Social Studies 10

tropical desert: low latitude deserts i.e. lying between 20˚and 30˚ on both the
hemispheres that has an average precipitation less than 25 cm in a year
tropical grassland: the equatorial belt between 5° and 20° latitude where the
vegetation is dominated by grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody plants)
tropical monsoon: the region stretching between 5° and 30° latitudes that is
characterized by high temperature and plentiful precipitation which is good for must
crops to grow
tsunami: a series of enormous ocean waves caused by natural force under water
tundra region: cold treeless arctic and alpine region between 60° and 75° north
latitudes, mostly along the Arctic coast of North America and Eurasia which may be
covered with low shrubs, grasses, mosses and lichens
tupik: a tent of animal skins; a traditional type of Inuit summer dwelling
valley: an elongated depression usually with an outlet between ranges of hills
vegetation: plants or biome found in a particular region or surrounding
veld: the open shrubby pasturage region or grassland in south Africa
westerly wind: moist wind that blows in winter
windward: one that is exposed to the prevailing wind
winter monsoon: a monsoon resulting from the circulation induced by temperature
contrasts between a cold continent and a warm ocean as occurs during winter season
winter monsoon: the dry wind that blows in winter and possess a strong tendency
to diverge , subside and cause drought

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 301

7Unit

Our Past
-xfd|f] ljut_

On the completion of this unit, students will develop the following competencies:

●● To explain the major political events from 2007 till date and their impacts on
social and economics sectors

●● To mention the causes and consequences of the First and the Second World
War and the role of Nepal in two great wars.

●● To identify and involve in the protection of one's historical sites and monuments

Teaching and evaluation scheme for the unit
Teaching periods ............................................. 15
Course weight ................................................ 5

Evaluation Grid for Final Testing

Type of Skills tested
ques-
tions Knowledge Creative, Appli- Value Total Total mark Time (in
& critical cation, & atti- no. of allocation minutes)
practical tude ques-
under- thinking & & research tions 1+4+7=12 22
standing analysis –
skill 3
Very 1 – –
short –
Short 1 – 11
Long 1 ––

302 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Lesson The Revolution of 2007

7.1 and Delhi Agreement

-@))& ;fnsf] qmflGt / lbNnL ;Demft} f_

Pre-reading Activity

Make a two-column table. Based on your knowledge and what you have studied in the previous
grades, in one column, list the positive things that happened during the Rana rule and in the other
column, list the negative things. Then, discuss what you think are the main reasons behind the fall
of Rana rule.

Reading

7.1 Revolution of 2007 and Delhi Agreement

The family Rana rule started on Ashoj 2, 1903 B.S. and lasted for 104 years in Nepal.
The Rana Rule in Nepal was established by Junga Bahadur Rana. In the beginning, anti-
Rana activities did not take momentum because of lack of awareness among people. But
gradually with the increase in education and awareness anti-Rana activities expanded
in an organized way. Prachand Gorkha established in 1988 BS was the first anti-Rana
organization but its activities could not be very effective. The Praja Parishad is the first
political party of Nepal that was established in Ombahal, Kathmandu on Jesth 20, 1993
with the initiation of five persons. Tanka Prashad Acharya (President), Dasharath Chand
(Vice President), Ram Hari Sharma (General Secretary), Dharma Bhakta Mathema and
Jiv Raj Sharma were its founder members. The party was actively involved in anti-Rana
activities. As a result, in Magh 1997 four promising democratic leaders got martyrdom.
On the other hand, King Tribhuwan was also equally victimised. Thus he also used to
provide financial and moral support to the anti-Rana activities secretly. Establishment
of the Nepali Congress in 2003 BS and Nepal Communist Party in 2006 BS reinforced
the anti-Rana background. Students of Tin Dhara Sanskrit Pathashala started "Jayatu
Sanskritam Andolan" in Jesth 2004. It spread anti-Rana feeling in general public.

Causes of the Revolution 2007

Unjust and suppressing Establishment of political Internal conflict among
behaviour of the Ranas parties and revolution the Ranas

Poverty and unemployment Causes of the Revolution 2007

Increase in political
awareness among people

Effects of the World War II
and worldwide democracy

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 303

Quite a few incidents had already taken place. Makai Parva, Library Episode, Prachanda
Gorkha (1988) episode, introduction of Praja-parishad (1993), execution of four martyrs
(1997), formation of Nepali National Congress (2003) and then, later, unity of Nepali
Congress and Communist Party had set the background for Revolution of 2007.
Rana governments had caused a lot of harm to the country and the people. People could
not put up with the regime any more. Therefore it was necessary to overthrow the Rana
regime. And people began to rise against the regime. In fact, anti-Rana activities had
begun during the period of Chandra Shumsher.
On Chitra 27, 2006 B.S. Nepali Congress was formed merging Nepali National Congress
headed by B.P. Koirala and Nepal Democratic Congress headed by Subarna Shumsher
Rana. Matrika Prasad Koirala become the president. The Nepali Congress aimed at
throwing the Rana rule and establish contitutional monarchy. There was Bairgania
Conference on Ashwin (10-11), 2007 which adopted the strategy of the armed revolution
to overthrow the Rana regime. On Kartik 21, 2007 the revolution was declared.

Delhi
Agreement

Mukti Sena (Liberation Army) was the militant wing of Nepali Congress Party. The
Sena took part in an armed uprising against the Rana rule in Nepal in the late 1990BS.
The revolt started in the Terai region, and spread throughout the country. After the
democratic opening, the Sena took part in clashes with royalist gangs. The Sena was
integrated into the Nepali Police, following the ‘Delhi Compromise'.
Nepali Congress formed a Mukti Sena, (Liberation Army) and it began to capture places
in the Terai plains and the hilly districts. Thirbam Malla and Puran Singh had taken the
responsibility of Birgunj. In an armed movement, Thirbam Malla attained martydom. In
the western front Dr. Kunwar Indrajeet (KI) Singh had taken the responsibility. Under his
command the Liberation Army got great success in Bhairahawa. B.P. Koirala and Subarna
Shumsher who had taken the responsibility of the Eastern front also captured many
places without using any force. In time, it took eastern hilly region including Biratnagar
and Tansen under control. These were important places. It soon captured places and
districts like Ilam, Aathrai (Terhathum), Okhaldhunga, Parwanipur, Sirsiya, Bhairahawa,
Gorkha, Kailali, Kanchanpur, Birgunj, Parasi, Bhojpur, Khotang, Dhankuta, Mahottari,
304 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Chitwan, Taulihawa, Pokhara, Gulmi, Syanja, Baglung, Deukhuri, Koilabas, Pyuthan,
Dailekh, Dadeldhura, Baitadi and Surkhet. The movement against the regime was
building up like this.

Though Mohan Shumsher stood against all sorts of democratic reforms, anti-Rana
activities were spreading across the country and beyond the border too. Congress leaders
were launching protests from India and by 2007, the protests were gaining steam. In the
meantime on Kartik 23 the then King Tribhuwan along with his whole family (except
his second grandson, Gyanendra) left for Delhi by Indian Airways. He was warmly
received by the Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Mohan Shumsher enthroned
the second grandson of Tribhuwan, Gyanendra Shah and declared him the new king of
Nepal. He issued some coins in the name of the new king too. But India and Britain stood
strongly against the new move of Mohan Shumsher. On top of this, riots and protests
against the Rana government made way into Kathmandu valley too. Many places from
east to west were captured by the Liberation Army and people's government (Jansarkar)
was established in those places. They also asked people not to pay tax to the Ranas.
Kathmandu valley witnessed daily rallies against Rana autocracy. Anti-Rana pamphlets
were circulated across the valley; Kathmandu walls were full of anti-Rana graffiti and
slogans. In this climate, the Rana regime had no other alternative but to negotiate with
agitating democratic forces.

So Mohan Shumsher finally requested the government of India to play the role of a
mediator between him and the revolutionaries. After the government of India responded
to the request, Delhi Agreement was signed, on Falgun 1, 2007 B.S. (February 12, 1951) in
active mediation by the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Delhi Agreement
was a tripartite agreement between Nepali Congress, Rana government and King
Tribhuwan. The agreement heralded a new age in Nepal’s history.

Conditions Coded in the Agreement:

1. A new constitution shall be drafted by an elected body, Constituent Assembly.

2. Until the new constitution is formed, an interim cabinet shall be formed in which
five members from Rana government and five from Nepali Congress would be
represented.

3. Tribhuwan shall remain the legitimate king.

4. All the political prisoners shall be freed except those charged with criminal offences.

5. Agitating parties, chiefly NC, shall stop all armed struggle and Liberation Army
shall submit all arms and ammunitions to the government of Nepal.

With this agreement, Nepali Congress agreed to end the revolution. Nepali Congress
made the announcement to stop the revolution and Liberation Army stopped the war.
King Tribhuwan returned Kathmandu on Falgun 4, 2007. And then finally, on Falgun 7,
2007 (18 February, 1951), King Tribhuwan announced the formal end of Rana government
and introduction of democracy in Nepal through a royal proclamation.

But one of the Liberation Army commanders of Western Nepal Dr. K.I. Singh refused to
go by the new agreement and continued the revolution. He wanted complete evacuation
of the Ranas from the civil posts and high posts of the army. He also did not like the

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 305

agreement being made in foreign land. He completely turned a deaf ear to the message
of the king and the newly formed government to stop the revolution. Hence, he was
declared a traitor. Later on he was arrested with the help of Indian Army.

Ministers of the first coalition government were as follows:

From the Rana Side – Prime Minister, Foreign Minister
1. Mohan Shumsher

2. Babar Shumsher – Defense Minister

3. Chuda Raj Shumsher – Forest Minister

4. Nripa Jung Rana – Education Minister

5. Yagya Bahadur Basnet – Health and Local Development Minister

From the Nepali Congress

1. B.P. Koirala – Home Minister

2. Subarna Shumsher – Finance Minister

3. Ganeshman Singh – Industry and Commerce Minister

4. Bhadrakali Mishra – Transport Minister

5. Bharat Mani Sharma – Food and Agriculture Minister

Glossary

graffiti - drawings or writings on a wall, etc. in a public place
uprising
- a situation in which a group of people join together in
mediation order to fight against the people who are in power

evacuation - try to end disagreement between two or more people or
groups

- removal

In-class Activity

As you know, democracy did not last long. In 2017, King Mahendra dissolved the popularly
elected government, imprisoned many political leaders, including the then prime minister,
B. P. Koirala. The promised election of the Constituent Assembly never happened. Get into
small groups and discuss your views on the effectiveness.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. Name two anti-Rana rule activities that took place during the Rana Regime.
2. What did King Tribhuwan do during the democratic movement of 2007?

306 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

3. Who mediated between the Ranas and the revolutionary forces?

4. What is the Delhi Agreement?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Why was the revolution of 2007 B.S. necessary in Nepal? Did people get what

they expected from the revolution?

