English Skills 7

30 Write a short paragraph describing the person you have
taken note about in Exercise 29.

31 Which of the following words have a positive meaning
and which of them have a negative meaning. Write in
the correct box.

bossy handsome lazy polite selfish

cruel irresponsible mean easy-going careless

assertive friendly jealous modest witty

intelligent crafty honest sensible brave

moody rude sociable talkative cowardly

generous stubborn dishonest responsible energetic

Positive Negative

assertive bossy

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Writing

My father

Let me describe my father to you. He is forty years old and he works in a
bank. He was born in Palpa.

My father is a very handsome man. He is tall and
well-built. He is the tallest man in our family. He
has got black straight hair. He always combs his
hair smartly. He has got a round face and well-
shaved cheeks.

He often wears causal dress when he is not going
to office. He loves to wear jackets and a pair of
trousers. But when he goes to office, he wears his
black suit and stripped tie. He often puts on his
square spectacles which he bought when he was
on a tour to Japan.

He is caring and kind. He can’t see people’s
sufferings. He often pays visits to an orphanage to
donate food and clothes for them.

He is very friendly and cheerful. He enjoys talking
to people and sharing good moments with them.
He often calls many of his friends to home. I know
many of them personally. However, my mother is not really happy about
serving so many people every day.

32 Write a short description about a family member in
your home and share it in the class.

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9Lesson How Far and
How Long?

1 Listen and sing.

Full fathom five thy father lies;

Of his bones are coral made; doth = does
Those are pearls that were his eyes:
Nothing of him that doth fade thy = your
But doth suffer a sea-change
Into something rich and strange. 1 fathom = 6 feet
Sea-nymphs hourly ring his knell: (especially while
measuring the depth

of water

Ding-dong.

Hark! now I hear them — ding-dong, bell.

-by William Shakespeare

Conversation

2 Listen and practise.

Dolma : Hi, Kabina. You are here?

Kabina : Yes. My father is coming from
abroad today. Who are you
waiting for?

Dolma : I’m waiting for my brother. He’s
coming from Dubai today. By the
way, did you come alone?

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Kabina : Well, my mother is with me. She is standing there. Look!
Dolma : Well…
Kabina : The lady who is in her sari and standing there is my

mother.
Tenzing : Hi, Dolma.
Dolma : Oh, my brother. Kabina, this is my brother. Tenzing, this is

Kabina. She is the girl who always helps me at school. She
is a very good friend of mine.

Tenzing : Nice to meet you.

Kabina : Nice to meet you, too.

Dolma : Well, Kabina. We will meet
at school tomorrow. When
is your father arriving?

Kabina : Fine. His plane will land here
after fifteen minutes.

Dolma : Bye.
Kabina : Bye-bye.

Reading

3 Read and learn.

Change is a rule of life. We can always be sure things won’t remain the same
forever. One thing or another that has been happening in our lives will change.

For many people and their families, one part of their lives that has changed
is the place where they live. It could be a small change, such as moving from
one part of the same town to another or it could be a big change such as
moving from one part of the world to another. In this report, we look at the
changes in the places that some students and their families have been living.

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Karma and her family have been living
in Swoyambhu, Kathmandu for about
twenty years, even before she was
born. However, Karma’s grandparents
were born in Manang. They came to
Kathmandu about fifty years ago. Her
family has been operating a curio shop
on the way to Swoyambhu from the time
her grandparents came to Kathmandu. Karma’s parents have promised her
that soon the family will be visiting her grandparents’ village in Manang
and she has been looking forward to that.

Rasika’s family has only been staying in Nepal for one year. They came from
India so that parents could do some business in Kathmandu. Her father has
a pashmina shop in Thamel. Since it is a new location for him, he is having
trouble to find a proper place to set up his pashmina factory. Lately, he has
been searching one near Thamel. Let’s hope he will get one.

Although Sonali and his family have lived in Kathmandu for many years,
they have been dwelling in their new four-bedroom flat for only three
months now. Previously, they were staying in a small one-bedroom flat.
Sonali enjoys the extra space. Plus, her mother’s parents and other relatives
from their village can visit more often since the family has more space. The
relatives pay frequent visit to Kathmandu as they have to fetch the daily
necessities from there.

This brief report provides examples
of the way the lives of some students
in Kathmandu have been changing
as they and their families move from
one place to another. What about you?
Have you and your family been moving
around? What about your parents,
grandparents, great grandparents and
the people even before them? Do you know where they lived? You might be
surprised at how much change has been taking place over the years.

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Comprehension

4 Are the following statements true or false?

a. Karma lives in Manang.
b. Karma’s parents have a shop that sells old and unusual things.
c. Karma’s parents are going to Manang next month.
d. Rasika’s parents are business people.
e. They have set up their factory in Thamel.
f. Sohan can enjoy more space now.

5 Answer the following questions.

a. According to the text, what does not change in our life?
b. How long have Karma’s family been living in Kathmandu?
c. What is Karma’s family looking forward to?
d. Why are Rasika’s parents having trouble to find a place to set up a

factory?
e. Do you think more space in your home invites many guests?
f. How long have you been living in the same place?
g. How many homes have your parents changed in their lives?

