Samajik Adhyan 6

ef gk] fnsf] gS;f
/
rL -/fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs_

xD' nf

bfr{n' f

aemfª

j}t8L d'u'
afh/' f

t 88]Nw'/f
;b' "/klZrd kb| ]z
sflnsf6] h'Dnf 8fN] kf
8f]6L c5fd s0ff{nL kb| z]
s~rgk/'
b}nv] d:' tfª
s}nfnL ;v' t]{
albo{ f hfh/sf]6 ?s'd ?sd' kj" { dgfª
ef klZrd
af“s]
;Nofg /f]Nkf DofUbL sf:suL08sL kb| ]z
afUn'ª kj{t ndh'ª
uf]/vf g
/;j' f
Ko7' fg u'NdL
bfª :ofªh\ f
k|bz] g+= % wflbª jfudtL kb| z]
c3fv{ f“rL tgx“'
g'jfsf6] l;Gw'kfNrfs]
kfNkf
sf7df8f}“
slknj:t' ?kGbx] L gjnk/f;L lrtjg eQmk/' bf]nvf ;f]nv' D' a' ;ª\v'jf;ef tfKnh] ª'
gjnk/f;L -a=;'=k"=_ /fd5] fk
-a=;'=k=_ dsjfgk/' nlntk'/
sfek]| nf~rfs]

k;f{ l;Gwn' L cfv] n9ª' u\ f k|bz] g+= ! tx] |yd' ef / t
vf]6fª

af/f k|b]z g+= @ ef]hk'/ kf“ry/

/f}tx6 ;nfx{ L pbok'/ wgs'6f Onfd
dxf]Q/L wgi' ff
/
l;/fxf

;Kt/L ;'g;/L df]/ª emfkf

t

gk] fn ;/sf/, lzIff dGqfno, kf7\oqmd ljsf; sG] b,| ;fgf]l7dL eStk/' åf/f :jLsl[ t kf| Kt

cf]Pl;;

;fdflhs cWoog
tyf

dfgj d"No lzIff

sIff ^

n]vsx¿
dx]Gb| lji6
dft[sf ;'j]bL
/]zd lu/L

cf]Pl;; klAns;] g k|f= ln=

;tª' \un, sf7df8f}“
kmf]gM )!–$#!#@)%

n]vsx¿
dx]Gb| lji6
dft[sf ;j' ]bL
/]zd lu/L

;jfl{ wsf/
n]vs tyf k|sfzsdf

k|yd ;+:s/0f M @)&*

u|flkmS;M
jL/]Gb| >]i7

k|sfzs
cf]Pl;; klAns];g kf| = ln=
cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}“
kmf]gM )!–$#!#@)%

db' |s
lqou' f ckm;]6 k|];
;t'ª\un, sf7df8f}F
kmf]gM )!–$#!)#)%

ljifo;r" L !
@
PsfO ! xfdL / xfd|f] ;dfh ^
kf7 ! ;dfh / ;db' fosf] cjwf/0ff !)
kf7 @ ;dfh lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x¿ !$
kf7 # xfd|f] ufpFkflnsf !*
kf7 $ xfd|f] gu/kflnsf @!
kf7 % :yfgLo txdf ljsf; @^
kf7 ^ ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/x¿ @&
PsfO @ xfd|f] dfgj d"NodfGotf #)
kf7 ! cfTdcg'zf;g ##
kf7 @ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ #*
kf7 # xfd|f rf8kj{x¿ $!
kf7 $ xfd|f] klxrfg / uf}/j $^
kf7 % ljZj ;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;"rLs[t ;Dkbfx¿ %)
kf7 ^ xfd|f ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ %$
kf7 & xfd|f wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿ %&
kf7 * xfd|f /fli6«o JolStTjx¿ ^!
kf7 ( afnSna / :sfp6 ^@
PsfO # gful/s r]tgf, sTf{Jo / clwsf/ ^%
kf7 ! gful/s / gful/s st{Jo ^*
kf7 @ gful/s clwsf/ &)
kf7 # nf]stflGqs dN" o / dfGotf &#
kf7 $ xfd|f] afnclwsf/ &%
kf7 % xfd|f ;fdflhs lgod &&
kf7 ^ xfd|f] ;/' Iff *!
kf7 & 6«flkms lgodsf] kfngf *@
PsfO $ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg *^
kf7 ! ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ()
kf7 @ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] ;dfwfg ($
kf7 # JolQm, kl/jf/ / ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] el" dsf (&
kf7 $ ljjfb !))
kf7 % ljjfb Joj:yfkg !)!
PsfO % xfd|f] ljut !)$
kf7 ! g]kfn PsLs/0f !)*
kf7 @ g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgsf 36gfx¿ !!!
kf7 # g]kfn cª\u|]h o4'
kf7 $ /f0ffzf;g