2. List five main events that took place during the revolution.

3. From the lesson we can assume certain kind of expectation of people. The
declaration of democracy on Falgun 7 ended the revolution. But did the
declaration address people’s expectations? Discuss.

4. List out the conditions of the Delhi Agreement.

5. Some did not accept the Delhi Agreement. They opposed it directly. Why?

6. Prepare a poster on Democracy Day.

7. Evaluate the role of king Tribhuwan for the establishment of democracy.

8. How do you evaluate the Delhi Agreement of 2007?

9. One of the points of the Delhi Agreement was to draft a new constitution
through constituent assembly. But it never happened before 2072 B.S.? What
were the major reasons behind it? Write in points.

10. 'The revolution of 2007 brought the autocratic and oligarchic Rana rule to an
end.' Justify the statement.

C. Write a long answer to the following question:
1. Write down the major anti-Rana activities carried out from the very beginning

of the Rana rule.

S.N. Date Major activities and their impacts

Self-discovery: Project Work

There may be people in your community who were involved in or had seen the
revolution of BS 2007 of Nepal. Ask them about the events and situation of the
revolution in your locality and prepare a short report.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 307

Lesson Decade of Democratic

7.2 Politics (2007 - 2017)

-k|hftflGqs /fhgLltsf] Ps bzs -@))&–@)!&_

Pre-reading Activity

Study the following table and then discuss the questions that follow.

Prime Minister/ Head of Government Time Period

Mohan Shumsher Rana Falgun 2007—Mangsir 2008
Matrika Prasad Koirala Mangsir 2008-Shrawan 2009
Matrika Prasad Koirala Ashad 2010-Falgun 2011
Tanka Prasad Acharya Magh 2012-Ashad 2014
Dr. K. I. Singh Ashad 2014-Kartik 2014
Subarna Shumsher Kartik 2014-Jesth 2016
Bishweshowar Prasad Koirala Jesth 2016-Poush 2017

As you can see, in ten years period between 2007 to 2017, there were 7 governments formed and 6
different persons became the Prime Minister or head of the government.
What do you think could be the reasons behind the rapid changes of government?
What does it indicate about the political situation in Nepal?

The Rana-Congress Government

On Falgun 7, 2007 there was the end of the 104-year long Rana rule which resulted in
the dawn of democracy in Nepal. Thereafter, party politics started in the rule of Nepali
Congress Party and Nepal Communist Party. Thus, the period between 2007 and 2017
is called the history of party and democratic politics. On Chaitra 17, 2007 the coalition
government between Rana and Congress passed a constitution ‘Interim Government Act,
Nepal 2007’. Perhaps this was the only achievement of the coalition government between
the Rana and Congress. The constitution had the following features:
●● Government from people’s representative

●● Directive principles of state coded

●● Fundamental rights granted to the citizens

●● Aimed at holding Constituent Assembly Elections

●● Provision of adult franchise and Public Service Commission

Meanwhile, in BS 2008 student leader Chinia Kaji was killed. Nepali Congress and Ranas
started to blame each other for Kaji's death. On the other hand, there was a tussle between the
Ranas and the Nepali Congress from the very beginning of the formation of the government.
Khukuri Party continued its political struggle. In this pretext, the then Home Minister BP
Koirala gave the statement that democracy would never come until Mohan Shumsher

308 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

remained in the cabinet. He also made his dissatisfactions to public through a speech from
the radio stating that the real objective of the revolution would never be fulfilled until the
Ranas remained in power. But in time, the government lost popularity when it could not
work according to people’s expectations. Ministers in the cabinet held and believed in
two opposite ideologies and systems. While Rana ministers wanted the pre-2007 sort of
government, Nepali Congress ministers opposed to it. They would not compromise with
democratic values. As a result, there was clash and confrontation among the ministers.
Nepali Congress also understood that until Mohan Shumsher remained the Prime Minister
in the cabinet, democracy could not function. So Nepali Congress ministers stepped down
from the cabinet on Kartik 25, 2008. This forced the Rana ministers to resign too.

Cabinet under Nepali Congress

After this, King Tribhuwan formed another government under the
leadership of Nepali Congress Chairman Matrika Prasad Koirala on
1 Mangsir 2008. There were 14 members in the new cabinet. The new
cabinet was assigned the following responsibilities:
●● To establish a judicial body
●● To improve the management of Public Service Commission
●● To hold election of the Constituent Assembly by 2009 B.S.

●● To guarantee fundamental rights to the people

Democratic United Front and Demand of All Party Government

The newly formed coalition government under Matrika Prasad Koirala had challenge of
maintaining peace and security on one hand and on the other hand to pacify the other
political parties. After the resignation of Rana-Congress government, other political
parties like Nepal Praja Parishad, Nepal Communist Party, and other institutions formed
Democratic United Front (Janatantrik Samyukta Morcha) and demanded an all-party-
government. Even Matrika's own brother B.P. Koirala also had protested against the
government. He was of the view that the same person should not be the chairman of the
party and the Prime Minister. Dr. K.I. Singh even began rebelling against Matrika-led
government. He ran a riot in the country for sometime. Thus, he was declared a dacoit
and was imprisoned in Singhadurbar under tight security. On Magh 8 and 9, 2008 the
rebel troops supporting KI Singh attacked Singhadurbar and freed him.

People had great expectations from the new system and new governments. They had hoped
that the new governments would address all their problems. But as the new governments
could deliver very little, the people turned unhappy and were deeply dissatisfied with the
government. As the government couldn't bear the intra-party and inter-party pressure,
Matrika Prasad Koirala led government collapsed on Shrawan 26, 2009.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 309

Formation of Councillor's Government

King Tribhuwan formed five member councillor’s government
under his own leadership on Shrawn 30, 2009. The chairperson of
the cabinet was General Keshar Shumser. Those five members had
to be solely responsible to the king. The provision of compulsorily
taking permission for the decision and implementation of the
meeting was made. The political parties made a protest against it.
The government administration could not function smoothly. There was rapid increase in
foreign intervention. In the eastern region farmers made a revolt under Nepali Congress.
So this new government was dissolved at the end of the same year on Ashar 2, 2010 B.S.

Single Party Government under Matrika Prasad Koirala, the
Chairman of Rastriya Praja Party

Matrika Prashad Koirala had opened a new party named Rastriya Praja Party by
splitting the Nepali Congress. On Ashar 2, 2010 King Tribhuwan declared 5-member
cabinet under Matrika Prasad Koirala. 12 other secretaries were appointed for running
the administrative works as there were only five cabinet members.The entry of armed
Indian soldiers to Nepal, protest of the Koshi Agreement, the revolt of Bhimdatta Panta
and his assassination in Dadeldhura on Bhadra 7, 2010, etc. evoked the downfall of this
government. In the end, Matrika Prasad Koirala gave resignation on Falgun 19, 2011.
Meanwhile king Tribhuwan fell sick. He formed a council under prince Mahendra and
departed to Europe for the treatment.

Direct rule of King Mahendra and Advisory Government

On Falgun 30, 2011 King Tribhuwan died. On Chaitra 4, 2011 Mahendra ascended to
the throne. Soon, Mahendra formed a five-member Advisory Board under Gungman
Singh. As per their suggestions, King Mahendra started his direct rule. He formed a Sahi
Sistamandal and sent them to different districts to collect public opinion. The political
parties made protest to it. This government continued till Magh 12, 2012.

Formation of the Cabinet under Tanka Prasad and Dr. K.I. Singh

On 13 Magh, 2012, Tanka Prasad Acharya, the chairperson
of Praja Parisad party, was appointed the Prime Minister
with 7-member cabinet. Due to severe economic
recession, an attempt to put a ban on newspaper and
failure in conducting the general election, he also had to
give resignation. On Ashar 31, 2014 his government was
dissolved. Another cabinet was formed with Dr. K.I.
Singh on Shrawn 11, 2014. Singh was living in exile in China before he was called by King

310 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Mahendra. The Singh government had 11 members in it. But showing different reasons,
this government also collapsed on Kartik 29, 2014. King Mahendra again started his direct
rule till the next government was formed.

Cabinet under the Chairmanship of Subarna Shumsher

Then again, on Jesth 2, 2015, another interim government was formed
with Subarna Shumsher Rana as the Prime Minister. On Chaitra
3, 2014 a five-member constitution draft committee was formed
under the chairmanship of Bhagwati Prasad Singh. This committee
included some foreigners also. As all the cabinets failed to draft
constitution through Constituent Assembly, new constitution named
'The Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015 was introduced on
Falgun 1, 2015. The first general election was held on Falgun 7, 2015
for a total of 109 seats. This government was dissolved on Jesth 2, 2016.

First General Election and the First Elected Government under B.P
Koirala

The First General Election was held for a total of 109 seats in which
nine political parties had competed. On Baisakh 28, 2016 the final
result of the election came. According to the result Nepali Congress
got victory winning 74 seats. On 13 Jesth 2016, Nepali Congress
formed a 19-member cabinet under the premiership of B.P. Koirala.
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was elected the chairman of the party. The
B.P.-led government continued till Poush 1, 2017.

Rule of King Mahendra

Mahendra was an ambitious king; he would not be happy with the
democratic system. So, he dissolved the first elected government on
1st Paush 2017. He blamed the political parties for starting misrule
and corruption. He criticised the parties for being unable to solve
people’s problems and maintain law and order in the country. The
king claimed that because of the misuse of authority, corruption
had increased and there were confusions everywhere. The state
machinery had been weakened and the government had failed to maintain peace and
security. He also claimed that anti-national elements had increased and national unity
was under threat.

Introduction of Panchayat System

King Mahendra put B.P. Koirala under arrest and dissolved the parliament. He had used
article 55 of the constitution of 2015 which had granted absolute power to the king. All
political parties were outlawed and their activities were banned across the country. This
episode is famously known as Satrasalko Kanda, Episode of 2017. Soon the king suspended

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 311

all democratic articles of the constitution and imposed autocratic Panchayat rule. As a
result, the political parties had to fight for 30 years to restore democracy and their
fundamental rights.

Political Achievement from BS 2007 to BS 2017

Though the period between 2007 and 2017 was a short transitional phase, and the elected
government could rule only for about 17 months, considerable changes had taken place
in Nepali political and social spheres.

First, political change of 2007 itself was a great achievement for Nepali people. For the
first thing, it introduced the democratic system in Nepal for the first time in history.
Political parties got legitimacy in the country and democratic process had started.
During the Rana rule, Nepal was virtually a closed nation. It was not known to the rest of
the world. Now, it kept friendly relations with other countries and Nepali people could
go to foreign countries for work and studies.

Glossary

coalition - alliance
directive principles - guiding principles of the state
tussle - quarrel; dispute
ideology - political beliefs
compromise - to come to an agreement; to concede
confrontation - a situation of conflict
step down - resign
riot - violent activity
recession - a period of reduced economic activities
legitimacy - legal; to make something appear legal

In-class Activity

Get into small groups and discuss what would have happened if the coup of 2017 had not
taken place, and multi-party parliamentary system continued. What sorts of developments
could the country have made? Share your thoughts with the class.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What was the main achievement of Rana-Congress government?
2. Write two responsibilities given to the Matrika Government that succeeded

the Rana-Congress government.
4. Why did the government formed by King Tribhuwan under his chairmanship

fail?

