Lesson Cooperatives and
8.6 Their Economic Importance
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Pre-reading Activity
Your family members might be involved in any one of the co-operatives. Ask him/her about its
importance. Share it with your class.
Cooperative
The profit motive of different
business organizations
and their exploitation of
the consumers gave an
impetus to the establishment
of cooperative societies
or groups. Such societies
are also called cooperative organizations. A cooperative society or organization is an
autonomous and voluntary association of people who join together to promote their
common interests. They work together for business with the principles of equality and
mutual help. Generally, cooperative organization is represented by the people having low
income and common interests.
Cooperative is a democratic organization where all the members contribute equally and
receive essential goods and services. All the members have equal status and shares. It is
guided by the principle ‘Each for all and all for each and self-help through mutual aid’.
Nepal has a long history of informal community based cooperatives. Dhukuti, parma, guthi,
dharma bhakari, etc. were very much prevalent that encouraged people to work together
and gain mutual aid and support. In 1960, the government enacted the first Co-operative
Act that was followed by the Agricultural Co-operative Act. In 1963 AD, the capital of
savings and credit cooperative societies got converted into a cooperative bank. Later, in
1968 AD again it got converted into the Agricultural Development Bank of Nepal.
After the restoration of democracy in 1990 AD, the government of Nepal enacted the Co-
operative Act 2048 BS. National Cooperative Development Board (NCDB) was established
under the National Cooperative Development Board Act 2049 BS. The main objective of
NCDB is to raise the economic and social conditions of the people of weaker groups of
the society coinciding with the principles of cooperative. At present, the Department of
Cooperatives is working under the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.
Today, the major types of co-operative societies operating in Nepal are saving and credit,
multipurpose, fruits and vegetables, tea, coffee, bee keeping dairy, agriculture, science and
technology, energy and consumers. Nearly 58 thousand people are employed directly and
approximately 32,663 cooperatives are in operation. Nearly 5 million people are affiliated
to different cooperatives of Nepal.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 401
Roles of Cooperatives in Under-developed Nations Like Nepal
• Cooperatives encourage saving habits among low income groups such as small
scale farmers, employees, producers, etc.
• Cooperative organizations reduce cost of goods and services and hence its mem-
bers and community get quality goods and services at reasonable prices.
• Cooperative organizations generate employment opportunities directly and indi-
rectly.
• Cooperative organizations grant credit facilities and loan for different purposes at
lower rates of interest to its members.
• Cooperative organizations, empower their members creating different opportuni-
ties such as employment, training, education, self employment, etc.
• Cooperatives organizations, work for the welfare of society and reduce poverty.
Hence, this will help to improve social condition and living standards.
• As cooperative organizations are guided by democratic rules and principles, they
promote democracy.
Cooperatives have been directed by certain objectives and goals. Therefore, membership in
such organizations is optional. In such organizations we can use services without putting
any unnatural restrictions. Cooperatives are democratic organizations and they are run by
individuals elected and appointed through a method well accepted by members. All the
members have equal rights to the dividend from the financial transaction. Cooperatives
have great importance in a country like Nepal. The objective of such organizations is to
fulfill public desires. Thus, prospect of co-operative development cannot be imagined
without public participation. Developed countries have got important achievements
from co-operatives. Therefore, we have to be benefited by learning a lesson from the
past experiences and progress of other countries. Cooperatives have an important
role in strengthening the economy of Nepal. They teach the farmers to be economical.
It develops a productive feeling in the rural society. It helps in poverty alleviation by
improving the lifestyle of local people. Establishment of multipurpose cooperatives plays
a role in improving the lifestyle of rural people by making loan facility and market facility
available to the farmers.
There is no improvement in rural lifestyle without the development of cottage and
small industry. Therefore, cooperatives manage necessary capital for cottage and small
industries. They have made important contribution to planned economic development.
From this favourable environment has been created for collaboration, coordination and
investment at local level. Such organizations have helped in identifying new possibilities
and necessities. Thus, economy can be improved to eradicate unemployment and poverty
through the means of cooperatives.
There are some problems in cooperatives. It is heard that illegal activities like flow of
more loan to the relatives and acquaintances and appointment of executive members
from the members of the same family take place in cooperatives. The executive members
402 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
use deposits as they like and invest in housing and land. Similarly, there are problems of
providing deposit from the public to large business concerns and not auditing financial
transactions. The same person may be involved in many cooperatives. People can get a
lot of benefits from cooperatives if there is proper implementation of Cooperative Act. At
the same time discouraging the investment outside the catchment area facilities have to
be provided to real depositors. There should be effective regulation to restrict the sale of
shares to the people outside the catchment area.
Glossary
dividend - bonus
acquaintance - known people
In-class Activity
Write down the major activities of the cooperative organizations established at local level.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is cooperative?
2. When did the cooperative start in Nepal?
3. 'Cooperative is a democratic organization.' Justify the statement in a sentence.
4. Write any two problems seen in the cooperative sector.
5. Write any two prospects of cooperatives in an underdeveloped country like
Nepal.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write down the major principles of cooperative.
2. List out the necessary rules and regulations required for the establishment of
cooperative.
3. In the context of Nepal, list out the roles of cooperative.
4. Write down the roles to be played by the state to make the activities of the
cooperatives more effective.
5. What are the necessary reforms to be made to make positive perception
towards cooperatives in Nepal? Write in points.
6. Make a news item including the advantages of cooperatives.
7. Explain the major roles played by the co-operatives in the promotion of local
products.
C. Write a long answer to the following questions.
1. Explain the history of the development of cooperatives in Nepal.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 403
Lesson Insurance
8.7 -jLdf_
Pre-reading Activity
Knowledge about insurance is comparatively low among the Nepalese people. What might be the
reasons? Discuss in the class.
Insurance
We cannot predict or forecast a risk of future. We individuals and different organizations
can meet with mishaps at any time. We are subject or liable to counter certain disasters
like accidents, theft, fire, robbery, death, earthquake, flood, etc. Hence to overcome such
risk certain policy is made between a person and company under certain terms and
conditions. We call it insurance.
Insurance is a means of protection
from financial loss. It is a promise
of compensation against unforeseen
events that could cause financial
hardship. It is designed to protect
the financial loss of an individual,
company or any institution. It is a
contract of reimbursement or refund.
For example, it refunds or repays for
losses from accidents, natural disasters
like earthquake, flood, hurricane,
landslide, fire, etc. An entity or a body
that provides insurance is known as insurance company or insurer. A person who owns
an insurance policy is known as policyholder or insured.
Insurance is related to risk. While doing insurance there is an agreement between the
insurance company and the interested individual. In return the insuring company takes
premium. The contract between the insurer and insured is called insurance. The insurance
proposal form includes the information like name, age, address, education, occupation,
description of risk, premium, period, etc.
In Nepal, the first general insurance or non-life insurance named “Nepal Insurance
and Transport Company’ was established on Ashoj 8, 2004. From the government level,
according to the Rastriya Beema Sansthan Act, 2025, Rastriya Beema Sansthan was
established on Poush 1, 2025. Rastriya Beema Santhan started non-life insurance business
in the year 1968 AD and life insurance business in 1972 AD. Rastriya Beema Sansthan
established at the governmental level has played an important role in the development,
extension and promotion of insurance. It has occupied 25% in the non-life insurance
business and 50% of the life insurance. It has been providing different facilities through its
branch offices and other contact offices. Now, the total number of insurance companies in
404 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Nepal is 40. Out of them, twenty are related to non-life insurance, nineteen are related to
life insurance and one is re-insurance company. To regulate the activities of the insurance,
according to the Insurance Act, 2049 Beema Samiti (Insurance Board of Nepal) has been
established. It is the main body that keeps the record of all the information regarding
insurance in Nepal.
Name of the Insurance Companies in Nepal:
General Insurance Companies Life Insurance Companies Re-insurance
(Non-life Insurance) Companies
1. Nepal Insurance Co. Ltd 1. Rastriya Beema Sansthan Nepal Re-insurance
Co. Ltd.
2. Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd 2. National Life Insurance Co. Ltd
3. National Insurance Co. Ltd 3. American Life Insurance Company
4. Prabhu Insurance Co. Ltd (ALICO)
4. Nepal Life Insurance Co. Ltd
5. Himalayan General Insurance Co. Ltd 5. Surya Life Insurance Co. Ltd
6. United Insurance Co. Ltd 6. Gurans Life Insurance Co. Ltd
7. Ajod Insurance Co. Ltd. 7. Asian Life Insurance Co. Ltd
8. Sagarmatha Insurance Co. Ltd 8. Life Insurance Corporation (Nepal) Ltd.
9. Everest Insurance Co. Ltd. 9. Prime Life Insurance Co. Ltd
10. Premier Insurance Co. Ltd 10. Citizen Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
11. Neco Insurance Ltd. 11. Sun Nepal Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
12. Prudential Insurance Co. Ltd 12. Reliable Nepal Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
13. Shikar Insurance Co. Ltd 13. Union Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
14. N.L.G Insurance Co. Ltd 14. Sanima Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
15. Siddartha Insurance Co. Ltd 15. Reliance Life Insurance Ltd.
16. Lumbini General Insurance Co. Ltd 16. Mahalaxmi Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
17. Rastriya Beema Company 17. I.M.E .Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
18. General Insurance Co. Nepal Ltd. 18. Jyoti Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
19. I.M.E. General Insurance Co. Ltd. 19. Prabhu Life Insurance Co. Ltd.
20. Sanima General Insurance Co. Ltd.
Source :Beema Samiti
Types of Insurance
Broadly, insurance can be classified into two groups:
i. Life Insurance
ii. Non-life Insurance
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Life Insurance
There is no certainty of our life. We may meet with any sort of accident and may lose
life. There can be economic crisis when there is sudden death of the income generating
member of the family. That is why every individual should buy insurance policy that
provides economic security against any sort of risk. This sort of insurance is called life
insurance.
It is the most common and popular type of insurance in which a contract or agreement
between insurance company and the policyholder takes place in such a way that the
policyholder agrees to make premium payments to the company and in return the
company agrees to pay mentioned sum or policy amount to the policyholder upon his/her
death or on the expiry of the stipulated period. It’s basically a long-term investment and
requires periodic payments and is related to a human life. Insurance Act, 2049 has defined
insurance as "Life insurance business means the business related to a contract regarding to
the life of any person under which he/she or his/her heir in the event of his/her death, will
be paid a particular amount in case a specified amount is paid in installment on the basis
of his/her life." That means a life insurance is a contract in which the insured gets back
all the paid amount in installment after the completion of the specified period. In lifetime
insurance, the person designated by him/her therein gets the insurance amount. The age
limit for life insurance is between 16 years and 65 years. Endowment whole life, collective,
children's education and marriage, term life, etc. are different types of life insurance.