Grammar

Defining relative clauses

We use defining relative clauses to add extra information about a noun.
The man who / that you saw on the way is our English teacher.
The horse which / that won the race belongs to my teacher.
The child whose mother has just left is crying.

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This is the town where many people come for job every year.

Winter is the season when we get our longest holiday.

We use who or that to add information about people. We use which or
that to add information about things or animal. While adding information
about place and time, we use where and when respectively. Likewise we
use whose to talk about belongings.

6 Underline the correct word to complete the sentneces.

a. The bus that / who / whose is coming into the station right now
goes to Nepalganj.

b. This is the man who / whose / that daughter won the first prize in
the competition.

c. My brother is the one who’s / whose / who always leaves the door
unlocked!

d. This house who / which / whose burned in the fire was three
hundred years old.

e. I know a man who / which / whose is seven feet tall.

f. I met a girl that / whose / who brother came first in speech
competition.

g. Is this the shirt that / whose / who you wanted to buy.

7 Write sentences. Use defining relative clauses.

a driver / someone / drives a vehicle.
A driver is someone who drives a vehicle.
a. a parrot / a bird / can talk.
b. a ruler / something / we use to draw straight lines.
c. a dentist / someone / look after / our teeth.

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d. a waiter / someone / serve customers / in a restaurants.
e. an ostrich / a very large bird / can’t fly at all.
f. a thief / someone / steal things.

Speaking

How long have you been I have been studying in
studying in this school? this school for five years.

How long have they been They have been reading
reading this book? this book since ten o’clock.

8 Sit in pair and hold conversations as above.

you / study in this school / five years
she / read this book / since ten o’clock
you / watch this movie / for an hour
they / work on this project / since Tuesday
they / climb the mountain / since last evening

Grammar

The present perfect continuous

We use the present perfect continuous to talk about an action that began in
the past but it is still in progress at present.
We form the present perfect continuous by using have/ has been+ verb + ing.

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Present perfect and present perfect continuous
The present perfect emphasizes the action which usually ended.
They have read the story and they like it.
It also emphasizes the number of repetitions of the action.
She has written five letters this morning.
The present perfect continuous emphasizes the duration of the action
that has been continuing until now.
They have been reading the story all evening.
She has been writing letters for five hours.

9 Choose and complete the sentences with the present
perfect continuous tense.

drive play sleep work watch walk talk

a. Remma and Meena are wet. They have been walking in the rain.
b. A policeman has just stopped Mr Chettri’s car. Mr Chettri ....................

very fast.
c. Lila ................... with colours. She wants to make her own picture.
d. Ms Magar .................. in the garden. She has dug half of the plot so far.
a. Remma and Meena are wet. They have been walking in the rain.
b. A policeman has just stopped Mr Chettri’s car. Mr Chettri ....................

very fast.
c. Lila .................... with colours. She wants to make her own picture.
d. Ms Magar .................. in the garden. She has dug half of the plot so far.
e. Shiva and Pukar ‘s eyes are red. They .................... TV for hours.
f. After the heavy work of the day, they ................... since nine o’clock

last evening.
g. They .................. for three hours. They are now in the midway to their

destination.
h. I wonder how long they can talk! They .................... for two hours.

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Pronunciation

Commonly mispronounced words (I)

10 Listen and practise.

admit admit a crime

adult an adult magazine

available not available in the market

envelop enveloped in mist

envelope on the back of an envelope

marriage a marriage certificate

medicine traditional medicine

opposite in the opposite direction

question question and answer

quiet calm and quiet

receipt bills and receipts

restaurant Chinese restaurant

salad green salad

shoulder head and shoulder

soldier a brave soldier

stomach a severe stomachache

suggestion a good suggestion

target hit the target Reading

11 Read and learn.

Pradeep and Puran were talking one day in their school canteen.

Pradeep : Hi, Puran. You’re going shopping after school today, aren’t you?

Puran : Yes, Pradeep. I need to buy a couple of things.

Pradeep : I was reading something about clothes on the internet. Most people
don’t think much about where their clothes come from, do they?

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Puran : No, I guess not. Where do they come from?

Pradeep : Our clothes used to come from small
family-owned farms where cotton
or other plants grew and where
animals were raised for their meat
and for their skins that were made
into leather.

Puran : That’s still same, isn’t it?

Pradeep : No, actually, it’s not. A lot of clothes
nowadays are made at least in part
from petroleum-based products, like polyester and rayon. You
probably already knew that, didn’t you?

Puran : Yes, I suppose I did, but I forgot. Besides, I prefer cotton clothes
because they’re more comfortable in hot weather.

Pradeep : The second change concerning where our clothes come from is
that these days most leather comes from large factory farms.

Puran : What’s a factory farm? A factory is a building with a lot of
machines to make things like mobile phones, isn’t it?

Pradeep : Yes, it is, but what’s happening is that animals are now raised in
huge places like factories. They are not allowed to roam around
like they used to on a small farm. Often they are kept inside so
that they get fat faster and their flesh stays soft.

Puran : Wow! That doesn’t sound like much fun, does it?

Pradeep : No, it doesn’t. That’s why I always wear shoes and belts made
from synthetic, petroleum-based materials.

