Oasis Applied Grammar 9

Author Narayan Karki Editor Sedunath Dhakal Tel : +977-1-4313205 9 Book

9 Book Publisher: Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. Anamnagar, Kathmandu Writier : Narayan Karki Editor : Sedunath Dhakal Copyright : Publisher Edition: First : 2079 B.S. Second : 2081 B.S. Layout: Oasis Desktop Group (Ramesh Bhattarai) Printed in Nepal

Foreword Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition is a series of Graded English Grammar Books (I-X) for school students. Although some people think that grammar teaching and learning is rigid as well as tasteless, I hope this newly written grammar series will really quench the deep thirst of learners. During the course of 20 years of my experience in the field of English language teaching, I have faced practical and actual difficulties because of the lack of availability of proper teaching learning materials for school children. This updated series has been designed to inculcate the real and practicable skills for the young users of English. ‘Learning by doing’ is very effective to get the knowledge and skill in English. All lessons included in each book of the series have varieties of interesting, enjoyable, stimulating and useful illustrations. Selected and situational pictures have been included for balancing conceptual base. This series is useful to both students as well as teachers. Inductive method is applied to prepare each unit which makes the learning easier for not only the fast tyros but also for slow learners. I thank Mrs. Laxmi Karki who encouraged me to address the real demand of the students throughout Nepal. I would like to thank Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. for publishing this series. I cannot stay without thanking Oasis Desktop Group and Mr. Ramesh Bhattrai for the computer typing and setting. Finally, I am grateful to all the personalities who helped to prepare and publish this new series. Constructive comments, suggestions and feedback are always welcome for further development of the series in its upcoming edition. Author

TEST SPECIFICATION CHART – 2080 Compulsory English – 9 External Assessment (Written Examination) Reading and writing skills will be assessed through a written test. Grammar is included in the writing section. The test will be based on the specification chart given below: Reading (40 marks) Writing (35 marks) The assessment of reading skill follows the following structure: 1. Reading 1: One short reading text from the textbook with one type of comprehension question. (5 marks) Text length: about 100 words 2. Reading 2: One short reading text from the textbook with two types of comprehension questions. (10 marks) Text length: about 200 words 3. Reading 3: One short reading text not given in the textbook with two types of comprehension questions. (10 marks) Text Length: about 200 words 4. Reading 4: One short reading text not given in the textbook with three types of comprehension questions. (15 marks) Text length: about 300 words Note: » Text type for reading 3: story, notice, advertisement, product guide, letters, news story, brochure, instruction/manual, diary entry, interview, letter, recipe » Text types for Reading 4 : biography, autobiography, essay, newspaper/magazine article, science article, book/film review, travelogue, editorial, report, Blog Spot » Total number of test items = 40 » Question types: True/False, Fill in the Gaps, Multiple Choice, Matching, Ordering and Short Answer Questions » Except for short answer questions, the same types of questions should not be repeated in the two seen passages. This applies to the two unseen passages as well. » Only Reading 4 should contain a test type for testing vocabulary. » The comprehension questions (except questions for vocabulary) should cover Literal Comprehension (LC), Reorganization (R), Inference (I) and Evaluation (E). The assessment of writing skill follows the following structure: 1. Guided writing I: paragraph, description of tables/charts/diagrams, a set of instructions, recipe, advertisement, notice and a set of rules and regulations. (5 marks) Number of words: about 100 words 2. Guided writing II: news story, skeleton story, message of condolence, message of congratulations, invitation letter, thank you letter, biography. (5 marks) Number of words: about 100 words 3. Free writing I: paragraph (presenting views, opinion, experience, feeling), leave application, job application, dialogue. (6 marks) Number of words: about 150 words 4. Free writing II: Personal/official letter, letter to the editor, email, short essay (narrative, argumentative, descriptive), diary, newspaper article, book review/film review (8 marks) Number of words: about 200 words Notes: » Organization, coherence and cohesion, subject matter, appropriateness and correctness of language, range of vocabulary and layout will be assessed in the writing section. » The type of writing task should not be similar to any of the reading text given in the test paper. 5. Grammar (11 marks) The grammar section should contain the following areas: 1. Articles 2. Prepositions 3. Tense 4. Connectives 5. Question tags 6. Reported speech 7. Voice 8. Conditional sentences

» The distribution of comprehension questions should be based on the following table: Type of comprehension Number of questions Literal comprehension 16 Reorganization 8 Inference 8 Evaluation and reflection 3 9. Subject-verb agreement 10. Interrogation and negation 11. Causatives 12. Modals 13. Relative pronouns 14. Adjectives and adverbs Types of questions: 1. Reproduction/Transformation: This should cover tense, question tag, reported speech, voice, and interrogation ('wh' question) and negation (6 × 1 = 6 marks) 2. Multiple choice (in a contextual passage): This can contain the following areas of grammar: Articles, prepositions, tense, question tag, voice, reported speech, connectives, conditional sentence, subject verb agreement, causative verbs, modals, adjectives and adverbs, and relative pronouns. (10 × 0.5 = 5) Note: Multiple choice items should contain four alternative choices.

Part-I Grammar Section 1. Articles............................................................................................... 1 2. Prepositions...................................................................................... 10 3. Tense.................................................................................................. 23 4. Connectives....................................................................................... 30 5. Question Tag..................................................................................... 33 6. Reported Speech............................................................................... 42 7. Voice................................................................................................... 51 8. Conditional Sentences..................................................................... 64 9. Subject Verb Agreement.................................................................. 71 10. Interrogation and Negation............................................................ 82 11. Causatives......................................................................................... 91 12. Modals............................................................................................... 95 13. Relative Pronouns........................................................................... 99 14. Adjectives and Adverbs.................................................................. 103 Grammar Practice in CDC Format 1. Grammar Type-1 (Reproduction).................................................. 115 2. Grammar Type-2 (Contextual Passage)........................................ 124 Part-II Writing Skill Guided Writing-I 1. Paragraph......................................................................................... 128 2. Description of Tables/Charts/Diagrams....................................... 130 3. A Set of Instructions......................................................................... 133 4. Recipe................................................................................................ 134 5. Advertisement................................................................................. 136 6. Notice................................................................................................ 137 7. A Set of Rules and Regulations...................................................... 141 Table of Contents

Guided Writing-II 1. News Story........................................................................................ 143 2. Skeleton Story .................................................................................. 144 3. Message of Condolence................................................................... 150 4. Message of Congratulations........................................................... 153 5. Invitation Letter................................................................................ 154 6. Thank You Letter.............................................................................. 157 7. Biography.......................................................................................... 159 Free Writing-I 1. Paragraph (Presenting views, opinion, experience, feeling)..... 161 2. Leave Applications........................................................................... 169 3. Job Application................................................................................. 172 4. Dialogue ........................................................................................... 175 Free Writing-II 1. Letter (Personal/Official Letter/Letter to the Editor)................... 180 2. Email.................................................................................................. 201 3. Short Essay (Narrative, argumentative, descriptive)................. 204 4. Diary................................................................................................... 277 5. News Paper Article.......................................................................... 229 6. Book Review/Film Review.............................................................. 231 Part-III Reading Comprehension Unseen Passage Reading.......................................................................... 234 Part-IV Model Test Paper....................................................................................... 293 Part-V Word Formation ........................................................................................ 298

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 1 There are two kinds of articles: indefinite and definite. 'A' and 'An' are indefinite articles because they do not refer to a particular person, place or thing. 'The' is a definite article because it refers to a particular person, place or thing. We use articles as follows: A. Use of Indefinite Article (A and An) Use of A : • 'A' is used before a singular countable noun that begins with a consonant sound (p, b, t, d, k, g etc.) a bag a cat a man a yak • 'An' is used before a singular countable noun that starts with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u) an umbrella an orange an eggplant an ant • Some words have less clear initial sounds. They begin with vowel letters (a, e, i, o, u), but are pronounced with consonant sounds. 'A' is used before such nouns. Example: vowel sounds vowel letters with consonant sounds an umbrella a university student an orange an elephant a ewe a unicorn, a useful man, a union leader an oak tree a one-way traffic, a one-eyed man an eggplant a European tourist, a eulogy Use of An : • 'An' is used before a singular noun with a silent 'h' in the beginning. an heir an hour an honest man • 'An' is used before abbreviations that contain consonant letters initially, but have vowel sounds. Example: • He is an MA student. • She is an LLB student. • We use 'a' or 'an' with expressions that denote price, rate and frequency in a given unit. 1 Unit Articles