Advantages
• Insurance provides safety and security against the loss in different sectors. Life
insurance guarantees security against death and suffering during old age. Fire
insurance protects against loss due to fire, etc.
• Life insurance develops and encourages the habit of regular saving through a
certain premium which later becomes an extra saving. This will help the insured to
use for useful task.
• As insurance provides sufficient funds for increase production entities and collects
money as an amount of premium that controls over supply of money, it helps to
reduce inflation.
406 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
• It helps to promote foreign trade providing protection against trade risk.
• It increases business efficiency as it guarantees the loss of property of goods and
business risk.
• It gives security and welfare to the employees.
• There is opportunity for investment with the availability of lump sum amount.
• Loan can be obtained in case of difficulties.
• As it promises to compensate losses, at various sectors it provides peace of mind.
Non-life Insurance
There may be loss and damage in a certain period in houses, shops, factories, agriculture
sector due to disaster or other causes. In this condition, security is guaranteed to the
insured against physical damage by providing compensation for economic loss to the
extent as mentioned in the insurance paper. Houses and shops may catch a fire, earthquake
may damage the building. Landslide, soil erosion, storm, hailstone, snow, flood, drought,
etc. damage the crops grown by the farmers. The vehicle running on the road may meet
with an accident. The objective of the non-life insurance is to guarantee financial security
to the insured by evaluating the damaged properties. Such type of insurance is generally,
done for a year. Renewal has to be done after the completion of this period. There is
more importance of crops insurance in an agricultural country like Nepal. According
to Agriculture Policy 2061, Crops and Processing Insurance, 2069 has been introduced
under the co-ordination of Ministry of Agriculture. According to that provision out of the
installments of the insured amount 75% has to be borne by the government and 25% by
the farmer. 90% compensation is provided to the insured crop. Similarly, security amount
is provided as compensation if domesticated animals die.
Things to be Considered While Insuring
a. One should be clear about the objective of insurance.
b. The desired person has to be mentioned clearly on insurance paper.
c. Wrong particulars, information should not be furnished.
d. It has to be considered whether the insurance fee of the fixed amount can be paid or not.
e. Insurance proposal has to be studied attentively. If it is not as you have desired, one
has to consult the concerned insurer.
f. We should verify if the insurance agent is licensed or not.
g. After the payment of insurance fee receipt has to be compulsorily taken.
h. The family members must be informed about insurance.
i. We should pay insurance fee in time keeping insurance policy renewal in mind.
j. All the documents of insurance must be kept safely.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 407
premium Glossary
reimburse
endowment - the amount paid for insurance
- refund
- a large amount of money to be paid
In-class Activity
Does your age support you to do life insurance? Discuss in the class.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is the insurance?
2. What is premium?
3. Which was the first insurance company established in Nepal?
4. How many insurance companies are there in Nepal?
5. Which is the regulatory body of the insurance companies in Nepal?
6. Write two types of insurance.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Differentiate between life insurance and non-life insurance.
2. List out the things to be considered while insuring.
3. Mention the advantages of insurance.
4. Justify the need of non-life insurance in an agricultural country like Nepal.
5. What sort of information will you give to somebody in your community who
asks you about the insurance? Write in brief.
C. Write long answers to the following questions.
1. Your family member might have done insurance. What is the premium of
insurance? What is the duration of tenure of the insurance? What is the total
amount of insurance? What sort of facilities are promised by the insurance
company? Find all the facts and present it to the class.
2. Explain different types of insurance.
Self-discovery: Project Work
Visit the nearby agriculture office. Collect information about crop insurance. Talk to
the local farmer and find out whether he has done crop insurance or not. Prepare a
report based on your research.
408 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Financial Education
8.8 -ljTtLo lzIff_
Pre-reading Activity
Does everyone need financial education? What is its significance? Discuss in the class.
Reading
Generally finance means wealth or property. Finance is the activity related to economic
transaction. Specially, there is monetary transaction under it. Most of the Nepalese live
in rural areas. There is lack of enough access to organizations involved in economic
transaction. There should be effective and economic utilization of economic and financial
resources of every individual. Thus, the knowledge to manage finance and understanding
its importance is financial education. Financial education makes an individual understand
the importance of money and helps in social security, well managed mobilization of
domestic income and expenditure. Financial education also provides information about
saving some from family income, productive utilization of remittance. The government of
Nepal has given special importance to financial literacy.
Financial System
At present there are central bank, commercial bank, development bank, finance company
and micro finance development bank under financial system. Similarly, there are non
government organizations like co-operatives having banking transactions, and non-
government organizations having micro finance services. Financial organizations
working in Nepal can be divided into A, B, C and D classes. According to the data of
2073 BS there are 31 'A' class Commercial Banks, 7 'B' class Commercial Bank 59 'C' Class
'Finance Companies, 35 'D' Class' Micro Finance Companies. Thus, the organizations that
have financial and monetary transactions are called financial organizations.
Bank and financial organizations collect savings as deposits and provide loans. They further
provide information about remittance, exchange foreign currency, have transactions of
government credit cards, provide loan keeping jewellery as mortgage, provide bank
guarantee, etc. Thus, an account has to be maintained while having transactions like
collection of deposit through banks and others.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 409
Banking
A bank is a financial institution which receives funds from the public in terms of deposit
repayable on demand cheque and create credit and provide loan. According to World
Bank "Banks are financial institutions that accept funds in the form of deposits repayable
or demand or in short notice." Capital formation, resource utilization, development of
agricultural, expansion of credit, transfer of money, promotion of entrepreneurship,
safety of wealth are the role of banking system in economy.
Bank Account
Bank and financial organizations open an account in the name of general public or an
organization for financial transactions. Thus the particulars in the name of an individual
or organization is the bank account. The customers will get a voucher after opening an
account in the bank. A cheque book is issued to withdraw deposit amount and bank
statement is issued to see transactions. The following accounts have been operated by
banks and financial organizations.
Current Account
The account from which any amount can be withdrawn any time in a day is known as
current account. Interest is not issued in this account. Industrialists, offices, traders have
such account.
Saving Account
An individual can deposit money any time but can withdraw limited money only. The
concerned bank fixes the limitation. The bank provides loan to such account; such type of
account can be very useful for depositors.
Fixed Account
The account in which money is deposited for a fixed period of time is called fixed account.
Such account can be for 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, or for a fixed period of time. Such
deposited amount cannot be withdrawn before the time. There is more interest in it. If
amount is necessary before the fixed time the certificate of fixed deposit can be used in
mortgage to withdraw loan.
Documents like citizenship certificate, photo, application form, necessary minimum
amount and signature specimen form are necessary to open an account. In case of minors
citizenship photo and application form of the guardian are necessary as the capacity of
the patron.
While opening an account in the bank family particular with complete identification of the
customer, particular about father and grandfather is essential. There are new technologies
in banking and financial sector with the development and extension of the present
information technology. Different financial services provided with the help of electronic
machine are electronic banking. Under it there are mobile, Internet banking, ATM.
Through this technology we can have facilities of opening an account and withdrawing
money. Electronic banking has made services easier, quicker and effective.
410 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
ATM (Automated Teller Machine)
ATM is also an electronic card. The bank provides an ATM card to the customer if he/she
opens an account and takes ATM service. We can withdraw money and get information
about the deposit from this card. This is called a debit card as only the amount in the
account can be withdrawn. With the use of secret PIN number the amount can be drawn
from our account.
Credit Card
The electronic card that is issued to the reliable customer if he/she has no money in the
deposit to purchase goods and services is called a credit card. The customer pays back
loan to the bank whenever he/she has money. Its use is also like a debit card but there
is limitation on the expenditure. There will be decrease in the limited amount from the
deposit for taking the service of a debit card.
SMS Banking Service
Financial transactions can be done through the exchange of messages on mobile. To know
the deposit, to transfer amount, to pay the bills can be done through SMS.
Saving and Its Advantages
Some portion of income from remuneration and other incomes can be set aside for future
without spending. The amount deposited in the account opened in banks and financial
organizations is called saving. Saving is done for personal financial transactions. We
generally save for capital formation, purchase of property, investment, daily expenditure
payment of old loan. We further save for additional social customs like marriage, holy
thread ceremony, death rituals, education, health, etc.
a. Saving in Official Financial Organization: Opening an account in banks and finan-
cial organizations permitted by the central bank to have financial transactions
b. Saving in Semi-official Financial Organisations: Saving in co-operatives, Ama
Samuha (Mother's Group) Ban Samuha, (Forest Group) Upabhokta Samuha (Con-
sumer Group)
c. Saving in Unofficial Agencies: Investing in local money lenders, friends, house,
jewellery, etc.
d. Piggy Bank Saving: Saving in wooden, earthen and metal piggy banks. Thus, if
saving is done in official financial organizations as far as possible, it is more secure.
Advantages of Saving
a. Capital formation b. Creation of investment
c. Development of entrepreneurship d. Security of earned money
e. Interest can be obtained
Thus, it supports the economic development of the nation with the generation of income
having financial transactions through financial system.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 411
Glossary
credit card - a small plastic card that is used to buy things and pay for them later
mortgage
- a legal agreement in which a bank provides money to a person to buy
piggy bank properties
- a container with a pig shape for saving coins
In-class Activity
There might be ATMs of different banks around your community. Visit a nearby bank and find
out the process of obtaining an ATM card. Share it with your class.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is finance?
2. What is financial education?
3. What is financial system?
4. Into how many groups are the financial organizations divided in Nepal?
5. According to the statistics of 2073 BS, write down the number of different
financial organizations in Nepal.
6. What is financial organization?
7. What is SMS banking service?
8. Write one use of credit card.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write down the advantages of opening bank account.
2. Discuss the advantages of saving.
3. Which type of bank account is suitable? Discuss.
4. Write down the positive and negative aspects of ATM.
5. Prepare a model of draft including utility of financial education.
6. Write down the process of opening an account in a bank or finance company.
C. Write a long answer to the following question.
1. What is bank account? Describe different types of bank account.
Self-discovery: Project Work
Your parents might have opened an account in a bank or a financial organization.
Ask them the process of opening an account and prepare a report in it .
412 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Financial Tools
8.9 -ljTtLo pks/0fx?_
Pre-reading Activity
These days we often hear the term 'share'. Many people show much interest in it.
What actually share means? Discuss in the class.
