this
economic package, the USA had a goal to rebuild devastated
regions of Europe, modernize industry and stop the spread of
communism.

The Molotov Plan

In counter of the Marshall Plan, the USSR brought the Molotov
Plan to help rebuild countries of Eastern Europe that were
politically and economically aligned to the Soviet Union. The
plan is named after Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov
(1890-1986). The plan which ended by 1952, tried its best to make
Eastern Europe and Asia prosperous through the establishment
of COMECON.

358 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

The Second World War and Nepal

As in the First World War, Rana prime ministers
of Nepal supported British-India government
with additional troops to fight the war. During
the war, Juddha Shumsher was the Prime
Minister of the country. He sent a total of 250
thousand soldiers under the command of
Bahadur Shumsher and others. Nepali Army
fought in Myanmar, Malaysia, Singapore, Italy,
Egypt, Greece, Cyprus, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq and showed extraordinary
bravery in the war. A rough figure states that about 7544 Nepali soldiers were killed and
23655 wounded in the war. This caused a great loss of Nepalese youths in the war. As the
British government was very happy with Juddha Shumsher, he was awarded with the full
honorary designation of 'General of the British Army'.

In honour of Ghurkhas’ bravery, British Government offered prestigious medals like
‘Victoria Cross’ and ‘Military Cross’ to Gorkha soldiers. The Nepal government got 33.3
million rupees in addition to previous 1 million annual grants from the British. Some of
the soldiers got monthly or yearly pension allowance too.

Glossary

embargo - blockade; order that limits trade
cold war
- a state of political and military tension after the World
War-II between powers in the western bloc led by the USA
and the Eastern bloc led by the USSR

In-class Activity

The families of British Gorkha, who fought in World War II and who still served in
the 1990s, have got permission to stay in Britain permanently. Is this good or bad for
nation like Nepal? Conduct a mini survey asking this question to people randomly.
Then, write a brief report about your finding.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. How was America pulled in the World War II?
2. What do you mean by Cold War?
3. What do you know about the Pearl Harbour event?
4. What is the Altantic Charter?

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 359

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Make a table and include the major events of the World War II.
2. How did the World War II end? Write in brief.
3. After the World War II a wave of independence started in the world. What
was its cause?
4. Describe the impacts of the World War II in Nepal.
5. What might be the reasons behind Hitler's committing suicide? Write in
points
6. 'Pearl Harbour event made Japan suffer to the extreme level.' Justify the
statement.

7. 'Dialogue and understanding are better than belligerent military
confrontation.' Justify the statement with reference to the Second World War.

8. After the Second World War, the neutral nations of the world formed an
association. Write about it.

9. If there were no Rana rule in Nepal, Nepalese would not take part in the world
wars. There was very close self-interest relationship between the British and
the Ranas. How do you analyze these statements? Put your views.

10. In an outline map of the world insert the nations involved in the Second
World War along with the places of major events.

11. 'The development of atomic bombs was more responsible than the war in the
destruction of two major cities of Japan.' Have a conversation on it.

12. Just before the Second World War broke out, Germany and Russia signed the
Germen Soviet Nonaggression pact, in which the two countries promised to
take no military action on each other and would remain in the same group.
But they plunged themselves in the war from two different sides violating
the treaty. What is your view about it ? Which nation was responsible for
violating the treaty?

C. Write long answers to the following questions.

1. What were the consequences of the World War II?
2. Make a comparison between the First World War and the Second World War.

Pre-reading Activities
If we look at the history of the world, we can find many examples of the establishment of peace
and reconstruction after great revolutions. In Nepal also people had done resolutions during
different periods. What sort of reconstruction planning were made after each revolution and to
what extent were they implemented? Talk to the senior citizens or the local intellectuals of your
community and prepare a report on it.

360 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Lesson Identification, Preservation and

7.14 Promotion of the Historical

Places and Monuments

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Pre-reading Activity

Have you visited all the historical, cultural and religious places of your community?
What is their present status? Share it with your class

Reading

[Yasub is a student of class ten. Today his teacher asked him to say something about the historical
places and monuments of his area. He could hardly speak one sentence. Hence, he goes to his
grandfather and tries to get the answer.]

Yasub : Namaste grandfather.

Grandfather : Namaste my child. How did you get up early in the morning today?

Yasub : Grandfather, I have something to ask about the historical sites and
monuments.

Grandfather : Ah! Good to hear such things from my child. See, every place is unique
in its own way. The place we are born is very special for us. So, we
should try to make it special from every aspect. There may be different
historical, cultural and religious sites near us. There may be different
monuments as well. They all are our heritages.

Yasub : Ok, then what are historical sites and monuments?

Grandfather : Historical sites are the places that carry the political, cultural, social
or historical importance. They are the places protected by the nation.
They include different infrastructures or landscape that are of local or
national significance. Historical monuments are assets of a nation that
include structures such as building, sculpture, statue or pillar and that
have historic, national, local, religious or symbolic significance.

Yasub : Then, are there such sites in our place ?

Grandfather : Of course, look at the old building on the way to your school. Look
at that river (pointing to the nearby river), look at the temple your
grandmother visits every day. They all are our heritages. Even the
school where you are reading is one of the heritages. That's the same
school where I read.

Yasub : Grandfather then what is the importance of these historical sites?

Grandfather : Good question. Heritage is the history, unique knowledge, values and

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 361

tradition. It helps us discover and understand who and why we are. It
provides a tangible link with the past. Besides it the historical places
and monuments carry the following importance:

• They give an identity and pride to our community.

• They create a sense of local cohesion.

• They help to promote tourism which will create job opportunities for
the local people.

• They help to boost up the local economies through opportunities
generating additional revenue.

So, we should value our heritages found around our community. In doing so, we will
be able to pass them onto our future generation with a little bit of ourselves attached
to them. The future generation can see the image, contributions and splendid task
of their forefathers on those heritages. This will also pave the way for them to move
ahead. The good task today we do will be source of inspiration to our successors.

Yusub : I see, these historical sites are so important to us. Now, how can we
preserve and promote them, grandfather ?

Grandfather : See, there are different ways to preserve and promote them. Since they
are around us, we need to take special care and protect them. Some of
the ways are:

• You and your group can involve in conservation activities, and in
mobilization of the resources for financial support.

• You can create public awareness on the preservation and promotion of
these historical sites and monuments.

• Public security should be given to these historical sites and monuments.

• Together we can launch a campaign in the renovation and repair of old
monuments preserving their original state.

• We can publicize the importance and ways of conservation of the local
historical sites through different mass media like radio, television,
newspaper, Internet, etc.

• We should keep on traveling and visiting those places and voluntarily
donate certain fund which will help in the preservation of these sites.

Yusub : Thank you so much grandfather, It was great to know about the
historical sites from you.

Grandfather : You are welcome my child.

A Sample of Report Writing

[Learning about a society and its culture also requires to visit places and study the culture. You
may be required to undertake an excursion and write a report about it. The following is the sample
excursion report that you may use as a model.]

362 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Religious Tourism at Pashupatinath

Inroduction
The temple Pashupatinath is located 5 km north east of Kathmandu. It is located at the
height of 1335 meter above the sea level.

Objectives of the Study

The specific objectives of the study are as follows:

• To analyze the importance of Pashupatinath

• To assess the flow of pilgrims to Pashupatinath temple area

• To study the pilgrimage tourism related activities and services at Pashupatinath
area

Methods of Data Collection
Both primary and secondary methods of data collection were used during the study.

a. Primary data collection: I made a questionnaire to ask the people and pilgrims of
Pashupatinath area.

b. Secondary data collection: I had an access to books, Internet and Pashupati Area
Development Trust to collect information about my study area.

Findings
Pashupatinath has a spectacular physical diversity. There are small peaks, plain and
forest. The western part is 200 ft. deeper than the east. The Pashupati Area can be divided
into three parts: core area, monumental zone and continuum zone. Its total coverage is
264 hectares. But the coverage of the core area of Pashupatinath temple is only 251.5 sq.
meters. There is a small hill in the northern part of the temple called Kailash Parbat which
is compared with the Kailashkut Bhawan, an example of ancient architecture dating back
to the Lichchhavi period. There is a small forest called Bhandarkhal Garden in the west
and Sleshmantak Ban or Mrigasthali in the east.

Pashupatinath has been the major destination for Hindu pilgrims from the ancient
time to the present. Generally, the flow of tourists is high on Mondays and Saturdays
because Monday is the birth day of Lord Shiva and Saturday is the public holiday in
Nepal. Similarly, people congregate here in a large number on special occasions like
Mahashivaratri, Rakshyabandan, Teej, Ekadashi and Poornima. The devotion of pilgrims
shows that people have great faith upon lord Shiva and Pashupatinath.

Pashupatinath is the guardian spirit and holiest of all Shiva shrines in Nepal. According
to the Vedas, the Upanishad and other religious books, Pashupatinath is the master of all
beings of the universe. This temple's existence dates back to 400 A.D. The main temple
of Pashupatinath is a square-shaped pagoda temple with a bunk roof and a golden spire.
It is a cubic construction with four main doors, all covered with silver sheets. The two-
storied roof is made from copper and covered with gold.