312 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

5. How did King Mahendra justify dissolution of first elected government?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. 'The period between 2007 and 2017 was the period of political instablity.'

Justify the statement.
2. What were the special features of the constitution promulgated in 2007 and

the constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015?
3. List the prime ministers who chaired the government from 2007 to 2017 B.S.
4. What were the reasons for dissolving the coalition government of 2007 B.S?
5. Write a paragraph about the first general election of Nepal, 2015 B.S.
6. Do you find any negative activities of the political parties between 2015 to

2017 Poush? What are they?
7. King Mahedra had direct rule twice. What was the reason behind his growing

interest in direct rule? Discuss in the class.
8. Why is Tanka Prasad Acharya called the living martyr?

9. Write down the major dates and events between 2007 and 2017 and show
them in a suitable timelime.

10. Who was Bhimdatta Panta? Why did he make revolt ? Write down his major
countributions.

11. KI Singh was exiled but again he was called back and made Prime Minister.
Write down the reasons.

12. What do you mean by councilor's government? Write down its features.

13. 'Between 2007 and 2017 we find more foreign interest in the politics of Nepal.'
Justify the statement.

C. Write long answers to the following questions.

1. Suppose that you were a member of House of Representatives of 2017. You
witnessed the coup of Mahendra. Write an essay describing the situation of
that time.

2. Development activities from 2007 to 2017 had some longterm effects in Nepali
society. Make a list of political reforms that took place during the period. Also
explain the major activities.

Self-discovery: Project Work
There may be people in your community who were involved in or had seen the ban
on political parties by King Mahendra in 2017 B.S. Ask them about the events and
situation of the revolution in your locality and make a short report.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 313

Lesson Abduction of
7.3 Democracy and Ban on
Political Parties

-k|hftGqsf] ckx/0f / /fhgLlts bnx? dfly k|ltaGw_

Pre-reading Activity

B.P. Koirala-led government finally collapsed on 1 Poush 2017. The first elected government was
ousted within 18 and half months. What might be the reasons behind very short tenure of the
government? Discuss in the class.

Reading

"People's sorrows and hurdles are as they are. Not only peace of the nation has been
disturbed, there is a danger of having a negative impact on fundamental unity and
sovereignty of Nepal. Political parties were involved in individual's and party's interest
and thus the international relation deteriorated and corruption increased."

Along with the above proclamation King Mahendra brought an end to democracy
achieved from blood, sweat and sacrifice of the people in 2007 B.S.. Human rights and
fundamental rights of the people had been seized with the proclamation on 1 Poush 2017.
This day is considered as the Black Day in the history of Nepal. With the proclamation
pointing to the political parties king Mahendra suspended using article 55 of Constitution
of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015. He banned the political parties.

Four hours before the Royal proclamation, all the ministers along with elected Prime
Minister Bisheswor Prasad Koirala (B.P. Koirala) were besieged, arrested and imprisoned
by the Royal Nepal Army. From the night of 1 Poush everyday curfew was imposed in
front of the Royal Palace. There was an army patrol in the city. The general public was
continuously tortured. In continuity with it autocratic partyless Panchayat system was
established on 22 Poush.

Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015
Article 55. Emergency powers: (1) If His Majesty on his discretion is satisfied that a
grave of emergency exists whereby the security or economic life of Nepal or any part
thereof, is threatened by war or external aggression, or by internal disturbance, he
may, by proclamation in his discretion:

a. Declare that His functions shall to such extent as may be specified in the
proclamation, be exercised by Him on His discretion;

b. Assume to Himself all or any of the powers vested in or exercisable by parliament
or any other governmental body or authority; and any such proclamation may
contain such incidental and consequential provisions

314 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

as may appear to him to be necessary or desirable for giving effect to the objects
of the proclamation, including provisions for suspending in whole or in part
the operation of any provision of this constitution.

Questions

1. Evaluate and put your views on the provision made in the article 55 of the
Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal, 2015.

2. Was it right to form the constitution and accept its provisions in the democracy
and parliamentary politics obtained through people's sacrifice? Write in points.

Social and Economic Achievements from BS 2007 to 2017 BS
After the change in 2007 BS, a multiparty system was introduced as the legitimate rule of
Nepal. Various substantial achievements had been obtained within a short period. Literacy
rate increased satisfactorily when it was just 2% before the inception of democratic system.

Social Achievements
a. Friendly and diplomatic relations were established with various nations.
b. Schools were established across the nation.
c. Public Service Commission was established on Ashad 1, 2008.
d. The Tribhuwan University was established in 2016 BS.
e. Domestic and international flights started.
f. Telephone and telegram started.
g. On Mangsir 29, 2012 (December 14, 1955) Nepal became the member of the UNO.
h. There was an election of Kathmandu Municipality.
i. Civil Service Act, 2013 came into effect.
j. Ropeway was extended from Kathmandu to Hetauda.

k. The Koshi Agreement (Baisakh 12, 2011) and The Gandak Agreement (Mangsir 19,
2016) were signed.

l. All the forests were nationalized.
m. Construction of highways was initiated for development of transportation.
n. Free and impartial judiciary came into effect.
o. Supreme Court was established on Jestha 8, 2013.
p. On Ashwin 26, 2013 Nepal became the member nation of the World Postal Union

(WPU).

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 315

Economic Achievements

a. Budget was presented and published for the first time in Shrawan 2008.

b. On Bhadra 17, 2013 land-related declaration was enforced which made a provision
of right of tenants (mohiyani hak).

c. On Ashwin 22, 2012 the first Five Year Plan was announced. This plan started from
2013 BS and planned development was initiated.

d. On Baisakh 14, 2013 the Nepal Rastra Bank was established.

e. Agriculture was modernized and trade promotion was initiated.

f. New tax system came into effect.

g. Birta Abolition Act, 2016 came into effect in Poush.

h. Uniformity was maintained in monetary system.

Note:

Koshi Agreement: The agreement on the Koshi Project between Nepal and India on
April 25, 1954 with a view of constructing a barrage, headwords and other appurtenant
works on the Koshi River with afflux and flood banks, canals and protective works, on
land lying within the territories of Nepal, for the purpose of flood control, irrigation,
generation of hydroelectric power and prevention of erosion of Nepal areas on the
right side of the river, upstream of barrage.
Gandak Agreement: The agreement between Nepal and India on December 04,
1959 with the common interests of both countries to construct a barrage, canal head
regulators and other appurtenant works about 1000 feet below the existing Tribeni
canal head regulator and of taking out canal systems for purposes of irrigation and
development of power for Nepal and India.
Mahakali Treaty: The treaty between Nepal and India on 12 February, 1996 concerning
the Integrated Development of the Mahakali Barrage including Sarada Barrage,
Tanakpur Barrage and Pancheshwor Project (hydropwer project between Nepal and
India).

Glossary

sovereignty - supreme right and authority of a nation
proclamation - an official statement
besiege - surround to take control
discretion - careful judgment
appurtenant - supplementary

In-class Activity

If you were during the time when King Mahendra put a ban on the political parties, what
would be your response? What sort of programmes would you launch for or against the act?
Show the draft and present it to the class.

316 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.

1. Which article of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015 was used by
King Mahendra to ban political parties?

2. When was Panchayat system formally established in Nepal?
3. What is Koshi Agreement?
4. What is Gandak Agreement?
5. When was the whole forest nationalized?
6. What is modernization in agriculture?

7. Write one major feature of the new tax system.

B. Write short answers to the following questions.

1. What were the reasons behind ban on political parties by king Mahendra?

2. The development activities could not accelerate between 2007 and 2017. Write
down the reasons.

3. Draft a dialogue between two friends highlighting the achievements of
education sector between 2007 and 2017.

4. What is Birta Abolition Act? Why was it brought?

5. Why is Poush 1, 2017 considered as a Black Day? Write down with reasons.

6. 'King Mahendra was an ambitious person.' Justify the statement with
examples.

7. What sort of issues were raised by King Mahendra while putting a ban on the
political parties? Fill up the following table.

S.N. Areas Issues
1 Political parties Power and party concentrated
2 Economic status
3 Foreign relation
4 Nationality
5 People lifestyle

C. Write long answers to the following questions.
1. After the effective implementation of the Five Year Plan from 2013, what sorts
of changes have been found till now in education, health and employment
sectors? Explain.

2. Analyse the article 55 of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2015.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 317

Lesson Major Political Events
between 2017 BS and 2036 BS
7.4

-lj=;+= @)!& bl] v lj=;+= @)#^ ;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfx?_

Pre-reading Activity

In 2017, lots of allegations were put by king Mahendra to the political parties which made him
dismiss the first elected cabinet. Was his step the need of time or just to fulfill his vested interests?
Discuss in the class.

Reading

The political events and some other developments in the period between 2017 and 2036
can be put in the following chronological order:

Political Events

2017 Suspension of elected government (Poush 1), beginning of the Panchayat system (22
Poush) and initiation of active monarchy

2018 Nepal was divided into 75 districts and 14 zones (Baisakh 1)

2018 King Mahendra participated in the first Non-aligned Conference held in Belgrade
(September 1-6, 1961)

2018 A treaty was signed between Nepal and China on border line (Ashoj 19,2018)

2019 Declaration of Panchayat Constitution (Poush 1) and Panchayat system was established
from constitution. Different departments and advisory boards were established.

2020 New Muluki Ain (civil code) brought some social reforms.

2021 Implementation of Land Reform Act setting the limit for land holding.

2023 First amendment to the constitution; the post of Prime Minister introduced.
2023 King Mahendra formed an Administration Reform Commission to refrom

administrative system in Nepal.
2024 Back to the Village National Campaign (Gaunpharka Abhiyan) was introduced at

national level.
2028 New Education System Plan introduced, death of Mahendra; accession of Birendra

to the throne.

2029 Nepal divided into 4 Development Regions.

318 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

2030 Singh Durbar caught fire; properties damaged; PM Kirti Nidhi Bista resigned.

2032 Second amendment to the constitution; “politics for development” a new slogan
of the government, Back to Village Campaign formally legalized, different groups
and organisations, known as Panchayat Jana Bargiya Sangathan, formed to include
people in Panchayat system.

2033 B.P. Koirala returned from India with national reconciliation policy (Rastriya Melmi-
lap Niti) on Poush 16 along with some other leaders of Nepali Congress. All of them
were arrested right from the airport.

Riots and State Actions

2017 B.P. Koirala and other political leaders put in custody

Janakpur Bomb Incident
King Mahendra completed his travel to eastern Nepal and went to visit the Janaki Temple
on 9 Magh 2018. When he was returning from the visit to the amphitheatre anti-Panchayat
youths including Arvind Thakur under the leadership of Durgananda Jha hurled a bomb
at king Mahendra's vehicle. Death penalty was announced for Durgananda Jha, and
Dal Singh Thapa on Magh 25, 2020. Durgananda Jha was sentenced to death whereas
remaining two were sentenced to life imprisonment.