Puran : I can get them in shops here, can’t I?

Pradeep : Yes, you can. Just look carefully where they list the materials
that the shoes and belts are made of.

Puran : You can’t come with me by any chance, can you?
Pradeep : Sure, I was wondering when you were going to ask!

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Comprehension

12 Answer the following questions.

a. Why is Puran going to the market?

b. What are our clothes generally made of? Note down both speakers’
ideas in the dialogue.

c. What is a factory farm?

d. Why are animals in a factory farm kept in confinement?

e. What kinds of clothes does Pradeep wear? Why? Does he oppose the
factory farms?

f. Is Pradeep going to help Puran?

g. What kind of clothes do you wear - cotton clothes, silk clothes, leather
clothes or petroleum-based clothes?

Vocabulary

13 Match the words with their meanings.

a. raise a type of artificial cloth
b. polyester easy
c. comfortable bring up
d. concerning products that are made from artificial
substances, often copying a natural
e. roam product
f. confinement about
g. synthetic move about or travel
when a person or animal is kept
somewhere, usually by force

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Grammar

Question tags

We use question tags at the end of statements when we are not very sure
about what we say and we want somebody to confirm it.

Question tags have two parts: an auxiliary verb or a modal verb and a
pronoun. Question tags are preceded by a comma.

I can get them in the shops here, can’t I?

When the statement is affirmative, the question tag is negative.

They are playing on the ground, aren’t they?

When the statement is negative, the question tag is positive.

You haven’t finished your work yet, have you?

When there is a negative word such as nobody, no one, never, rarely,
seldom, scarcely and so on, the question tag is affirmative or positive.

Nobody came here, did they?

He rarely buys newspaper, does he?

The question tag for an imperative sentence is will you?

Come to my house tomorrow, will you? Don’t waste your time, will you?

The question tag for I’m is aren’t I? But the question tag for I am not is am
I?

I’m your best friend, aren’t I? I am not going with you, am I?

If there is the subject of the statement, the subject of the tag is also there.

There is a big hall in our school, isn’t there?

There are about twenty birds in the tree, aren’t there?

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14 Complete the sentences with appropriate question tags.

a. You study English, don’t you?
b. Martin is here, .............................?
c. They didn’t speak to you, .............................?
d. She is travelling by plane, .............................?
e. It won’t hurt you, .............................?
f. You have finished everything, .............................?
g. Binod and Biraj were playing football, .............................?
h. Your sister is coming from abroad, .............................?
i. She had already told you, .............................?
j. Don’t write on the wall, .............................?
k. The lesson was interesting, .............................?
l. She’ll let us go, .............................?
m. Nobody is interested in sculpture, .............................?

Speaking

The answer to question tags are just like that of yes/no questions.
A: You are coming to the party tomorrow, aren’t you?
B: Yes, I am.
A: You have heard the story of Tarzan - the wonder car, haven’t you?
B: No, I haven’t. I wish I knew it.

15 Complete each sentence with a question tag. Then, ask and
find someone in your class who says yes to your question.
Write the name of the persons in the blank spaces.

a. You were absent from school yesterday, .....................? .....................
b. You know how to play table tennis, .....................? .....................
c. You can fly kite, .....................? .....................

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d. Gangalal was a brave man, .....................? .....................
e. People should be very careful while driving, ....................? ....................
f. You have been in this city for more than five years, ..............? ..............
g. You don’t like meat, .....................? .....................
h. You did your English homework yesterday, .....................? .....................

Vocabulary

We can use different words to describe the same thing. However, the
intensity may be different. For example, the following words describe
temperature.
cold, cool, mild, freezing, boiling, hot, warm
If we put these words from lowest temperature to the highest, we can put
them this way:

boiling
hot
warm
mild
cool
cold
freezing

16 Arrange the following words or phrases as shown in the
example above.

a. very difficult, impossible, fairly difficult, difficult, easy, very easy, not
difficult, absolutely impossible

b. a few, none, thousands, several, many, countless
c. large, small, big, enormous, average-sized, gigantic, tiny
d. clearly seen, easily seen, faintly seen, hardly seen

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Reading

17 Read and learn.

Let’s create happiness around us

One day I was travelling on a local bus.
A lady who seemed to be from a remote
village got on the bus with three young kids
and lots of luggage. Sure enough, she was
new to the city. She looked confused and
worried. She did not know where exactly
her bus stop was. She was so anxious that
at every stop she got up to check whether
that was her bus stop. The bus conductor at
every stop told her, “I’ll tell you when your stop arrives. Don’t worry.”
The bus kept running. People were getting on and off the bus. The lady was
not comfortable with the words of the conductor, so she desperately tried
to look out of the crowded bus to check if her station had arrived.
Finally, the bus reached her bus stop. The conductor called her respectfully
and helped her get off the bus by lifting her children and luggage one by
one. The lady started shouting at her children, “Don’t go to the road.”
The bus moved on and so did I. I was really moved by the attitude of the
conductor. As I was near to the main door, I called the conductor and said,
“You are a really good conductor.” He looked confused and said, “Brother,
will you please repeat your words?” When I repeated, tears started flowing
down his cheeks. He folded his hands and said, “I have been doing like
this for past 30 years. Nobody has complimented me till now. Oh! How
happy I am today!” Tears welled up in my eyes too because I did not expect
this. The conductor’s behaviour opened my eyes. I realized how a simple
compliment of mine created so much of joy in him.
From that day I started complimenting people whenever a job is done with
a lot of love and compassion. We don’t require to do a big service to create
happiness around us. It is sufficient to follow the path of love in our day-
to-day life.
Nowadays I always say please and thank you. I also never forget to compliment
people when they have done a good job.