Many people are employed in Pashupatinath premises to provide services to the pilgrims.
Many foreign tourists visit Pashupatinath premises to observe Hindu rituals, especially
the funeral. They have to pay entry fee to observe the area which helps to develop

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 363

Pashupati area. There are still many things to improve and systematize for the welfare
and better services to the devotees.

Conclusion and Suggestions
Pashupati area is the cultural and historical attraction for the Nepalese and Indian
pilgrims. Some of the suggestions that the devotees, who visited this shrine gave for the
overall development of this area, are listed below:

• Provision of special entrance fee should be managed for the devotees who come
from very far and those who have no time to stay for a long time.

• Beggars and flower sellers should be controlled because they trouble the
devotees.

• A separate line for the old and sick devotees should be maintained.
• Sanitation problems of this area should be removed forever.
• Crematorium should be shifted away from the temple.
• Information centers and information boards for the visitors should be installed.

Glossary

tangible - that can be seen or touched
renovation - act of repairing

In-class Activity

You might have gone on an educational tour from your school. What sort of plan did you make
for your tour? Identification of primary needs, pre-planning work, description of teachers,
students, educational objectives, time frame, evaluation of the tour, etc. might be some of the
aspects you included in your tour. Now frame a sample of a plan under those elements.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What do you mean by a historical site?
2. Why should one preserve the historical and archaeological place?
3. What are monuments?
4. What is heritage?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Why are heritages important? Give reasons.
2. Why should we preserve the historical and archaeological places?
3. Write some ways to promote and protect the local heritages.
4. Write down the importance of historical places from economic and tourism
points of view.

364 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

C. Write a long answer to the following question.

You might have traveled to different places of your locality. Prepare a report on
different historically important sites of your locality under the following subtitles.

1. Introduction 2. Objectives

3. Methodology 4. Findings 5. Conclusion

Unit Revision

In this unit, we have learnt that:

●● The democratic movement of 2007 BS overthrew the century-old Rana rule and
established democracy in Nepal.

●● The revolution of 2007 BS ended with the five-point accord, known as the Delhi
Agreement.

●● Between 2007 BS and 2017 BS, Nepali politics remained unstable with frequent
changes of governments.

●● The Nepali Congress won the general election and B. P. Koirala became the first
elected Prime Minister of Nepal but his government was dismissed and partyless
Panchayat system was imposed by King Mahendra on Poush 1, 2017.

●● Implementation of land reform, establishment of Rastra Bank, and Civil Service
Act of 2013 BS are some of the significant achievements of the period between 2007
BS and 2017 BS.

●● From 2017 BS to 2046 BS Panchayat autocratic system of government was imposed
in Nepal

●● The revolution of 2046 BS again restored democracy in Nepal; from 2052 BS to
2062 BS, Nepal faced Maoist insurgency.

●● First Constituent Assembly election was held on Chaitra 28, 2064 with altogether
601 members.

●● People’s movement of 2062/2063 BS ended the monarchy and Nepal became a
republic country on Jesth 15, 2065.

●● The First Constituent Assembly was dissolved on Jesth 14, 2069 and fresh election
for the Second Constituent Assembly took place on Mangsir 4, 2070.

●● The Nepali Congress and the CPN (UML) emerged as the largest parties and
Sushil Koirala became the prime minister of the coalition government.

●● Nepal finally got its historic constitution on Ashwin 3, 2072.

●● The First World War began on July 28, 1914 and ended on June 28, 1919 with the
signing of the Versailles Treaty.

●● Economic imperialism, extreme form of nationalism, and groupism were some of
the main causes of the First World War.

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●● The Second World War began on September 1, 1939 and ended on September 12,
1945.

●● The Treaty of Versailles, failure of League of Nations, German nationalism and
rise of Hitler in Germany, and rise of Japanese imperialism were some significant
causes of the Second World War.

●● Both the First World War and the Second World War caused massive destruction
of life and properties.

Test Your Knowledge

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Mention any two conditions coded in the Delhi Agreement.
2. In one sentence, write your opinion about the Delhi Agreement.
3. When was the first general election held, and which party won the election?
4. Mention any two economic achievements between 2007-2017 BS.
5. Who declared Panchayat system in Nepal and when?
6. State any two advantages of democracy.
7. When did the Royal Massacre occur?
8. What is a coup? Give an example.
9. What do you mean by the Pearl Harbour event?
10. Hitler was the right leader for a strong, powerful and united country. Do you

agree or not? Write your answer in a sentence.
11. Define cold war with an example.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write in brief about the situation of people during the Panchayat system.
2. Differentiate in four points between People’s Mass Movement I and II.
3. Write a letter to your foreign friend describing the changes that were brought

by the Maoist revolution.
4. Complete the following table and form a timeline arranging the dates and events.

Mangsir 5, 2063 BS Dissolution of the first Constituent
Jesth 15, 2065 BS Assembly

Election of the Constituent
Assembly for the Second time



366 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

5. Create a timeline for the following dates and events.

Dates Events

a. 2007 BS - Establishment of democracy

b. ..... Beginning of the Panchayat System
c. 2019 BS- ....
d. ..... Implementation of Land Reform Act.

6. Mention any four causes of the First World War.

7. Suppose you had the opportunity to interview a British Gorkha soldier who
fought in the Second World War. Make of list of questions you would ask him
with possible answers.

8. What was the condition of Nepal before the First World War?

9. Explain the role of Nepali soldiers in the First and the Second World War.

C. Write long answers to the following questions.
1. Draft a dialogue between two friends discussing the political, economic and

social results of the First World War.

2. How was the Versailles Treaty responsible for the Second World War? Which
country was responsible? Germany, or other countries as well? Write your
opinion.

3. What is international conflict and what are its effects? What can we do to
minimize such conflict?

4. You might have talked to the leaders or social workers about political,
economic and social achievements obtained after the Second Mass Movement
2062/63. Based upon your talk with him, prepare a report under the following
headings.

i. Introduction ii. Objectives iii. Findings iv Conclusion

5. How do you justify that there was political instability from 2007 BS - 2017 BS?
Describe in points. Mention economic and social achievements and effects
during the period.

6. Why was the Panchayant System against people? Write down the similarities
and differences between the political steps taken by King Mahendra on Poush
1, 2017 BS and King Gyanendra on Magh 19, 2061 in a table.

7. If the Serbians did not take feeling of revenge against Austria - Hungary, the First
World War would not occur. Suggest the Nepalese political leaders to focus on
mutual understanding and not to keep feeling of revenge against each other.

8. "Weakness of the League of Nations, Japan's ambition, and the British policy
resulted in the Second World War." Justify the statement.

9. How was the Second World War different from the First World War on
political, economic and geographical basis? Clarify in points.

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Key Terms

aeroplane hijack incident: the incident on 25th Jestha 2030 where the plane heading for
Kathmandu from Biratnagar was forcibly landed in Farbesgunj, Bihar , India which later
on was released after confiscating 3 million Indian currency

Allies: The countries allied against the Central Powers during World War I: originally
Great Britain, France, and Russia, later joined by the US, Italy, Japan, etc.

Anti -Commintern Pact: the alliance of Germany, Japan and Italy to stop the increasing
communist power of Russia and its impact on China

Atomic bomb: an extremely destructive type of bomb whose violent explosive power
is due to the sudden release of energy resulting from the splitting of nuclei of a heavy
chemical element by neutrons in a very rapid chain reaction

Axis Power: the alignment of great powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) that fought World
War II against the Allies

Balkan crisis: the crises in the Balkan region in 1908 when Austria- Hungary annexed
Bosnia, in 1912 when Balkan League fought against the Ottoman Empire for independence
and in 1913 the Balkan countries turned on each other and fought among themselves for
power

Balkan League: the alliance formed by Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and Montenegro to wage
war against Turkey and get independence

BIPPA: (Bilateral Investment promotion and production Agreement) an agreement
between India and Nepal that seeks to promote and protect investments from either
country in the territory of the other country with a view to increasing bilateral investment

Birta abolition act,2016: an act that made to abolish Birta lands and impose land tax
thereon

Birta land or Birta System: the system in which the ownership of the land was alienated
by the state to individuals and which was virtually free from any taxes

Black Hand Society: a secret military society formed on September 6, 1901 by members
of the Serbian army in the kingdom of Serbia which was intent on uniting all of the
territories containing significant Serb populations annexed by Austria Hungary

Bolshevik Revolution: the Russian Revolution in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist
autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union

Civil War: a war between groups of people within a country

Cold War: a state of political, social, ideological and military tension after the World War
II between powers in the Democratic Western bloc led by the USA and the Communist
Eastern Bloc led by the USSR

colonialism: the policy of acquiring full or partial political control over another country,
occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

Communism: a theory of classless society propounded by Karl Marx in which state plans
and controls the economy

368 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Comprehensive Peace Agreement(CPA): the agreement between Armed Nepal CPN
party (Maoist) and the Government of Nepal on 5 Mangsir 2063 that ended the 10 year
long people's war and opened the gateway to establishment of peace

coup: a sudden successful move or action by citizens or the army or any person to take
control of the government

de facto: in actual fact

de jure: having legal existence

Delhi agreement: the agreement that was held in New Delhi in 1951 AD among the
Ranas, King Tribhuvan and Nepali congress ending the 103 years long Rana regime

democracy: a system of government based on the belief in freedom and equality between
people, in which power is either held by elected representatives or directly by the people
themselves

dictator: a ruler with absolute power and authority especially one who exercises it
tyrannically

diplomat: a representative of government who conducts relations with the governments
of other nations

directive principles: guiding principles of the state

economic depression: a sustained economic recession in which a nation’s GNP is
falling and marked by low production and sales and a high rate business failures and
unemployment ex. the situation after the First World War

expansionism: the policy of expanding a nation’s territory or its sphere of influence, often
at the expense of other nations

Fascism: a totalitarian governmental system led by a dictator and emphasizing aggressive
nationalism, militarism, and often racism, propounded by Mussolini in Italy

Fat Man: Atom bomb dropped at Nagasaki of Japan on 9th August 1945 by the USA
during the Second World War

First Mass Movement: The joint movement of the Nepali Congress and the Communists
launched on 7 Falgun 2046 against the partyless Panchayat system to restore the multiparty
democracy

First World War: the war (1914 – 1918) between the Allies (Great Britain, France, Russia,
the US, Italy, Japan, etc.) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, etc.