Jhapa Revolt and Sukhani Incident
In 2028 BS the then Nepal Communist Party (Marxism and Leninism) initiated a revolt
from Jhapa. Revolt was started for cleansing of feudal and liberation of the poor. The
then government arrested youths involved in revolt. Ramnath Dahal, Narayan Shrestha,
Krishna Kuikel, Netra Prasad Ghimire and Biren Rajbansi were charged with in the
murder of Dharma Prasad Upadhyay, the then member of the Rastriya Panchayat. They
were taken to Sukhani, Ilam and shot to death on Falgun 21, 2029. This is known as
Sukhani Incident.

Aeroplane Hijack Incident and Singh Durbar Fire Incident
On Jestha 25, 2030 the plane heading for Kathmandu from Biratnagar was forcibly landed
in Farbesganj Bihar, India. The plane was released after confiscating 3 million Indian
currency. This was the first plane hijack incident. This activity against Panchayat gave a
big jolt to the rulers of Panchayat. Singh Durbar fire incident on Ashar 25, 2030 destroyed
important documents of the nation. Prime Minister Kirti Nidhi Bista resigned on grounds
of morality.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 319

Timburbote Incident

The process of youths getting organized for revolt with an objective of restoration of
democracy ending partyless Panchayat was getting momentum in a rapid way. In this
process in 2031 the plan to seize Okhaldhunga was informed to the government by spies.
Thereafter the army attacked the youths at Timburbote, Okhaldhunga and 21 youths
including Ram and Laxman were cruelly murdered. Captain Yagya Bahadur Thapa and
Bhim Narayan Shrestha arrested in this incident on Magh 21, 2033 were hanged to death.

Ratna Kumar Bantawa Assassination Incident

On Chaitra 27, 2035 the then active and daring communist leader Ratna Kumar Bantawa
was shot to death at Imang, Ilam (nearby the Deumai River). Rishi Raj Devkota (Azad)
and Jay Govinda Shah were also killed during the Panchayat Regime.

The then Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was
assassinated in Pakistan on April 4, 1979, (Chaitra 22, 2035). Nepali
students protested that and organised a rally in Kathmandu.
Panchayat rulers suppressed the rally by arresting some students.
Gradually, the protest spread nationwide. Students and teachers
came out to the streets across Nepal. Schools were closed for
three months. On Jestha 10, 2036, King Birendra announced
‘referendum.’ People had to choose between Multiparty
Democratic System and Reformed Panchayat System.

Glossary

accession - rising to a position, power
amendment - changes in laws, constitution, etc.
hurl - to throw
cleanse - finish
allege - to claim without proof
reconciliation - agreement
referendum - seeking people's views on national issue

In-class Activity

Request a person who has lived through political events of 2036 to come to your class.
Ask him/her about the background, major events and results of referendum of 2036
B.S. It has been said that Panchayat supporters discouraged the general public not to
choose multiparty system by telling them that “if you cast vote for multiparty system,
the parties will take all your properties.” Ask the person whether it was true and under
what circumstances the referendum had taken place.

320 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. When did Mahendra declare Panchayat System in Nepal?
2. What is Janakpur episode?
3. What is Sukhani massacre?
4. What do you mean by national reconciliation policy (Rastriya Melmilap Niti)?
B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Panchayat constitution was introduced on Poush 1, 2019 and it was amended

three times. What amendments were made in the constitution? Study different
sources and write your answer.

2. With the very beginning of the Panchayat system, why did many massacres
take place? Write with reasons.

3. Some development work and social reforms were made during 2020 BS and
2021 BS. What were such developments and reforms?

4. Ask your parents and grandparents and write about the changes made in
education system in 2028 BS and 2031 BS.

5. Make a table of major political events that took place between 2017 BS and
2036 BS. Collect the information from your parents, grandparents, teachers,
social workers or a politicians.

6. Many people were assassinated between 2017 BS and 2036 BS by Panchayat
government. List the names of those who were martyred.

7. Who was Ratna Kumar Bantawa ? Why is he still remembered by the Nepalese
politicians?

8. What were the causes of declaration of referendum in 2036 BS?

9. Draw a suitable time line including the political events between 2017 BS and
2036 BS.

C. Write long answer to the following question.
1. Draft a dialogue highlighting the major political events between 2017 B.S.

and 2036 B.S.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 321

Lesson Political Events
between 2036 BS and 2046 BS
7.5
-lj=;=+ @)#^ b]lv lj=;+= @)$^
;Ddsf /fhgLlts 36gfx?_

Pre-reading Activity

Nepal witnessed its first referendum in 2037. The result went in favour of the Panchayat. What
might be the reasons behind the failure of the democrats? Discuss in the class.

Reading

Indrajeet Chaudhari is an inquisitive student of Grade 10. He hails from martyr
Durgananda Jha’s village in Janakpur. He wants to know about political conditions of
Nepal between the Referendum of 2037 and the restoration of democracy in 2046. He is
asking his grandfather about it.

Indrajeet : Grandpa! Would you tell me about the referendum of 2037 BS?

Grandfather : Students Movement took place following the murder of Prime Minister
of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The movement spread nationwide and
compelled the king to declare a referendum in 2036. Election date was
fixed for Baishakh 20, 2037. A 15 Member Election Commission was
formed on 16th Jestha under the chairmanship of Bhagawati Prasad
Singh. Panchayat supporters used all state power. In the end the
Reformed Panchayat System got 10% more votes. The election allowed
the Panchayat for further rule in improved form. First National Panchyat
election was held in 2038 BS for 128 members. Surya Bahadur Thapa was
appointed as the prime minister.

You should know one more incident. That is the Piskar Incident. Surya
Bahadur Thapa became the prime minister after the election of the Rastriya
Panchayat. A cultural program was organized at Piskar Mahadevsthan
Sindhupalchowk on Magh 1, 2040 with a view to bringing awareness
against the Panchayat system. In that programme a number of children
were shot to death and dozens of people were arrested and tortured. This
is called the Piskar Incident. After this incident Surya Bahadur Thapa
was removed through a vote of no-confidence.

Indrajeet : What was the Disobedience Movement (Satyagraha) launched by the
Nepali Congress?

Grandfather : Though the democratic faction could not succeed through the referendum of
2036, they did not stop their struggles for democracy. The Nepali Congress
initiated the Satyagraha in the form of disobedient and peaceful movement

322 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

against Panchayat on Jestha 10, 2042. As part of this
movement, the political activists rejected prizes,
medals, appointments, remuneration and other
services of the government. It created moral pressure
on the government. Disobedience Movement was
going on. On Asar 6, 2042 suddenly, there were
bomb explosions in several major cities of the nation
including the Narayanhiti Palace, Kathmandu.
Explosion was carried out by Janabadi Morcha Ram Raja Pd. Singh
leader (Republic leader) Ram Raja Prasad Singh. The
then government declared the death penalty to Ram Raja Prasad Singh,
Laxman Prasad Singh, Prem Bahadur Bishwokarma, the leaders of bombing
incident with a demand for republic. Following this, the government
blamed the Nepali Congress for bombing and the Nepali Congress had to
stop the movement. Meanwhile, corruption, smuggling, and suppression
on political activities were increasing. Amidst this, the second election of
the National Panchayat was held in 2043. Marich Man Singh was appointed
Prime Minister after the election.

Indrajeet : If Panchayat rule was so cruel, political parties must have been united to
fight against Panchayat. Did they unite?

Grandfather : That’s a good question. Human rights and fundamental rights were denied
to the people by the Panchayat rulers. Political parties were divided along
their ideologies and beliefs. There was misunderstanding among the
parties. They conducted separate movements partially in different parts of
the country. As a result it was easy for the rulers to suppress the movement.
But at last, parties united for a joint movement to throw the Panchayat
System. All communist parties got united as United Leftist Front led by
Sahana Pradhan. Ganeshman Singh led the Nepali Congress.

Indrajeet : Then could they overthrow the system easily?

Grandfather : Well, the Panchayat System had become too corrupt
to stay any more. It had to go; that was the call of the time. The
Nepali Congress organised a national conference on Magh (5-
7), 2046 within the premises of senior leader Ganeshman Singh’s
house. Leaders of United Leftist Front and some Indian political
leaders also joined the conference. The joint conference decided
to launch a movement against Panchayat government from 7th
Falgun. Ganeshman Singh took the leadership of the movement.
People from all walks of life: lawyers, professors, teachers and
other professionals supported the movement. There were rallies,
strikes, almost every day in Kathmandu. But the government Ganeshman Singh
suppressed the protests without any mercy. About 21 people were
killed; hundreds were wounded and thousands were arrested. To pacify the protests,
King Birendra dissolved the government headed by Marich Man Singh and appointed

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 323

Lokendra Bahadur Chand as the new prime minister on Chaitra

24, 2046. But this did little to discourage the protesters. Through

his address, King Birendra tried his best to convince the people

promising them to make reform in the Panchayat system. But

all his attempts went in vain. Millions of people assembled on

the road of the capital city. The government ordered firing in

which many demonstrators were killed. The movement was

gathering support from national (except state–owned Nepal TV

and Radio Nepal) and international media. Sahana Pradhan
The government could not control people’s rage. With

no alternative in sight, king Birendra called an all-party-

meeting at Narayanhiti palace. Party leaders Krishna

Prasad Bhattarai, Girija Prasad Koirala, Sahana Pradhan,

Radhakrishna Mainali took part in the talk on Chaitra 26,

BS 2046. It was 49th day of the movement. The meeting

agreed to lift the ban on political parties. This marked

the restoration of democracy. Next day, a large victory

procession was held at the Open Air Theatre in Kathmandu.

Victory rallies were held all over the country too.

Indrajeet : Every detail is so interesting. Thank you Krishna Pd. Bhattarai

grandfather. I learnt a lot.

suppression Glossary
procession
- the act of using force
- a group of people moving ahead as part of a ceremony

In-class Activity

Which was the most striking event between BS 2036 and BS 2046? Put your view with
reasons.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is Referendum?
2. What were the options of the Referendum of 2037 BS?
3. What was the result of the Referendum of 2037 BS?
4. What is Piskar incident?
5. What is Satyagraha ? Why had this movement to be stopped?

324 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

B. Write short answers to the following questions.

1. Why did people continue their struggle against Panchayat even though
Panchayat won the Referendum of 2037 BS.

2. Describe the brutality committed by Panchayat rulers on people who opposed
the system.

3. In Asar 2042 BS, six bombs were exploded in different places of Kathmandu
including in front of Narayanhiti Palace. Then Nepali Congress had to stop
its Disobedience Movement. Why?

4. Communist parties and Nepali Congress were in disagreement before 2046
BS. What united them in 2046 BS?

5. What did the Nepali Congress and the United Leftist Front decide in the
meeting held at Ganehsman Singh’s house in Magh 2046 BS?