2 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 fifty rupees a kilo twenty kilometres an hour once a week eighty rupees a litre • We use 'a' or 'an' with certain phrases. have a talk/a walk/a rest; have a bath/a drink; have a pain/ a cold/a headache/ a cough; have a pity; make a noise; pay a visit; take an interest, etc. • Don't use 'a' or 'an' before plural/uncountable/mass/abstract/proper nouns. singular plural uncountable abstract proper a girl --X- girls --X- water --X- ambition --X- Rita a book --X- books --X- bread --X-kindness --X- Morang • We use 'a' and 'an' with nouns and noun phrases only. Don't use them with other words that are not followed by nouns. Example: He is ......X..... short. (but, a short boy) She is ......X..... beautiful. (but, a beautiful girl) He reads ......X..... well. B. Use of Definite Article (The) 1. 'The' is used before the names of some planets or heavenly bodies or before the object or a group of objects when that is unique or is only one of its kind. 2. 'The' is used before a noun mentioned for the second time, with a definite reference. Example: I saw a girl in the park. The girl was really beautiful. He bought a car. The car is so luxurious. 3. 'The' is used before the name of musical instruments (only for the primary purpose) Example: the harmonium, the piano, the flute, the madal, the guitar, the violin 4. 'The' is used before the names of rivers, seas, groups of islands, chains/ranges of mountains, descriptive and plural names of countries, deserts Example: the Ganges, the Indus, the Bagmati, the Volga, the Thames, the Nile, the Koshi, the Alps, the Himalayas, the Rockies, the Indian Ocean, the Sahara, the Gobi, the USA, the UAE, the Netherlands, the Philippines, the West Indies 5. 'The' is used before the names of newspapers and sacred books. Example:

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 3 Newspapers: The Kathmandu Post, The Times of India, The Searchlight, The Leader Sacred books: the Ramayan, the Mahabharat, the Geeta, the Bible, the Koran, the Vedas, the Tripitak, the Aliad 6. 'The' is used before the names of races and nations. Example: the Hindus, the Muslims, the French 7. 'The' is used before the names of historical places and famous buildings. Example: the Taj Mahal, the Red Fort, the Golghar, the White House, the Westminster Abbey 8. 'The' is used before a singular noun to stand for (represent) the whole class. Example: The lion is the king of animals. The rose is the queen of flowers. The cow gives us milk. The elephant is a big animal. 9. 'The' is used before adjectives and participles as plural nouns. Example: The rich should help the poor (rich people in general). The unemployed are increasing day by day. (unemployed people in general) The cries of the dying could be heard. (Dying people in general) The beautiful are dear to eyes. (Beautiful objects/things/persons in general). 10. 'The' is used before a noun when the addition of a preposition, phrase or clause makes a definite reference to it. Example: The girl in red skirt is my classmate. The flower you gave me is still fresh. The dogs of this place bark a lot. The man with the banner is a union leader. The cows of Paul gave plenty of milk. 11. 'The' is used before the names of periods of history. Example: the Stone Age, the Renaissance, the Medieval Age, the Modern Age 12. 'The' is used before the names of choirs, orchestra, pop groups, dance, etc. Example: the Bach Choir, the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Beatles, the Disco, the Waltz

4 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 13. 'The' is used before the names of political parties. Example: the Nepali Congress, the CPN(UML), the UCPN(Maoist), the BJP, the Labour Party 14. 'The' is used as an adverb with comparatives for parallel increase or decrease. Example: The more we get, the more we want. The sooner, the better. The harder you work, the more you succeed. 15. 'The' is used before the superlative degree. Example: He is the most intelligent boy in the class. Mt. Everest is the highest peak in the world. This is the best book of English Grammar for Grade IX. 16. 'The' is used before a noun which is understood by the context or which is obvious for both speakers and listeners. Example: Go to the office and bring the English dictionary. (The office in this building) Can you switch off the fan, please? (The fan in this room) Please go to the kitchen and bring some salt. (The kitchen over there) 17. 'The' is used before the word 'same' meaning exactly like the one or ones mentioned. Example: I bought the same car as yours. They both said much the same thing. She is still the same fun-loving person that I knew at college. 18. 'The' is used before ordinal numbers. Example: the first, the second, the ninth 19. 'The' is used before common nouns to give the meaning of abstract nouns. Example: The mother in her is dead. (The quality of mother) The student in me is still alive. (The characteristic of a student) At last, the warrior (the martial) spirit in him was thoroughly aroused. 20. 'The' is used with a unit of measurement in the meaning of 'every'. Example:

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 5 My bike runs 60 km to the litre. You get paid by the hour. C. Omission of Articles 1. No article is used before a common noun used in a general sense. Example: Man is mortal. What kind of fruit is it? Man, bird or animal, all must die. 2. No article is used before the name of game. Example: He plays golf and tennis. Sachin Tendulkar loves playing cricket. Ronaldiniho is very good at football. 3. No article is used before the names of meals in a general sense. Example: We have porridge for breakfast. Christina has prepared lunch. What have you had for breakfast? But, when it is a special meal for a special purpose on a special occasion, an article is used. Example: She gave me a dinner at her birthday. He gave us a good breakfast. 4. No article is used before material nouns and abstract nouns. Example: Iron is a useful metal. Virtue has its own reward. Beauty is only skin deep. Gold is a precious metal. 5. No article is used before the name of arts, languages etc. Example: He knows Chinese. She is very good in painting. 6. No article is used before the noun following 'kind of' or sort of' Example: What kind of man is he?

6 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 I don't like this sort of man. What kind of dress do you like? 7. No article is used before uncountable nouns and plural nouns until they are used in a specific sense. Example: Young people dance a lot. Dogs bark a lot. All appreciate beauty. Water is essential for life. But, The young people of my neighbourhood never dance. The dogs of Kalanki bark a lot. The beauty of Daman is alluring. Exercise 1. Choose the correct article to fill in the blanks. 1. We had dinner in.............very nice restaurant. (a, an, the) 2. Sonam is.............nurse. (a, an, the) 3. Mr. Karl Louis is.............Christian. (a, an, the) 4. Akriti plays.............flute well. (a, an, the) 5. The minister welcomed.............king. (a, an, the) 6. .............gatekeeper is very well behaved. (a, an, the) 7. Don't laugh at.............poor. (a, an, the) 8. It is.............one-rupee note. (a, an, the) 9. Rijan is.............M.A. student. (a, an, the) 10. Nitu is.............first girl of our class. (a, an, the) 11. Hari is.............university student. (a, an, the) 12. Let's sit in.............garden. (a, an, the) 13. What is Jenish like? He is.............honest man. (a, an, the) 14. Arjun asked his doctor when he would go to .............hospital. (a, an, the, nothing) 15. Rice is sold for Rs. 70.............kilo. (a, an, the) 16. Carl is from.............UK. (a, an, the) 17. I hate.............telephone. (a, an, the)

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 7 18. Indira is.............honourable teacher. (a, an, the) 19. Who is.............best student of your class? (a, an, the) 2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct article from the brackets: 1. .............European visited our school yesterday. (A, An, The, Nothing) 2. Mr. Thapa is.............honest man. (a, an, the, nothing) 3. He plays.............guitar well. (a, an, the, nothing) 4. I felt pity for.............one-eyed man. (a, an, the, nothing) 5. Gita went to.............hospital to meet her friend. (a, an, the) 6. On his way to school he found............. (a, an, the) one-rupee note. 7. I have left.............one-rupee note in the room. (a, an, the, nothing) 8. Mount Everest is.............highest peak in the world. (a, an, the, nothing) 9. ............. water in the glass is dirty. (A, An, The) 10. Petrol is sold by.............litre. (a, an, the) 11. Your brother is.............honest man. (a, an, the) 12. Which is.............longest river in Nepal? (a, an, the) 13. We have formed.............union in our locality. (a, an, the, nothing) 14. I go to school by.............bus. (a, an, the, nothing) 15. She is my.............best friend. (a, an, the, nothing) 16. .............iron is a metal. (A, An, The, Nothing) 3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct article from the brackets: 1. He bought.............x-ray plant. (a, an, the, nothing) 2. .............'L' is missing from the word 'allowed' (A, An, The, Nothing) 3. He is.............U.S. ambassador. (a, an, the) 4. .............education of children should be given priority. (A, An, The, Nothing) 5. Have you eaten.............enough? (a, an, the, nothing) 6. My sister is.............L.L.B. student. (a, an, the, nothing) 7. I do not like.............sugar in my tea. (a, an, the, nothing) 8. Mr. John works in.............UNO office. (a, an, the, nothing) 9. Where is.............book I left with you? (a, an, the, nothing) 10. The rich are dominating.............poor. (a, an, the, nothing)