Reading
Financial tools are used for financial transactions in financial system. They are presented
as follows:
1. Clean Note
Notes are necessary for transaction. Notes are also called paper currency. There are
two types of currency: Paper note and metal coin. Mostly paper notes are in use in
the world. The central bank is responsible for the issue of notes and management in
Nepal. The Nepal Rastra Bank has borne the responsibility of the central bank.
The Nepal Rastra Bank issues new notes from time to time. In order to increase the
life of currency notes, it has brought the Clean Note Policy. That is why we should
not write, staple, tear or fold the notes haphazardly. This reduces the life span of the
notes. In Nepali notes, there are imprints of animals, different structures and the
objects that reflect the Nepali nationality, nature, culture and civilization.
2. Bank Loan
We have to take loan for poultry farming, business, expenses, for traditional and
religious rites and education. We should take loans from the banking system.
Therefore, the amount that is borrowed from an individual or an organisation for
economic activities on the condition that the principal amount only will be returned
or the principal amount along with interest will be returned after a certain period is
known as loan. Such loans are of various kinds: current capital loan, purchase loan,
consumption loan, investment loan, etc.
Penalty has to be paid if the loan taken from the bank or financial organisation
cannot be returned with interest in time. In such condition, mortgage can be
auctioned or legal action taken. The borrower can be blacklisted in the financial
organisation if the principal and interest cannot be paid in time. As a result, there
is the loss of social prestige and credit overtness. This also promotes the culture of
taking loan with an intention of utilizing loan for the right work and paying back in
time.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 413
3. Remittance
Sending of money from one place to another is remittance. Money transfer can be
done through banks, financial organizations or registered money transfer agencies.
Remittance contributes to 23% of Gross Domestic Product of Nepal. Sending of
remittance through private traders, representatives or unregistered organisations
is called hundi. It is considered illegal. That is why money has to be sent through
official agencies. A large portion of remittance is spent on unproductive goods and
consumption. It has to be controlled and to be spent in productive sector.
4. Foreign Exchange
Other currencies except Nepal's are foreign exchange for Nepal. The country will
be benefitted more if there is more reserve of foreign exchange. Payment is done in
foreign exchange while importing goods and services from other countries. Nepal
gets foreign currencies from different sources. Foreign currency can be received if
Nepalese workers in a foreign land send money or foreign organizations donate to
Nepal. Foreign currency can be earned from foreign tourists. The rate of exchange of
Nepalese currency with the foreign currency is called the rate of foreign exchange.
There is high demand for imported goods and services. That is why more foreign
currency is required. This trend makes Nepalese currency weaker.
5. Security Bond
The financial tool issued by the government or any company to collect necessary
amount is called security. There are government debentures, bonds, shares
under it. Security bond is issued dividing essential capital in various portions for
development and extension of any business goods and services. It helps in the
development of the nation with the mobilization of saving from investors through
the means of security bond. Generally, prescribed amount per share is Rs. 100. The
shareholder has the share in the profit and loss in the company according to the
number of shares he/she has.
There are two types of shares: Preference share and Ordinary share
Preference Share
The shares issued in which dividends can be taken before other types of shares is called
preference share. The percentage of dividend is fixed in it. Under it shareholders do not
have any rights to participate in a meeting and cast a vote. People who do not want to take
any risk in capital invest in such share.
Ordinary Share
The share is issued to get dividend from the remaining profit after distributing dividend
to preference share. This share is suitable to the investors who can take more risk.
The following things have to be taken care of while filling up the share form.
414 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
a. The attested copy of citizenship
b. The applicant's address, names of father and grandfather, contact member
c. Counterfoil for the return of amount and bank account
d. Recent P.P. size photo
Glossary
bond - an official document in which a company pays you
share interest on the money it borrows from you
- any of the units of equal value into which a company is
divided and sold to raise money
In-class Activity
Your family member or relative might have gone for foreign employment. In which sectors
has the remittance been utilized? Find out and present them in a table.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Write one advantage of a clean note.
2. What is remittance?
3. Write down different sources of remittance.
4. What is hundi?
5. Why is hundi considered illegal?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What are the effects of not having clean notes? Write in points.
2. Differentiate between security bond and loan.
3. Write down any four advantages of share.
4. Explain different types of shares.
5. What are the essential things required while filling up the share form.
6. Write a short note on foreign exchange.
7. Write down the advantages and disadvantages of bank loan.
8. What is share issue? How can we generate income from share exchange?
Discuss.
C. Write a long answer to the following question.
1. What do you mean by financial tools? Explain the financial tools used for
financial transactions in financial system.
Self-discovery: Project Work
Go through the national daily newspaper and find out the exchange rates fixed by
the Nepal Rastra Bank for the particular day. Share it with your class.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 415
Lesson Revenue and Tax
Payment
8.10
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Pre-reading Activity
Government carries out different development tasks. It pays salaries to government employees and
security personnel. Where does the government bring money from? Discuss in the class.
Reading
For the social and economic welfare of the nation, government needs a large amount of
resources. These resources or incomes of a government come from two ways: Tax and Non
tax sources. Such income collected from different external sources are called revenue. It
is the treasure of a nation. All development tasks like making roads, bridges, hospitals,
buildings, etc. and giving salary to all the government employees are done from the revenue.
The collected resources are also called government or public revenues. A certain amount of
money collected by the government from the people or the certain sum of money to be paid
compulsorily to the government is called tax. Tax is a compulsory payment. The person/
organization does not expect any benefit after the payment of tax. It is the right of the state
to impose or collect tax and it is the duty of the citizens to pay the tax.
The sources from which a government raises income can be classified into two groups:
i. Tax Revenue ii. Non-Tax Revenue
i. Tax Revenue
Tax is the most important source of public or government revenue. It is the
utmost or compulsory payment to government by the tax payer.According to Dalton,
"A tax is compulsory contribution imposed by a public authority irrespective of the
exact amount of service rendered to the taxpayer in return". Taxes so collected are
spent or used for public welfare services. These taxes do not guarantee any direct
benefits for the tax payer but are used to provide common or mutual benefits. The
416 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
various kinds of taxes imposed by the government are customs, property, profit,
income, land registration, vehicles, consumption and production of goods and
services.
ii. Non-tax Revenue
The revenue collected by the government other than imposing tax is called non-tax
revenue. The sources of non-tax revenue are fees (issuing of passports, licenses,
etc.), fines, grants, gifts, surplus from public enterprises, etc.
Direct and Indirect Tax
Generally taxes imposed on income are direct and those on goods are indirect. In the
words of Dalton, “A direct tax is one which is really paid by the person on whom it is
legally imposed, while an indirect tax is imposed on one person but is paid partly to
wholly by another." Or in other words, in a direct tax the impact and incidence are on the
same person (e.g. Income tax) i.e, the tax-payer is also the tax-bearer. On the other hand,
in indirect tax the impact and incidence are on different persons (e,g. taxes on alcohol,
tobacco, gold, etc.), i.e. there is shifting of the tax from one person to another.
Direct Tax
If the burden of tax is on an individual, it is called direct tax. An individual has to pay a
certain amount as tax while purchasing house or land. It cannot be transferred to others.
Income tax, remuneration tax, house and land tax, vehicle, etc. are the examples of direct
tax. Such taxes can be either increased or decreased as per the need. These are progressive
and based on equality. Such type of tax helps in controlling inflation. It is estimated that
direct tax contributes approximately 30% of total revenue of Nepal.
Indirect Tax
If the burden of tax is on one aspect and the effect of tax is on another aspect, it is indirect
tax. Suppose, you pay the bill with tax to the hotel after getting services and facilities from
it. But the hotelier has to deposit the tax in the revenue fund. Therefore, the burden of tax
is on hotel whereas the effect of tax is on the consumer. Excise duty, custom duty, Value
Added Tax (VAT), etc are the examples of indirect tax. Indirect tax is easy and flexible. The
base of such tax is broad and it is difficult to evade tax. Such tax is based on equal justice
as there is less tax on goods and services consumed by low income group of people and
more tax on goods and services consumed by middle and high income groups of people.
Taxes Prevalent in Nepal
a. Value Added Tax (VAT)
The tax levied in addition to the price at various levels of production and distribu-
tion of goods and services is called value added tax. This tax started from France.
Tax is levied on goods and services at the fixed rate and the final burden is on the
consumers. Value added tax was started in 2054 BS in Nepal. There is exemption
of tax on goods and services fixed in tax system. Similarly, if the trader does trans-
actions of more than 2 million rupees he/she must compulsorily get registered in
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 417
VAT. For it he/she should get registered in Inland Revenue Office and receive the
certificate. We should also compulsorily develop the habit of taking VAT bill after
purchasing goods and services.
b. Excise Duty
The tax on domestic goods and services is called excise duty. Excise duty is another
important source of government revenue. Excise duty is levied on wine, cigarette,
molasses, catechu, noodle, etc. on the basis of quantity and plastic, vehicles, printing
materials, T.V., etc. on the basis of price percentage. Goods on which excise duty is
leveled can be classified into three groups like: wine group, tobacco group and self-
exported goods group.
c. Custom Duty
The tax levied on goods imported from foreign countries and goods exported
to foreign countries at customs according to law is called custom duty. This is
called an important source of revenue. Therefore, every country has established
administrative unit of custom at the border area. At major border exit points main
custom offices and sub-custom offices at other places have been established. The
government of Nepal has established main custom offices at Kakarvitta, Biratnagar,
Birgunj, Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj, etc. whereas sub-custom offices at other places to
collect custom duty.
d. Income Tax
Generally,thetaxonincomeiscalledincometax.Itisalsocalledancienttaxcomponent.
It was initiated from the U.K. in the 12th century. In the ancient time the tax was levied
on animal husbandry, agriculture, fishery, but now it is on business, employment,
investment, profit and all other sectors. But there is exemption on income tax for
non-profit organizations, nonprofit sports organizations, political parties registered
in the Election Commission.
Local Self-Governance Act has authorized the local agency to collect eight types of tax.
treasure Glossary
inflation
levy - property
molasses - a continual increase in the price of goods
catechu - an amount of money paid as a tax to the government
- byproduct of sugar, Khudo
- resinous substance from a tropical plant, Kattha
In-class Activity
Where does the tax you pay go? For what activity is it used?
418 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Exercise
A. Write very short answer to the following questions.
1. What is revenue?
2. Define tax.
3. Write down the two types of tax.
4. What is VAT?
5. What is excise duty?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Differentiate between tax revenue and non-tax revenue.