6. People’s movement of 2046 lasted for 49 days. Summarize the main events
during this period in one paragraph.

7. Why did the Referendum take place in Nepal?

8. There might be some other political events that took place during Panchayat
system other than given in the lesson. Ask your local leader and fill up the
given table.

Event Description

9. Describe the causes and result of the Referendum of 2037 BS.

10. Based on the following result of the National Referendum of 2037, prepare a
pie chart.

Description No. of votes
1 Reformed Panchayat System 24,33,452

2 Multiparty Ruling System 20,07,965

3 Invalid votes 3,72,069

11. Draw a suitable time line including the major events between 2036 BS and
2046 BS.

12. Write down the role of Rama Raja Prasad Singh in the politics of Nepal.

C. Write a long answer to the following question:
1. Draft a dialogue between two friends highlighting the major political events

that took place in Nepal between 2036 BS and 2046 BS.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 325

Lesson Causes of the Rise and

7.6 Fall of the Panchayat

System

-k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] pbo / cGTosf sf/0fx?_

Pre-reading Activity

Divide the class into two groups. One group will talk on the good aspect and the other group will
talk on the bad aspect of the Panchayat System. Then draw a conclusion.

Rise of the Panchayat System and Causes of Its End

Democracy was first established in Nepal in 2007 B.S.. But the people did not get complete
rights. Thus, another family rule of monarchy was legalised and strengthened.

Constitution was not framed from the legislature and Delhi Agreement was not
implemented. The king and his supporters were involved more in making them stronger
and focused more on making people confused. There was lack of experience and maturity.
Consequently, King Mahendra was ambitious of becoming a strong king. He did not
have faith in democracy since he was the crown prince. On the other hand parliamentary
system was new and there was conflict among political parties. These were the reasons
for the beginning of the Panchayat system. There was lack of awareness among people.
There was a lot of illiteracy, foreign concern, and interference was in the increasing trend.
Corruption and red tape went on increasing. Behind these circumstances king Mahendra
brought an end to democracy on Poush 1, 2017 and declared partyless Panchayat system
on Poush 22, 2017 BS.

Panchayat system is completely a unitary centralized ruling system. People had to follow
the instructions that came from above. The worst aspect of the Panchayat system was
autocracy. People were deprived of human rights, fundamental rights and freedom.
People were tired of the Panchayat system.

People participated against Panchayat System. In 2046 BS People became successful in
restoring democracy.

There are several reasons of failure of Panchayat system. The level of education and
awareness went on increasing. People were tired of such acitivites of the Panchayat system.
The rule of Panchayat system were divided into two groups. They were more active in
gaining power rather than the welfare of the country. The system was autocratic in nature
and people could not exercise their fundamental rights. They had no right to express and
publish freely. The government used to be formed as per the personal wish of the king.
There was rampant corruption, nepotism and favoritism in the country. Development
activities were slow. The world had moved far ahead but Nepal was still in the dark.
Panchayat rulers had fear that national development and awareness in people could lead
to the end of monarchy in Nepal.

326 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Divided Communists got united forming United Left Front. During the process, the Nepali
Congress and Communists having opposite political thoughts agreed to start a joint
movement against Panchayat system. As a result, people started trusting the political parties
more. The Mass Movement started on Falgun 7, 2046. There was strike everywhere. People
came on to the street against the Panchayat system defying the curfew. So King Birendra
called the political parties for a dialogue. At 11 PM on Chaitra 26, 2046 King Birendra
announced the removal of the Panchayat system from Nepal and restoration of democracy.

Glossary

red tape - the practise of requiring lengthy processes and procedures
for a task
rampant
nepotism - spreading very quickly
- the practice of favouring relatives

In-class Activity

List out the major causes behind the rise and fall of the Panchayat system in a table.

S.N. Causes of rise Causes of downfall
1
2
3
4
5

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is Panchayat system?

2. When did the First Mass Movement take place?

3. When did the Panchayat system come to an end?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Between 2017 and 2046, there was an autocratic Panchayat rule in Nepal.
During that rise some remarkable tasks also took place. Mention those tasks.

2. Draft a dialogue between two friends highlighting the major reasons behind
the rise of the Panchayat system.

C. Write a long answer to the following question.
The democracy that Nepalese people got in 2007 has frequently gone through crisis.

Why is it so? What should be done now to protect it and lead the country towards
economic prosperity?

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 327

Lesson Political Events between

7.7 2046 BS and 2062 BS

-lj=;=+ @)$^ b]lv @)^@ ;Ddsf] /fhgLlts

36gf qmd_

Pre-reading Activity

The Interim cabinet of 2047 BS - P.M., Defence and Foreign Affairs
i. Krishna Pd. Bhattarai - Minister:- Industry and Commerce
2. Sahana Pradhan - Minister: Home and Communication
3. Yog Prasad Upadhyay - Minister: Construction, Transport and Supply
4. Marshal Julum Sakya - Minister: Water Resource and Local Development
5. Mahendra Narayan Nidhi - Minister: Forest, Land Reforms and Agriculture
6. Jhalanath Khanal - Minister: Labour and Social Welfare, Law and Tourism
7. Nilambar Acharya - Minister: Finance
8. Devendra Raj Pandey - Minister: Health
9. Mathura Prasad Shrestha - Minister: Housing and Physical Planning
10. Achyut Raj Regmi - Minister : Education and Culture and General Administration
11. Keshar Jung Rayamajhi

Now, name the members of the present cabinet.

Reading

Political change of 2046, which is also known as
First People’s Movement, Pratham Jana Andolan,
could not address the problems facing
the country. Governments were frequently
changing and this led to political instability.
Amidst this, Nepal Communist Party (Maoist)
started armed revolution against the state
demanding for the election for Constituent
Assembly, federal republic and the abolition of
monarchy among others in 2052 BS. The armed
revolution came to an end in 2063 BS with the
restoration of the House of Representatives. This happened with the joint movement
launched by the Seven Party Alliance (SPA) and the Maoist. Nepal became Federal
Democratic Republic in 2065 BS. The events that followed the political change of 2046 BS
are listed below.

●● Declaration of the restoration of democracy or multiparty system at 11 pm, Chaitra
26, 2046.

●● All organs, departments and units of Panchayat were dissolved on Baisakh 3, 2047.

●● King Birendra requested the supremo commander Ganeshman Singh to become the
prime minister but he did not show any interest to it. Hence, interim government
formed under the prime ministership of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai on Baisakh 6,

328 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

2047. The government was assigned two responsibilities: framing new democratic
constitution and conducting general election.

●● To frame the constitution as per the spirit of the mass movement, Constitution
Advisory Commission was formed under the chairmanship of Bishwonath
Upadhayay. Constitution of the Kingdom of Nepal 2047 was declared on Kartik
23, 2047.

●● General Election was held on Baishakh 29, 2048 and Nepali Congress got the
majority (110 out of 205 constituencies).

●● Girija Prasad Koirala appointed as the Prime Minister with 17-member cabinet on
Jesth 12, 2048.

●● Koirala government dissolved in 2051 due to internal clash of Nepali Congress,
and the mid-term election declared for Kartik 29, 2051.

●● No party got clear majority and Nepal Communist Party (UML), the largest
party in parliament, formed a minority government (with 88 seats) under Prime
ministership of Manamohan Adhikari (Mangsir 13, 2051). The government was
dissolved on Bhadra 12, 2052, after nine months from vote of “no confidence”.

●● Formation of the coalition government under the prime ministership of Sher
Bahadur Deuba on Bhadra 25, 2052.

●● Maoist insurgency began on Falgun 1, 2052.
●● The third general elections were held on Baisakh 20 and Jesth 3, 2056 and Nepali

Congress got the majority. Krishna Prasad Bhattarai was appointed as the prime
minister. But he was obliged to abandon because of internal conflict in congress
party. On Chaitra 9, 2056 Girija Prasad Koirala become the prime minister.

●● All the members of King Birendra’s family were killed in the Royal massacre of
Jestha 19, 2058 and Gyandra Shah ascended to the throne. Girija Prasad Koirala
resigned from the post of prime minister on moral ground as he couldn't save the
royal family.

●● Sher Bahadur Deuba became the new prime minister. Maoist insurgency reached
to peak. King Gyanendra Shah dissolved the cabinet of Sher Bahadur Deuba on
Ashoj 18, 2059. He used the article 127 of the constitution.

●● Again, Sher Bahadur Deuba was appointed as the PM due to the pressure from
political parties and people.

●● King Gyanendra formed another government under his chairmanship suspending
the government of Deuba on Magh 19, 2061. All the major political leaders were
put on house arrest. King Gyanendra started his direct rule.

●● Twelve-point memorandum was signed between Seven Party Alliance and Maoists
on Mangsir 7, 2062.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 329

●● Political parties, including CPN-Maoist, got united and initiated the Second Mass

Movement on Chaitra 24, 2062.

PLA Integration

People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is the armed wing of the Communist Party of Nepal
(Maoist). PLA was founded in 2058 BS. PLA fought armed battles against the state
until 2063 BS when the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) was signed between
the government of Nepal and CPN (Maoist). Then the PLA soldiers were put in the
cantonments monitored by UN agency UNMIN. PLA soldiers were 19000 in number. Out
of them, about 8000 combatants took voluntary retirement packages from the government
in Poush 2068. Remaining combatants opted for integration in Nepal Army.

Glossary

abolition - the act of officially ending

no confidence - also called vote of no confidence is a vote on a motion
put by the opposition against the government

coalition government - a governing body formed by multiple parties

memorandum - a written record of an agreement

cantonments - temporary station for troops

combatant - a person, group, or country that fights in a war

In-class Activity

Seven years after the declaration of Republic, Nepal finally got a new constitution. Based on what
you have learnt from the information that surfaced in the media, what do you think are the most
contentious issues obstructing the implementation of the constitution. Make a list of three main
issues and then offer suggestions to solve those issues.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What were the two major tasks given to the interim government after the

First Mass Movement?
2. What do you mean by interim cabinet?
3. Who was the commander of the First Mass Movement?
4. Why was the midterm election held in 2051?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. Nepal Communist Party (Maoist) started "People’s War" on Falgun 1, 2052

with different demands and ended after 10 years. What changes has the war
brought? Discuss.

330 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

2. In 2051 a minority government was formed under Manmohan Adhikari’s
prime ministership. Ask your teacher the meaning of “minority government”
and the conditions in which such governments are formed and write an essay
on “Minority Government.”

3. On Ashoj 18, 2059, King Gyanendra Shah took state power in his hand using
the article 127 of the Constitution of Nepal 2047. What does that article say?
Find the book of “Constitution of Nepal 2047” and write what it says.

4. What was the effect of direct rule of King on Nepali people? Explain in brief.

5. Kings’ steps of Asoj 18, 2059 and Magh 19, 2061 were not democratic.
Discuss in your class.

6. How do you perceive the present political situation of Nepal?

7. Write any four differences between the People’s Movement of 2046 and of
2062/63.

8. Make a table about the achievements Nepal made on social and economic
fronts after 2046.

9. To consolidate democracy in Nepal what should the political parties and
leaders do? Give some suggestions.

10. Between 2007 and 2062 Nepal witnessed four major movements and two
armed struggles. What should be done to protect the achievements of these
movements? Write in points.