8 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 11. Mr. Subedi is.............university graduate. (a, an, the) 12. Which is.............longest bridge in the world? (a, an, the) 13. Students go to.............school everyday. (a, an, the, nothing) 14. Oil is sold by.............litre. (a, an, the) 15. Mr. Shrestha is.............honourable member of our institution. (a, an, the) 16. Have you seen.............Bagmati river during the rainy season? (a, an, the, nothing) 4. Rewrite the following sentences by choosing the correct article from the brackets: 1. Do you know ….. answer to question no. 5 (a/ an/ the) 2. Mohan heard …..... teacher shouting . (a/ an/ the) 3. Yamraj questioned a man, "Did you love….... women ? (a/ an/ the) 4. "No," …...… man replied, " I have never loved one." (a/ an/ the) 5. I have given him half ….... hour to finish it . (a/ an/ the) 6. He wanted …...... book which you are reading. (a/ an/ the) 7. Raju is playing ..….. football in his room. (a/ an/ the) 8. She is …..… teacher who teaches us English. (a/ an/ the) 9. Mr. Buddha was…..... unwanted fellow in our locality. (a/ an/ the) 10. …...... injured passengers of this bus were rushed to hospital. (a/ an/ the) 11. I hate ...…. telephone. (a/ an/ the) 12. He earns Rs. 30,000 …...... month. (a/ an/ the) 13. Who invented …...... radio ? (a/ an/ the) 14. Rice sells for Rs. 70 …...... kilo. (a/ an/ the) 15. He is …...... M.P (a/ an/ the) 16. That could be…..…useful information. (a/ an/ the) 17. He is not …...… honourable man. (a/ an/ the) 18. …… blind are unfortunate that they don't see. (a/ an/ the) 19. I went to ……. church to observe its architecture. (a/ an/ the) 20. He is ……. European . (a/ an/ the) 5. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct article from the brackets: 1. .............university student need not wear uniform. (a, an, the, nothing) 2. .............'s' is missing from the word 'crossed'. (a, an, the, nothing)

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 9 3. He is.............M.A. student. (a, an, the) 4. She works in .............UNO office. (a, an, the) 5. Today I met.............one-eyed man on the road. (a, an, the) 6. He is............. (a, an, the) US citizen. 7. ............. (A, An, The, Nothing) water has no colour, but ..............(a, an, the, nothing) water of the tank is red. 8. Mr. Shrestha is............. (a, an, the, nothing) university professor. 9. People recite.............Geeta (a, an, the, nothing) every morning. 10. Who is Mr. Joshi? He is ............. (a, an, the, nothing) university professor. 11. Which is............. (a, an, the, nothing) best book in English literature? 12. Would you like to drink.............cup of coffee? (a, an, the) 13. What is.............capital of England? (a, an, the) 14. He has kept............. (a, an, the) ewe. 15. She is............. (a, an, the) L.L.M. 16. He is............. (a, an, the) Eurasian. 6. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct article from the brackets: 1. She has written............. (a, an, the) unique article in The Kathmandu Post. 2. He is............. (a, an, the) heir to the palace. 3. I have heard a lot about............. (a, an, the, nothing) Netherlands. 4. Iron is............. (a, an, the) useful metal. 5. ............. (A, An, The) dog is an honest servant of man. 6. Raju is playing ............. (a, an, the, nothing) football in his room. 7. She is............. (a, an, the) teacher who teaches us English. 8. Mr. Buddhoo was............. (a, an, the) unwanted fellow in our locality. 9. ............. (A, An, The) injured passenger of this bus was rushed to hospital. 10. I hate............. (a, an, the) telephone. 11. Who invented............. (a, an, the) radio? 12. She earns Rs.40,000............. (a, an, the) month. 13. Rice sells for Rs. 60............. (a, an, the) kilo. 14. That could be............. (a, an, the) useful piece of information. 15. He is not............. (a, an, the) honourable man. 16. ............. (A, An, The) blind are unfortunate.

10 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 The word usually placed before a noun or pronoun to show place, time, cause, purpose or means is called a preposition. It governs the relationship of noun or pronoun with other words. Like an ornament of language, it beautifies a sentence. Kinds of Prepositions There are two kinds of prepositions. 1. Simple prepositions (single word prepositions) Simple prepositions consist of only one word, such as: in, at, on, for, by, of, from, to, up, down. 2. Compound or complex prepositions (more than one word prepositions) Compound or complex prepositions consist of more than one word, such as: in front of, due to, owing to, out of, up to, in spite of, into. List of prepositions 1. in 2. on 3. from 4. at 5. by 6. for 7. over 8. up 9. under 10. since 11. past 12. to 13. among 14. amongst 15. into 16. onto 17. up 18. upto 19. within 20. beside 21. besides 22. amid 23. amidst 24. underneath 25. beneath 26. behind 27. except 28. below 29. toward 30. towards 31. against 32. along 33. across 34. through 35. beyond 36. inside 37. outside 38. till 39. until 40. of 41. off 42. with 43. out 44. despite 45. opposite 46. without 47. atop 48. away 49. together 50. forward 51. backward 52. apart 53. ahead 54. aside 55. round 56. down 57. near 58. above 59. about 60. around 61. after 62. before 63. between 64. during 65. throughout 2 Unit Prepositions

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 11 1. Use of 'on' on Sunday on Christmas day on 14th May on 1st January 2017 To denote position (attached to sth/sb): on the wall on a map on the ceiling on the table on the ground on the floor on the right/left With means of transportation: on foot on a bicycle on a bus on a ship but in a car in a taxi 2. Use of 'in' a. Before month, season, year, century and period of history(bigger than day): in April in June in summer in spring in winter in autumn in 2020 in 2016 in the 19th century in the twenty first century in the Rana regime in the Renaissance b. Before parts of the day: in the morning in the afternoon in the evening But, at noon at night at midnight at dawn at dusk c. To denote place bigger than district: in Gorkha in Bagmati Province in Nepal in India in Asia in the world in Nepal d. Before period of time: in five hours in a fortnight in a week in ten years in minutes e. Before dress: in a sari in a red necklace in a black coat f. Position of sth/sb inside an area in a room in a box in a pocket

12 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 g. Some phrases: in brief in addition in danger in power in general in spite of in a hurry in search of in front in vain in no time in fashion in advance hand in hand 3. Use of 'of' a. Possession: a cousin of mine an acquaintance of my wife the lid of the jar the handle of the umbrella the role of the teacher b. Indicating unit of measurement or value a kilo of rice a metre of rope a cup of tea a sheet of paper c. Indicating age: a man of 40 a boy of 12 d. Something made from: a shirt of cotton a sari of silk a house made of bricks e. Containing: a bag of potatoes a bundle of sticks a box of chocolates f. Location: east of here the middle of the road g. Verbs + of: die of deprive of accused of afraid of fond of tired of short of lack of get rid of take care of dream of consist of 4. Use of 'off" a. Down or away from: She fell off a horse. kept off the grass The pen rolled off the table. The cat jumped off the roof. b. Special uses with many verbs like: doze off put off fall off switch off get off take off turn off finish off

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 13 5. Use of 'at' a. Before parts of day at noon, at night, at dawn, at midnight, at dusk, at sunrise, at sunset But, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening b. Before time at eight, at five o'clock, at quarter past three c. Before name of festival at Dashain, at Tihar, at Fagu, at Eid, at Easter d. Before age at twenty, at the age of sixty e. Before point at the bus stop, at the airport, at the platform, at the traffic light, at the top, at the bottom of the page, at the end of the party f. Small areas at Lagankhel, at Bagbazaar, at Pulchowk g. Other place at the door, at the end, at the corner of the street, at reception, at home, at campus, at the party, at the meeting, at a concert h. To make time adverbials at present, at the moment, at the same time i. With phrase look at, laugh at, point at, stick at, good at, smile at 6. Use of 'by' a. By + point of time by the 28th of March, by tomorrow I will have finished writing by 3 o'clock. b. To show a way of doing something He sent a letter by post. c. In passive voice before an agent Ramayan was written by Balmiki. d. To show nearness He came and sat by me. e. In respect of He is a Chhetri by caste.