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Comprehension

18 Arrange the following events from the story as they
happened.

a. The writer complimented the conductor.
b. The conductor helped the lady and her children to get off the bus.
c. The bus reached the station.
d. The writer realized the secret of happiness.
e. Tears started to roll down the cheeks of the conductor.

19 Are the following statements true or false?

a. The author is a female.
b. The lady with the children seemed to be familiar with city.
c. The conductor was very kind to the lady.
d. The lady looked worried throughout the bus journey.
e. According to the author, we have to do a big service to create happiness

around us.

20 Answer the following questions.

a. Why was the author sure that the lady was new to the city?
b. Why did the lady try to peep out through the window of the crowded bus?
c. How did the conductor help the lady?
d. Why did the conductor’s eyes become full of tears?
e. How long had the conductor been doing his job?
f. What did the author realize after the incident?
g. Does anyone’s compliment make you happy?
h. Does words have anything to do with our happiness?
i. How often do you give compliment to other people?

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Speaking

When we give or ask for opinions, we often use the following phrases.

Asking for someone’s opinion What do you think .......?
Is ....... OK for you?
Do you agree that .......?
What do you think about this .......?
Do you think that ......... right?

Giving an opinion I believe......./ I don’t believe.......
For me,.......
I think......./ I don’t think.......
In my opinion, .......
Personally, I think .......

Do you think I think yes. We
factory farms should set up more
should be set factory farms to
up? meet the need of
growing population.
Otherwise, there will
be lack of food and
clothes for the people.

I don’t think that setting up factory farms
is the solution. We have no right to give
pain to the animals. Rather, we should
check the population growth.

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21 Give your opinion to your class on the following topics.

a. Do you think students should wear a uniform?
b. Do you believe ghosts exist?
c. What do you think about plastic bags? Should we use them or avoid

them?
d. Do you think it is possible to avoid plastic bags?
e. What changes should be made so that students can learn English

better? Give your opinion.

Writing

While expressing opinions, the following phrases can be used to connect
our ideas.
I am (not) convinced that …
In my opinion / view …
My opinion is that …
I strongly believe …
I feel / think that …
I believe that …
If I am asked, I would (not) …

I am convinced that the factory farms can supply food and clothes
for the growing population but I can’t support the cruelty upon the
animals. I strongly believe that animals also do have rights. The poor
animals don’t have voice to say in words but they do have feelings. If
I am asked about it, I would strongly oppose the idea of setting up
factory farms. For me, it is an inhuman act.

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Mobile phones at school The first sentence
includes the topic
Nowadays mobile phones have become of the essay. In the
very popular. Some students even want to second sentence of
carry them to school. Although I believe that the first paragraph,
students should carry mobile phones in case the writer makes his
of an emergency, I strongly oppose to phones position clear.
being used at school, particularly in the In the second
classroom. paragraph he argues
why it is necessary to
Firstly, many students travel to and from carry phones.
school without their parents. Therefore, it is
important for them to have a mobile phone In the third paragraph
in case they need help or have an accident he gives reasons why
on the way to school or home. Furthermore, it should not be used
parents who work may need to contact in the classroom.
their children. For example, if a parent has
to work late, the student has to be told if In the final paragraph
arrangements have been made for a relative the writer restates his
or neighbour to look after them. position in another
way.
On the other hand, nothing is more
disturbing during a lesson than the sound
of a mobile phone ringing or playing an
annoying tune. Moreover, students who
send and receive text messages in class are
not paying attention to the lesson.

In conclusion, I feel that students should be
allowed to take mobile phones to school for
use in an emergency. However, all phones
should certainly be switched off during
lessons.

22 Write a similar essay on whether students should watch
television or not.

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10Lesson Stories and
Films

1 Listen and put the lines in correct order. Then, sing.
I saw you in the valley, a spot against the green. _____
Bumblebee, humblebee, gentle and serene, __1___

I lost you in the alley, I searched around for you. _____

With the breeze up you flew, then you passed from view, _____

_____ I’d got some honey there,

_____ We hadn't seen each other,

_____ And I’d just come back home,- just by five.

_____ I'd gone to help my mother,

_____ I'd visited bee sisters in their hive,

_____ I'd given it to Bear

I crossed it up and down, I asked for you in vain. _____

Ladybird, lovely one, pretty little dame, _____

Birches sighed as I turned towards another lane. _____

I looked for you down town, but missed you all the same. _____

_____ He’d travelled far away, he’d seen the world.

_____ I'd left my forest thicket,

_____ I'd met my friend, a cricket,

_____ We’d danced and just by five home I’d swirled.

_____ We hadn't lost an hour,

_____ We'd got inside the tower

I saw you in the valley, a spot against the green. _____

Bumblebee, humble bee, gentle and serene, _____

With the breeze up you flew, then you passed from view, _____

And searched in vain for you. _____

I lost you in the alley, yes, lost you in the alley _____

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Grammar

The past perfect continuous

I had been struggling for long before I saw you.
People were hungry because crops hadn’t been growing.
Why had the islanders been cutting down the trees?
Had they been living on the island for long?
We use the past perfect continuous for actions that happened repeatedly or
continuously before another action in the past.
They had been seeking a lift before a bus arrived.
In contrast, we use the past perfect for actions that happened before another
action in the past.
Before they arrived, forests had covered the island.