11. Write down any four similarities between the First Mass Movement 2046 BS
and the Second Mass Movement 2062/63 BS.

12. Draw the time line for the following Date
a) Events Falgun 2015
First general election Baishak 1, 2020
New Muluki Ain 2028
New Education System Baishak 20, 2037
National Refrendum Kartik 29, 2051
b) Midterm Election Jestha 19, 2058
Royal Massacre
12 Point Agreement between Mangsir 2062
Maoists and Seven Party Alliance

Beginning of the Second Mass Movement Chaitra 24, 2062

C. Write a long answer to the following question.

1. Prepare a report including the political, economic and social achievements of
Nepal between 2046 and 2062.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 331

Lesson Post 2062/2063 BS
Political Events
7.8

-lj=;=+ @)^@÷^# bl] v xfn;Ddsf /fhgLlts
36gf qmd_

Pre-reading Activity

Talk to the senior member of your family. Ask for his/her experience in the Second Mass Movement.
Note down the major points and share it with the class.

Reading

After the restoration of Loktantra the House of Representatives had the first meeting
on Baisakh 15, 2063. There after Girija Prasad Koirala became the Prime Minister of the
new government. The restored House of Representatives made the following historical
declaration in its meeting on Jesth 4, 2063.

Declaration of the House of Representatives on Jesth 4, 2063
Highly honoring the Nepalese people's sacrifices of all sorts including their lives,
and their participation in the people's peaceful joint movement; and in view of state
power of independent and sovereign Nepal is vested in the Nepalese people, and of
the people's peaceful joint movement that took place some time ago through which the
people demonstrated the strong aspiration for providing the truth of the sole source of
the sovereignty and the state power is only the people;

Committing to implement the people's mandate given by the people's peaceful joint
movement for establishing a lasting peace, democracy and for restructuring the state
into an inclusive democratic state by formulating a new constitution through the
Constituent Assembly set up by elections, following the road map of the Seven Party
Alliance and the twelve-point understanding reached between the Seven Party Alliance
and the CPN Maoist; Bearing the great responsibility of the sovereign Nepali people to
strengthen the national unity, indivisibility and integrity of the country,

In view of April 24, 2006, the king declaring "Convinced that the source of State
Authority and Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Nepal is inherent in the people of Nepal
and cognizant of the spirit of the ongoing people's movement as well as to resolve
the ongoing violent conflict and other problems facing the country according to the
road map of the agitating Seven Party Alliance" accepted the House of Representatives
reinstated under the pressure of the people's movement is the sovereign authority;

332 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

for bearing the responsibility to safeguard the achievements of the people's movement
of 1990, institutionalize the achievements of the current people's movement, exercise
all the rights to end the autocratic kingship and move on to establishment of the full
fledged democracy, until another constitutional arrangement is made, the House
of Representatives declares itself a sovereign authority, and makes the following
declaration of using the state power through this House of Representatives:

i. The House of Representatives shall exercise all the rights concerning the legislative body
of Nepal.

ii. All the executive powers of the state of Nepal shall be vested in the council of Ministers.
"His Majesty's Government" shall be called as "Government of Nepal" from now on.

iii. The name of "Royal Nepal Army" shall be replaced with "Nepal Army".

iv. The current provision for the Rajparishad (Privy Council) has been annulled.

v. The private property and incomes of His Majesty the king shall be taxable pursuant to
the laws.

vi. Nepal shall be a secular state.

vii. The existing national anthem, shall be changed by making alternative arrangement.

There was great change in the ruling system of Nepal after the declaration of the House
of Representatives. On Mangshir 5, 2063 the Comprehensive Peace Accord was signed
between CPN (Maoist) and the Government of Nepal. In that accord Pushpa Kamal Dahal
(Prachand) and Prime Minister Girija Prasad Koirala signed on behalf of CPN (Maoist)
and the government of Nepal respectively. This accord ended the 10-year long people's
war and opened the gateway to establishment of peace. On Magh 1, 2063 the Interim
Constitution of Nepal, 2063 was paromulgated as a document of political consensus.

On Chaitra 28, 2064 an election was held for
Constituent Assembly. In this election CPN
(Moaist) got a large number of seats. The
first meeting of the Constituent Assembely
on Jesth 15, 2065 declared Nepal as the
republic state. King Gyanendra voluntarily
quit the throne peacefully making a public
address from the Narayanhiti Palace.
Thereafter, the Constituent Assembly also
working as the parliament elected Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, the son of general public, the
first President of Nepal. On Bhadra 2, 2065 CPN (Maoist) chairperson Pushpa Kamal
Dahal (Prachand) became the Prime Minister.

On Jesth 11, 2066 Madav Kumar Nepal and on Magh 23, 2067 Jhalnath Khanal became the
prime minister. Those governments played a significant role in making the peace process
a success. On Bhadra 12, 2068 Dr. Babu Ram Bhattarai became the Prime Minister. On
Jesth 14, 2069 the Constituent Assembly was dissolved during Bhattarai's tenure. Four
year long agreement, collaboration, unity efforts made by political parties for framing a
constitution from the Constituent Assembly became futile. With the agreement of all the
political parties a government to conduct election was formed under the chairmanship
of Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi on Chaitra 1, 2069. This government could conduct an
election of the Second Constituent Assembly.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 333

The election for the Second Constituent Assembly was held on Mangshir 4, 2070. The
Nepali Congress received the highest number of seats and under the leadership of party
president Sushil Koirala formed the government on Magh 27, 2070. Framing a constitution
got a momentum due to understanding, unity and dedication of the political parties
towards the nation. Thus on Ashoj 3, 2072 the Constitution of Nepal 2072 was promulgated
in the Constituent Assembly by the President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav. The Nepalese got the
written constitution drafted by their own representatives after a long wait from BS 2007.
According to the Constitution of Nepal 2072, Nepal has been established as the federal
republican state. After the accomplishment of the responsibilities of the Constituent
Assembly the Constituent Assembly has been changed into the parliament. Shortly after
the proclamation of the constitution Nepal had to face an undeclared blockade from India.

Thereafter, a new council of ministers was formed under the leadership of Khadga Prasad
Oli on Ashoj 24, 2072. The massive earthquake 2072 hit more than 14 districts on Baisakh
12 and 29, causing a lot of destruction. All the Nepalese political parties felt the necessity
to be united for reconstruction by forgetting all the differences in the hours of disaster. This
circumstances created the environment to be one for building the nation after drafting a
constitution.

Major Political Events after 2063 BS

Date (BS) Events

Magh 1, 2063 Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 and declaration of the
Interim Parliament

Chaitra 28, 2064 Election for the First Constituent Assembly

Jestha 15, 2065 Declaration of Nepal as a republican state

Shrawan 6, 2065 Dr. Ram Baran Yadav as the first president of Nepal elected
from the legislative parliament

Bhadra 2, 2065 Formation of a new government under the leadership of CPN
(Maoist) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachand)

Jesth 11, 2066 Formation of a new government under the leadership of
CPN(UML) leader Madhav Kumar Nepal

Magh 23, 2067 Formation of a new government under the leadership of CPN
(UML) chairman, Jhalnath Khanal

Bhadra 11, 2068 Formation of a new government under vice chairman of
UCPN (Maoist) Dr. Baburam Bhattarai

Jestha 14, 2069 Dissolution of the First Constituent Assembly

Chaitra 1, 2069 Formation of the interim government under the chairmanship
of Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi to conduct an election

Mangshir 4, 2070 Election of the Second Constituent Assembly

Magh 27, 2070 Formation of coalition government under the leadership of
Nepali Congress president Sushil Koirala

334 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Baishak 12 and 29,2072 Massive earthquake, heavy loss of lives and properties

Ashwin 3, 2072 Dr. Ram Baran Yadav proclaimed the Constitution of Nepal
2072 drafted by the Second Constituent Assembly

Ashwin 24, 2072 Formation of a new government under the leadership of CPN
(UML) chairman K.P. Oli

Ashwin 29, 2072 Onsari Gharti Magar elected the first woman Speaker in
Nepal's history

Kartik 11, 2072 Bidhya Devi Bhandari elected as the first woman President of Nepal

Magh 9, 2072 First amendment to the Constitution of Nepal 2072. The
amendment aimed at resolving the then ongoing agitation by
the Madhesi parties.

Shrawan 19, 2073 Formation of the council of ministers under the leadership of
CPN (Maoist) chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal

Jestha 23, 2074 Formation of the council of ministers under the leadership of
Nepali Congress president Sher Bahadur Deuba

Baisakh 31, Ashad 14, First local level election held in three phases after the

Ashoj 2, 2074 promulgation of the new constitution

Mangsir 10, Mangsir 21, First election for the provincial assembly and house of

2074 representatives in two phases after the promulgation of the

new constitution

Falgun 3, 2074 Formation of the council of ministers under the leadership of
CPN (UML) Chairman K.P. Sharma Oli

Falgun 29, 2074 Bidhya Devi Bhandari re-elected as the President of Nepal for
the second term

Falgun 24, 2075 an agreement between the government and Chandra Kant(CK
)Raut, the free Madhes activist who had been struggling with
the demand of a separate Madhesi state for a decade

Ashad 4, 2077 the second amendment in the constitution of Nepal that
gave the legal status to a new map of Nepal including
Limpiyadhura, Lipulake and Kalapani

Mangsir 15, 2077 by-election held for 52 vacant positions of the three federal
levels

Poush5, 2077 President Bidhya Devi Bhandari dissolved the Parliament
and announced the mid- term election on Baisakh 17, 2078
and Baisakh 27, 2078 at the recommendation of PM KP Oli

Falgun 21, 2077 a three point agreement between the government and the
Communist Party of Nepal led by Netra Bikram Chand which
eventually brought Chand to the main stream of peaceful
politics

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 335

Falgun23, 2077 the Supreme Court of Nepal reinstated the dissolved House
of Representatives on Poush5
Baisakh27, 2078
Baisakh 30, 2078 PM KP Oli lost a trust vote in the House of Representatives

Jesth 8,2078 KP Sharma Oli reappointed as PM after the opposition parties
failed to form a majority government

President Bidhya Devi Bhandari dissolved the Parliament
for the second time and announced the mid- term election
on Kartik26, 2078 and Mangsir3, 2078 claiming neither the
caretaker PM KP Oli nor the opposition were able to prove a
majority to form a new government

Glossary

cognizant - aware
road map - a plan for achieving a goal
reinstate - restore

In-class Activity

Why was the government formed under the chairmanship of Khil Raj Regmi? Write down the
major achievements obtained during his tenure.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is Constituent Assembly?
2. When was Nepal declared a republic state ?
3. What was the major declaration of the House of the Representatives on Jestha
4, 2063?
4. The then CPN (Maoist) became the largest party after the first election of the
Constituent Assembly. Write one major reason behind it.
5. Why did Nepal face an unofficial blockade just after the proclamation of the
constitution?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What were the reasons behind the failure of the First Constituent Assembly
in giving the constitution? Write in points.
2. List out the reasons behind the Second Mass Movement 2062/63.