14 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 f. According to What is the time by your watch? g. With the means of doing something through May I pay by cheque? h. With means of transportation or a route taken He went to Biratnagar by bus. Some expressions by mistake, by chance, by all means, by the way 7. Use of 'between' a. To show an intermediate point in relation: He is standing between the house and the street. b. With time: Between 1 and 2 o'clock c. To show the position with two bodies or things: He is sitting between two boys. The table is between two chairs. d. To show reciprocal action or relation: There is a treaty between six countries. 8. Use of 'Among' To show a person or thing to more than two persons or things. He is sitting among friends. 9. Use of 'to' a. To show the movement of direction: the way to cinema hall, go to the bazaar b. With time: work from 9 to 5 c. With following words: listen to, equal to, senior to, junior to, injurious to 10. Use of 'up' To show movement from lower to higher: get up, stand up 11. Use of 'down' To show movement from higher to lower: He went down the building.

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 15 12. Use of 'over' To show position that is vertically above, without touching. The plane flew over the hills. To show something covered fully or partly. He spilt ink over the shirt. 13. Use of 'above' To show higher position. (horizontally higher) The whiteboard is above the desk. 14. Use of 'Under' Vertically lower without touching The boy is under the tree. 15. Use of 'below' Lower without constant Below level / below poverty 16. Use of 'across' From one to another go across the river He ran across the bridge. 17. Use of 'along' From one end to the other end of something He walked along the street. 18. Use of 'beside/besides' beside (near) He came and sat beside me. besides (as well as) I have two other books besides this. 19. Use of 'since' a. From past till now: since last week b. Since + point of time: since Monday, since 2 o'clock, since yesterday 20. Use of 'from' a. To show starting point or place of origin: He is from India. Complete exercises from page 10 to 25.

16 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 I am from Morang. b. To show cause: I am suffering from diarrhoea. c. To tell time at which something starts: You should come to school from Monday. She was blind from birth. d. To show source: Paper is made from wood. e. To show protection or prevention: Protect them from violence. Stop them from going to disco. f. To show a distinction between two people, places or things: Is Japan different from Korea? 21. Use of 'Through' a. To show movement from one side to the other He went to college through the forest. b. To show duration: She helped me through the year. c. Penetrate (to show away into or through something) through the window, through the forest d. To indicate the agent or means. I got this information through a newspaper advertisement. e. To tell about a surface or screen. I could see through the glass. 22. Use of 'with' a. To show something which is carried a lady with a white dog, boy with an umbrella b. To indicate the tool Write a letter with a pen. c. To show company Ram goes to campus with Sita.

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 17 d. To show physical features a man with a long nose e. To show the tool or instrument used He wrote a letter with a pen. She fed the baby with a spoon. f. To show the manner, condition in which something is done I will do it with pleasure. g. To show support I am with you. h. To show contents a glass with water. i. To show cause He is trembling with anger. 23. Use of 'about' a. To suggest the subject of a conversation They were talking about the film. b. To suggest nearness of something Our course is about English grammar. c. On the subject of something This book is about to finish. d. At a time near to; approximately She arrives at about 10 o'clock. 24. Use of 'of' a. To talk about the names of geographical location or institution the state of Texas the University of California b. To show fraction, portion one of the boys c. To show the possession or belongings a friend of mine rights of women the owner of the house d. To show measurement a metre of cloth e. To show quantity a glass of water f. To show cause He died of hunger.

18 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 g. To show age I am a man of forty. h. To talk about material It is made of gold. i, With verbs like: afraid of, die of, beware of, demand of, access of 25. Use of 'off' a. To show separation; as, He fell off bicycle. b. With some verbs like; as, put off, fall off, switch off, turn off 26. Use of 'for' For + period of time for ten years, for two weeks for three months a. To show purpose; as, He goes to school for studies. b. To show price, reward or penalty of something; as, I bought a cricket ball for 200 rupees. (price) He got a prize for discipline. (reward) He had to pay 100 rupees for wrong parking. (penalty) c. To show reason; as, California is famous for its wines. d. With some verbs like; apply for, look for, search for, care for 27. Use of 'after / behind' after (refers to time) He came after 9 o'clock. behind (refers to place) He was standing behind the house. before (earlier than) He came before a week. after (later than) He came after a week.

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 19 Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct preposition from the brackets. 1. Kavi was accused …. theft. (for/ in/ of ) 2. Shanta met him …. the way to work. (in /on/ at) 3. Shrihana is fond … watching TV. (up /of /off) 4. She spread the cloth …. the table and offered tea. ( on/ at/ over ) 5. She is good …. Mathematics. (in /at/ on) 6. She always quarrels … her husband. ( with/ over/ between) 7. She fell …. the ladder. (from/ off /of down) 8. Raman is accused …. being a thief . (at/ in/ of ) 9. Pramila is … the door now. ( at /in/ by) 10. She is … the sari today. ( at /in/ by) 11. Pukar will have finished it…… tomorrow. (for /from /by) 12. My school starts …. 10.00 in the morning (in/ at /on) 13. My teacher always goes to school …bus. ( in/ by /on) 14. My father always goes to university…. car. ( by/ in /on) 15. My father lives in Pokhara ….. my mother. ( to /by /with) 16. Mr. Gurung is suffering …. nasty cold. (from /by/ with) 17. Mandira met him ….. the way to work. ( in/ on/ at) 18. Mohan is married ….. an American lady. ( to/ with /for) 19. Laura got tired …. walking. (by/ of /up) 20. I'll try to keep in touch…..him. ( to/ with /up) 21. I was born … Bhadra 19, 2062. ( in /on /by) 22. I sat in an armchair and dozed… (of/ off /up) 23. I read the story only… pleasure. ( for/ with/ to ) 24. I prevented him… speaking. (for /to /from) 25. I prefer milk … coffee. (from /with/ to ) 2. Fill in the blanks with correct choice from the bracket. 1. Ram is accused ............ theft. (at, in, of) 2. My teacher always goes to school ............ bus. (in, by, on) 3. Don't laugh ............ the poor. (of, at, in) 4. Meera met him ............ the way to work. (in, to, on) 5. "What's ............ you?" she asked me. (by, in, for, with) 6. She is ............ a sari today. (at, in, by) 7. Madan got married ............ an American lady. (to, with, and) 8. The boy put a piece of chalk ............ (in/into/out/of/from) his pocket as soon as the teacher gave him.

20 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 9. A pen is different ............ a pencil. (then, from, and, than) 10 Pramod is ............ the door now. (at, in, by) 11. Hari goes to school daily. But, he doesn't go there ...... Saturday. (in/on/at) 12. My teacher always goes to school ............ bus. (in/by/on) 13. I prevented him ............ speaking. (for, to, from) 14. She passed ............ in childhood. (away, on, by) 15. Anju usually goes to school ............ foot. (in, to, on) 16. Some boys of our class gave ............ smoking. (in, up, away) 17. The sunlight came into the room ............ the window. (from, with, through) 18. Public opinion was ............ the bill. (from, behind, against) 19. I bought this pen ............ five rupees. (with, for, against) 20. Hari is true ............ his name. (to, for, with) 21. All students must abide ............ the school rules. (with, by, for) 22. You can stay here ............ I come back. (since, until, to) 23. Give ............ smoking. (out, up, in) 3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition from the brackets. 1. I will come to your school ............ Sunday. (to, on, by, for) 2. She works ............ Parbat district. (on, by, in, to, at) 3. Ram has lived here ............ five years. (to, for, by) 4. The whiteboard is ............ table. (around, over, above, at) 5. Put the pen ............ your pocket. (on, in, over, into) 6. I came here ............ my horse. (in, on, at, by) 7. He is here ............ my house. (in, on, at, by) 8. Nepal lies ............ China and India. (in, between, among, at) 9. My sister sleeps ............ eight o'clock. (over, till, through, by) 10. I have been living here ............ last week. (since, by, before, after) 11. They were running ............ the jungle. (by, above, through, at) 12. The book I bought yesterday is ............ the table. (in, on, to, over) 13. Some people believe ............ ghost. (on, to, in, of) 14. Is he lying ............ the floor? (over, at, under, on) 15. Aesop was accused ............ theft. (by, of, to, in) 16. What's wrong ............ you? (on, in, for, with) 17. Binod got married ............ an Indian girl. (by, with, to) 18. Sushila will have finished it ............ tomorrow. (on, by, for) 19. He always quarrels ............ his wife. (with, by, for) 20. You should write ............ pencil at first. (in, by, on, with)