2 Complete the sentences with the past perfect continuous.

a. This is Easter Island. Some people left the island because their crops ..
.............................................. (not grow).

b. They ........................................... (sail) for two months when they
discovered a small island.

c. Before they reached the island,
they ..............................................
....... (eat) fish and coconuts for
weeks.

d. They ........................................
............................(live) on the
island for centuries, before the
Europeans arrived.

e. The sailors ............................................. (explore) the Pacific Ocean when
they discovered the island.

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3 Choose the correct alternatives.

a. We had prepared / had been preparing for our holiday for weeks
before we left.

b. We had booked / had been booking our trip on the internet two weeks
earlier.

c. When we arrived at the hotel, we had travelled / had been travelling
all day.

d. We hadn’t been / hadn’t been being there long when there was a bad
storm.

e. We got very wet because we hadn’t brought / hadn’t been bringing
any raincoats.

Conversation

4 Listen and practise.

Madan : I heard you missed the party at Jit’s
home, Suman.

Suman : Yes, it was terrible! If I’d looked
at my watch before, I’d have been
there.

Madan : What do you mean?
Suaman : Well, I left from home late and I ran.

If I hadn’t forgotten to fasten my
shoelace, my glasses wouldn’t have
broken.
Madan : Your glasses?
Suman : Yeah, they fell off and broke on the ground. So I had to go home
and get another pair. Then I decided to catch the bus but it was
late. If the bus had arrived on time, I wouldn’t have been late!
Madan : And if you hadn’t been late, you’d have met us at the party.
Suman : Surely I would have met you there.

Now sit in pair and hold similar conversations about an event that happened
to you.

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Reading

5 Read and learn.

The Three Wishes

Once upon a time, a woodcutter lived happily
with his wife in a pretty little log cabin in the
middle of a dense forest. Each morning he set
off merrily to work. When he came home in the
evening, a bowl of hot steaming soup or a plate
of savoury dinner was always waiting for him.

One day, however, he had an odd surprise.
He came upon a big fir tree with strange holes
on the trunk. It looked a bit different from the
other trees. Just as he was about to chop it
down, the alarmed face of an elf, a tiny creature, popped out of a hole.

“Hey, what’s all this banging?” asked the elf. “You’re not thinking of cutting
down this tree, are you? It’s my home. I live here!”

The woodcutter dropped his axe in astonishment.

“Well,” the elf exclaimed, “Lucky I was in or I would have found myself
homeless.”

Although he was surprised by the appearance of the elf, the woodcutter
quickly recovered. After all, the entire elf was quite tiny, while he himself
was a big, stocky fellow. He boldly replied, “I’ll cut down any tree I like!”

“All right! All right!” said the elf. “Let me put it this way: If you don’t cut
down this tree, I’ll grant you three wishes. How does that sound?”

The woodcutter scratched his head. “Three wishes, you say? Yes, okay.”

And he began to chop down another tree. As he worked and became full of
sweat the woodcutter kept thinking about the magic wishes. “I’ll see what
my wife thinks.”

The woodcutter went home and told her about the three wishes.

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The woodcutter’s wife said, “I wish I had a string of sausages to eat.”
Instantly she bit her tongue, but it was too late. Out of the air appeared the
sausages, while the woodcutter shouted with rage.

“Look at what you have! Sausages! What a stupid waste of a wish! You
foolish woman! I wish they would stick up your nose!”

Oh, no! No sooner said, than done.
The sausages went up dancing into
the woman’s nose making it hard
for her to breathe. This time, the
woodcutter’s wife flew into a rage.
“You idiot, what have you done?
Couldn’t you have wished for
something better than stuffing my
nose with the stupid sausages?”

As his wife complained and
blamed him, the poor man burst
out laughing. “If only you knew
how funny you look with those sausages in your nose!” Now that really
upset the woodcutter’s wife. She hadn’t thought of her looks. She tried to
tug away the sausages, but they would not budge. She pulled again and
again, but with no luck.

Feeling sorry for his wife and wondering how he could ever put up with
a woman with such an odd nose, the woodcutter said, “I’ll try.” Grasping
the string of sausages, he pulled with all his might. But he simply pulled
his wife over on top of him. The pair sat on the floor, gazing sadly at each
other. “What shall we do now?” they said, each speaking the same thought.

“There’s only one thing we can do,” said the woodcutter’s wife.

“Yes, I’m afraid so,” her husband said. Finally, he said, “I wish the sausages
would leave my wife’s nose.” And they did.

Instantly, the couple hugged each other tearfully, saying, “Maybe we’ll be
poor, but we’ll be happy again!”