2. Mention the features of tax revenue.
3. Write the differences between direct tax and indirect tax.
4. Present in the table the merits and demerits of the direct tax.
5. Excise duty is the major source of government revenue. Justify the statement.
6. What is custom duty? Mention its importance in context of Nepal.
7. Write down the features of income tax.
8. Write down different types of income tax.
9. Find out the provisions made in the Local Self Governance Act, 2055 regarding
the collection of tax by the local body.
c. Write a long answer to the following question.
What is tax? Describe different taxes prevalent in Nepal.
Self-discovery: Project Work
What types of taxes are used at the local level? Go to your village executive
or municipality and collect the necessary information. Prepare a report on it.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 419
Lesson Consumer's Rights
8.11 -pkef]Stf clwsf/_
Pre-reading Activity
Are you aware of the consumer's rights? What are they? Discuss in the class.
Reading
Consumer is defined as a person or organization that uses a commodity (economic
goods) or service. Consumers play an important role in the overall economic system of a
nation. They are the real deciding factors for all economic activities. Consumers are the
key figures to maintain balance between demand and supply. Hence, we cannot imagine
any kind of trade or business without consumers. Since consumers are indispensable part
of economy, they are endowed with certain rights which we call "consumer rights".
Consumer's rights or consumption refer to the protection or safeguarding the interests
and rights of the consumers. It consists of laws and organization designed to ensure the
rights of the consumers. It also includes the consumer’s rights to be informed, to safety,
to choose and to provide manufacturers with necessary information concerning their
products in case of their purchase.
There a provision of Consumer's Rights in Part 3 Article 44 in the Constitution of Nepal
2072. There is a clear provision that every consumer has the right to get quality goods and
services. The Ministry of Commerce, the government of Nepal has defined the consumer
as an individual or a group that consumes goods and services available in the market.
Consumers Protection Act Article 2 (a) has defined that the individual or organisation
that consumes any goods and services is the consumer.
Consumer's rights are related with the goods and services consumed by the consumers.
Several efforts have been made for protection of consumer's rights. Consumers rights
law was initiated first in the USA and became effective from March 15, 1963. Therefore,
every year March 15 is commemorated as the International Consumer's Day. In that law
the consumers have got the rights to get quality goods and services and they have got the
rights to get compensation for the damage they have received from the use of low quality
goods and services. The United Nations Organisation has defined various eight rights as
the consumer's rights.
According to the Consumer Protection Act, 2054 (1998), every consumer has the following
rights:
a. Right to be protected from the sale and supply of consumer goods and services
which may harm life, body, health and property
b. Right to be informed about the prices, attributes, quantity, purity, quality, etc. of
consumer goods and services so as to be safe from unfair trade practices
420 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
c. Right to be assured of an opportunity to choose consumer goods and services at
competitive prices as far as possible
d. Right to be assured that an appropriate agency will hear matters concerning the
protection of the rights and interests of consumers
e. Right to be heard and compensated against exploitation and grievances, hardships
resulting from unfair trade practices
f. Right to consumer education
So, the Consumer Act guarantees the fundamental rights of the consumers and has
guaranteed in regulating, controlling and organizing the consumable goods and services.
The Act has also forbidden the act of production, selling, export and import of any sub-
standard goods. There is also the provision of penalties for those who are involved in
fraudulent activities. The penalty range from 2-14 years imprisonment or Rs. 30,000 to Rs.
5,00000 compensation.
Hence, it is necessary for consumers to utilize their rights provided by the Act. We need
to be very alert and conscious regarding our rights. The goods and services that we get
must satisfy us. We call it as utility. We consumers must try to maximize the utility. We
pay money for the goods or services we get. Hence, it is necessary for we consumers to
get the quality goods and better services.
The Act has defined that any producer has to mention the following things on their
products:
a. Producer's name, address and registration number
b. Ingredients, quantity and weight on foodstuff and medicines
c. Quality on goods with determined quality
d. Method of using consumer goods and the effects of consumption
e. Price batch number, date of manufacture, expiry date of consumer goods
f. In case of electronic goods, hardware and mechanical goods guarantee, guarantee
date and other essential things included related aspect
g. Safety of inflammable, accidental and easily breakable things or consumer's goods
The consumer has the right to report if he/she finds him/ her cheated with low quality
goods or services. In such situation the consumer himself/herself can report or can report
through the consumers' society. There is provision of compensation for the damage made
from the use of low quality goods or services. According to Consumers Protection Act, we
can report to District Administration Office, Police Post nearby, or concerned department
or ministry. There is a provision of inspection officer to protect the consumer's rights.
Several rights have been provided to inspection officer. Similarly, Consumers Protection
Act has a provision of consumer education. Under it there is provision of preparing
curriculum to inform the consumers of consumers' goods or services and bring awareness
about the effects of the consumption of low quality goods and services. Accordingly by
consumers' education related materials have been included in the school level textbooks.
The following are the advantages of consumers' education:
a. It has provided the consumer a choice to select consumer goods.
b. It makes consumers aware of the problems to be faced by the consumers while
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 421
purchasing goods and services.
c. Consumers' education gives consumers complete information about the market. It
helps them purchase consumer goods.
d. The consumers know the quality of consumer goods.
e. The consumers know all the acts, rules and regulations implemented by the
government. As a result, consumers can get the maximum satisfaction from the
amount they have spent.
It is necessary to have education and awareness to know consumers' rights. Rights can
be known without consumer's education. It is necessary to have consumers' education to
be informed of illegal activities the industrialists and traders are involved in. Information
about consumer's rights can only be had through consumer's rights.
Glossary
fraudulent - deceitful, dishonest
In-class Activity
What sort of remedial measure is there in the law in case of the violation of consumer's rights?
Discuss in the class.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Who is a consumer?
2. What are consumer's rights?
3. What is utility?
4. Which day is celebrated as International Consumer's Day?
B. Write short answers to the followings questions.
1. Make a list of rights under the consumer's rights.
2. Prepare an editorial including an attempt made for the protection of consumer rights.
3. Are the attempts made for the protection of consumer's rights enough or not
? Mention in points.
4. Prepare a news report including the activities of an organization formed for
the protection of consumer's rights.
5. Compose a song or a poem to create awareness among the consumers.
6. How does the black market violate the consumer's rights? Discuss.
7. Draft a dialogue highlighting the advantages of consumer education.
C. Write a long answer to the following question.
1. What short of provision has the Consumers Act made for any producer to
mention of their products? Explain the provision.
422 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Self-discovery: Project Work
• Talk to the consumer's rights activist about consumer's rights.
Collect the necessary information and prepare a report on it.
Unit Review
In this unit, we have learnt that:
●● The current plan aims to bring about socio-economic transformation through rapid
poverty reduction, with speedy economic growth and productive employment
and equitable distribution.
●● Tourism industry, despite its potential, is yet to make a significant contribution to
Nepal’s economic growth.
●● Tourism industry not only helps earn foreign currency but also promotes the
country’s image in the world.
●● Adventure, religious, cultural, sports and intellectual tourism have great potential
to develop in Nepal.
●● The perennial nature of rivers and the steep gradient of Nepal's topography provide an
ample opportunity to generate huge amount of hydroelectricity in Nepal.
●● Co-operative refers to the autonomous firm owned, controlled and operated by a
group of people for their mutual benefits.
●● Financial education makes one aware of the best use of the income and enhance
the economy. Commercial banks, development banks, finance companies, etc. are
the financial system in our country.
●● Bank loan, remittance, foreign exchange, security bond, clean notes, etc. are the
examples of financial tools.
●● Insurance safeguards the financial loss of an individual, company or any institution.
●● Government collects revenue through different sources. Taxation, excise duties,
customs, income tax, etc. are some of them.
●● Consumer's rights refer to the protection or safeguarding the interests and rights
of the consumers.
●● At present, foreign employment has been the main source of earning foreign
currency in Nepal.
●● Acute poverty, lack of employment opportunity at home, conflict and lack of
political stability are some important reasons for large number of young people
leaving the country for foreign employment.
●● Lack of training and information, lack of welfare fund, inhuman working condition
abroad are the major challenges faced by Nepalese work force abroad.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 423
Test Your Knowledge
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Write one way to achieve the targeted goal by the current plan.
2. Write one significance of tourism industry in Nepal.
3. Suggest one way to solve the economic crisis of Nepal.
4. Give one way to generate employment opportunity within the country.
5. Write one economic importance of cooperative.
6. Write one way to give the finance education to the people of your community.
7. What are the different types of general share.
8. Many people in Nepal are still unknown about the importance of insurance.
Suggest one way to spread the insurance education.
9. Why should we pay tax?
10. Write one significance of consumer right education.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Write about the strategies and focus areas of the current economic plan.
2. Write four reasons why tourism is important for the Nepali economy.
3. What is mountain tourism? Make a plan to promote it.
4. Mention any five problems in developing the tourism sector.
5. Write a letter to your friend who is considering about foreign employment, planning
to go for telling him or her about the advantages and disadvantages of it.
6. What might be the causes of foreign employment in the context of Nepal?
C. Write long answers to the following questions.
1. What is economic planning? What are the things to be kept in mind while
doing economic planning?
2. List any five advantages and disadvantages each of tourism.
3. Explain the different types of tourism and their advantages.
4. Prepare a week-long program inside and outside the valley of Kathmandu to
entertain a group of French tourists who have come to visit our country.
5. Make a list of tourist destinations and write about how they promote national economy.
6. 'Nepal can be economically prosperous through the exploitation of water
resource.' Justify the statement mentioning the challenges in the mobilization
of water resource.
7. What is foreign employment? Write a story of a person of your community
including positive and negative aspects of foreign employment.
8. Write the name of any four insurance companies in Nepal. Write a short
description of these companies.
9. What happens when the government is unable to collect tax? Write its impact
on the national economy.