Gandak Agreement : the agreement on the Gandak irrigation and power project between
Nepal and the Government of India , dated December 4, 1959, as amended from time to
time

imperialism: the policy and practice of forming and maintaining an empire in seeking
to control raw material and world markets by the conquest of other countries, the
establishment of colonies, etc.

interim government: the temporary government until the new government is set up

Janakpur incident: the incident that took place in Janakpur on Magh 9, 2018 in which the

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 369

anti-Panchayat youths including Arvind Thakur under the leadership at Durgananda Jha
hurled a bomb at King Mahendra's vehicle

Jayatu Sankritam Andolan: the movement initiated by the hostel students of Royal Sanskrit
School in 2004 B.S. demanding the inclusion of economics , history , political science and
geography in the curriculum of their school which later paved the strong foundation to
fight against the Ranas

Jhapa revolt: the revolt that was initiated by Nepal Communist Party (Marxism and
Lenninism) in 2028 BS with the aim of cleansing feudal and liberating the poor

Kipat land: the land tenure system in Nepal before 1950 in which community had the
ownership of the land

Koshi Agreement: the agreement signed in 1954 AD between India and Nepal to regulate
the flow of the river and ensure flood management

League of Nations: an international organization established on January 10, 1920 after
the World War I under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles to provide a forum for
resolving international disputes

Library episode : the event in which a group of more than 45 people including Laxmi
Pd.Devkota attempted to open library but was made failure by the then Prime minister Bir
Shamsher

Lightening War / Blitzkrieg: the sudden attack of Germany over Poland and on 1 September
1939 which later became the immediate cause of the Second World War

Little Boy: Atom bomb dropped at Hiroshima of Japan on 6th August 1945 by the USA
during the Second World War

Makai Parva: the incident in which 999 copies out of 1000 of a book named Makaiko Kheti(
the cultivation of corn) written by Subba Krishna Lal Adhikari in 1920 AD were confiscated
and burnt down by the Ranas accusing it as a satire to them

Maoist insurgency: the armed revolution launched by the Maoists on 1st Falgun 2052
which created the civil war in Nepal almost a decade

Marshal Plan: European Recovery Program or an economic package brought by the USA
to help rebuild western democratic European nations after the end of the First World War

mass movement: any large side , spontaneous behaviour on the part of large numbers of
people toward similar goal, without overall planning or coordination

militarism: a policy of maintaining a strong military organization in aggressive
preparedness for war

Military Cross: the third level military decoration awarded to officers and (Since 1993)
other ranks of the British Armed Forces

militia: any army composed of citizens rather than professional soldiers, called up in time
of emergency

minority group: any recognizable social , religious or ethnic group in a community that
suffers some disadvantage due to prejudice or discrimination

Molotov Plan: the economic package created by the Soviet Union (USSR) in 1947 AD in

370 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

order to provide aid to rebuild the countries in Eastern Europe that were politically and
economically aligned to the Soviet Union

Mukti Sena: the militiant wing of Nepali Congress Party that took part in armed uprising
against the Rana rule in Nepal

multiparty ruling system: a democratic system in which multiple political parties
compete in the election and form the single party government or in coalition

NATO: (North Atlantic Treaty organization) a military alliance of European and North
American democracies founded after World War II to strengthen international ties between
member states-especially the United States and Europe and to serve as a counter-balance
to the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact)

Naya Muluki Ain ( New Civil code) : the general law that contains all of the basic
provisions that govern life in society, namely the relationships among citizens and the
relationships between people and property

Nazism: the ideology and practice of the Nazis, especially the policy of racist nationalism,
national expansion, and state control of the economy; the principles and practices of the
National Socialist Worker’s party under Adolf Hitler

Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression Pact: the agreement between Russia and Germany on 23
August 1939 which promised not to fight against each other for 10 years

Panchayat Rule: the autocratic and partyless rule in Nepal between 2017 and 2046 B.S.

Pearl Harbor Event: the sudden attack of Japan in 1941 AD at Pearl Harbor, an American
fleet against the economic blockade made by the USA

petition: a formal written request or prayer for a certain thing to be done

Piskar incident: the incident where a number of children and innocent people were
shot to death and dozens of people were arrested and tortured in a cultural programme
organized at Piskar Mahadevsthan, Sindhupalchowk on 1st Magh 2040 with a view to
bringing awareness against the Panchyat system

Prachand Gorkha: the first political organization of Nepal established in 1988 B.S.to hold
movements against the Ranarchy

Praja Parishad: the first political party established in Nepal on 20th Jestha, 1993

raikar land: the land which was subject to payment of some revenue to the state and
where ownership was also retained by the state itself

Reconciliation policy (Rastriya Melmilap Niti): the policy initiated by B.P. Koirala on
16th Poush 2033 after he returned from India

red tape: the practice of requiring lengthy processes and procedures for a task

revolution: a successful attempt by large mass of people to bring change in the political
system

Right of tenants (Mohiyani Hak): the beneficial interest that remains in the tenant for
long term service to the landlord

Satyagraha: disobedient and peaceful movement launched by the Nepali Congress
against the Panchyat on 10th Jestha 2042

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Second Mass Movement: the joint movement launched by the political parties of Nepal
along with the indirect support of Maoists on 24th Chaitra 2062 to the 11th Baisakh 2063 that
restored the House of Representatives

Second World War: the war (1939 – 1945) between the the Allies (Great Britain, France, the
Soviet Union, the US, etc.) and the Axis (Germany, Italy, Japan, etc.)

Seven Party Alliance: a coalition of seven Nepalese political parties (Nepali Congress,
Nepali Congress (Democratic), CPN (UML), Nepal Workers and Peasants Party, Nepal
Goodwill Party (Anandi Devi), United Left Front and People's Front ) to end the autocratic
rule in the country

Singha Durbar Fire Incident: the fire incident at Singh Durbar on 25 Asar 2030 that
destroyed important documents of the nation

Sukhani incident: the incident that took place at Sukhani, Ilam on 21 Falgun 2029, where
Ramnath Dahal, Narayan Shrestha ,Krishna Kuikel, Netra Prasad Ghimire and Biren
Rajbansi were killed in accuse of murdering Dharma Prasad Upadhayay, the then member
of the Rastriya Panchyat

The countries allied against the Axis Powers during World War II especially Great Britain,
the Soviet Union, and the US

Timburbote incident: the 2031 BS incident at Timburbote, Okhaldhunga in which 21
youths including Ram and Laxman were cruelly murdered by the army

transitional period: the changing, passing, developmental or transitionary period
following a civil war or some crisis and conflict

Treaty of Versailles: the humiliating treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied Powers on
June 28, 1919 after the end to the World Was I that imposed disarmament, reparations, and
territorial changes on the defeated Germany

Triple Alliance: an alliance of Germany, Austria- Hungary, and Italy from 1882 to 1915,
mainly against France and Russia

Triple Entente: the military understanding reached by Great Britain, France and Russia
before World War I as a counterbalance to the Triple Alliance

Twelve Point Memorandum: the agreement between the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and
Maoists on 7th Mangsir 2062 that created the ground for the Second Mass Movement

ultranationalism: nationalism that is excessive or extreme as that of Germans before the
First World War

United Leftist Front: the unification of all the Communist Parties for the First Mass
Movement

UNMIN: United Nations Mission in Nepal ( a special political mission established by the
United Nations Security Council, resolution 1740, to support the peace process in Nepal

Victoria Cross: the highest British commonwealth military decoration, awarded for deeds
of exceptional bravery

Village National Campaign: the campaign launched by King Mahendra in 2024 B.S. asking
its people to return and involve in development activities

372 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

8Unit

Economic Activities
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On the completion of this unit, students will develop the following competencies:

●● To introduce development plan in Nepal and mention the major programmes of
the current plan

●● To mention the areas, importance and development prospects of tourism industry
and hydroelectricity in Nepal

●● To mention the importance, prospect, preparation and precautions of foreign
employment in the economy of Nepal

●● To introduce the co-operatives, insurance, banking and financial tools
●● To introduce revenue and tax payment process and develop positive concept

toward tax
●● To know the consumer rights and utility and act accordingly

Teaching and evaluation scheme for the unit
Teaching periods ............................................. 17
Course weight ................................................ 12

Evaluation Grid for Final Testing

Type of Skills tested
questions
Knowledge & Creative, critical Application, Value & Total no. of Total mark Time (in
Very short understanding thinking & analysis practical & attitude questions allocation minutes)
Short research skill
Long 1 – – 22
– – –
1 1 1 1
– 3 1+4+7=12

–

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 373

Lesson Current Plan

8.1 -rfn" of]hgf_

Pre-reading Activity

Have you ever made a plan to achieve your goal in your life? If yes, what sort of activities have
you carried out so far? Share with the class.