kf7 % lj= ;=+ @))& ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf !!$
kf7 ^ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pknlAwM lj= ;=+ @))& b]lv xfn;Dd !!&
kf7 & ldlynf ;Eotf / hghLjgdf k|efj !@@
PsfO ^ g]kfnsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ !@%
kf7 ! xfd|f cfly{s lj|mofsnfk !@^
kf7 @ xfd|f cfly{s lj|mofsnfkM s[lif / pBf]u !@(
kf7 # xfd|f cfly{s lj|mofsnfkM ;]jf / Jofkf/ !##
kf7 $ xfd|f] ko{6g, xfd|f] uf}/j !#%
kf7 % xfd|f] cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgM e"ld / hn;|f]t !#(
kf7 ^ xfd|f] cfly{s ;fwgM jg, vlgh / dfgj ;+;fwg !$@
PsfO & xfd|f] k[YjL !$%
kf7 ! k[YjLsf] kl/ro !$^
kf7 @ k[YjLsf] ;+/rgf !%)
kf7 # cIffz+ / b]zfGt/ !%$
kf7 $ k[YjLsf] agf]6 !%^
kf7 % g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljj/0f !^$
kf7 ^ g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL !^&
kf7 & k|fs[lts jg:klt !&)
kf7 * gbL, lxdgbL / tfnx¿ !&#
kf7 ( k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / dfgj ;DaGw !&&
kf7 !) :yfgLo k|fs[lts ;|f]t / pkof]u !*)
kf7 !! gS;f k9f}F / agfcf}F !*#
kf7 !@ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg !*%
PsfO * hg;V+ of / o;sf] Joj:yfkg !*&
kf7 ! hg;ª\Vof / hg;fª\lVosL !**
kf7 @ hg;ª\vof tYofª\ssf ;|f]tx¿ !(@
kf7 # /fli6«o hgu0fgf @(%
kf7 $ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cj:yf @((
kf7 % hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg @)$
kf7 ^ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo lgsfosf] el" dsf @)^
PsfO ( cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;d;fdlos 36gf / ;"rgf k|ljlw @)(
kf7 ! g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u @!)
kf7 @ g]kfnsf] ljsf;df cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u @!#
kf7 # ;"rgf k|ljlw @!&
kf7 $ ;fdflhs ;~hfn / o;sf] k|of]u @@!
kf7 % ;d;fdlos ultljlw @@$

PsfO

!

xfdL / xfdf| ] ;dfh

l;sfO pknlAw

™ ;dfh / ;d'bfosf] cjwf/0ff / ;dfh lgdf{0fsf cfwf/ pNn]v ug{,
™ ufpFkflnsf ÷ gu/kflnsfsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf ;/+ rgf / ;]jfx¿ pNn]v ug{,
™ cfˆgf] ufpFkflnsf ÷ gu/kflnsfleq ePsf ljsf;sf sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{,
™ ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/x¿sf] kl/ro / dxŒj pNn]v u/L d'Vo–d'Vo ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ klxrfg ug{ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 1

!kf7 ;dfh / ;db' fosf] cjwf/0ff
dflg; Ps ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] . Pscsf{sf] kf/:kl/s ;xof]ulagf dflg;sf] cl:tTj
;Dej xF'b}g . k|frLg ou' df dflg;x¿ ;+ul7t lyPgg\ / pgLx¿n] ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿sf]
;fdgf ug{'k¥of] . To;sf/0f ;+ul7t x'g pgLx¿n] ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg yfn] .
kmn:j¿k kl/jf/, ;dfh / ;d'bfoh:tf ;:+ yfx¿ cl:tTjdf cfP .

;dfhsf] cjwf/0ff

;dfh ljleGg hflt, wd{, efiff / ;db' fosf ljZj
dflg;x¿sf] PsLs[t ;dx" xf] h;sf] ;fd"lxs bz]
p2]Zo xG' 5 . pgLx¿sf lardf lg/Gt/ ;dfh
cGt/lqmof, kf/:kl/s ;xof]u / Jojxf/ ;db' fo
sfod ePsf] x'G5 . dflg;x¿ Pscsf{df kl/jf/
;xof]u / ;xsfo{sf dfWodaf6 hf]l8Psf JolQm
xG' 5g\ . of] ;j{JofkL ;:+ yf xf] cyf{t ;+;f/sf]
h'g;'s} efu jf s'gfdf klg ;dfh cjl:yt
xG' 5 t/ b]zsf] /fhgLlts cfly{s cj:yfsf
cfwf/df ;dfh ljsf;sf] ult eg] km/s–
km/s x'g ;S5 . oxL ljljwtfn] ;dfhsf]
:j¿knfO{ lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g ul//x]sf] x'G5 .