424 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Key Terms
adventure tourism: tourism involving activities that are physically challenging and
which may require special skills and physical exertion
ATM : (automated teller machine) a computerized electronic machine which allows the
customers to complete basic transactions without the aid of a branch representative or
teller
bank account: an account opened by a bank and financial organizations in the name of
general public or an organization for financial transactions
bank loan: a sum of money burrowed by a customer or business from a bank for various
purposes
budget: a financial plan for a defined period of time, usually a year
canyoning: the adventurous sport of jumping into a fast flowing mountain stream and
allowing oneself to be carried downstream at high speed
capital formation: the making of more capital goods such as machines, tools, factories,
transport equipment, materials, electricity, etc. which are all used for future production
of goods
cheque book: a book of cheques with your name printed on them that is given to you by
your bank to make payments with
consumer: a person or organization that uses a commodity (economic goods) or service
consumer’s rights: the protection or safeguarding the interests and rights of the consumers
cooperative: an autonomous and voluntary association of people who come together to
meet common economic, social, and cultural needs
credit card: the electronic card issued by a financial institution to the reliable customer
if he/ she has no money in the deposit to purchase goods and services and the customer
pays back loan to the bank whenever he / she has money
cultural tourism: movements of persons for essentially cultural motivations such as study
tours, travel to festivals and other cultural events, visits to sites and monuments, travel to
study nature, folklore or art and pilgrimages
current account: noninterest – bearing bank account from which any amount can be
withdrawn any time in a day
custom duty: the tax levied on goods imported from foreign countries and goods exported
to foreign countries at customs according to law
debit card: the electronic card used to withdraw money from cash machines (ATM) or
pay for goods in shops which in doing so automatically deducts the money from our
current account
direct tax: the tax when impact and incidence of a tax are on one and same person
economic planning: a detailed program of development projects, policies and strategies
to achieve certain predetermined economic objectives, in a particular order of priorities
within a specified period of time
ecotourism: responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and
improves the well-being of local people
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 425
elephant polo: a variety of polo played while riding elephants
endowment: a large amount of money to be paid
energy crisis: the crises in the energy due to excessive use of resources
entrepreneurship: the capacity and willingness to develop, organize and manage a
business venture along with any of its risks in order to make a profit
excise duty: the tax on domestic goods and services
finance: the activity related to economic transaction
financial education: the knowledge to manage finance understanding its importance
financial planning: long-term profit planning aimed at generating greater return or
assets, growth in market share, and at solving foreseeable problems
financial tools: the tools that are used for financial transactions in financial system
fiscal year: a period of twelve months for which a government plans its management of
money
fixed account: the account in which money is deposited for a fixed time and deposited
amount cannot be withdrawn before the time
flora and fauna: plants and animals of an environment
foreign employment: the act of going to foreign land for earning
foreign exchange: the exchange of one currency for another
Great Himalayan Trail: roughly 1700 Km long trail or footpath of Nepal stretching from
Kanchanjunga in the east to Mt. Saipal in the west which passes through lush green
valleys, arid high plateaus and incredible landscapes in the Himalayas
hydroelectricity: electricity produced or generated from the hydro power
indirect tax: the tax which is paid in the first instance by one person and then is shifted
on to some other persons
inflation: a continual increase in the price of goods
insurance: a contract, represented by a policy, in which an individual or entity receives
financial protection or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company
insured /policy holder: a person who owns an insurance policy
insurer/insurance company: an entity or a body that provides insurance
labor drain: a situation where the active population move to other countries for work
life insurance: a contract between the insurance company and the policyholder in which
the company pays out a sum of money either on the death of the insured person or after
a set period
loan: transfer of a property (usually cash) from its owner (the lender) to a borrower who
promises to return it according to the terms of the agreement, with interest for its use
mortgage: a legal agreement in which a bank provides money o a person to buy properties
mountain biking: an adventurous sport of riding bicycles off road often over rough
terrain
mountaineering: the sport or job of climbing mountains
426 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
National Planning Commission: apex advisory body of the government of Nepal for
formulating a national vision, periodic plans and policies for development
Nepal Tourism Board: a government authorized board for tourism activities in Nepal
non life insurance: also called a general insurance is the insurance of goods and properties
ordinary shares: shares in a company that are owned by people who have a right to vote
at the company's meetings and to receive part of the company's profits after the holders
of preference shares have been paid
paragliding: the sport of jumping out of an aircraft with a special parachute that allows
in to travel a long horizontal distance before you land
periodic plan: country's development plan for a certain period which includes
government's policies and programmes
plan: a set of programs of work to be performed within a specified time period
policy: also called insurance policy is a formal contract document issued by an insurance
company to an insured
premium: the amount paid for insurance
rafting: an adventurous recreational outdoor activity using an inflatable raft to navigate
a river or other bodies of water
remittance: a sum of money or funds sent by a foreign worker to an individual in their
home country
revenue: the income of government from various sources
saving account: an account provided by a bank for individuals to save money and earn
interest on the cash held in the account
security bond: the financial tool issued by the government or any company to collect
necessary amount
share: any of the units of equal value into which a company is divided and sold to raise
money
subsistence farming: the practice of growing crops and raising livestock sufficient only
for one's own use, without any surplus for trade
tax: a compulsory financial contribution imposed by a government to raise revenues,
levied on the income or property of persons or organizations, on the production costs or
sales prices of goods and services, etc.
tourism industry: the agencies and enterprises that produce goods and services related
to and useful for the tourists
tourism: the practice of touring a place
tourist: a person who visits other places for a short period of time for the purpose of
entertainment, business, education, sports, religious pilgrimage and conference
trail: footpath with guideposts and explanatory notices, designed to explain the fauna
and flora of a piece of countryside to the general public
trekking: a form of walking, undertaken with the specific purpose of exploring and
enjoying the scenery
VAT: the tax levied in addition to the price at various levels of production and distribution
of goods and services
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 427
9Unit
Our International Relation
and Cooperation
-xfdf| ] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw / ;xofu] _
On the completion of this unit, students will develop the following competencies:
●● To introduce the UNO along with its organs and agencies
●● To explain the relation of Nepal with the UNO and its specialized agencies
●● To mention the impact of the contemporary world events on human lives
●● To introduce the concept of localization and globalization
Teaching and evaluation scheme for the unit
Teaching periods ............................................. 15
Course weight ................................................ 5
Evaluation Grid for Final Testing
Type of Skills tested
questions
Knowledge Creative, crit- Appli- Value Total Total Time
Very short & ical thinking cation, & atti- no. of mark (in min-
Short & analysis practical tude ques- alloca-
Long under- & research tions tion utes)
standing – –
– skill – 2 1+4=5 9
1 – 1 –
1 –
– –
428 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson United Nations and
Its Organs
9.1
-;+o'St /fi6« ;ª\3 / o;sf cª\ux?_
Pre-reading Activity
The concept of a competent world organization came with Atlantic Charter, 1941 to replace failed
League of Nations. The word 'United Nations', coined by United States president Franklin D.
Roosevelt was first used in the Declaration by United Nations on January 1, 1942, during the Second
World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their governments would continue fighting
together against the Axis powers. Later the word 'United Nations' confirmed as a name for the
upcoming new organization at the Moscow Conference, 1943 where the 4 major powers of the Allied
Forces agreed to proceed for the establishment of the new world organization.
There are different organizations working in Nepal. Mention any four of them with their background
of establishment.
Reading
The League of Nations, which was established after the First
World War, could do nothing to avert the Second World War. As
a result, the world had to see the most horrific war just 20 years
after the First World War. But as the war was ravaging the world
the major Allied powers felt the need to establish a new global
organization. On June 12, 1941 the Allied countries organized a
conference in London focusing on the issue of establishing peace
and help. The same conference also issued the 'Interrelation
Declaration' which primarily focused on the establishment of
peace.
American president Franklin Roosevelt and British
Prime Minister Winston Churchill met on a warship over
the Atlantic Ocean in 1941 AD. They discussed measures
to end wars and establish world peace. On August 14,
they signed an agreement which is called the Atlantic
Charter. The Atlantic Charter set the foundation for the
United Nations. Besides it, the Moscow Declaration, the
Teheran Declaration, the Dumbarton Oaks Declaration,
the Yalta Declaration, etc. also played a significant role in
creating platform for the establishment of the United Nations.
Then on June 26, 1945, fifty countries drafted the UN Charter in San Francisco and signed
it. The United Nations officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, when the Charter
had been ratified by China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, the United
States and by a majority of other signatories out of 51 countries, including Poland which
signed the Charter afterward even not represented at the San Francisco Conference.
The same day October 24 is celebrated as the UN Day. The UN has 193 members now,
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 429
including Nepal. Its headquarters is in International Territory in Manhattan, New York
city, the USA. The UN office complex formed in 1952 spreads over an area of 18 acre. The
area has been declared as an international territory and belongs to the UN member nation.
The charter of the United Nations (also called the UN Charter) has 19 chapters and 111
articles. English, French, Chinese, Russian and Spanish languages have been enacted as
the official languages of the UN since its establishment. Later in 1973 AD, Arabic language
was also added as the sixth official language of the UN.
Objectives
As stated in the charter, the objectives of the UN are as follows:
●● To maintain international peace and security
●● To develop friendly relations among the countries on the basis of principle of equality
●● To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic,
social, cultural or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect
for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race,
sex, language, or religion
●● To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these
common ends
The following criteria should be fulfilled to get the membership of the UNO
• Should be a peace-loving nation
• Should accept the obligations under the charter
• Should be approved by 9 members (including 5 permanent members) of the
Security Council
• Should be approved by two-thirds members of the General Assembly
1. The General Assembly
Chapter IV, Article 9-22 of the UN
Charter has the provision of the General
Assembly. It is the main organ and
legislative body of the UNO. All the
member nations are also the members
of the General Assembly. There is the
provision of sending five representatives
from each nation in the meeting of the
General Assembly. Each member nation
can cast vote in the assembly. Two thirds majority of the members is required to
pass important resolution (such as membership for a new country, the suspension
of the rights and privileges of membership, the expulsion of members, questions
relating to the operation of the trusteeship system and budgetary questions) and
simple majority to pass other decisions. In every general meeting one president and
17 vice presidents are elected. Five different committees are made to manage the
430 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
tasks of the General Assembly. The meeting of the General Assembly takes place
every year on the 3rd Tuesday of September.
Powers and Functions
• Consider and make necessary recommendations on the general principles of
co-operation for maintaining international peace and security.
• Receive and consider reports from the security council and other agencies.
• Issue new membership on the recommendation of the Security Council.
• Approve the annual budget.
• Appoint the General Secretary on the recommendation of the Security Council.
• Elect the members of the Economic and Social Council.
• Elect the judges of the International Court of Justice on the recommendation of the
Security Concil.
• Elect the non-permanent members of the Security Council.
2 The Security Council
Chapter V-VIII, Article 23-54 of the UN Charter has the provision of the Security
Council. It is the United Nations' most powerful body with the prime responsibility
of maintaing international peace and security. It is also the executive body of the
UN. The council comprises of 15 members. Of them, five are permanent and 10 are
temporary. Five permanent member nations are the USA, the UK, France, China and
Russia. The 10 temporary members are 6 from Afro-Asia, 2 from Latin America, 1
from east Europe and 2 members from other countries. These temporary members
are elected for two years by the General Assembly. The five permanent members
are given the veto power. It is the power to reject the security council's resolution.