And, so they were.

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Comprehension

6 Put the following in the correct order according to the
story.

a. The sausage hangs on the wife’s nose.

b. The woodcutter and his wife lived happily ever after.

c. A string of sausages appeared as soon as the woodcutter’s wife wished
for it.

d. An elf appeared when the woodcutter was about to cut a tree and said
he would grant him three wishes if he chose not to cut that particular
tree.

e. The sausage was being impossible to be taken out of the wife’s nose.

7 Answer the following questions.

a. Where did the elf appear from?

b. Why did he ask the woodcutter not to cut the tree?

c. How were the woodcutter’s wishes granted?

d. What did they learn from the experience?

e. How were the husband and wife behaving with each other while they
were talking about getting their wish fulfilled?

Vocabulary

8 Find the synonyms of the following words in the story
you have just read.

a. happily b. gaze
c. rich d. wonder
e. upset f. pulled

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Grammar

The third conditional

We use the third conditional to talk about imaginary situations that didn’t
happen in the past.
If they hadn’t been so foolish, they would not have been so poor.
When the if clause comes at the beginning of the sentence, we use a comma
to separate the main clause and the if clause
If they had thought carefully, they would have been rich.

Form:

If + past perfect + … + would / could / should have + past participle.

9 Complete the sentences with the third conditional.

a. If she had followed (follow) my advice, she would have arrived
earlier.

b. If I had checked the bill, I ......................... (see) the mistake.
c. If we ...................... (not meet) him in the street, we would have got lost.
d. If I had been an hour late, she ......................... (leave).
e. You would have got the job if you .................(not behave) so foolishly.
f. You would have passed the exam if you ......................... (work) hard.
g. If I had studied a little more seriously, I ......................... (come) first.

Speaking

10 Say two sentences about each of the situations below.
Use the third conditional in both sentences.

Pinky ate three bars of chocolate. She had a terrible stomachache. She
couldn’t go to the cinema with her friends.
If Pinky had not eaten three bars of chocolate, she wouldn’t have had a
terrible stomachache. If she had not got a stomachache, she would have
gone to the cinema with her friends.

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a. Kripa sat in the sun for a long time. She was red. She couldn’t study
well in the evening.

b. Sunita watched TV until late at night! She was late for the school bus.
She missed the school picnic.

c. Madan tried to lift a heavy suitcase. He hurt his back. He couldn’t play
table tennis.

d. Sheila was careless in her class. Therefore, she failed the exam. As she
failed, her mother became angry with her.

Pronunciation

Commonly mispronounced words (III)

11 Listen and practise. accessible by road and air
chaos on the roads
accessible blow the conch
chaos soil conservation
conch a bus depot
conservation exaggerate the facts
depot fatigue and stress
exaggerate a gigantic creature
fatigue a granite floor
gigantic a shameless hypocrite
granite a clever manoeuvre
hypocrite a marijuana addict
manoeuvre honour the martyrs
marijuana
martyr

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mirage a mirage in a desert

mythology Greek mythology

statistics vital statistics

taboo a taboo in some societies

tulip tulips and roses

veto the power of veto

violent a violent storm
violet red, blue and violet

Grammar

We use wish + past simple to talk about things that we would like to be
true.
I wish I had a pair of wings.

I wish I didn’t have to do homework every day.

We use wish + past perfect to say that you are sorry or sad about actions
that you did or happened to you.

I wish I had not eaten that chocolate.
She wishes she had not told the secret to her friend.

12 What do these people wish? Write sentences with I wish.

a. Pooja : I love music but I haven’t got a good voice.
.I...w..i..s.h...I..h..a..d...a...g..o..o..d...v..o.i.c..e.........................................................................
b. Sharada : It rains all the time in my town.
...............................................................................................................
c. Jeena : It’s my birthday but my best friend isn’t here.
...............................................................................................................

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d. Suvam : It’s so hot today. I didn’t carry my umbrella.
.......................................................................................................................
e. Vikram : I’m hungry but there is no food in the refrigerator.
.......................................................................................................................

13 People did something before. They regret now. Express
their regret using …wish.

Sharmila ate a plate of momo in a cheap restaurant. She is suffering from
stomachache.
She wishes she had not eaten the momo.
a. Bina wore a jacket in the morning but it is too hot now.
..................................................................................................................
b. Max’s best friend John went on a holiday. He misses him.
...................................................................................................................
c. Your parents bought a dress you don’t like.
....................................................................................................................
d. Sahara didn’t listen to her mother’s suggestions. She has broken her

leg now.
....................................................................................................................
e. You didn’t pay attention in the class and you failed the exam.
....................................................................................................................

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Listening

14 Listen and name the people in the photos.

15 Listen to the audio again. Are the following
statements true or false? Check.

a. Bhanubhakta is Dilip Rayamajhi’s first movie.

b. Dilip has the lead role in the movie.

c. Bhanubhakta was a poet.

d. His grandfather compelled him to write a book so that he could be
remembered.

e. Bhanubhakta taught a lesson to a ghasi, the grass collector.

f. Dilip could act well in the movie. Reading

16 Read and learn.

Catch me if you can

Frank Abagnale Tom Hanks Leonardo

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Have you watched a crime movie? If not, it’s time to watch the film Catch
me if you can. In this movie, a young man pretends to be a pilot, a lawyer
and a doctor. At the same time, he makes millions of dollars. It sounds
unbelievable, doesn’t it? But it isn’t just another crime fantasy. It tells the
true story of a remarkable man called Frank Abagnale.