Reading

A plan is a set of programs or work to be performed within a specified time period.
Similarly, an economic plan is a detailed program of development projects, policies, and
strategies for implementation. Such a plan also includes the allocation of budget and
resources to complete projects within a certain time frame.

An economic plan is useful for estimating the amount of budget, identifying the beneficiary
groups, and arranging the means and resources. Most of the countries employ economic
plans to prioritize projects and to get maximum output using limited budget, means and
resources.

History of Economic Planning

The system of economic planning began in Russia
in 1925 A.D. when Russia (then USSR) devised
a five-year plan. Economists believe that due to
national planning, Russia was able to avoid the
economic recessions that hit world economies
in the 1930s. After that, many other countries
followed economic planning. Nepal started it
from 2013 BS as the First Five-Year Economic
Plan. National Planning Commission (NPC) is
responsible for preparing economic plans. With
three three-year plans for the financial years
2019 BS to 2022 BS, 2063/2064 to 2066/2067 and
2073/074 to 2075/076, Nepal is currently running the fifteenth Five Year Plan (2076/077-
2080/081). Once the targeted goals and objectives in a plan are not achieved within the
time frame, such goals and objectives continue in the next plan. While implementing the
projects, policies, and strategies, different problems may arise that result in the delay of
projects. Such problems mainly occur due to lack of budget, political instability, change of
strategies and so on. As the review of history of planned development in Nepal shows, all
of our past plans were unable to achieve the goals and targeted work satisfactorily.

374 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Reasons for the Inability to Achieve Goals

There are many reasons why Nepal failed to achieve developmental goals set in the
periodic plans so far. Some of them are as follows:

1. Lack of long-term vision, strategy and policy
2. No reliable source for budget
3. Lack of accountability and responsibility from the concerned agency or body
4. Lack of people’s participation in the selection and implementation of project as

plans are often prepared without field visits or consulting the local people
5. Frequent change of political systems, governments and planners
6. Unnecessary political interference
7. Lack of knowledge, technology and people’s participation
8. Rampant corruption and impunity

Advantages of Economic Planning

If the plan is well devised and implemented, the planned economic development has many
advantages for a country like Nepal with a limited capital, resources, and manpower.
Some of the advantages of economic planning are as follows:

1. It is possible to handle, conduct and control the development activities in specified
sectors, time and place from the beginning to the end of the projects.

2. Maximum output can be gained from limited means and resources within a short
period of time.

3. Long-term plans cannot easily be affected by minor disturbances
4. The source of budget can be managed within required time.
5. Foreign aid and assistance can be obtained and utilized properly
6. Regional imbalance of development can be reduced and social justice can be

provided.
7. Needs and demands of people can be included in a systematic way.
8. Positive and productive projects can be given continuity.
9. The risk of projects being incomplete and getting derailed can be reduced.

THE CURRENT 15th FIVE YEAR PLAN
Long-term Vision

‘Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali’

A prosperous, independent, and socialism-oriented economy with a happy, healthy, and
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 375

educated citizens enjoying equality of opportunities, dignity, and high standards of living.

Long-term National Goals

Prosperity Happiness

1.1 Accessible modern infrastructure 2.1 Well-being and decent life
and intensive connectivity

1.2 Development and full utilization 2.2 Safe, civilized and just society
of human capital potentials

1.3 High and sustainable production 2.3 Healthy and balanced environment
and productivity 2.4 Good governance
2.5 Comprehensive democracy
1.4 High and equitable national
income

2.6 National unity, security, and dignity

Long-term National Strategies

1. To achieve rapid, sustainable and employment-oriented economic growth,

2. To ensure affordable and quality health care and education,

3. To develop internal and international interconnectivity and sustainable cities/
settlements,

4. To increase production and productivity,

5. To provide a comprehensive, sustainable and productive social security and
protection,

6. To build a just society characterized by poverty alleviation and socio-economic
equality,

7. To conserve and utilize natural resources and improve resilience, and

8. To strengthen public services, enhance balanced provincial development, and
promote national unity.

The Fifteenth Plan

(Fiscal Year 2019/20-2023/24)

Background

The Constitution of Nepal has envisioned building an advanced, self-reliant, and socialism-
oriented economy. In the same vein, the Fifteenth plan has set a vision for achieving a
rapid and balanced economic development as well as prosperity, good governance,
and happiness of the citizens. This will be the first plan to achieve the targeted objective
through collaboration with private, cooperative, and community sectors and efficient
intergovernmental fiscal management among the three tiers of governments in the federal
structure. This plan will create the basis for attaining prosperity, happiness, and socialism-
oriented economy fruit of which will hopefully be enjoyed by the current generation
itself. The Fifteenth plan has been formulated with the aim of upgrading Nepal from a
least developed country to a developing country by 2022 and achieving the SDGs by 2030

376 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

to lift Nepal to the level of a middle-income country through an increase in income level,
development of a quality human capital and the reduction of economic risks.

During this plan period, the available resources will be optimally mobilized in order
to achieve economic growth that promotes productive employment generation, fair
distribution, and social protection and security. For this, the investment will be focused
on making economic activities more expanded and dynamic. The private, cooperative,
and community sectors will be mobilized by making them complementary to each other.
The economy will be oriented towards structural change by making it production and
employment-oriented and self-dependent through investment, productivity growth,
and entrepreneurship promotion from these sectors. The plan will be implemented so
as to achieve the economic, social, and environmental and good governance-related
targets based on cooperation, coexistence, and coordination principle among the federal,
provincial, and local levels according to the federal structure. The plan will be oriented
towards building an equitable society based on social justice. The plan has emphasized
increasing the size of the national economy by focusing investment in the areas that are
considered drivers of transformation through the mobilization of contributing sectors of
the economy and internalizing the commitments made at the international and regional
levels. This plan will focus on building the basis of economic prosperity and citizens’
happiness through coordination between the works of the three levels of government and
mobilization of internal and external resources as well as intergovernmental finance.

Challenges and Opportunities

The task of achieving equitable economic prosperity and qualitative improvement in
citizens’ lives is full of challenges. For this, it is necessary to ensure rapid economic growth
by building modern infrastructures and quality human capital. A significant amount
of resources are required to end the absolute and multidimensional poverty and to
substantially reduce income inequality. Likewise, planned urbanization, integrated and safe
settlement development, development of rural infrastructures, increase in consumption of
clean energy, and development of information technology also remain equally important.
Enhancing production and productivity through commercialization of agriculture and
forest products, expansion of the industrial sector, and increasing the quality of the
service sector are equally challenging. The task of utilizing demographic dividends by
increasing opportunities for productive employment through the development of skilled
human resources and healthy and educated citizens, and maintaining macroeconomic
stability with the efficient implementation of fiscal federalism is arduous as well.

A huge amount of means and resources are required for the achievement of the SDGs and
the gradual implementation of fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution. The
task of building a just society by providing social security and protection and creating
the environment for a decent and dignified livelihood of common citizens is difficult. In
addition, achieving climate adaptability and resilience through minimization of disaster
risks also remain equally daunting. The task of estimating the cost of means and resources,
their distribution, and the management of manpower and institutional arrangements
required by the three levels of government in order to fulfill their responsibilities also
remains challenging. The country’s move towards the direction of economic prosperity
with social justice caused by institutional stability and functional governments at the
federation, province, and local level and the competitive spirit seen in the province and
local level governments in the areas of sustainable development, prosperity, and good

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 377

governance point to the plenty of available opportunities. Additionally, there is also a
high potential for utilizing the available demographic dividend for the development of
the country through the formation of human capital. Likewise, creation of a favorable
environment for investment through the mobilization of supportive sectors of the economy
and identification of the drivers of economic transformation, improvement in the public
service delivery due to an increase in capital expenditure and its quality because of the
fiscal transfers to the provincial and the local levels, potential for enhancing employment,
income generation, and the national production along with poverty reduction through
the development of the local economy as well as multidimensional use of natural,
geographical, biological, environmental and socio-cultural diversities are some of the
other available opportunities.

There is a huge potential for contribution to the domestic capital formation through
the mobilization of cooperative and community sectors in the productive sectors and
enhancement of the private sector’s investment, professionalism, and competitiveness.
During the plan period, an increase in the size of the economy through the investments
made in driving sectors of the economy and game changer projects and the equitable
distribution of the results can contribute towards the formation of an equitable society.
There is a possibility of increasing public investment through the expansion of the
financial scope of the internal resources. There is a possibility of mobilizing the necessary
investment for capital formation through intergovernmental partnerships and public-
private partnerships. Additionally, commitments made by bilateral and multilateral
development partners provide assurance of the resources. The expansion of services due to
the development of economic, social, and physical infrastructures will contribute towards
growth in the production and productivity of the economy. It will help in achieving
prosperity by maintaining macroeconomic stability through productive employment
generation, export growth, and import management.