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 21 4. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct preposition from the brackets. 1. Nepal is rich ............ (in, of, for) hydroelectricity. 2. What is the solution ............ (for, of, to) overpopulation? 3. I am not annoyed ............ (at, for, with) her behaviour. 4. He is excited ............ (for, with, at) my proposal. 5. They are surprised ............ (for, with, at) my presence. 6. I am pleased ............ (with, for, in) her performance. 7. She is conscious ............ (with, for, of) being punished. 8. She is engaged ............ (with, to, by) John. 9. They are interested ............ (to, for, in) study. 10. Nepal depends ............ (of, on, in) agriculture. 11. I am not responsible ............ (with, for, to) the accident. 12. She is famous ............ (with, for, to) dancing. 13. They are similar ............ (from, to, by) each other. 14. He is good ............ (in, for, at) football. 15. She is always jealous ............ (of, for, in) others' progress. 16. Can you point the arrow ............ (to, at, on) the bird? 17. Do you write ............ (to, on, for) me ever? 18. Can you throw the pen ............ (on, at, to) me? 19. He apologised ............ (to, on, for) me for being late. 20. Please search a job ............ (to, with, for) me. 21. The police warned us ............ (for, about, to) the danger. 22. She was blamed ............ (to, of, for) the accident. 23. I congratulated her ............ (for, about, to) the success. 24. I love swimming ............ (on, in, into) the river. 25. They will be ............ (at, in, on) work until 5:30. 26. He goes to market ............ (on, in, by) a horse. 27. He got ............ (in, by, into) the car and drove away. 28. I met him ............ (in, during, at, nothing) last Saturday. 29. I will give your money ............ (in, at, on, nothing) next week. 30. I saw a cobra ............ (by, on, in, nothing) last week. 31. Don't go out ............ (to, in, under) the rain. Please wait for a while. 32. He is standing ............ (on, in, at) the door. 33. There is a picture ............ (on, in, at) the door. 34. The accident took place because of my fault so I had to pay .............. the damage ( for, to, into, nothing).

22 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 5. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct preposition from the brackets: 1. He worked as an army correspondent …...... 1945 (of /until/ for ) 2. He was wounded …....... 1917 while fighting in the Spanish civil war. (until/in / at ) 3. He was born in U.S.A at the turn…...... the century. ( of /to/ in) 4. He was an ambulance driver…..… Greece. (at/ in/ of) 5. He is always jealous ..….... other's progress. ( of/ in /with) 6. He cut a tree …….... an axe. (by/ from /with) 7. He could grow a lot of grain.....…. his family (for/ of /from) 8. Harka goes to school daily. But, he does not go there ......… Saturday. (in/ on/ at) 9. Don't laugh …....... the poor. (of /at /in) 10. Raman fell in love …........ Goma. (in /with/ of) 11. An old man lived in a village ..…... his family. (at/ among /with) 12. A woman struck ….......me and nearly fell. (against/ at /with ) 13. A pen is different …..…...a pencil. ( than/ from /and) 14. A horse galloped away to the north in a cloud…...... dust. ( of /from/ with) 15. A dutiful son is obedient ….....his father. (at /to /for) 16. "What's wrong ….....… you ?" she asked me. (in /for /with) 6. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct preposition from the brackets: 1. You may rely …....… what he says. (on/ to/ in) 2. Wisdom is the gift …....… heaven. ( from/ of /by) 3. When alcohol is heated it gives ….an explosive vapour. ( off/ out /of way) 4. We've already got rid…....… small pox. (from /of/ by) 5. We can go to the cinema …....… your taxi. (on /in /by) 6. We always watch the news…....… TV. (in/ on /at) 7. The police warned us…....… the danger. (for /about/ to) 8. The ladder is …....… the wall. (on/ against/ at) 9. The hunter finished …..the tiger with a shot through the head. ( of /off/ out) 10. The hospital is …....… the police station. ( on /by/ between) 11. The firemen are going to put …....… the fire. ( of/ off/out) 12. The fan is hanging …....…the ceiling . (on/ under/below) 13. The coat is hanging …....… the wall . ( on /in /at) 14. The boy put a piece of chalk…....…his pocket as soon as the teacher gave him. (in /into/ from) 15. Samir lives about two miles…....…the centre of the town. (away /from / away from)

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 23 3 Unit Tense 1. Present Tense A. Simple present : Sub + v1/v5 + obj. To express universal truth: Example: The sun rises in the east. Honey is sweet. Blood is red. Time adverbs: (always, never, seldom, generally, daily, usually, hardly, rarely, often, now-a-days, frequently, scarcely, every (time/day/week/month etc.). Once, twice, thrice, a day/week/month etc.) Example: I always brush my teeth after meal. B. Present continuous: Sub + is/am/are + V4 + obj Time adverbs: (now, listen, still, at, present, at this time, at the moment, hurry up!, stop, don't cross, don't disturb etc.) Example: She is dancing now. Hurry up! The train is whistling. Don't cross. The bus is coming. C. Present perfect: Sub + has/have + V3 + obj Time adverbs: (just, ever, yet, already, recently, lately, never, etc.) Example: They have already visited Nepal. I have never seen a tiger. D. Present perfect continuous: Sub + has/have + been + V4+ obj Time adverbs: (since + point of time, for + period of time) Example: She has been living here for seven years. 2. Past Tense A. Simple Past: Sub + v2 + obj Time adverbs: (yesterday, ago, last+ time (day, week, month etc.), just, in the past, in + past time, 1990) Example: Smriti left college last year.

24 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 B. Past continuous : Sub + was/were + v4 + obj It often occurs with all + time i.e. all day, Saturday, all last night/Sunday, month etc. Example: We were watching TV all last night. C. Past perfect: Sub + had + v3 + obj The simple past is the 2nd action and the past perfect is used for the 1st action. Example: When the police arrived, the thief had run away. D. Past perfect continuous : Sub + had + been + V4 + obj Example: When Mr. Gurung came to Gorkha in 1990, Mr. Regmi had already been teaching there for two years. 3. Future Tense A. Simple future : Sub + will/shall + v1 + obj It often occurs with adverbs like soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, next time (day, week, month, year etc.) Example: He will go home tomorrow. B. Future continuous : Sub + shall, will be + v4 + obj Example: He will be crossing the road. C. Future perfect: Sub + shall, will + have + v3 + object. It often occurs with markers before future time. (By + future point of time and in + future period of time) Example: By the end of this month, our result will have come out. D. Future perfect continuous: Sub + will/shall + have + been + v4 + obj It often occurs with by/before + future time and for period of time. Example: In three years, he will have been staying in this village for ten years. Verb forms of 12 tenses Tense Present Past Future 1. Simple S+V1/V5 V2 shall/will+ Vl

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 25 2. Continuous am/is/are + V4 was/were + V4 shall/will + be + V4 3. Perfect has/have + V3 had+ V3 shall/will+ have+ V3 4. Perfect continuous has/have + been + V4 had+ been+ V4 Shall/will+ have+been+ V4 Examples: Tense Simple Continuous Perfect Pre. Perfect Continuous Present He dances well. He is dancing well. He has danced well. He has been dancing well. Past He danced well. He was dancing well. He had danced well. He had been dancing well. Future He will dance well. He will be dancing well. He will have danced well. He will have been dancing well. 1. Choose the correct words and fill in the blanks. 1. Sita doesn't ................... to pass. (try, tries, tried) 2. Don't talk loudly. The baby ................... (sleeps, slept, is sleeping) 3. When the telephone rang, I ................... my homework. (do, did, was doing) 4. Before the policeman came, the thief ................... (run away, had ran away, had run away) 5. Rabina ................... the key. She has it now. (found, has found, has been found) 6. By 2025 A.D. I ................... the SLC examination. (will pass, will be passing, will have passed) 7. The old man ................... yesterday. (died, had died, dies) 8. He doesn't ................... hard. (study, studies, studied) 9. We generally ................... to school in the morning. (go, went, have gone) 10. She ................... in the village last year. (lives, live, lived) 11. I always ................... in the morning. (walk, walked, walking) 12. When we got up, it ................... (rained, had rained, was raining) 13. Binita ................... food every day. (prepares, prepared, has prepared)