Abagnale was just sixteen years old when his story started. He left home
as his parents got divorced. As he left home, he needed money, but he
didn’t have a job or any qualification. Abagnale was clever and was good at
acting. He was also tall and he had grey hair. He looked much older than he
actually was. So he changed the age on his driving licence. Then, he opened
a bank account with his false licence and stole a huge sum of money. Frank
Abagnale had become a con man. Do you know what a con man does? He
can make others believe in what he is not.

One of his famous crimes was pretending to be an airline pilot. How did
he do it? First, he phoned an airline. He said he was a pilot and they gave
him a new uniform. After that, he forged a pilot’s ID card and went to the
airline desk at the airport. He said he was flying on company business and
they gave him a free ticket! He did this all over the world. He also made false
cheques to pay for his travels. Abagnale travelled around the world for free!

Abagnale was caught five years after he started his crime, when he was just
twenty one years old, but his story continued. After five years in prison,
some American government officials visited him. They told him that they
had decided to release him early. They wanted him to help them catch other
con men. Abagnale agreed and still today he helps the government to fight
crime and catch criminals.

He paid back the money he had stolen. He also wrote a book about his
adventurous life. Millions of people bought the book and he earned a lot of
money. Now he lives the life of a respectable man.

The film Catch me if you can starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks
tells the amazing story of Abagnale’s life of crime and the officer who
caught him.

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Comprehension

17 Choose the correct answer.

a. Frank Abagnale is (an imaginary person / a character of a film / a
real person).

b. Abagnale looked (older than he really was / younger than he really
was / older than the picture on his driving licence).

c. People believed he was a pilot because (he knew everybody at the
airport / he had a pilot’s uniform and an ID card / he could fly
planes).

d. Abagnale left prison when (he escaped / he pretended to be a
government official / the government wanted his help).

e. After he left prison, Abagnale (again became a criminal / gave money
to the people he had cheated / became a film star).

18 Answer the questions.

a. Who are the main actors in the film Catch me if you can?
b. How did Frank Abagnale make people believe that he was a real pilot?
c. Why did the government release him from jail?
d. Do you think the government’s plan to release him from jail was

correct? Why or why not?

Grammar

Reported statements

Direct Tense change
Present simple
Indirect
Past simple

He said, “I want to be rich.” He said that he wanted to be rich.

Present continuous Past continuous

They said, “ We are reading now.” They said that they were reading
then.

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Present perfect Past perfect

He said, “I have finished my work.” He said that he had finished his
work.
Present perfect continuous

She said to me, “I have been Past perfect continuous
studying for three hours.” She told me that she had been
studying for three hours.

Past simple Past perfect

He said to his boss, “I finished the He told his boss that he had finished
work yesterday.” the work the day before.

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

Sita said, “ Rita was sleeping the Sita said that Rita had been sleeping
whole day yesterday.” the whole day the day before.

Will / can / may / must Would / could / might / had to

Hari said, “ I will bring my work Hari said that he would bring his
tomorrow.” work the next day.

There are cases when we don’t change the tense of the reported statements.

If the reporting verb is in present tense:
Bina says, “I am smart.”
Bina says that she is smart.

If the statement to be reported is general truth:
Out teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.”

Our teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.

Pronoun change

We change the first person pronoun according to the subject of the reporting
verb whereas we change the second person pronoun according to the object
of the reporting verb.
She said to me, “You must follow what I said.”
She told me that I had to follow what she had said.

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But

We don’t change the third person pronoun while reporting a sentence.

I said to you, “He is not ready for the job.”

I told you that he was not ready for the job.

Use of the reporting verb

If there is no object followed by say verb, then we keep the same reporting
verb. If there is an object followed by say verb, we change it to told.

It means said to changes to told but said remains the same.

Adverbial change

Direct Indirect
now then
yesterday the previous day
tomorrow the following day
here there
last day/month/ year the previous day/month/ year
today that day
ago before
this that
next the following

19 Change the following into indirect speech.

a. Basu said to me, “I don’t call anybody.”
b. Supriya says, “ I don’t know the answer.”
c. Avash said, “I can’t come tomorrow.”
d. Usha said to Bina , “Asha has sent a gift for you.”
e. Milan said to me , “You must come to my party.”
f. Hira said to Sabina, “We are going picnic next week.”
g. Sapana said , “I was sick yesterday.”

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Listening

20 Listen to the story and number the pictures in the
correct sequence.

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21 Now write the story in your own words. You may add
some more details of your own.

Speaking

You can take up a challenge. Here are some pictures and words. By using
these, you can create a story. Let’s see a sample first.

castle king and queen princess
guitar sweeper and broom parrot

Once upon a time there was a king and a queen. They lived in a lovely golden
castle and had a beautiful daughter. But the princess was very unhappy.
She never laughed or smiled. “We will give money to the person who can
make the princess happy,” said the King and the Queen. A musician came
and played the violin, a fairy came and spelled a magic but she didn’t laugh.
A joker came and said a joke. She didn’t laugh either.