Major Quantitative Targets Source: National Planning Commission

Quantitative national goals and targets for prosperity are presented in table.

National goals, targets and indicators of prosperity

S. N. National goals, targets, and indicators Unit Status in Target for
FY the FY
1. Economic growth rate (at the basic price) Percentage 2023/24
2018/19 10.3
2. Per capita Gross National Income US dollar 6.8 1,595
1,047
3. Population under the poverty line (absolute Percentage 9.5
18.7

poverty)

4. Life expectancy (at birth) Years 69.7 76
239 99
5. Maternal mortality rate (at per 100,000 live Number
births) 39 24

6. Child mortality rate under five years (at Number 13 6
per 1,000 live births)

7 Adolescent reproduction (Under 19 years) Percentage

378 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

8 Literacy rate (above 15 years) Percentage 58 95
9 Youth literacy rate (15-24 years) Percentage 92 99

10 Net enrollment rate at the basic level (1-8) Percentage 93 99
46 65
11 Net enrollment rate at the secondary level Percentage 12 22
(9-12) 31 50

12 Gross enrollment rate at the higher Percentage 96 1174
education 42 348
0.579 0.624
13 Population of working age groups with Percentage
trainings in technical and professional
areas

14 National highways (above 2 lanes, km
including fast tracks)

Railways km

15 Human Development Index Index

16 Civic Satisfaction Experience index Index 4.7 5.1
40 60
Population living in safe housing Percentage 89 99

17 Population with access to basic drinking Percentage 0.897 0.963
water facility

18 Gender Development Index Index

19 Gender Inequality Index1 Index 0.476 0.39
20 Schools teaching in the mother tongue Number 270 324
21 Sites listed in the World Heritage List Number 10 12

22 Rule of Law Index 0.54 0.58
23 Corruption Perception Index Index 34 41
24 Families with basic food security Percentage 48.2 80

25 Participation of voters in elections Percentage 68.67 72

Source: National Plannning Commission

implementation Glossary
beneficiary
impunity - carrying out, to run
reinforce - those who get the benefits
- freedom from punishment
- to strengthen

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In-class Activity

Get into small groups. Imagine each group has the budget of Rs. 1 million to spend for the
overall development of your school. Prepare a plan for 1 year in which you allocate the budget
on different headings such as library, sports, etc. Write three reasons why you think your plan
is the best one. Present your plan to the class.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. When did the system of economic planning begin in the world?
2. When did the First Five Year Economic Plan begin in Nepal?
3. Name the current plan of Nepal.
4. What is the goal of the current plan?
5. What is the targeted HDI of the current plan?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What is plan? What are the advantages of a planned economy?
2. Write a paragraph on the history of panned development in Nepal.
3. Most of the periodic plans in Nepal have either under achieved or unable to

achieve the stated goals. What are the problems?
4. From the Ninth Five-Year Plan, “poverty alleviation” has been the only

objective of the national planning. What are its reasons?
5. Make a list of some factors that should be taken into consideration while

devising an economic plan.
6. List out the objectives of the formulation of plan.
7. Write down the features of the current plan.
8. Mention the problems that can come up while formulating a plan.
9. Write down the priority and strategies of the current plan.
10. How is plan made at the centre? Explain in brief.
11. Write a letter to the National Planning Commission mentioning the major

challenges of development plan in Nepal.
C. Write a long answer to the following question.
What is an economic plan? What are the causes behind not attaining the achievements

as per the set goals of periodic plans in Nepal? What should be done to make the
current plan more effective and successful?

Self Discovery Project
How is plan formulated in your community? Is inclusiveness given priority? Write and present
to the class.

380 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Lesson Tourism Industry and

8.2 Its Importance

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Pre-reading Activity

Read the following news item and discuss the questions that follow:
28 March, 2013.

Tourism sector is key contributor to Nepal’s economic growth. Despite its political instability and
poor infrastructure, the country attracted nearly 600000 foreign tourists in 2012, a 10% increase on the
previous year. The industry provides employment to more than 750000 people in a country where
the unemployment rate is more than 45%. Last year the tourism sector earned revenues of $ 370
million, nearly 3% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). It is also second biggest income
earner after remittances from abroad by Nepalese workers. And the number is likely to increase.
The number of Chinese visiting Nepal has seen a big jump with nearly 75000 tourists coming to the
country last year, a 60% increase from the previous year. Tourist from Nepal’s other giant neighbor,
India, are also on the rise.

Source: BBC Business News

• According to the news why is tourism important for Nepal’s economic growth?
• What could be the reasons behind the increase of Asian tourists visiting Nepal in recent years?
• What problems related to tourism are identified in the news? What can be done about them?

Reading

Man is inquisitive by nature. He/she is

desirous of updating the information about

new issues. He/she travels all around to

get information about art, culture, dress,

language, etc. and to recreate. He/she goes

from one place to the other and from one

country to the other. In this way the process

of travelling of an individual inside the Lake Phewa
country or in other countries with various

objectives is known as tourism. Well-organised business to provide services and facilities

is called tourism business. Such service industry as commercial industry is established

to provide facilities to tourists. In such industries there are sectors like recreation, trade,

trekking, mountaineering, sight seeing, etc.

Students of Class 10 from a school in Nepalgunj went to Pokhara for an educational tour.
They enjoyed boating in Phewa Lake, visited Davis falls, Gupteshwor Mahadev and other
caves. They met with the students from Jhapa, Lamjung and many foreigners. These
students in a sense can be called tourists.

The persons who visit other places for a short period of time for the purpose of
entertainment, business, education, sports, religious pilgrimage, and conference are

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 381

called tourists. The practice of touring a place is called tourism. The people who visit the
places within their own country are called domestic (internal) tourists. The students
of Nepalgunj who visited Pokhara are domestic tourists. Tourists need services,
accommodation, information, and transportation. The agencies and enterprises that
produce goods and services related to and useful for the tourists are called tourism industry.
In modern times, tourism industry is one of the most important and growing industries in
the world. In some countries, tourism has become the major source of national income. For
example, tourism is the major contributor to the national income for the Maldives and the
Phillippines. However, Nepal is unable to reap benefits from tourism industry as expected.

Tourism in the Current Plan

The tourism sector has a high potential for the development of the Nepali economy.
This sector enjoys comparative advantages because of its unique natural and cultural
heritage and diversity. In particular, natural beauty in the mountains, important religious
destinations, and unique cultural and archaeological heritages are high-potential treasures
for tourism in Nepal. The Constitution of Nepal incorporates policies for developing
tourism as a key driver of the national economy by developing these places and heritages
as tourist destinations. They will also be protected and diversified. Since tourism is
making a significant contribution towards achieving the goal of economic prosperity by
enhancing employment opportunities, reducing poverty, and improving people’s living
standards, this sector can be seen as a key driver of the economy.

Tourist arrivals and the length of stay are likely to increase in view of the fact that Nepal can
benefit from the world market, in particular from the large populations in neighbouring
countries. In fiscal year 2018/2019, tourist arrival was 1.197 million; the contribution of
tourism in GDP was 2.7 per cent; 200,000 people got direct employment; average tourist
spending USD 48 per day per person; and the average length of stay was 12.7 days.

Vision, Goal, Objectives, Strategies and Working Policies

Vision

Nepal as an attractive, safe, and captivating tourist destination.

Goal

To put Nepal in the forefront of the global tourism market.

Objectives

1. To develop Nepal as an attractive tourism destination by making it safe, quality
focused, and tourism-friendly.

2. To increase the contribution of tourism in the economy by diversifying tourism
destinations and products.

3. To make sure that the benefits of tourism are distributed equitably at the ordinary
people’s level.

382 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Strategies

1. To undertake extensive publicity and promotion of Nepali tourism in neighbouring
countries and major tourism markets.

2. To promote integrated tourism development by bringing together other sectors with
tourism potential, including education, health, and sports

3. To develop and promote modern tourism infrastructure in line e with the concept of
the public-private-cooperative partnership while encouraging domestic and foreign
investment.

4. To develop tourism as a driver of the economy. The provincial and local levels will
coordinate with the private sector for identification, development, and diversification
of tourism destinations.

5. To distribute benefits of this sector to local level by connecting tourism outputs to
value chain.

Source: National Planning Commission

Reasons for Tourism

●● Entertainment during leisure time
●● Business purpose and for government service
●● Trekking, mountaineering, rafting and adventure
●● To study others’ way of life, culture and tradition
●● To take part in sports, conferences and festivals
●● For religious purpose
●● To escape from unfavourable climate

Reasons for Tourism in Nepal Muktinath Temple

●● Mountaineering, trekking and adventures
●● To study Nepali culture, society and tradition
●● For religious purpose
●● To study and enjoy the ecology and environment
●● Business purpose, conferences and sports
●● To be familiar with rare and unique places

Importance of Tourism in Nepal

Tourism industry in Nepal is an important foundation of national development. Tourism
industry contributes to approximately 10% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The
importance of tourism industry in Nepal has been mentioned below:

●● It helps earn foreign currency.

●● It increases trade and commerce.

●● It expands, protects and exposes Nepali culture and tradition.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 383

●● It helps develop infrastructure such as transportation and communication.