26 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 14. They ................... home by tomorrow. (will go, will have gone) 15. Don't cross the road. The bus ................... (comes, has come, is coming) 16. ................... he sing songs daily? (Are, Does, Is) 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in the brackets. 1. The elephant ................... an excellent memory. (have) 2. I ................... all my teachers. (respect) 3. It ................... heavily in Assam. (rain) 4. This shop ................... all kinds of soaps. (sell) 5. Yoga exercises ................... a person fit. (keep) 6. Leaves ................... in autumn. (fall) 7. Cats ................... milk. (like) 8. Television ................... us a lot of useful information. (give) 9. The girls ................... since evening. (dance) 10. I ................... since morning. (work) 11. They ................... football in the next leisure period. (play) 12. They ................... hard for many months. (work) 13. She ................... in Kathmandu since 2055 B.S. (live) 3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the brackets: 1. Did he..................(led, leads, lead) you into another room? 2. ..................(Have, Does, Do) the girls laugh at you? 3. ..................(Has, Is, Will, Do) she not buy any mangoes? 4. Is your mother..................(comes, coming, come) back? 5. Has the wind..................strongly? (blows, blown, blew, blow) 6. ..................(Did, Does, Has, Have) she not come yet? 7. We..................(has, must, have, are) not smoke at all. 8. She need not..................(stays, stayed, stay) long. 9. ..................(Won't, Aren't Hasn't, Shan't) she bring my pen? 10. Have you..................(bring, brings, brought, bringing) your bag? 11. Has she..................(pays, paid, pay) for you? 12. Hasn't she..................(becomes, becoming, become, became) a nurse yet? 13. Does she..................(plays, played, play) ping pong?

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 27 14. I have not..................(see, sees, seen, saw) her before. 15. Students did not..................(listened, listens, listen) to the teacher. 16. Narendra ..................(do, has, does, doing) not teach English grammar. 17. He always .................. to temple on Saturday. (go, goes, is going) 18. Have you ever .................. to Pokhara? (be, been, have been) 19. Did Ramesh play the guitar in the programme? No, it..................by Shyam. (played, is played, was played) 20. How did Hari..................to school yesterday? (go, goes, went) 21. Do the farmers..................rice every year? (grow, grows, growing) 4. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct words from the brackets. 1. Did you meet your friend outside? No,..................(I did not met him, I had not met him, I didn't meet him) 2. Why..................(does Maya prefer, did Maya prefer, Maya prefers) pop songs very much? 3. .................. like sweets? (Don't you, Yes I do, Do you) 4. What-question of "He has a pen to write with" is: .................. (What has he to write with?/What has he to write with a pen/What does he have to write with?) 5. He ought to..................listened to his teacher. (has, have, had, having) 6. They..................go out very often. (have not, are not, do not, had not) 7. I didn't try..................the fact. (knowing, know, to know) 8. The statement of "Does he have to guide her?" is..................(He have to guide her, He does has to guide her, He has to guide her) 9. He..................(would, used, ought) to be an atheist but now he believes in God. 10. Did Rohit................(show, showed, shows, has show) his work to his teacher? 11. Sarita doesn't..................(fried, fry, fries, had fried) fish. 12. Everybody..................(get, gets, have got) money. 13. She..................(do, is, has, does) not know anything. 14. Ram..................(win, won, have won, was winning) the race last week. 15. Rupa cannot..................(see, saw, sees, seeing) well.

28 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 16. She will not..................(leaves, leaving, left, leave) tomorrow. 17. Did you..................(meets, meet, met) her again? 18. She does not..................(wanted, wants, want) any more sugar. 19. We shall not..................(has, have, had) any rain. 20. I never..................(goes, went, go) to school before 9 o'clock. 21. Did Sita..................(fell, falling, fall, falls) down? 22. Will you..................(met, meets, meet) his mother? 23. She does not..................(speaks, spoke, speak) Japanese. 24. Has he..................in the river? (swims, swim, swam, swum) 25. Have they..................(do, doing, done, did) their work? 26. They do not..................(knows, knew, know, known) anything. 27. Does she..................(comes, came, come) to meet you everyday? 28. He doesn't..................(try, tries, tried) to get the lesson. 29. Did you..................(fry, fries, fried) the onion? 30. Yes/No question of: I've already seen that film.........? (Haven't you already seen that film/Don't you see that film yet/Haven't you that film yet) 5. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answers from the brackets: 1. Rohan loves music but his father.................(does, don't, doesn't) 2. "Did she help you yesterday?" "Yes, she...............me a lot." (helps, helped, help) 3. Prashant visited his grandparents so that they would be glad. The yes/no question of this statement is: ..................? (Did his grandparents visit him?, Did he visit his grandparents?, Did he visit his grandparents so that they would be glad?). 4. Sandip brought his beddings, but his friend..................any. (don't bring, did not bring, not brought) 5. Gotiya wants to play cricket, but they..................(don't, doesn't, didn't) 6. Messi plays football, but I..................(don't, doesn't, didn't) 7. Susma sometimes comes to me, but I..................go to her. (do not some times, do not anytime, never)

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 29 8. Amitabh always loves to watch TV news but his wife..................(doesn't, didn't, don't) 9. Ram loves to play ball, but Sita..................(didn't, don't, doesn't) 6. Fill in the blanks. 1. How..................you last week? (does she help, did she help, she helped) 2. Bina and Muna like travelling a lot. They..................India next month when their SLC exam is over. (will visit/are visiting/ visit) 3. As soon as the teacher entered, the students..................to their feet. (leapt had leapt, were leaping) 4. The SEE examination..................near. (will come, is coming, come) 5. How did Shyam..................to school yesterday? (go, goes, went) 6. ..................it? Yes, I did it yesterday. (Did you, Did you do, Do you do) 7. He speaks English but he..................speak Chinese. (doesn't, didn't, don't) 8. Take an umbrella. It..................outside. (rains, is raining, rained) 9. Madam Curie..................radium. (discover, discovered, discovering) 10. I have already..................that film. (see, saw, seen) 11. As soon as you see Bina, you..................her father. (will remember, remember, remembered) 12. Did she know the way to your house? Yes, she..................it. (know, knows, knew) 13. As soon as I cracked jokes, everybody..................(laugh, laughs, laughed) 14. Listen! Someone ....................... (is singing, sing, will singing) 15. Did you..................the principal yesterday? (met, meet, meets) 16. When we woke up, it..................outside. (rained, was raining, will rain) 17. Binod.............his work yet. (has finished, has been finished, has not finished) 18. He plays chess but he..................carom. (don't play, doesn't play, is not play) 19. Anju is pregnant now. She..................birth to a baby. (is going to give, is giving, will give)

30 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 4 Unit Connectives A. Connectives are words or phrases, which we use to join two clauses or sentences: 1. because/as/since/because of/ therefore/so • Ram did not go to school because he was sick. • As it was cold we lit the fire. • I did not go to the party since he didn't invite me. • He could not go to school because of his illness. • Ram was sick, therefore, he couldn't attend the exam. • Because of her intelligence, she passed in the first division. Note: ' because of' needs a noun phrase. 2. to/in order to/ for/ so that • He went to the shop to/in order to buy a pencil. • I went to the doctor for some medicine. • Ram got up early so that he could go to temple. 3. though/ although/ even though/ in spite of/ however/nevertheless • He got the job although/though/even though he had no experience. • In spite of/ Despite strength, the old man could not lift his bag. • Ramita was honest, however/nevertheless, she was accused of theft. Note: though/although/even though + situation + unexpected result in spite of/ despise + situation (noun phase) + unexpected result situation + however/ nevertheless + unexpected result. 4. who/whom/whose/which/that/what/when/where/how/why • This is the place where I was born. • The man who is wearing a hat is my brother. • He is the man whose house was robbed last night. 5. before/after/when/while; till/until/as long as/as soon as • The teacher had entered in to the classroom before the bell rang. • After finishing his homework, he went to school. • When he opened the fridge, he found some green vegetables.