336 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

3. Have the expectation of the people been fulfilled after the Second Mass
Movement? Write down.

4. 'The Interim Constitution of Nepal 2063 was a document of consensus.' Justify
the statement.

5. Write down the reasons behind the establishment of republic in Nepal.

6. Show the major events of Nepal after 2062 in a suitable time line.

7. Complete the time line given below:

A time line representing major historical events

? Election of the first CA ? decBlaarbeudraams PBrhimatetaMraiinister

2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068

Year in B.S. Scale: 2.4cm = 1 year

C. Write a long answer to the following question.
1. ThepoliticsinNepalhasdegeneratedaftertheSecondMassMovement2062/63.
Write down its reasons along with the solution to this problem.



Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 337

Lesson The Economic and Social

7.9 Impact After the Second

Mass Movement

-bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 k/s] f] cflys{
tyf ;fdflhs k|efj_

Pre-reading Activity

Can a movement or revolution bring change? In what sectors can it bring changes? Discuss in the
class.

Reading

After 19-day long Mass Movement 2062/2063 Loktantra was established in Nepal.
Thereafter various other political events took place. The nation has faced several social
changes after the Second Mass Movement. It started just by adopting the principle of
proportional inclusiveness. It brought all the backward and underprivileged classes,
regions, castes, languages, genders and all other citizens to the mainstream for
development. It ensured their participation bringing an end to all kinds of discrimination
and suffering.

There are provisions for services and facilities to women, Janjatis, Madhesi, Dalit, people
with disabilities, people from remote and underprivileged regions after the Second Mass
Movement. It is also a great achievement. Thus, the discrimination over castes has come
to an end. Regionally backward Madhesi community has an access to state mechanism.

People's life has become easier and more comfortable with the rapid development of
education, employment, communication, transport, etc. There has been restoration of
peace as a decade long conflict came to an end after the Second Mass Movement.

Thus, development activities were carried out smoothly. General awareness increased all
of a sudden. People themselves could punish the corrupt. Literacy rate is more than 65%.
There has been people's access to basic health services.

Previously, people were very much particular on the basis of political ideology. But these
days leaving aside political ideology people have come together for the development and
prosperity of the nation. Mutual understanding, collaboration and co-operation is on the
increase. It has been contributing to eradication of social evils and problems.

After the Second Mass Movement, the nation has achieved a lot of progress. There are
periodic plans in progress in Nepal. Economic growth rate is on the increase. The gate
is open to foreign investment. Therefore, there are agreements like Bilateral Investment

338 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA), transit, co-operation, subsidies with
various countries.

Poverty has gone down. But the nation has not yet become self dependent. The government
has given priority to rapid economic growth and self employment. There are various large
projects of national pride. Foreign employment is getting well managed. It will make the
economic condition of the nation better.

Glossary

transit - relating to carrying or moving goods from one place to
subsidy another
BIPPA
- money paid by the government on certain thing to reduce
its cost

- An agreement signed by the governments of Nepal and
India to promote, protect and encourage investments of
investors from one country into another

In-class Activity

In your family what major changes have occurred within a period of five years? List them out.

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What is political change?
2. For how long did the Second Mass Movement last?
3. What is political consciousness ?
4. What is BIPPA?
5. What is the government's major priority?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. What positive changes have occurred in your community after the Second
Mass Movement? Write in points.

2. Present in table the major economic and social impacts in Nepal after the
Second Mass Movement.

3. 'The political change as per the wish and desire of the people will bring social
and economic change in a nation.' Justify the statement.

C. Write a long answer to the following question.
Compare the major social and economic impacts brought by the political change

from 2007 BS to 2017 BS and 2063 BS till date.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 339

Lesson Causes of the First
World War
7.10
-k|yd ljZjob' \wsf sf/0fx?_

Pre-reading Activity

Read some interesting facts about World War I and discuss the questions that follow:

• Journalists were banned and if discovered, they faced execution.

• Twelve million letters were sent to war fronts every week.

• Many women’s faces at home fronts were turned yellow.

• Plastic surgery was invented.

• Britain alone had 250000 child soldiers.

• Nine out of ten soldiers survived in the trenches. Source: BBC War History

Choose two facts that you think are most interesting. Then, offer reasons behind each fact.

Reading

The world has seen the most horrific wars in history. The First World War was a major war
centred in Europe that began on July 28, 1914 and lasted until November 11, 1918. It was
the war in which almost all the countries of the world were involved directly or indirectly.
It involved all the world’s great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances:
the Allies or Allite power formed of the United Kingdom, France and Russia, which later
on were supported by China, Japan and America and the Central Powers or the Axis
Power (alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy which later on were supported
by Turkey). More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans,
were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were
killed. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history. The war which continued for
1,565 days became the bloodiest and most expensive war of that time. There were different
reasons for this destructive war. We will examine some of the causes in this lesson.

Nature of William II Groupism among the Ultranationalism
European nations and militarism

Immediate cause Causes of the Colonialism and
First World War imperialism
The revolt feeling
of Bosnia and Balkan Crisis Atrocity
Herzegovina propaganda by mass

media

340 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Germany Britain

Triple Triple
Alliance Entente

Italy Austria Russia France

1. Groupism among the European nations

After the unification of Germany, Otto von Bismark was appointed
the chancellor in 1870 AD. He took the policy of expanding the ter-
ritory of Germany. As a result, Germany attacked over France and
annexed two French border provinces, Alsace and Lorraine in 1871
AD. This sowed the seed of enmity between the two countries. Bis-
mark adopted the policy to isolate and weaken France. In 1879 AD
he made a secret treaty with Austria and Hungary and later in 1882
AD with Italy. This is called the Triple Alliance. After the downfall of Bismark in 1890,
France got an opportunity to play with Germany. France also made a secret treaty with
Russia in 1894 AD and later on with Britain in 1904 AD. It is called the Triple Entente.
Thus, whole Europe in any way was divided into two hostile groups. This increased
suspicion, jealousy, hatred, revenge, tension and unhealthy competition among the
nations.

2. Ultranationalism and Militarism

For the prosperity and progress of any nation, the feeling of nationalism is a must.
It makes one realize his duty towards the nation. It is also required for his own
self-esteem and pride. But when the same nationalism is used to fulfill one's own
vested interests it becomes threatening. Especially, the nationalism reached at the
peak after the unification of Germany and Italy. The people in those countries were
fanatically loyal to their own nation and hostile and racist toward other nation.
They nurtured the feeling of one nation one world. They themselves thought that
they were superior to others and were born to rule the world. This is what we
call ultranationalism. On the one hand this led to the hostility among the nations.
On the other hand it created the birth of new militarism in Europe. Every nation
started increasing arms, ammunitions and military in the name of national defense.
It created tussle, untrust and confrontations among the nations.

3. Colonialism and Imperialism

Industrial Revolution of Europe and the development of auto increased mass
production which needed more raw materials and new market. Thus, European na-
tions began to control other countries as their colonies. Specially poor and weak na-

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 341

tions of Asia, Africa and Latin America were the victims of colonization. There was
an unhealthy competition to make more colonies among the powerful countries of
Europe. Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia were among those nations. As a
result, unnecessary tensions were created among these nations.

4. Atrocity Propaganda by Mass Media

Most of the newspapers that were published from Europe came out with false and
illusive news. They were in the competition of yellow journalism. Instigating, pro-
voking, illusionary and self-created news nurtured the feeling of revenge among
the people. German newspaper used to print anti-British news. Austrian and Serbi-
an newspapers were also prejudiced to one another. This filled the mind of people
with war like feeling.

5. Balkan Crisis

Before the First World War, Turkey was a big empire. There were many states in
Turkey. Out of them, the region around Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and Montenegro
was called the Balkan region or the Ottoman Empire. There wasn't good relation-
ship among these nations. On one hand Turkey had taken the policy of suppression
in these countries. On the other hand they themselves had the same mission. That
was to get independence from Turkey. They were sure that they could never get
independence unless they united. Hence, they formed an alliance called the Balkan
League. There was also an agreement between them: to wage war against Turkey
together, to be independent and to divide the region equally obtained defeating
Turkey. Thus, on October 8, 1912 the Balkan League attacked Turkey. It is called
the First Balkan War. Amid the war an agreement was held in London on May 30,
1913 called the Treaty of London. All these four nations became independent. After
getting victory over Turkey the four nations agreed to form a new Balkan nation
Albania and divide the remaining part equally in between them. But Bulgaria was
dissatisfied with Serbia. Germany and Austria evoked Bulgaria. In 1913 AD Bulgar-
ia attacked Serbia. It is called the Second Balkan War. Bulgaria was badly defeated
and Serbia became a larger nation annexing Bulgaria. In this way the Balkan Region
became the platform to practise war. The Second Balkan War also created the hos-
tility between Serbia and Austria-Hungary which later on turned to be the cause of
the First World War.

6. The Revolt Feeling of Bosnia and Herzegovina
On October 8, 1908, as per the Berlin Conference Austria-Hungary announced the

annexation of two Balkan states Bosnia and Herzegovina. But most of the peo-
ple there were Serbian by race. Their culture, language and lifestyle were similar
to Serbia. Thus, they wanted to be a part of Serbia. To take revenge against the
Austria-Hungary the youths of Bosnia and Herzegovina formed an association
which was called Black Hand Society or Unity of Death. Serbia had also helped to
this group. This created enmity between Serbia and Austria-Hungary.

342 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

7. Nature of William II:

William II became the King of Germany after the death of Wil-
liam I. He was arrogant and wanted to rule of his own. So, he
obliged Bismark, the chancellor of Germany to step down from
the post. William II wanted to make Germany super power of
the world. To fulfill his vested interest, he had followed the
principle of 'World Power or Downfall'.

8. Immediate Cause

Amidst the tense situation, Austria-Hungarian crown prince
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie Chotek were
in a visit to Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia. During the visit
on June 28, 1914, a member of Black Hand Society, a 19 year old
student Gavrilo Princep gunned down the Duke couple. Ser-
bia was accused of murder. With the direct support of Germa-
ny, on July 23, 1914, Austrian king Francis Joseph sent 12-point
ultimatum to Serbia asking it to fulfill the demands within 48
hours. The king of Serbia Peter was ready to fulfill the eleven demands. He was
also ready to suppress the Black Hand Society but was not ready to allow Austria
investigators to come and inspect the issue. This created the tussle between these
nations. At the end on July 28, 1914, Austria attacked over Serbia which began the
First World War.

ammunition Glossary
confrontation
atrocity - explosive items (as grenades or bombs)
instigate - battle
- a very terrible and cruel act
- incite, provoke

In-class Activity

Even if we do not have large scale wars like the World War I these days, the world faces a new
form of war called terrorism. What do you think is the difference between traditional wars
such as World War in which countries would join forces to fight enemy countries and the
present state of terrorism and counter-terrorism as a form of war?