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One day, a young cleaner came to work at the Queen’s castle. He had
brought a beautiful little parrot. The parrot liked to play. The princess saw
the parrot and started to smile and then she laughed. The queen heard
her daughter laughing and saw the parrot. The Queen gave money to the
parrot. The parrot gave money to the cleaner. Then the cleaner left the
palace. But the parrot lived in the palace. The cleaner visits the palace on
the New Year’s Day every year.

22 Sit in groups of about three. Write seven to eight words
on a sheet of paper as in the example above. Exchange
the words with another group. Then, take five minutes to
make a story with the given words. After that, share your
story in the class. Remember you can add new ideas but
you can’t miss the given words.

Writing

23 Look at the set of the pictures below. Then, compose a
readable story as the pictures tell you.

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24 Write a readable story with the help of the outlines given
below.

A king unhappy—his people lazy—wants to teach lesson—puts
a boulder in the middle of the road—businessmen pass and go
round it—an officer driving his car passes and goes around—a
soldier comes cycling, does the same—all curse the stone and
blame the government—the king comes with some soldiers—
orders to remove it—people come to see it—under it is an iron
box, marked “For the person who removes the stone.” —inside—a
purse full of gold—people ashamed—lesson

Reporting questions Grammar

25 Match the direct questions with the reported questions.

a. “Do you want me to clean your shoes?” ___ He asked him what
b. “How old are you?” his name was.

c. “Have you got any money, please?” ___ He asked him if he
d. “Where do you live?” wanted him to clean
e. “What is your name?” his shoes.

___ He asked him how
old he was.

___ He asked him if he
had any money.

___ He asked him where
he lived.

Look at questions in the above exercise. Which questions are yes/no questions
and which of them are wh-questions?

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26 Look at the sentences you have just formed and the
sentences in the table below . Then, complete the rules.

He asked him he had any money.

The teacher asked us we could solve the problem.
We asked them if

they lived near us.

She asked me I knew her father.
We asked them where they lived.

Jeevan asked Karan what she was doing.

They asked us when we were going to the party.

He asked how my brother was.

The word order in the reported questions is similar to that of statements.

We use _______ to join the reporting verb and the reported questions, in
case of yes/no questions. While in wh-questions, we use _______ to join the
reporting verb and the reported questions.

The tense, pronoun and adverbs are changed in the same way as in the
statements.

27 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences.

Ravi returned home late last night. His parents asked him a lot of questions
when he got home. He shared it with his best friend Bimal at school.

if / asked / was / OK / they / me / I
They asked me if I was OK.

asked / were / I / they / angry / them.
I asked them if they were angry.

a. they / why / late / I / was / asked / me.
b. they / me / where / I’d been / asked.
c. asked / could / I / them / if / I / go out again / on Saturday.
d. wanted / where / asked / I / they / me / to go.
e. they / wanted / why / I / asked / to go / there.

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28 There was a robbery at a shop. A police officer came to
investigate the case. He asked some questions. Report
his questions.

29 a. What is your name?
b. Did you see the robbers?
c. What were they wearing?
d. How do you think they got in?
e. What did they take?
f. Has this ever happened before?
The police officer asked him what his name was.

Report the tourists’ questions to the guide.

Where is the main What are we going
tourist office? to do today?

Did you find my How long have What time do we
suitcase? you worked here? leave tomorrow?

Who made the sculpture When is breakfast What time do the
in the square? served in the hotel? shops open?

Do you know where the
nearest bank is?

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a. The boy with a cap asked where the main tourist office was.
b. The old man ..........................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
c. The woman with a hat ..........................................................................
.................................................................................................................
d. The bald man ........................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
e. The young lady with sunglasses .........................................................
.................................................................................................................
f. The tall man ...........................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
g. The African boy .....................................................................................
.................................................................................................................
h. The boy with a camera .........................................................................
.................................................................................................................
i. The man with a moustache ..................................................................
.................................................................................................................

Reporting requests, commands and suggestions

He said to me, “Keep it with you.”
He told me to keep it with me.
He said to me, “Don’t lie to me.”
He told me not to lie to him.
The boss said to the boy, “Bring me a glass of water.”
The boss ordered the boy to bring him a glass of water.

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When we change the requests, commands and suggestions into reported
speech, we use to + base form of the verb to link the reporting verb and the
reported speech. For negative sentences, we use not to + base form of the verb.

30 Report what Mrs Thapa told her helper to do.

Phone me if there’s an Don’t answer the
emergency! door to anyone!

Don’t let the children Send the children
eat any sweets! to bed at 9 o’clock!

Give the children a Don’t take the dog into
bath before they go to the children’s bedroom!

bed!
Close all the windows!

Put the toys away
in the cupboard!

Mrs Thapa told her baby-sitter not to answer the door to anyone.

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Speaking

31 Sit in pairs and ask five yes/no questions and three
wh-questions to your partner. Your partner will report
the questions to your teacher.

You can ask similar questions:
How are you?
Where are you from?
Can you sing a song?

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