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 31 • He fell down while he was painting. • They discussed politics until/till morning. 6. Either ....or/neither........nor/whether.......or/not only........ but also/so.......that • Either a cow or an ox is grazing in the field. • Neither Ramesh nor his sister has eaten beef. • Sita is not only beautiful but also intelligent. • The problem is so difficult that we can't solve it. 7. if/whether/unless/but/thinking that/hoping that • If Mohan reads well, he will pass the exam. • I won't sing a song unless you dance. • Ramita finished her duty and went home. • The cat is waiting in the corner hoping that a rat will come. 1. Join the sentences using the words in brackets: 1. Juhi gave up smoking because she wanted to save money. (in order to) Juhi gave up smoking in order to save money. 2. I came here I could see you. (so that) 3. We put a fence. We want to prevent the rabbit from escaping. (in order to) 4. She went shopping. She wanted to buy a television set. (to) 5. I put the food in the fridge because I wanted it to get cold. (because) 6. Roja saved money. She wanted to buy a present for Hitesh. (in order to) 7. Harish left early. He didn't want to miss the bus. (because) 8. They will let the students use calculators in the exam. They don't want them to spend a lot of time. (so that) 9. The teacher tested the students. She wanted to see if they remembered what they had learnt. (in order to) 10. He tried to hide the broken vase. He didn't want to be punished. (because) 2. Rewrite the sentences beginning with the words in brackets: 1. She has plenty of money, but she is very mean. (although) 2. They have a car, but they rarely use it. (though) 3. She never takes any kind of exercise, but she is quite fit ad healthy. (even though) 4. They went out for a walk, even though the weather was bad. (despite) 5. She managed to ride, even though her head was injured. (in spite of) 6. All the trains were on time, even though the snow was heavy. (despite) 7. Our coach didn't arrive late, even though the traffic was terrible. (in spite of) 8. A lot of people buy houses, even though the prices are high. (despite)

32 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 3. Put the suitable words in the blanks. 1. They did not climb up the mountain ..................... snowing. (because/ because of/ in spite) 2. We learn English ..................... Spanish. (as long as/ both/ before) 3. ..................... he was late, he missed the first bus. (As/ before/ until) 4. Everybody respects him .................... he is a virtuous man. (because/ because of / although) 5. Could you tell me ..................... was absent yesterday? (why/who/ which) 6. My mother went to market..................... buy some fruits. (so/in order to/ so that) 7. I won't marry you ..................... you don't love me. (therefore/however/ because) 8. This is the boy ..................... (whom/ when/ which) I like. 9. We postponed the football tournament .............the bad weather. (so that/ because of / in spite of) 10. We go to the bank ..................... we can cash the cheque. (to/ for/ so that) 11. Saturday was the day ..................... it rained heavily. (which/ were/ when) 12. ..................... he is poor, he helps the orphans. (Although/Because/ Nevertheless) 13. The girl ..................... you see at the door is my sister. (who/ which/ whom) 14. The schools are closed ..................... strike. (because/ so that/ because of) 4. Fill in the correct relative pronoun: 1. Did you see the man .....................stole her bag? 2. The eggs ..................... you've bought are bad. 3. Please give me the keys ..................... are on the table. 4. Is the man ..................... we saw in the park yesterday your friend? 5. What's the name of the lady..................... has a baby? 6. Rabin is playing with the dog .....................lives next door. 7. Have you eaten all the cakes ..................... I made yesterday? 8. How old is the man .....................owns this shop? 9. Let's look at the picture ..................... is on page 7. 10. Has Pratik returned the money ..................... he borrowed from you? 11. What colour is the dress .....................you're going to wear tonight? 12. The police have arrested the man ..................... murdered his wife. 13. The parcel ..................... is on the table is your birthday present. 14. Have you met the man .....................is going to marry? 15. We will ask the man ............... delivers our milk to leave an extra bottle.

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 33 A question tag, a short addition to a sentence, asks for agreement or confirmation. The tag is not a separate sentence; it is a part of the sentence. While forming question tags, the following points should be taken into consideration: 1. A comma is put between the statement and the question tag, and at the end of the tag a question mark(?) must be placed. 2. The tag always begins with a small letter. 3. If the statement is positive, the tag is negative. If the statement is negative, the tag is positive. We always use pronouns in the tag. 4. The question tag always takes a contracted form of negative, but not the full form. Let's have a look at the following: Non-negative Un contracted negative/ full negative Cont. negative am, 'm am not, 'm not aren't/ ain't is, 's is not, 's not isn't are, 're are not, 're not aren't was was not wasn't were were weren't can cannot can't could could not couldn't may, might may not, might not mayn't, mightn't shall, should shall not, should not shan't, shouldn't will, 'll will not, 'll not won't would, 'd would not, 'd not wouldn't must must not mustn't ought to ought not to oughtn't to need need not needn't 5 Unit Question Tag

34 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 dare dare not daren't has has not hasn't have, 've have not, 've not haven't had had not hadn't 5. If there is an auxiliary verb in the statement, the same auxiliary verb is repeated in the tag. Here is a list of auxiliaries. Present form Past form is, am, are was, were have, has had do, does did shall, will should, would can could may might must might must had to ought to, need, dare, used to - Example: ► Daisy can sing a song, can't she? ► Boys are making a lot of noise, aren't they? ► He will definitely help you, won't he? ► You ought to read this book, oughtn't you? 6. If there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, do, does or did is used in the tag, according to the subject, number and form of the verb. for, Sub + v1 (base form) = don't Sub + v2 (past form) = didn't Sub + v5 ('s' or 'es' form) = doesn't Example: ► Christina works very hard, doesn't she? ► People love being praised, don't they? ► He sang a beautiful song, didn't he? ► You make progress, don't you? 7. If the subject of the statement is 'This' or 'That', the pronoun in the tag is 'it'. But if the subject is 'These' or 'Those' the pronoun in the tag is 'they'. Example:

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 35 ► This is a beautiful toy, isn't it? ► That is not your book, is it? ► These are the books I need, aren't they? ► Those are my friends, aren't they? 8. When the subject of the statement is 'You and I' together, the pronoun in the tag is 'we'. Example: ► You and I are friends, aren't we? 9. When the subject of the statement is anybody, somebody, everybody, anyone, someone, everyone, none, neither, on one, the pronoun in the tag is 'They'. Example: ► Everybody likes her, don't they? ► No one praises Nepalese politicians, do they? ► Neither of the ways leads to Ratnapark, do they? ► Everyone is present here, aren't they? ► I don't suppose anyone will help you, will they? ► Diya seldom goes to parties, does she? ► No salt is allowed, is it? ► I barely manage without her, do I? ► Nothing was wrong, was it? 10. If the subject of the statement is everything, anything, something, nothing, all + singular verb, the pronoun in the tag is 'it'. Example: ► Everything is ok here, isn't it? ► Nothing can be done for you, can it? ► All is well, isn't it? 11. If the subject of the statement begins with 'I am', its tag is "aren't I"? but if the subject is 'I am not', the tag is 'am I'? Example: ► I am an advocate, aren't I? ► I am not a politician, am I? 12. If there is 'used to + V1' in the statement, the tag is didn't. Example: ► He used to smoke a lot, didn't he? ► There used to be a health post, didn't there?

36 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 13. If the subject of the statement is, 'there' or 'one', in the tag the same subject is used as a pronoun. Example: ► One should believe in oneself, shouldn't one? ► There used to be a health post, didn't there? 14. If the verb 'have' is used as an action (main) verb we use 'do' for have, does for 'has' and did for 'had'. Example: ► They always have their lunch at 1, don't they? ► Pallavee has a bath every morning, doesn't she? ► She had a beautiful dream, didn't she? 15. If the statement has the following structure, do, does or did is used in the tag. Sub + have to + v1 = do Sub + has to + v1 = does Sub + had to + v1 = did Example: ► David has to go to school, doesn't he? ► Trish had a flight with Lita, didn't she? ► Students have to obey their teachers, don't they? 16. Regardless of being in the affirmative or negative, an imperative sentence takes 'will you' as the tag. But in the case of "Let's," 'shall we' is used in the tag. Example: ► Never believe in rumours, will you? ► Please help the poor, will you? ► Let him do what he likes to do, will you? ► Let us go for a walk, will you? ► Let's go out, shall we? 17. Let's have a look at the following. Note: that's = is or has, and 'd = had or would Sub 'd better = sub had better Sub 'd rather = sub would rather Sub 'd v1 = sub would + v1 Sub + 'd + v3 = sub had + v3 Example: ► You'd better leave the place now, hadn't you?