Powers and Functions
• Maintain international peace and security
• Recommend to the General Assembly the entry of new member to the United
Nations
• Mobilize the peace keeping force as per the requirement
• Recommend to the General Assembly for the appointment of the Secretary General
• Investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to an international friction
• Call on member states to apply economic sanctions against the aggressor and thus
put pressure on the guilty state to stop aggression.
3. The Economic and Social Council
Chapter X Article 61-72 of the UN Charter has the provision of the Economic and
Social Council. It is concerned about economics, social, cultural and human affairs
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 431
in the world. It works under the regulation of the General Assembly. There are 54
members elected for three years by the General Assembly. But one third members
(18) are elected each year. Key decisions are taken by the simple majority and each
member has a single vote. There are nine commissions under it. The members are
selected from the world on the basis of geographical region. The regions are divided
as follows.
Regions Members
Asian States 11
African States 14
Latin American States 10
Eastern European states 6
Western European and other states 13
Powers and Functions
• Make or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic, social,
cultural, educational, health and related matters and make recommendations with
respect to any such matters to the General Assembly, to the members of the UN and
to the specialized agencies concerned
• Make recommendations for the purpose of promoting respect for, and observance
of, human rights and fundamental freedom for all
• Organize international conventions related to different areas
• Follow any sort of responsibilities entrusted by the General Assembly
4. The Trusteeship Council
Chapter XIII, Article 86-91 of the UN charter has the provision of the Trusteeship
Council. The five permanent members of the Security Council are the members of
the Trusteeship Council.
The Trusteeship Council suspended its operations on November 1, 1994, a month
after the independence of Palau, the last remaining United Nations trust territory. By
a resolution adopted on May 25, 1994, the Council amended its rules of procedure
to drop the obligation to meet annually and agreed to meet as occasion required.
Powers and Functions
• Assist in making the countries that have become independent from colonization or
help the independent nations unable to rule themselves able and capable
5. The International Court of Justice
Chapter XIV , Article 92-96 of the UN Charter has the provision of the International
Court of Justice. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial
432 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in June 1945 by the Charter of
the United Nations and began work in April 1946. There is a provision of 15 judges
for a term of nine years.
The judges are appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation made by
the Security Council. Five judges are appointed from the five permanent members
and the remaining ten are appointed from all other continents. The chief judge
is appointed from among the judges. The official languages of the International
Court of Justice are English and French. Its central office is in the Hague of the
Netherlands.
Powers and Functions
• Settle legal disputes between nations
• Provide legal suggestions to the United Nations and its organs
• Clarify different treaties and agreements
• Interpret the international law
6. The Secretariat
Chapter XV, Article 97-101 of the UN Charter has the provision of the Secretariat.
It is the administrative unit of the UNO. A Secretary General, specialists, technical
and administrative staffs represent the Secretariat. The chief of the Secretariat is
called the Secretary General who is appointed by the General Assembly on the
recommendation of the Security Council. The Secretariat has an important role in
setting the agenda for the UN's deliberative and decision making bodies of the UN.
The term of Secretary General is of five years and can be extended for the next term
as per the requirement. The present Secretary General is Antonio Guterres from
Portugal.
Powers and Functions
• Administer peace keeping operations
• Organize administrative support for day to day operation of the UN
• Mediate international disputes
• Survey economic and social trends to prepare studies on human rights and
sustainable development
• Inform the world's communications media about the work of the United Nations
• Organize international conferences on issues of worldwide concerns
• Interpret speeches and translate documents into the organization's official languages
• Publish and distribute the report
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 433
charter Glossary
resolution
- an official document of rules and regulations
- a formal expression of opinion passed by an official body
In-class Activity
Assume your class as the General Assembly of the UNO. Now each student represents one
member nation. Form different groups as the UN organs. Organize different meetings and
also pass resolutions related to future plan.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is the UNO?
2. When was the UNO established?
3. What is the total number of member nations of the UNO?
4. To which country does the present Secretary General of the UNO belong?
5. How many parts and articles are there in the UN Charter?
6. What are the official languages of the UNO?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What is the Atlantic Charter? How did it create the platform for the
establishment of the UNO?
2. Critically analyse the activities of the UNO.
3. Compare the League of Nations with the United Nations.
4. Examine the role of the UNO in maintaining global peace.
5. What role can the UNO play to secure the rights of small and poor nations?
Clarify it.
6. Has the UNO been able to achieve its objectives or not? Present your views.
7. Mention in short the history behind the establishment of the UNO.
8. 'In the present context the role of the UNO is more important.' Present your
views for or against the statement.
9. Explain the structure of Economic and Social Council of the UN.
10. Who is the present Secretary General of UN? What are his functions there?
11. What is meant by ‘Veto’? Who can have ‘Veto’ power in the UN?
12. Has Nepal represented in any organs of the UN? Ask your teacher or other
persons and write about it.
13. What are the organs of the United Nations? Make a list of functions of each
organ.
434 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Specialised and Other
9.2 Agencies of the UNO
-;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf ljlzi6Ls[t tyf cGo ;:+ yfx?_
Pre-reading Activity
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were the eight international development goals that
were adopted following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000. Those goals which
were supposed to be achieved by 2015 were i) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger ii) Achieve
universal primary education iii) Promote gender equality and empower women iv) Reduce child
mortality v) Improve maternal health vi) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other disease vii) Ensure
environmental sustainability and viii) Develop a global partnership for development.
Were those goals achieved by the UN? Discuss in the class.
Reading
To fulfill the objectives of the UN, it has different agencies that work in social, economic,
technical and humanitarian sectors. Specialized agencies are autonomous organizations
working with the United Nations and each other through coordinating machinery of
the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Here is a short introduction to those
agencies.
S.N. Agencies Est. Dates and Objectives Logo
1. International Labour Headquarters
Organization (ILO)
2. 11 April, 1919, Geneva, To make and pass labour
Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) Switzerland laws, and to provide
economic and social security
to labours worldwide
• 16 October 1945, Rome, • To ensure processing,
Italy managing, and equal
• In 1946 AD became the distribution of all sorts of
specialized agency food
• To work for rural
development and
improvement of people’s
life in the rural areas
• To raise levels of nutrition
• To improve agricultural
productivity
• To provide suggestions to
the government related to
food plan and policy
• To ensure food security
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 435
3. United • 4 November 1946, Paris • To ensure cooperation
Nationsucational, France and coordination among
Scientific and • On 4 December 1947 nations by means of
Cultural Organization became the specialized education, science, culture,
(UNESCO) agency communication
• In 1966 Nepal became • To support for peace
the member and security and public
relations
• To encourage the nations
to promote and protect
national heritage
• To promote human and
sustainable development
4. World Health • 7 April 1948, Geneva, • To offer technical support
Organization (WHO) Switzerland to people across the world
• In 1954 Nepal became to ensure them good
the member health.
• To run the program related
to disease control and its
eradication
• To promote the research on
health treatment
5. International Monetary • 27 December, 1945 • To encourage the member
Fund (IMF) Washington DC USA nations to grant aids to
• In 1961 Nepal became UN for its international
the member aid fund
• To establish balance of
payment and debt
• To help the country in time
of economic crisis
6. International Bank for • 27 December 1945 • To provide financial help
Reconstruction and Washington DC, USA to the member countries
Development (IBRD) • In 1961 Nepal became for reconstruction works,
the member especially those that
follow war and disputes
• To encourage middle
income countries
and other nations on
development tasks
providing them financial
loan
7. International Civil 4 April 1947 Montreal, • To ensure regular and safe
Aviation Organization Canada air transportation in the
(ICAO) world
• To provide technical and
economic help in air service
436 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
8. Universal Postal Union • 8 October 1874, Borne • To develop postal service
(UPU) Switzerland and to gather technical
support and to strengthen
international help
9. International Tele • 17 may 1865, Geneva, • To maintain uniformity in
communication Union Switzerland telecommunications services
(ITU) • In 1947 became the • To develop technology
specialized agency for telecommunications
• Nepal became a development
member in 1957.
10. World Meteorological • 23 March 1950, Geneva, • To exchange of information
Organization (WMO) Switzerland related to meteorology
• In 1966 Nepal became • To establish and supervise
the member and monitor stations of
meteorology
11. International Maritime • 17 March 1958, London, • International co-operation
Organization (IMO) the UK and assistant in water
transportation.
12. World Intellectual • 26 April, 1970, Geneva • To protect intellectual
Property Organization Switzerland properties, such as research
(WIPO) and literary works
• To ensure rights to
intellectuals
• To facilitate the filling
of requests for patents,
trademarks, industrial
designs and models
• To work on industrial
property right and copy
right: Industrial property
right includes trademark,
industrial design and
origin rights, etc. copy right
includes music, painting
literature, documentaries,
sculptures, databases,
advertisements, etc.
13. United Nations • 1966, Vienna Austria • To support and accelerate
Industrial • In 1985 became the industrialization process
Development specialized agency in developing nations and
Organization (UNIDO) underdeveloped nations
14. International Fund 19 November 1977 Rome, • To support for investment
For Agriculture Italy in agriculture production in
Development (IFAD) developing countries
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 437
15. United Nations 11 December 1946 New • To conduct program to
International York, the USA nutrition, primary health
Children's Emergency care, safety and education
Fund (UNICEF) for children in developing
countries
16. United Nations • 12 November 1966 A.D. • To uplift the life standard
Development New York, the USA of the people of developing
Programme (UNDP) countries
• To support for the
utilization of the resources
in developing countries
• To focus on poverty
reduction, HIV/AIDS,
democratic governance,
energy and environment,
social development,
sustainable development,
natural disasters, impact of
conflict, etc.
17. United Nations High 1951 A.D. Geneva, • To provide food, shelter,
Commission for Switzerland clothes, health, education
Refugees (UNHCR) and security for the
refugees
18. World Trade 1 January 1995, Geneva, • To assist the international
Organization (WTO) Switzerland trade related rules more
On 23 April 2004, Nepal transparent
became member • To create a forum for
(164 members till date) negotiating and monitoring
further trade liberalization
• To help developing
countries benefit fully from
the global trading system
• To increase in trade,
investment, employment
and income
• To ensure the reduction of
tariffs and other barriers to
trade
19. International Atomic 29 July 1957, Vienna, • To provide scientific and
Energy Agency (IAEA) Austria technical aid in the peaceful
use of atomic energy
• To stop the use of nuclear
weapons and military
power to maintain peace in
the world
• To provide technical help to
developing nations
438 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
20. International 24 September 1960, • To offer soft loans and
Development Washington DC, USA grants to the world's poorest
Association (IDA) developing countries
• To promote sustainable
economic growth rate and
development
• To promote productivity
to raise the standard of
living in the less developed
countries
• To supplement the
objectives and activities of
the World Bank.