●● It contributes to national income.

●● It creates employment opportunities in tourist related service and industry.

●● It helps exchange culture, ideas, knowledge and technology.

●● It promotes national prestige in the world through publicity.

The importance of tourism industry can also be estimated by looking at the investment
and jobs created by the industry. According to Hotel Association of Nepal, 150 billion
rupees has been invested in hotels only.

Glossary

inquisitive - curious
mountaineering
rafting - the sports of mountain climbing

adventure - recreational and adventurous outdoor activities which are
an inflatable raft to navigate on a fast flowing river

- an exciting and dangerous experience

In-class Activity

• Everything has its positive and negative aspects. So has tourism. Organize a
speech contest in class to debate “the positive and negative impacts of tourism
in our society”.

• Go around your community and ask the following questions to the people you
meet.

i. Have you ever been a tourist? Where and when?

ii. Have you ever met foreign tourists? Where and what were they doing?

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Who are tourists?
2. Differentiate between domestic (internal) tourism and external tourism.
3. For what purpose do a large number of tourists visit Nepal?
4. What is the total contribution of tourism industry in the GDP of Nepal?
5. What is the goal set by the current plan in the tourism sector?

384 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What is tourism? Why is it called an industry?
2. What are the causes of touring? Explain.
3. Point out the importance of tourism in Nepal.
4. Mention the strategies included in the current economic plan of Nepal for the
development of tourism.
5. Discuss the importance of tourism industry.
6. What sort of activities have been carried out for the development of tourism
sites in Nepal? Mention in points.
7. What steps should be taken to increase the number of tourists in Nepal?
8. The income generated through tourism industry should be used for the
development of the local level. Justify the statement with reasons.

C. Write long answers to the following questions.
1. Mention the roles of tourism entrepreneurs, government and local level for
the development of tourism.

Self-discovery: Project Work
Suppose you are the tour leader of a group of German tourists who have come to
spend their holiday in Nepal. What type of programme will you make to entertain
them? Prepare a eight-day programme. Your programme should cover places
inside and outside the valley.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 385

Lesson Prospects of Tourism
Industry in Nepal
8.3
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Pre-reading Activity

If you were to travel places as a tourist, what would be your main interests? What would you like to
see and enjoy? Make a wish list of features, main attractions, and personal interests. Then, discuss
how such things can be developed in Nepal for the promotion of tourism.

Reading

Nepal is a country of diversity. It has varied geography, climate, environment, society and
culture. Nepal is endowed with snow-clad peaks, a variety of vegetation systems, rivers,
and lakes. Similarly, our tradition and the culture of friendship and hospitality are human
capital that add to the possibility of tourism development.

Nepal is considered to be a suitable destination from the tourism point of view. Diversity
in art, culture, geography, ethnic groups, religion, language, etc. has made Nepal a suitable
tourist destination. The prospects of tourism business in Nepal have been mentioned below:

1. Great Himalayan Trail

The region from Kanchanjunga up
to Mt. Saipal is a great Himalayan
trail. Under it in eastern Nepal there
are Kanchanjunga Conservation
Area, Makalu Barun National
Park and Sagarmatha National
Park. Langtang, Gosaikunda and
Gaurishankar mountainous region
of the central Nepal have been
included under this trail. Similarly, tourist destinations of Manang, Mustang, Mugu,
Dolpa of the west come under it. The Nepal Tourism Board has recommended this
region as tourist destinations. Due to
lack of proper publicity tourists have not
arrived in Nepal as per our expectation.

2. Mountaineering

It is one of the most probable and
attractive areas of tourism in Nepal.
Most of the foreigners come to Nepal
for trekking and mountaineering. Some

386 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

others enjoy the view the Himalayan ranges either by trekking or taking a mountain
flight. Climbing of Mt. Everest and other peaks is one of the most adventurous
activities. Kanchanjunga, Aamadablam, Choyu, Ganesh Himal, Manaslu, etc. are
the famous peaks for mountain climbing.

3. Adventure Tourism

There is great possibility of adventure tourism in
Nepal. Adventurous trekking in the Himalayan
region, rafting in the swiftly-flowing rivers, Bungee
jump, kayaking, hiking, paragliding, mountain
cycling, rock climbing, honey hunting, etc. are the
possible tourist activities for adventure tourism in
Nepal.

4. Cultural Tourism

We know that Nepal is a multi-cultural, multi-
ethnic, multi-lingual and multi-religious
country. There are 125 ethnic groups residing in
different parts of Nepal. Nepal is a fertile land
for the foreigners to study a variety of social and
cultural features. Many foreign students and
scholars come to Nepal to study the society and
culture. Similarly, Nepali art, architecture and handicraft are unique and popular
in the world. The handicraft, sculpture and paintings are other entities to promote
tourism. They increase business and preserve traditional art and culture.

5. Diversity in Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Unique type of ecosystem and rare species are
found in Nepal. Animals and birds such as the
one-horn rhinoceros, black deer, spiny babbler,
and other exotic plants can be attraction for nature
lovers and scholars alike. Koshi Tappu Wildlife
Reserve, Chitwan National Park, Bardia National
Park, Rara National Park, Sagarmatha National
Park, and other protected areas in different parts are famous tourist destinations.

6. Historical and Religious Sites

Historical and religious sites are another possible
area of tourism in Nepal. Barah Kshetra, Pashupati,
Ruru Kshetra, Muktinath, Janakpur, Manakamana,
Pathibhara, Krishna Mandir, Changunarayan, etc.
are the centres for Hindu people. Similarly, Lumbini,
Swayambhunath, Bouddha, Namo Buddha, etc. are

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 387

important destinations for Buddhist people. Similarly Kathmandu Durbar Square,
Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, Gorkha Durbar Square, etc. are the
places that have unique historical importance. These areas support both domestic
and external tourism.

7. Diversity in Climate

Nepal is a country with a diverse range of climatic conditions, from tropical forest
to the permanent snowfield and glaciers of the Himalayas. To the south there is
hot climate. In the middle there is temperate and to the north there is cold climate.
This gives opportunity for all types of tourists to select their favourable climate.
Therefore, all the physical regions of Nepal carry great prospect of tourism industry.

8. Intellectual and Sports Tourism

Foreign tourists prefer to visit Nepal because of
its natural beauty and culture. However, Nepal
can be developed into an intellectual centre to
organise international and regional seminars
and conferences. Nepal is also an ideal venue for
some sport events such as elephant polo, rafting,
mountain biking, paragliding, golf and cricket.
However, we need to develop infrastructures in
these areas.

9. Natural Beauty

Naturally Nepal is one of the most beautiful nations in the world. The snow clad
mountain ranges, beautiful waterfalls, varied topography, simmering rivers and
lakes, fine flora and fauna, etc. make it the largest natural museum in the world. It
is the fertile place for nature loving people. Hence, natural beauty of Nepal can lure
thousands of tourists.

The following table shows the number of tourists visiting Nepal since 1975 AD.

Year Number Average length Year Number Average length
of stay of sty
1975 92,440 13.05 1998 463,684 10.76
1976 105,108 12.41 1999 491,504 12.28
1977 129,329 11.60 2000 463,646 11.88
1978 156,123 11.84 2001 361,237 11.93
1979 162,276 12.02 2002 275,468 7.92
1980 162,897 11.18 2003 338,132 9.60
1981 161,669 10.49 2004 385,297 13.51
1982 175,448 13.33 2005 375,398 9.09
1983 179,405 11.53 2006 383,926 10.20

388 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

1984 176,634 11.55 2007 526,705 11.96
1985 180,989 11.30 2008 500,277 11.78
1986 223,331 11.16 2009 509,956 11.32
1987 248,080 11.98 2010 602,867 12.67
1988 265,943 12.00 2011 736,215 13.12
1989 239,945 12.00 2012 803,092 12.16
1990 254,885 12.00 2013 797,616 12.60
1991 292,995 9.25 2014 790,118 12.44
1992 334,353 10.14 2015 538,970 13.16
1993 293,567 11.94 2016 753,002 13.4
1994 326,531 10.00 2017 940,218 12.6
1995 363,395 11.27 2018 1,173,072 12.4
1996 393,613 13.50 2019 1,197,191 12.7
1997 421,857 10.49
- - -

Source: Department of Immigration

trail Glossary
endowed
snow-clad - path
spiny babbler - provided; gifted
exotic - covered with snow
- species of bird found only in Nepal
- not growing naturally in a particular area

In-class Activity

In the table above, data show that number of tourists visiting Nepal had sharply declined in
the year 2006. Discuss the possible reasons for this decline and also offer suggestions to avoid
losing tourists in future.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is Great Himalayan Trail?
2. What can tourists view in the Great Himalayan Trail?
3. Name any two historical tourists site of Nepal.
4. Give some examples of adventurous tourism.

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. The cultural diversity and historical sites can be important tourist destinations.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 389

Think of at least five places you know that can be developed for cultural tourism.
e. g. Typical Gurung village of Sirubari, Syangja

a) b) c) d)

2. What are the possible areas of tourism in Nepal? Explain.

3. Study the given figure and answer the following questions.

a) What is rafting?

b) What types of rivers are suitable for rafting? Give
examples of rivers of Nepal.

c. How does rafting help people earn a living?