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 37 ► He'd rather go by air, wouldn't he? ► They'd finish that work, wouldn't they? ► They'd finished the work, hadn't they? 18. The verb 'dare' is used as a modal verb as well as an ordinary verb. When 'dare' is used as a modal verb in the statement, the same is repeated in the tag. Example: ► He dared not speak against me, did he? But, when dare functions like an ordinary verb, it takes do not, does not, did not according to the form of the verb. Example: ► He did not dare to disobey, did he? ► Nobody dares to dominate us, do they? ► She dares to say so, doesn't she? The same is the case with verb 'need'. It also functions as a modal verb as well as main verb. Example: ► He need not go, need he? (aux. verb) ► He does not need to go, does he? (main verb) Exercise 1. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct question tag from the brackets. 1. I asked her where she was from ..................? (didn't I/wasn't I/ did I) 2. Bharat said he wasn't feeling well, ................? (was he/ wasn't he/ didn't he/ did he) 3. I don't think she'll come tomorrow,..........? (won't she/will she/ do I/ don't) 4. Someone loves fishing,.................? (doesn't they/ do they/don't they) 5. He has to solve it, ...............? (doesn't he/hasn't he/ didn't he) 6. She had a baby,......................? (hadn't she/ didn't she/ had she) 7. Something is missing, ..............? (aren't they/ isn't it/ is something/ is it) 8. Everything is O.K, .............? (isn't they/ aren't they/ isn't it/ is it) 9. Nothing was wrong, .................? (was they/are they/were they) 10. All is right, ................? (is it/ is they/ isn't it/ aren't they) 11. All are well,...............? (aren't they/ isn't it/ are thy/ will you) 12. The bus will stop,.............? (will it/ willn't it/ won't it) 13. I shan't be in your way,..............? (shan't I/ shall not I/ shall I) 14. They won't be here long,..............? (won't they/ will not they/ will they) 15. We shall see you tomorrow,...........? (shan't we/ shalln't we/ shall we)

38 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 18. Neither of them complains about it, .................? (doesn't they/ does they/ do they/ don't they) 19. One should speak the truth, ........................? (shouldn't they/ shouldn't one/ should it) 20. You and I'll go there,............? (won't they/ won't we/ willn't we) 2. Complete each sentence with an appropriate tag. 1. Have a wonderful day, ......................................? 2. Do come tomorrow, ......................................? 3. They won't help you, ......................................? 4. Katrian, bring me a pen, ......................................? 5. The punishment was severe and unfair, ......................................? 6. He's his lunch at 12, ......................................? 7. You'd better buy a motorbike, ......................................? 8. No one gave me a call yesterday, ......................................? 3. Add suitable tags to the following: a. Everybody's gone home, ......................................? b. Nobody here speaks French, ......................................? c. Nobody phoned her, ......................................? d. We never drink coffee, ......................................? e. That's no excuse, ......................................? f. Let's go for a walk, ......................................? g. Nothing ever changes, ......................................? h. I hardly smoke anymore, ......................................? i. Everybody enjoyed the party, ......................................? j. Nobody saw us, ......................................? k. There's no homework, ......................................? l. My daughter never goes to bed until really late, ......................................? m. Let's go to Ilam this summer, ......................................? n. The sun hardly shone all summer, ......................................? o. Somebody called me, ......................................? p. It's never too late, ......................................? q. Somebody set the building on fire deliberately, ......................................? r. Don't forget to do your homework, ......................................? s. That's the best solution, ......................................? t. Nobody failed the exam, ......................................?

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 39 4. Add suitable tags to the following. 1. The plane will land here, ......................................? 2. Come and have a look at it ......................................? 3. Pallavee respects everybody, ......................................? 4. Have a nap in nature's lap, ......................................? 5. Nischal sleeps a lot, ......................................? 6. Aman doesn't love studying hard, ......................................? 8. Let her do what she likes, ......................................? 9. I am the salt of the earth, ......................................? 10. You'd better finish it now, ......................................? 11. Everyone likes Jennifer Lopez, .....................................? 12. Let's talk to him, ......................................? 13. Don't give me your pass, ......................................? 14. You daren't do this, ......................................? 15. There are plenty of avenues to us, ......................................? 16. That is not your pen, ......................................? 17. Romi barely goes to parties, ......................................? 18. Marbles are smooth to touch, ......................................? 19. You look like so bizarre in this dress, ......................................? 20. Boys love playing football, ......................................? 21. This is a good radio, ......................................? 22. He's writing a letter, ......................................? 23. Always speak the truth, ......................................? 24. Never go outside in the night, ......................................? 25. All are fine, ......................................? 5. Add appropriate question tags to the following remarks: 1. Neither of them complains about it, ......................................? 2. Let's not smoke, ......................................? 3. Let's go to movie, ......................................? 4. Let me not open the door, ......................................? 5. Let me have a look, ......................................? 6. I'd rather go traveling, ......................................? 7. I'd better go, ......................................? 8. I shan't be in your way, ......................................?

40 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 9. I don't think she'll come tomorrow, ......................................? 10. I asked her where she was from, ......................................? 11. He's been drinking wine, ......................................? 12. He has to solve it, ......................................? 13. Everything is OK, ......................................? 14. Don't laugh at the poor, ......................................? 15. Come and see me tomorrow, ......................................? 16. Rabindra said he wasn't feeling well, ......................................? 17. All is right, ......................................? 18. All are well, ......................................? 19. There is a book, ......................................? 20. One should follow the instructions, ......................................? 6. Add the correct question tag to each of the following statements. 1. She's from a small town in China, ......................................? 2. They aren't on their way already, ......................................? 3. We're late again, ......................................? 4. I'm not the person with the tickets, ......................................? 5. Jushi isn't an accountant, ......................................? 6. The weather is really bad today, ......................................? 7. He's very handsome, ......................................? 8. They aren't in Manang at the moment, ......................................? 9. You aren't from Brazil, ......................................? 10. Jwala is a very good student, ......................................? 7. Add appropriate tag questions to the following statements. 1. Hari and Sita had their dinner, ......................................? 2. I'm fine, ......................................? 3. I am not fine, ......................................? 4. Let's work together, ......................................? 5. Let them practice well, ......................................? 6. The guest will come soon, ......................................? 7. Rina hadn't met you before, ......................................?

Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 41 8. You didn't answer my invitation, ......................................? 9. Stop that noise, ......................................? 10. The poor can't afford to get education, ......................................? 11. Don't be afraid to ask if you don't understand, ......................................? 12. Don't give me any tension or I'll call the police, ......................................? 13. He doesn't sing all that well, ......................................? 14. His parents won't allow him to stay out late, ......................................? 15. She won't allow herself to be dictated to, ......................................? 16. They shouldn't be allowed to get away with it, ......................................? 18. There are far too many people already, ......................................? 19. It doesn't alter the way I feel, ......................................? 20. That's amazing, ......................................? 8. Add suitable tags to the following statements. 1. There's post-office in this street, ......................................? 2. You play tennis, ......................................? 3. I should lose weight, ......................................? 4. They won't win, ......................................? 5. The Prime Minister went abroad yesterday, ......................................? 6. Madan has no patience, ......................................? 8. Nobody came to his party, ......................................? 9. He can barely walk, ......................................? 10. Everybody likes a good film, ......................................? 11. He has hardly ever come to school, ......................................? 12. You won't tell him the truth, ......................................? 13. No one should have to sleep in the streets, ......................................? 14. You've decided to join a monastery, ......................................? 15. It's a lovely day, ......................................? 16. They didn't remember her name, ......................................?

42 Oasis Applied English Grammar Book-9 6 Unit Reported Speech Read and learn. Rima : Why didn't you come to school yesterday? Priya : Maya told me that it was a holiday. Rima : Oh! No. We had lots of fun in English class. Priya : Really? What did the teacher do? Rima : Firstly, she asked us if we wanted to do anything special that day. Priya : And then? Rima : We replied that we did. And she taught us many interesting rhymes to the tunes. She asked us to follow her singing. And, we learnt them all very quickly. Priya : Did she ask about me? Rima : Oh! Yes. She did. She asked me why you were absent that day. Priya : Oh! No. It's all because of Maya. I'll see her later. Rima : Ok! Now it's time for class. Let's go. The conversation above has some exchanges of direct and indirect speech. We have read in our previous grades that if we talk to people directly, we use the direct speech. Example: 1. Rima said to Priya, "Why didn't you come to school yesterday?" 2. Priya said to Rima, "What did the teacher do" Generally, in a direct speech, spoken words are kept inside the inverted commas. On the other hand, if somebody else report us or to other people what has been said, or what happened in the past, we use an indirect speech. Example: 1. Maya told me that it was a holiday. (Here, Priya reports to Rima what Maya told her)