Glossary
meteorology - a science that deals with the atmosphere and weather
maritime - marine; relating to sailing or commerce on the sea
In-class Activity
There might be certain UN agencies working in your community. Prepare a report
highlighting their tasks.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What do you mean by specialized agencies of the UNO?
2. How many specialized agencies are there of the UNO?
3. Which was the first specialized agency of the UNO?
4. What does the UNDP do?
5. Are the specialized agencies of the UNO able to meet their objectives ? Write
in a sentence.
6. There might be some UN agencies working in your community. Name them.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Why do you think the UN needs specialized agencies? Write in points.
2. Make a list of the activities of the specialized agencies working in Nepal.
3. What should be done to make the activities of the specialized agencies more
effective? Write in points.
4. Which is the most important specialized agency of the UNO? Write with reasons.
5. The central offices of the UN specialized agencies are clustered either in
Europe or in North America. None of them have central office in Asia. Write
a letter to the UN General Assembly to establish central office of at least one
agency in Nepal explaining why it is necessary.
7. Make a news item of the major functions of all the specialized agencies of the UN.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 439
Lesson Activities of the UNO
9.3 -;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3sf lqmofsnfkx?_
Pre-reading Activity
In 70 years, the United Nations, its specialized agencies, related agencies, funds, programmes and
staff were awarded the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize eleven times. The UNHCR, one of the UN
agencies, received the prestigious prize in both 1954 AD and 1981 AD.
Are there any organizations in Nepal which deserve this sort of award? Discuss in the class.
Reading
Today a strange looking vehicle has arrived at Sarita’s village.
There are about five persons in the car. All these members have
put on blue colour jackets with big letter UN written. Sarita
is surprised by all this. The car stops right in front of Sarita’s
house and one of them gets down to ask Sarita the way to a
social activist’s home. Sarita leads them to the activist’s’ home
but she asks them questions about UN and its activities. Here is
the conversation.
Sarita: I have heard about UN but I do not know what it does. Will you tell me, sir?
UN Staff: The UN works all over the world through its specialised agencies. UN works
for mutual understanding between and among member countries. It tries to
solve the problems in a peaceful way. It also works for development activities
like agriculture, health, and communications. Plus, it works to protect human
rights, freedom, and environment, and so on. It helps for economic and
technical support for development all over the world.
Sarita: So you are here for developmental purpose?
UN Staff: That’s right. UN staff work according to the objectives of the UN. There is
problem of dirking water facility in your village, so the UN has provided
technical and economic support through the UNDP to solve this problem.
Today we have come here for the field observation. We will work for a year
with the cooperation of villagers.
Sarita: That would be very kind cooperation of the UN. We have a big trouble for
drinking water. It takes about 45 minutes to bring a pot of water from the
nearby tap. It disturbs our study. By the way, how does the UN select the
development work?
UN Staff: The UN is an independent institution. All the countries, rich, poor or developing
represent the UN. Every country has equal voice in the UN. They discuss on world
problems or problems of a particular country and try to find out the solution. UN
440 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
decisions may be supported by majority of the people in the world but they are
not the laws. So, the majority fixes the yearly development programmes through
the General Assembly of UN and it assigns responsibility to its agencies.
Sarita: For the UN to do all this must require a lot of money. What is the income
source of UN?
UN Staff: There is no special income source of the UN. The member countries allocate
certain amount from their budget for the UN. The amount of money is fixed
on the basis of level of development and economic capacity of the country.
For example, while Nepal pays 0.1 percent of its budget to the UN, the USA
pays 22 percent of the total regular budget. Some rich countries support the
development work of the UN, freely.
Sarita: Does the UN work only on drinking water sector or also in other fields of
human life?
UN Staff: The UN has great responsibilities and working areas. It works in economic
and social sectors. It protects and manages refugees; it provides shelter and
food to victims of disaster, homeless, and hungry people. It offers support
to children, women and people of backward community. It also works for
environment conservation, health, HIV/AIDS, drug trafficking, human rights,
democracy and social justice. It monitors and supervises elections worldwide
and checks the fairness in the election. It might surprise you, but it costs more
than 10 billion US dollar per year for the UN to run such programs. Actually,
it works for millions and billions of people across the world.
Sarita: Can’t the UN work for peace? There are so many countries at war with each
other. People are suffering from civil war and violence. What role does the
UN play in peace keeping process in the world?
UN Staff: This is perhaps the most important question you are asking, Sarita. The main
objective of the UN at the time of its formation was to maintain peace and
security in the world. The UN sends peace keeping forces in the disputed areas
and battlefields. The UN does not have its own army or any other armed force.
It hires such forces from its member countries according to the recommendation
of the Security Council. The Secretary General appoints the chief of peace
keeping force. The UN specified countries send their armed forces in the
conflict territories. The deployed forces work under the supervision of the UN
supervisor and according to rules and regulations of the Security Council and
the UN charter. They implement the decisions made by the UN and work jointly
with the peace keeping force of other nations, if necessary. Some other functions
of peace keeping forces are:
●● To maintain peace
●● To try to give continuity for peace process and supervise ceasefire
and activities of both opponent parties
●● To give security to both opponent parties
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 441
●● To provide training for national army of that country
●● To provide food, medicine and other required materials to victimised
party or community
●● To clear or remove land mines and other explosive materials
Sarita: Do the peace keeping forces have to fight against warring parties?
UN Staff: Not really. But they have arms and weapons which they can use for their self-
defense. And the UN forces do not include only army but also include police,
lawyers, explosive mine specialists, human rights activists, health workers,
conflict management specialists, election specialists and other development
activists. They contribute from their own position to the normal life of the
area.
Sarita: Please, tell me about Nepal and peace keeping force.
UN Staff: Nepal has been sending its main security agencies-Army, Armed Police Force
and Nepal Police peace keeping missions since 1958 AD after it became a
member of the United Nations in 1955 AD. The first peace keeping troop was
sent to Lebanon. So far, Nepal has sent its forces in the peace mission in the
countries like Afghanistan, Iran, Haiti, Burundi, Pakistan, Congo and Sudan.
Till now, Nepal has contributed more than 100 thousands peace keepers.
Sarita: Is it good to send peace keeping force from Nepal?
UN Staff: Of course, Nepal, as an advocate of peace and security, has been lobbying
theoretically and practically in various forums around the world. As a peace
keeping force they get an international exposure. This helps them to have an
access to new ideas, skills, technology, etc. Our culture gets exposure. It also
helps them economically as they get additional money as UN allowances.
Finally, it helps to glorify our nation with their humanitarian task in different
war-hit zones.
Nepal government has signed the different UN protocols and declarations for the
development of society, protection of human rights and democracy.
The UN has contributed to our country a lot. After the end of People’s Movement of 2006,
the UN sent its special mission to Nepal. This mission was called United Nations Mission
in Nepal (UNMIN) on January 23, 2007 to monitor the disarmament of Maoist rebels and
the preparations for the Constituent Assembly elections in 2007. It did its mandated work
and ceased operations on January 15, 2011.
Sarita: Then the UN must have had a huge number of staff.
UN Staff: Exactly, it has about 65000 staff working worldwide.
Sarita: Thank you sir! I learnt a lot about UN and its activities. Now, here is the
house of the social activist.
UN Staff: Thank you for your help. See you later.
442 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
civil war Glossary
land mine
- a war between groups of people within a country
warring - a bomb that is buried under the ground and gets exploded
if stepped on it
- fighting
In-class Activity
If there is a problem in your community that can be solved by UN agencies prepare an
application to be sent to the UN office in Nepal
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is the UN?
2. Specify any two areas where the UN works.
3. What is the UN peace keeping force?
4. When did Nepal send its first peace keeping force?
5. What is the UNMIN?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Study the logo of the UN and find what it means.
2. Explain the social work of the UN and its agencies.
3. Collect the news articles related to the UN and its activities in Nepal and
prepare a report on it.
4. How does the UN maintain peace in the world? Is the UN successful in
maintaining peace in the world?
5. The UN sends the peace keeping force in the countries where there are
disputes and wars. What is the function of peace keeping force in the field?
How do they maintain peace there?
6. Nepal Army has a long history of working as the peace keeping force of the
UN. Write a paragraph about the role of Nepal Army in peace keeping.
7. What is the income source of the UN? Visit the website www.un.org and find
the answer.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 443
Lesson Role of Nepal in the UNO
9.4 -;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª\3df gk] fnsf] e"ldsf_
Pre-reading Activity
Nepal and Kazakhstan have established formal bilateral diplomatic relations. Kazakhstan is the
world's ninth largest country by land area, located in central Asia with some part also in Europe.
Rich in natural resource endowments, it is also the largest land-locked country in the world and
had hosted the 2003 international conference on land-locked developing countries (LLDCs) that
had adopted the Almaty Programme of Action for the LLDCs,
The number of countries with which Nepal has established diplomatic relations has now
reached 164.
Permanent mission of Nepal to the UN New York
Now, find out the first ten countries to establish diplomatic relations with Nepal.
Reading
A country is much like a house or a family. A family
cannot exist in the community if it has bad relations
with other families. So for a family to exist well, it
must keep its relation with other families well and
smooth. Similarly, some families in a community
could be economically sound. Others could have
enough labour force or skilled manpower. Yet others
could have none of these. But if the rich families do not help the poor ones, it does not
build a good community. The community prospers when there is proper exchange of help
and benefits. This applies to a country’s international relation too.
International relation is also called diplomatic relation. Every country should keep
friendly relationship with other countries for its easy and normal existence. There are
both rich and poor countries in the world. Poor countries need economic help and rich
countries need labour force, raw materials, etc. from the poor countries. So both rich and
poor countries have to keep good relation among themselves. There are some countries
which create unnecessary conflicts and problems. Such problems are caused by different
political ideology, religion, race and border conflicts, and ego. In such cases, other
countries have to find out peaceful solution to such problems.
After the Second World War Nepal started to extend its relation with the outer world. In
1947 AD Nepal attempted to get the UN membership through the embassy in England.
In 1948 AD it gave its application and finally got membership on December 14, 1955 AD.