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. When did the First World War begin?

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 343

2. Name two major blocs of the First World War.
3. What was the immediate cause of the First World War?
4. When did the First World War come to an end?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.
1. There is conflict, war and struggle in every part of the world. What could be
the general causes of such wars and conflicts?

2. The World War I was the war for power and imperialism rather than the war
against poverty, hunger and diseases. Justify.

3. What is the relation between development of technology and the World War I?
4. Write differences between nationalism and ultranationalism.
5. Write major differences between imperialism and colonialism.
6. How did the First World War begin? Explain.

7. If you were the emperor of Serbia, Peter, how would you respond to the
ultimatum given by the emperor of Austria-Hungary? Why?

8. List out the personalities mentioned in the text. Fill in the table with their
status and nationality.

S.N. Personalities Status Country/
Chancellor Nationality
1 Ottoman Bismark
2 William I Germany
3. Czar Nicolas II
4. Francis Joseph
5. Sophie Chotek
6. Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand
7. Gavrilo Princep
8. Peter

9. How can we keep ourselves away from tension and conflict? Implement
different ways to get rid of them. What was the result after implementation
of different techniques? Write in brief and present it to the class.

C. Write long answers to the following questions.
1. What were the causes of the World War I? Explain.

2. Unhealthy competition, jealousy, hatred, negative thoughts, feeling of
revenge, overambition, etc. were the major causes of the First World War.
These elements are obstacles to personal development also and every
individual has to wipe them out from their mind. Compose a dialogue on
ways to get rid of those elements.

344 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

Lesson Major Events and

7.11 Consequences of the World War-I

-k|yd ljZjob' \wsf k|dv' 36gfx? / kl/0ffdx?_

Pre-reading Activity

Read the extract from John Whelpton’s book "A History of Nepal" and discuss the question that
follows:
“During the First World War, Chandra Shumsher assisted in obtaining 55000 men of the Indian army,
and also sent some 18000 of Nepal’s own troops into India to take up garrison duties. Including
Nepalese in other units such as the military police in Burma, around 100000 Nepalese were involved
in war effort, with at least 10000 killed and another 14000 wounded or missing.”
(page 64)

• Given Nepal’s population during that time roughly around 5 millions, how would you
assess the casualty Nepal suffered in the War?

• In your opinion, was it good to fight and die in a war that was not remotely related to us?
What did we gain and lose by participating in the War?

Reading

The First World War broke out on 28 July 1914 with the bombarding on Belgrade the
capital city of Serbia, by Austria-Hungary. The war continued for four years. The treaty of
Versailles ended the war formally. Here are some events and consequences of the World
War I.

USA 11 Russia Index
Entente
53 Alliance
Neutral

England

4 Germany 2
France
6 9
Hungery Romania
10 Austria
7
1
Italy
Bulgeria

Turkey

8

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 345

Major Dates and Events of the First World War

Date Events
July 28, 1914
The emperor of Austria-Hungary declared war against Serbia
and bombarded Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia.

July 29, 1914 Russian government ordered its army to protect Serbia.

July 30, 1914 German government gave pressure to Russian Emperor Nicolas
II to return his force from Serbia.

August 1, 1914 Germany declared war against Russia as Russia did not get its
force back.

August 3, 1914 France ordered its force to support Russia and Germany declared
war against France.

August 4, 1914 Britain declared war against Germany as German army entered a
neutral country, Belgium, to attack France.

August 12, 1914 Britain and France declared war against Austria-Hungary.

October 20, 1914 First battle of Ypres began, many soldiers died in the war.
May 24, 1915 Italy declared war against Austria.

October 15, 1915 Britain declared war against Bulgaria.

August 27, 1916 Romania declared war against Austria.

August 28, 1916 Italy declared war against Germany.

April 6, 1917 The USA entered the World War I and declared war against
August 7, 1918 Germany.

German forces disarmed; black day for Germany

November 9, 1918 German Emperor Keiser William II fled to Holland.

June 28, 1919 The Versailles Treaty was signed and the war ended.

Consequences of War

1. Loss of Lives and Properties
There is no exact data regarding the loss of properties. However, it is estimated

that the war cost about 3 billion and 36 million pound. If this amount of money was
used for development task, the poverty would eliminate from the world. Nearly 65
million people took part in the war, out of which 9 million and 200 thousand people

346 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

lost their lives and 29 million were either wounded or missing. Countless physical
properties were destroyed in the war. Nearly 6,000 British ships and 200 German
submarines and aeroplanes collapsed.

2. Versailles Treaty

On June 28, 1919 the Allied nations and Germany signed the treaty in Versailles Pal-
ace of Paris which is called Treaty of Versailles. The treaty ended the war formally;
however, the treaty imposed strong conditions upon Germany. This treaty made
such an extent that it sowed the seed for the Second World War. Here are some
clauses of this treaty:

a. War Crime

Germany was declared as the war criminal. According to article 231 of the
treaty, Germany had to take all the responsibilities of war crimes: human
casualties and destruction of properties.

b. Loss of Germany
Germany had to return Alsace and Lorraine to France.
European-Malady was returned to Belgium and North Schleswig to

Denmark.
Polish Corridor Posen, West Prussia and Upper Silesia went back to Poland.
Saar and Denzing would remain under the administration and control of

League of Nations.
The city of Mamel was to be given to newly emerged Baltic state, Lithuania.

All German colonies were captured by Allies nations.

c. Restrictions over Military

Army to get back from Rhineland
and it would be under the control
of Allies force for 15 years.

German army was reduced
to hundred thousand and no
permission was granted for
further recruitments in the
German military.

Germany was prohibited to hold
more than six warships.

Germany was prohibited to make warships, tanks and war planes.

d. Compensation

Germany had to pay gold or other items worth 660 million pounds to
the Allied Reparation Commission (1921 AD).

Sugar and coal production area was given to France for fifteen years.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 347

3. Economic Consequences

Europe lost its economic supremacy. The ordeal loss, the heavy loss of life and
properties, the indebtedness of the European nations to the USA, submerged
Europe into a major economic depression which took a long time to recover.

4. Political Consequences

The significant political change was the collapse of 4 European empires with
their dynasties: the Romanov in Russia, the Habsburgs in Austria-Hungary,
the Hohenzollern in Germany and the Sultanate in the Ottoman Empire. From
the collapse of the Russian, Austria-Hungarian and Ottoman empires several
new nations like Albania, Finland, Estonia, Leetonia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia,
Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary emerged.

5. Social Changes

The war changed the status of women in most societies in Europe and the USA. As
many men were engaged in war, women carried the responsibility of administrative
tasks. Working in industries and holding business empowered the women which
resulted in the formation of the committee for the study of the legal status of women.

6. Rise of Dictators

Europe had just been really messed up by a massive war. As they had gone through
deep economic depression, they were looking for strong leaders who would handle
the situation and would glorify their nations. In the meantime, there arose five
dictators: Benito Mussolini in Italy, Joseph Stalin in the soviet Union, Adolf Hitler in
Germany, General Franco in Spain and Emperor Hirohito in Japan. These dictators
promised their people to solve the political and economic crisis. Communism in
Soviet Union, Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany germinated strongly and
they all violated the treaties.

Benito Mussolini Joseph Stalin Adolf Hitler General Franco Emperor Hirohito

7. Establishment of League of Nations

To control and regulate the countries, an international organization called the
League of Nations was established on 10 January 1920. There were 42 founding
member countries in the organization. The then US president Woodrow Wilson was
the architect of this organization. The League of Nations had two major objectives:
collective peace and securities and international co-operation among the countries.

348 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10

The World War-I and Nepal

During the World War I, there was British-India government in India and the Rana
government in Nepal. The Rana government had been favoured by British-India
government. So, Chandra Shumsher sent 7500 Nepali troops under the command of
Babar Shumsher. After that some more troops were sent under the command of General
Padma Shumsher, Tej Shumsher and Keshar Shumsher to the war. Also, Nepali youths
were recruited in the Indian army to support the British. The British-India government
continued to recruit Nepali youths in the British Gurkha army. About 16,544 Nepali
soldiers fought from the side of the British. The second population census of Nepal (1921
AD) shows population size of Nepal reduced by 64 thousand. It shows the involvement
and death of Nepali people in the World War I. Chandra Shamsher also donated 1 million
pounds to the British government during the war.

The Nepalese showed their uncommon bravery in the World War I and became famous
in the world. So many Nepalese got prestigious British medal like Victoria Cross, Military
Cross. The Nepal government got 1 million rupees per year from the British government.
The bravery of Nepali troops was appreciated by all the forces, even the enemy forces.
German emperor Kaiser William said this about the bravery of Nepali soldiers: “ I can
send my soldiers to fight any forces in the world, but I tremble with fear even in hearing
about the Gorkhali soldiers.”

Glossary

bombard - to attack with bombs

ordeal - an unpleasant or difficult experience

indebtedness - liability; the condition of being indebted

messed up - disorganized

fascism - a totalitarian governmental system led by a dictator and
emphasizing aggressive nationalism, militarism, and
often racism, propounded by Mussolini in Italy

economic depression - a sustained economic recession in which a nation's GNP
is falling and marked by low production and sales and a
high rate business failures and unemployment

Nazism - the ideology and practice of the Nazis, especially the
policy of racist nationalism, national expansion, and state
control of the economy; the principles and practices of the
National Socialist Worker's Party under Adolf Hitler

communism - a theory propounded by Karl Marx in which state plans
and controls the economy; classless society

In-class Activity

Organize a class debate on “Nepal’s participation in the First World War”.

Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10 349

Exercise

A. Write very short answers to the following questions.
1. What did Kaiser William say about Nepali soldiers?
2. What do you understand by dictatorship?

B. Write short answers to the following questions.

1. 'Revenge cannot solve the problem.' Explain the statement in reference with
the First World War.

2. What was the situation of Nepal during and before the World War I?

3. Write major events of the World War I in bold letters and display in your
class.

4. 'The Treaty of Versailles sowed the seed of revenge to Germany.' Justify the
statement.

5. Write a paragraph about the role of Nepal British Army in the World War I.

6. What were the effects and consequences of the World War I in Nepal?

7. Draw a suitable time line using the major dates and events of the First
World War.

8. Write short notes on each dictator mentioned in the text.

9. The following statistics show the number of deaths of soldiers in the
First World War. Show it in a suitable bar diagram.

Country No. of dead soldiers
17,73,000
Germany

Italy 6,50,000

Bulgaria 8,75,000

The USA 1,16,516

Romania 3,35,000

C. Write a long answer to the following question:
1. What were the consequences of the World War I? Explain.

Self-discovery: Project Work

Many people consider that taking part in a war that was not related to us was
nothing to be proud of whereas many people also believe that Nepali participation
in the war raised the prestige of Nepal. Conduct a debate on the pros and cons of
Nepalese participation in the World War I.

350 Oasis Social Studies Grade - 10