4. Study the given photo and give answers to following:

a. Which type of tourism is this?

b. Write its prospect in Nepal.

5. 'There is a great prospect of religious tourism in Nepal.' Justify the statement.

6. 'Nepal has great prospects of adventurous tourism.' Justify the statement
with examples.

7. Prepare a news item for a national daily newspaper including the trek to the
'Great Himalayan Trail' and entertainment obtained through it.

8. What sort of activities have been run by the Nepal Tourism Board for the
development of tourism? Find out and present it to the class.

9. Show the following data in two different pie charts.

No. of tourists as per the objective Country wise tourists
Entertainment : 5.10% India: 14%

Hiking and mountaineering: 12.3% China: 12%

Trade : 3.1% Sri Lanka : 8%
Official task: 4.1% America : 8%

Religious : 12.6% England : 6%
Conference : 1.7% France : 3%
Others : 16.2% Japan : 3%
Germany : 2%
Australia : 3%
Others 41%

Economic Survey: 2072/73

C. Write long answers to the following questions.

1. Every village or local area is unique and beautiful. Make a proposal to develop
the village or your locality into a tourist destination. In the proposal, make a
list of possible attractions and tourist activities that can be promoted.

2. There might be some historically, culturally and religiously important places in
your locality. What contributions can they make to enrich the tourism? Explain.

390 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

3. Tourism is a chief means of earning foreign currency. Though Nepal is one of
the ten destinations of the world, she has not been able to achieve benefits as
expected. Prepare a speech for a function organized by Nepal Tourism Board
mentioning the points that have to be carried out by it.

4. Trekking is one of the popular tourist activities. Annapurna, Sailung and
Solukhumbhu are some of the known destinations for trekking. There may
be other possible trekking routes in your region or that you have heard about
or know. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper describing the trekking
route with a detailed itinerary.

Self Discovery Project

Make a list of questionnaire as given below and take interview of your neighbours. In this
context take interview of people of different occupations. Humbly request them to give
the answers of your questions; use different questionnaire for different people and write
without missing anything.

Tick (√) in the correct box.

1. Sex M F O

2. Age: less then 20 years from 20 to 29

30 - 39 40 - 49

50 - 59 above

3. Since how long have you been staying here?

less than 5 yrs 5 - 9 yrs 10 - 14yrs

15 - 19 yrs more then 20 yrs

4. What do you mean by tourist?

.................................................................................................................

5. Can Nepali be a tourist?

6. Why don't the tourists visit this locality?

.................................................................................................................
7. Do the tourists really enjoy if they come here?

8. What are the benefits to us if tourists visit this area?
.................................................................................................................
9. What are the efforts to be made by the local level to make this area a tourist destination?
.................................................................................................................

Now collect the answers from different people and prepare a report from the facts obtained.

Conduct a survey to find reactions from tourists about the facilities available in
Nepal. You may ask questions about :

Hospitality of the people

Whether they will return next time

What they liked and what they did not

Any other questions you would like to ask

On the basis of your findings, prepare a report and present in the class.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 391

Lesson Important Source of

8.4 Energy: Water Resource

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Pre-reading Activity

Brazil is the richest country in water resource. How has it utilized it? Go to the website and find out
the information. Now compare it with Nepal.

Reading

The power derived from coal, firewood, gas, petroleum products of the nature, hydro-
electricity, nuclear furnace is called energy. Energy is indispensable for human beings.
Energy is very essential to cook food, and to operate means of transport and factories. In
the context of Nepal there are two kinds of energy sources: traditional and commercial.
Firewood and agricultural residue come under traditional energy whereas petroleum
products, coal, electricity come under commercial energy. In Nepal, water resource is an
important resource.

Energy is the power that drives the economy of the nation. In context of Nepal,
hydroelectricity is the major source of energy that has potential to fuel our economic
growth. With more than 90 percent of the country's total electricity generation capacity
generated by hydel plants, Nepal is heavily dependent on hydropower to meet its energy
demands.
Nepal's vast water resources is nature's great gift to the nation. More than 6,000 rivers
including rivulets and tributaries make it the second richest country in inland water
resources.
Though Nepal is landlocked there are abundant surfacial and underground water
resources. Most of the rivers originate from the Himalayas and flow to the south.
There is a perennial source of water in such rivers. There is land topography with steep
slope and perennial rivers. Thus, there are high prospects for hydroelectricity. Over-
dependence on petroleum products may decrease if we can utilize vast water resources
to produce hydroelectricity. We can manage domestically essential energy required for
operating factories through the use of hydroelectricity. As a result deforestation can

392 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

be controlled and foreign currency can be earned by exporting electricity. Similarly, it
develops transportation and communication. It supports the development of the nation
through the promotion of employment. It contributes to modernization of agriculture and
environmental conservation.

The rivers of Nepal can produce approximately 83,000 MW of hydro-electricity. It is a
tremendous amount of energy with 2.26% of the world's hydroelectricity production.
But production of approximately 42,000 MW is feasible from the economic and technical
points of view. The Koshi, the Gandaki, the Karnali and their tributaries are important
from hydroelectricity production point of view. Prospects and production capacity of
hydro-electricity have been mentioned below:

S.N. River(s) Theoretical Prospects Technical and Economic Prospects

1. Koshi 23,350 MW 10,860 MW

2. Gandaki 20,650 MW 5,270 MW

3. Karnali and Mahakali 36,000 MW 27,360 MW

4. Other rivers 4,000 MW 880 MW

Total 83,000 MW 44,370 MW

Source: Central Bureau of Statistics

From the above table the Karnali River and the Mahakali River have the highest
hydroelectricity production capacity. Similarly, we can benefit from multipurpose projects
in hilly landform producing hydro-electricity.

Hydel power is one of the most efficient sources of energy known to mankind.
Hydroelectricity holds much potential that can meet the energy needs of Nepal. From
agriculture to industry, from households to offices, from simple institutes to larger
administrative bodies or organizations there is extensive use of energy. As opposed to
expensive fossil fuels hydropower contributes a reliable, adequate and affordable form
of electricity in Nepal. The importance of hydroelectricity can be summarized under the
following points:

• It can replace the expensive fossil fuels which the country is forced to import at
high price and hence helps us to save billions of dollars.

• It has lower cost of generation, operation and maintenance than other sources of
energy.

• It is a renewable source of energy and hence it never gets exhausted.

• It has long operating life.

• Many storage or reservoirs benefits in many ways –irrigation, water supply, fishing,
boating, flood control, etc.

• It provides safe, reliable, sufficient and affordable electricity for domestic
consumption and industrial use.

• It can be an industry for earning revenue from export of hydroelectricity thereby
providing the much needed capital to finance to achieve economic self reliance.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 393

The Present Status of Water Resources

Nepal is rich in water resources. There is still energy crisis due to ineffective utilization
of water resources. Due to load-shedding throughout the year people suffer from energy
crisis. In fiscal year 2072/2073, 829 MW electricity was produced through the whole energy
sources.

That energy is around 1.00% of the total prospects. Out of total production approximately
689 MW has been connected with national transmission whereas the rest has been
produced and utilized locally.

The history of producing hydro-electricity in Nepal is not long. For the first time in Nepal
in 1968 BS, 500 KW of hydro-electricity was produced from the Pharping Hydro Electricity
Project. Now though electricity has been extended throughout Nepal, approximately 56%
of the total population of Nepal only has an access to electricity. Similarly out of total
energy use around 2.56% has been covered by hydroelectricity.

Sector-wise the highest consumption of electricity is in the domestic sector. Thus, a large
amount of electricity is consumed in industrial, commercial and non-commercial sectors.

Though Nepal is gifted with a huge hydropower potential, it remains untapped. It reels
under the present energy crisis. With the increasing gap between the demand and supply
of electricity a great challenge has come ahead to bridge the gap. We have failed to
generate enough electricity for consumption in our own homeland. Lack of investment,
political instability, lack of suitable plans and policies, lack of good governance, human
resource constraints, lack of capital, lack of road and communication facilities, obstruction
from local people have hindered the development of electricity. Hence Nepal can be self-
reliant if remittance and national capital are utilized in development of water resources
by making a long-term policy. As a result, development prospects can be broader.

Glossary

feasible – possible
harnessed – utilized
nuclear furnace – a super-high furnace that is used for high-temperature

rivulet heating
inland – a small stream
perennial – the interior part of the country
exhaust – permanent, continuing
untapped – to completely use up
reel – available but not used
– move round

In-class Activity

Present the traditional and commercial sources of the energy to the class.

394 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is energy?

2. Which is the most important resource of Nepal?
3. What is hydroelectricity?
4 What is the total hydro power capacity of Nepal?
5. How much electricity has Nepal generated till date?
6. Which is the first hydroelectricity project in Nepal?
7. Why is hydroelectricity the major source of energy in Nepal?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. List out the advantages we get through the proper use of water resource.
2. There is great prospect of water resource in Nepal. Justify the statement.
3. What are the reasons behind the lack of proper development of water resource

in Nepal? Mention in points.
4. Write down the importance of hydroelectricity in the economy of Nepal.
5. Why has Nepal not been able to utilize hydroelectricity in its fullest form?