Since Nepal took UN membership in 1955 AD, it has advocated for peace and mutual
cooperation and peaceful solution to any kind of problems or conflicts. During the period
of Cold War, the world was divided into two groups: one under the leadership of the
former USSR (today’s Russia) and the other under the leadership of the USA. The USSR
group was organized from Warsaw Pact and the USA group from the NATO Treaty.
When the whole world was divided into two axes like this, Nepal followed the policy of
non-alignment and took the membership of Non-Alignment Movement.
444 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Likewise, Nepal's representatives have also been appointed
as deputy secretary of the UN's Security council.
In 1958, 1968, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1983, 1984, 1988 and 2001
AD Nepal was elected as the vice president of the UN.
In different time Nepal has worked as the member of the
Social and Economic Council including UNESCO. In 1956
Nepal had openly made protest against the interference
of Soviet troops over Hungary. In the same year, Nepal
also raised its voice against an attack of Israel over Egypt.
In 1968 AD Nepal had worked as a vice chair country of the United Nations Special
Committee against Apartheid. During that time, Nepal gave pressure to England which
significantly contributed to the Anti-apartheid Movement. In 1978 AD Nepalese soldiers
were deployed in Lebanon as a part of UN peace keeping force to solve the Lebanon
conflict that arose due to Israel-Lebanon War. Likewise, in 1992/93 Nepalese peace
keeping forces were stationed in Cambodia and Yugoslavia to maintain peace. Since
1994 AD Nepalese forces have been working in Haiti to maintain peace and security.
Nepal has also played an active role in disarmament. The UN has been celebrating the
Buddha Jayanti Day as the International Peace Day every year. Nepal, staying under the
UNO, has ever initiated the abolition of imperialism and end of colonialism and opposed
expansionism, neocolonialism, interference, etc.
There are 193 member countries in the UN. They support peace and security and economic
and social developments. They follow the principles, objectives and goals of the UN.
And the UN plays the role of mediator to keep friendly relationships among the member
nations.
Nepal has also worked as a member of UN Security Council two times: first in 1969-70 AD
and then in 1988-89 AD. Nepal has played an important role to solve disputes and raised
concerns in favour of small and landlocked countries for their respectful presence in the
global forum. From Nepal, Kulchandra Gautam worked as Assistant General Secretary
of the UNO and contributed to world peace. Similarly, another scholar Bhojraj Pokharel,
former Chief Election Commissioner of Election Commission of Nepal, had been assigned
to observe the election process in Sudan election 2010 as a special UN representative. Such
participation from Nepal has added to Nepal’s image of peace-loving country.
Glossary
non-alignment - the political ideology of being neutral
disarmament
neocolonialism - demilitarize, reduction in number of soldiers and weapons
- the economic and political pressure or influence of powerful
nations over the poor and weaker nations
In-class Activity
How would you settle dispute between two conflicting groups of your community? Prepare
a report on it.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 445
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. When did Nepal first make attempt to get the membership of the UNO?
2. For how many times has Nepal acted as the temporary member of the UN
Security Council?
3. Mention any two examples where Nepal has shown its due attempt in
maintaining peace in the world.
4. Nepal has played an important role in disarmament. Justify the statement in
a sentence.
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Compare the relationship of individuals and relationship among the countries
in terms of economy, poverty, health, and conflict.
2. When did Nepal get membership of the UN? What role has it played in the
UN after taking the membership?
3. Nepal had been the member of the UN Security Council two times in 1969-70
AD and 1988-89 AD. Explain the role Nepal played during its tenure.
4. What is the advantage of sending Nepal Army as peace keeping force? Why
does the UN select Nepal army and police for its peace keeping mission?
5. Suppose you get a chance to work in the UN. Which sector will you work for
and why?
6. Write the major contributions made by Nepal to the UN.
7. Mention an attempt made by Nepal to get the membership of the UNO.
8. The UNMIN (United Nations Mission in Nepal) worked for about four years for
the peace process of Nepal. Point out its major contributions to the peace process.
9. Are you satisfied with the task of Nepal in the UN? Present your views in
points.
10. Write your views on the role of the UN for the rights of landlocked nations
11. Several times questions have been raised about Nepali peace keeping force.
Is it good to send our peace keeping force to other countries? Present your
views.
12. What sort of help has the UN provided to Nepal in maintaining peace?
Explain.
13. Meet a Nepali soldier who has just returned from the peace keeping mission.
Ask him the major tasks to be done by peace keeping force. Write down all
his views in points.
446 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
Lesson Activities of the
9.5 UNO in Nepal
-gk] fndf ;+oS' t /fi6« ;ª\3sf ultljlwx?_
Pre-reading Activity
Why are different agencies of the UNO spread in different parts of the world? Think of the question
and derive the conclusion.
Reading
The UNO has been making important contribution to the development of Nepal. It has
been playing a special role in the social, economic, physical and good governance sectors
of Nepal. The role of the UNO in the development of Nepal is presented below:
1. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
The UNDP is responsible to coordinate all the development activities of the UN
agencies worldwide. In Nepal also it conducts programmes in collaboration with the
various government agencies and the UN specialized agencies mobilizing the other
donor agencies too. It provides technical assistance and grant for the development
activities. Further it heps in medicine-related research. It conducts programmes to
achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of Nepal.
2. United Nations International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
The United Nations International Children Emergency Fund is the organization that
pleads for child rights on the basis of child right-related covenant. This organisation
has been working in Nepal since 1964 AD. Nepal falls in its main priority among its
various programmes in the world. It works for children and women rights protection
and promotion; child care, health and environment education; programmes related
to HIV/AIDS, etc. in collaboration with NGOs and local community.
3. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
Nepal gained the membership of the International Fund for Agricultural
Development for the development of agricultural sector in Nepal. This organisation
has been providing co-operation to various 12 projects. It has carried out various
programmes in the development of rural and hilly areas. It conducts programmes
targeting the poor, landless and aborigines, Janajatis and women. This fund in
collaboration with the government provides loan and subsidy. Its main goal is
to increase the income by empowering rural and poor women and men and to
emphasize food security.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 447
4. International Labour Organisation (ILO)
Nepal took the membership of this organisation in 1966 AD. Working for a long time
in Nepal, it has been carrying out programmes to eradicate poverty by promoting
employment to make industrial relation improvement and labour administration
effective, to free child labour and bonded labour to improve labour's work place. Its
headquarters is in Geneva, Switzerland. This organisation received the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1969 AD.
5. United Nations Programme for HIV/AIDs (UNP)
Under this programme United Nations Residential co-ordinator works in
collaboration with the government and internal and external organisations. It has
been carrying out activities presenting the view point like zero HIV infection for
HIV prevention, zero discrimination and zero death due to HIV.
6. United Nations Population Fund (UNPF)
It has been helping Nepal since 1971 AD. Its activities have been carried out in 18
districts. It provides help in health, gender violence, households and census sectors.
7. United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF)
It helps in decentralization in local development, promotion of participatory
viewpoint and natural resource management. It further supports to increase the
institutional capacity of local agency. It helps in quality service at local level.
8. United Nations Human Settlement Programme (UN Habitat)
It was established in 1978 AD. It has been working in the sector on the basis of various
declarations related to human settlement. Its objective is to bring improvement in
the condition of the people living in the slums. It helped the victims of flood in the
Koshi River in 2065 BS.
Its Functions
a. Pleading, monitoring and partnership
b. Participatory urban plan, management and administration.
c. Appropriate infrastructures and services
d. Strong human settlement financial system
9. United Nations Volunteers Programme (UNVP)
It has been carrying out its programmes in Nepal since 1974 AD. Since then, United
Nations Volunteers have been providing different services.
10. UN Women (UNW)
In 2012 AD the UN Women office was established. It provides help in violence
against women, peace and security, leadership capacity and participation, economic
employment, national planning and budget sectors.
448 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
11. World Food Programme (WFP)
Its activities are in operation in 32 districts. It has established regional offices in
Damak, Nepalgunj and Dadeldhura. It has carried out programmes giving priority
to the following sectors:
a. Rapid starvation control and emergency food relief
b. Long-term food security
c. Effective food and nutrition strategy
d. Participation in development and construction
12. World Health Program
The WHO conducts programmes in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and
Population. It provides technical co-operation in the health sector. Further it helps
in medicine-related research. It conducts programmes like promotion of health
services, programmes related to reproductive health.
Glossary
zero HIV infection - free from HIV infection
In-class Activity
Make a visit to the project site run by the UN. Observe the activities of the UNO there and
prepare a report on it.
Exercise
A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What does the UNICEF do in Nepal?
2. When did Nepal get the membership of International Fund for Agriculture
Development?
3. When was the ILO awarded the Nobel Peace prize?
4. What is the area coverage of the UNPF in Nepal?
5. How is United Nations Volunteers Programme helping Nepal?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Make a list of different activities run by the UNDP in Nepal.
2. How is United Nations Human Settlement Programme helping Nepal?
3. Make a list of different INGOs working in Nepal.
4. How is International Fund for Agriculture Development helping Nepal to
promote the agriculture sector? Explain in brief.
5. Write a letter to the UN office asking it to make the task of World Health
Program more effective in the remote areas of Nepal.
6. Are you satisfied with the role of WFP in Nepal? Write your views.
Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 449
Lesson Contemporary Events and
9.6 Their Impacts
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Pre-reading Activity
Go through the different mass media. Find out different contemporary events and present
them to the class.
Write any five events that have recently occurred in your community. Write their impact on
the community.
Reading
Contemporary events are the recent events that have economic, social, environmental and
political effect on the world. These events are multi-sectoral. Some are related with climate
change and some with disaster. Similarly, some events are related with wars whereas
some with peace and disarmament. Some of the contemporary events are as follows:
a. Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. This
concept was developed in 1990 AD. Its major goal is related with the earth and the
protection of its inherent means and resources. In 2015 AD the World Conference of
the Heads of Governments has made democracy, good governance and rule of law
the standard of sustainable development. If the concept of sustainable development
is not assimilated, environmental degradation, natural disaster and creation of
crisis may take place. At the same time, available means and resources may get
depleted. As a result, the future generation will not be able to use them.
b. Disarmament
Disarmament is a concept to use limited weapons or reduce them. Issues like
balanced reduction of traditional weapons, disposal of atomic bombs come under
it. Production of various types of biological and non-biological weapons have
destroyed the whole world. There is legal trade of 2 billion dollars worth of weapons
every year in the world, whereas 1 billion dollars worth of weapons are trafficked.
Some of the weapons keep on actively blasting for years. With the establishment of
the UNO it has been actively working for disarmament and limiting weapons to
maintain international peace and security. Such use of weapons and their trafficking
has put human existence in crisis.
450 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10
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