Give reasons.
6. Name any four major hydropower projects of Nepal with their capacity.
7. Present the hydroelectricity related statistics of Nepal in a bar diagram and a

pie chart .
8. What sort of activities need to be carried out to develop hydroelectricity? List

out in points.
9. Is it possible for Nepal to earn foreign currency by selling hydroelectricity?

Write with reasons for and against the question.
10. 'Hydroelectricity is the best way to solve the problems of energy crisis in

Nepal.' Justify the statement.
11. Write a letter to the Non-Resident Nepali (NRN) organization requesting it to

invest in the hydro sector.
C. Write a long answer to the following question.
1. Why is water resource considered an important resource for Nepal? How can

Nepal be economically prosperous through water resource ? Write in points.

Self-discovery: Project Work
Visit a nearby hydro electricity project and collect different information and facts
about it. Prepare a report based on the obtained information.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 395

Lesson Foreign Employment
in Nepal
8.5
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Pre-reading Activity

Read the press release by Nepal Foreign Employment Promotion Board and discuss the questions
that follow:
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• From this notice, what can you tell about the conditions of foreign employment in Nepal and its

problems?
• If you were the member of the committee constituted by this meeting, what would you do to

achieve the goal of promoting foreign employment and making it secure and lucrative?

Reading

People migrate from one place
to another for employment and
education. Mostly, the people of
underdeveloped countries go to
other industrialized countries
for employment. In recent times,
foreign employment has become
an important part of Nepalese
economy. Nepalese youths who
go for foreign employment send
their earning to Nepal. It has also
become a major source of revenue. According to a report published by the World Bank,
money sent home by Nepalese working abroad contributes over 25 percent to national
income.

The history of foreign employment in Nepal is not very long. After the restoration of
democracy the trend of going for foreign employment recorded a rapid increase. After
2063 BS this number has increased more due to the contact with the external world. There
are no adequate industries in Nepal to create more employment opportunities. Therefore,
people are compelled to go for foreign employment. A number of youths go abroad for
higher education. Both employment and study are their objectives. Foreign employment
is important for economic progress and improvement in international relation. It has both
positive and negative effects.

A large number of Nepalese workers go abroad to work due to the lack of employment
opportunities at home. It is not a new practice though. Ever since the Sugauli Treaty,
Nepalese youths began to work in the British Army. At present, more than two million

396 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

people have migrated to foreign countries for employment, excluding India. The Interim
Three-year Plan shows that the trend of Nepalese going abroad for employment is on the
rise. However, it is estimated that the number of youths going to third countries (other
than India) without proper procedures is also significant. On the other hand, people go
to India every year for employment. There is no official record about it but the volume
is large. It is estimated that out of total number of people who have migrated, about 80
percent people go to India.

The following are some causes of foreign employment :
●● Acute poverty
●● Limited employment opportunity at home
●● Decreasing agricultural productivity
●● Conflict and lack of political stability
●● Foreign employment is taken to be prestigious

●● Influence of friends, relatives and well-wishers

These days, agricultural economy is replaced by the remittance economy. It may be
positive for a short period, but it is dangerously counterproductive for the long run. The
state loses economically active people and it hampers infrastructure development. The
labour drain and brain drain is great loss to the nation.

Positive Impact of Foreign Employment

●● It helps to reduce poverty and supports national income.
●● People gather and learn new experiences, knowledge, skills, ideas as well as

culture for development or improvement.
●● It broadens personality, society and nation.
●● It increases diplomatic relationship with the target countries.
●● It helps solve unemployment problem at home.
●● It helps to improve the living standard of the people.
●● It helps the nation to earn foreign currency.
●● It helps to put the country's overall Balance of Payment in surplus.

●● It helps to increase the country's foreign exchange reserve.

Challenges

Although foreign employment is an attractive option for youths, it has many risks
and challenges. Nearly two Nepalese workers die everyday at their work place. Many
emigrant Nepalese workers are forced to work for long hours under inhuman condition.
They are also physically and sexually abused. Nepal Government has introduced Foreign
Employment Act 2064, but is not implemented properly. Some manpower companies lure
the youth with the promise of lucrative jobs and send them to countries with minimum
security and work benefits. As a result, foreign employment faces many challenges. Some
of them are given below:

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 397

●● Lack of training for the prospective employees
●● Unskilled and semiskilled manpower unable to compete with skilled manpower

from other countries
●● Lack of resources in Nepalese foreign missions to protect and take care of Nepalese

abroad
●● Lack of welfare fund
●● Recruiting agencies do not follow codes and rules related to labour
●● Lack of government priority to regulate foreign employment
●● Nepalese embassies either neglect the issues related to employment or not

adequately prepared to solve the problem
●● Violence against women who have gone abroad for employment
●● Illegal migration and lack of proper documentation

Negative Impact of Foreign Employment

●● Foreign employment causes labour drain, which hampers the long-term
development goals.

●● It increases dependency and imports luxurious lifestyle and diseases.

●● It weakens people’s love of the country and national belonging.

●● It affects family due to divorce, separation, and rise of old-aged people at home.

●● Most jobs are low paid and fail to raise the living standard.

●● It forces the workers to work in vulnerable situations.

●● There are chances of physical, mental and sexual exploitation and being cheated
by the brokers.

●● There is decline in traditional norms and values.

●● There are chances of increasing social hazards.

Preparation for Foreign Employment

We should not take any step without prior preparation before going for foreign
employment. One may suffer in the foreign land if one follows others blindly. Therefore,
one has to contact Ministry of Labour and Employment and Foreign Employment
Department, Foreign Employment Promotion Board, etc. Therefore, an individual going
for foreign employment has to be mentally prepared. One should know whether one is
physically fit or not. Similarly, if a skilled person goes for foreign employment, he/she
will get attractive facilities. One has to take passport for foreign employment. One needs
citizenship to get passport. After submitting a form to District Administration Office for
passport one can get it after a certain period. One has to go to manpower company with
all the necessary documents like academic certificates, certificates of skill and experience.
Instead of depending on any agent, one has to go to manpower company directly to know
the nature of work, cost, remuneration and other facilities.

398 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

The person going for foreign employment has to go for health check-up in an organization
approved by the government of Nepal. Insurance has been made mandatory by the
government of Nepal. One has to under-go orientation training compulsorily. One
can take necessary information about Foreign Employment Act, necessary documents
and departure process. One has to take labour permit from the Department of Foreign
Employment before going for foreign employment.

One can go to 110 nations of the world for foreign employment. Males have to be 18 years
and females 24 years. One has to make prior preparation and take necessary precautions.
If one comes across any problem in the foreign land, one can get it solved through the
Nepalese embassy in the related country. As a result there are less chances of getting
cheated and having any problem.

remittance Glossary

counterproductive - a sum of money that is sent by a foreign worker to someone
lure in his/her home country
lucrative
labor drain - not helpful; ineffective
- to persuade someone by offering some gain or pleasure
- producing money or wealth
- a situation where the active population move to other

countries for work.

In-class Activity

How many people from your community have gone for foreign employment? Find out their
number and also mention the countries they have gone to.

For what different tasks do the people from your community go for foreign employment? Write
down the experiences of a man who has just returned from foreign land and prepare a report
on it.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is foreign employment?
2. For what purpose do many Nepalese go for foreign land?
3. What is the age limit for male and female for foreign employment?
4. What is a manpower company?
5. Where should people seek help when they get problem in a foreign land?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What is foreign employment? What is its importance in Nepal?

2. Foreign employment has both positive and negative impacts on our society.
Make a list of such impacts as shown in the table.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 399

Positive Impact Negative Impact
1)
1) Import luxurious life and sometimes
2) disease
3)
4) 2)
5) 3)
6) 4)
5)
6)

3. What is a “remittance economy”? Is such an economy good? Give reasons to
support your answer.

4. What is "labor drain"? How does it affect the economy in the long-term?

5. Nepali youths go to foreign countries without appropriate skills and training and
hence they do not get high paying jobs. What can the concerned agencies do to
solve this problem?

6. Foreign employment is not a solution to economic problems of our country. Do
you agree? Give reasons to support your views.

7. Some manpower companies and their agents are found sending Nepali youths
for foreign employment forging documents and giving them wrong information
about the employers. In this situation, what should be the role of the government
and concerned agencies?

8. Make a news item for a daily national newspaper including the negative and
positive impacts of foreign employment.

9. Although foreign employment is a solution to the problem of unemployment in
the country, it leads to a pile of problems in the long term. Justify the statement
with examples.

10. Write the major roles to be played by the government, foreign employers and
civil society to manage foreign employment better.

12. What are the major precautions to be taken before going for foreign employment?
Explain.

B. Write long answers to the following questions.
1. Foreign employment is not good for long-term economic development. Write an

essay on “Foreign Employment and its Impacts on National Economy”.

2. What are the possibilities of foreign employment for Nepal? Explain.

3. Explain the challenges of foreign employment.

4. Write a letter to a real or imaginary relative who is about to go abroad for
employment. In the letter advise the person about necessary precautions that
should be taken to make foreign employment safe and productive.

Self-discovery: Project Work
Local media frequently publish news about Nepalese who have gone abroad for employment
suffering from brutal working condition and inhuman treatment by the employers. Write a letter
to the editor of a local newspaper drawing attention to the plight of Nepalese immigrant workers.
Also suggest measures that can be taken to protect Nepalese emigrant workers overseas.

400 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10