;dfh PSn} cjl:yt x'Fb}g . of] ;Fu;Fu} wd{;:+ s[lt, /Lltl/jfh / rfnrngx¿sf] klg
ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;n] dflg;x¿nfO{ Pstfsf] ;q" df afFw]/ /fVg] sfd ul//x]sf]
xG' 5 . ;dfhnfO{ cem ultzLn agfO /fVg dflg;x¿n] ljleGg ;ª\3;+:yf, Snax¿sf]
Joj:yf u/]sf xG' 5g\ . ltg} ;:+ yfx¿leq ;b:ox¿n] Pscsf{df ;xof]u / k|lt:kwf{ ug{]
ub{5g\ .

;d'bfosf] cjwf/0ff

Pp6} ufpF, 6f]n jf If]qdf a;L Ps cfk;df s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf cfl>t kl/jf/ jf
JolQmx¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ ;db' fo elgG5 . ;d'bfodf a;f]af; ug{] ;b:ox¿sf lardf
efiff, /xg;xg jf sfgg' sf cfwf/df ;fd"lxs klxrfg sfod ePsf] x'G5 . of] :yfoL

2 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgf xf] h;df ;b:ox¿sf lardf u?' ª ;d'bfo
;dfgtf x'G5 . hft, k];f, j0f{ tyf Joj;fo
cflbsf cfwf/df ;db' fosf] lgdf{0f xG' 5 . o;sf]
lglZrt e"uf]n x'G5 . ;dfh / b]zsf] pGgltdf
;d'bfosf] 7n' f] el" dsf x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf
yf¿ ;db' fo, g]jf/ ;db' fo, a|fx\d0f ;d'bfo,
u?' ª ;d'bfo cflbnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

;dfhsf] kl/ro

lglZrt If]qdf a;f]af; u/L ;dfg ;:+ s[lt ckgfpg] dflg;x¿sf] ;d"x ;dfh xf] cyf{t
;dfg p2]Zo ePsf dflg;x¿sf] ;+ul7t ;d"x g} ;dfh xf] . ;dfh ljleGg ;d'bfox¿
ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . oxfF JolQm, kl/jf/, ljleGg hfltsf ;fy} ;+3;:+ yfx¿ klg cl:tTjdf

/xG5g\ .

;dfh / ;db' fosf lardf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿

;dfh / ;d'bfosf lardf ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ bj' } 5g\ . o;nfO{ lgDg lrqsf]
dfWodåf/f k|:6 kfg{ ;lsG5 .

;dfh ;d'bfo

lj:t[t Pstf ;fgf] cfsf/
p2]Zodf km/skgf cfk;L ;xof]u ;dfg p2]Zo
clglZrt e"uf]n ;dfg eu" f]n
ultzLntf
lhDd]jf/L

;'/Iff

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 3

;dfgtfx¿

!= ;b:ox¿sf lardf Pstf sfod ePsf] xG' 5 .
@= Pscsf{df lgs6 ;DaGw sfod xg' 'sf ;fy} ;xof]u / k|lt:kwf{ x'G5 .
#= ;/' Iffsf] efjgf k}bf x'G5 .
$= ;b:ox¿sf lardf lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF6 ul/Psf] xG' 5 .
%= kf/:kl/s ;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] xG' 5 .
^= b'j}sf] k|s[lt ultzLn xG' 5 .

leGgtfx¿

;dfh / ;d'bfosf lardf s]xL ;dfgtfx¿ kfOP klg logLx¿sf lardf lgs} leGgtfx¿
/x]sf x'G5g\ . o;nfO{ k|:6 kfg{ tnsf] tflnsf x]/f}F M

qm=;+= ;dfh ;d'bfo

!= ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿sf cfwf/df lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qdf a;f]af;
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'G5 . u/]sf] / ;fdl" xs efjgf ePsf
JolQmx¿ ldn]/ ;d'bfosf] lgdf{0f
xG' 5 .

@= ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿df ljljwtf ;b:ox¿df s]xL ljz]iftfx¿ ;dfg
kfOG5 . xG' 5g\ .

#= lglZrt ef}uf]lns ;Ldf x'Fb}g . o;df eu" f]n lglZrt x'G5 .

$= ;dfgtf / ljljwtf k|z:t xG' 5 . ;db' fodf ;dfgtf a9L x'G5 .

%= ;b:ox¿sf ?lr / p2]Zodf 7'nf] ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿sf ?lr /
leGgtf kfOG5 . p2]Zox¿df ;dfgtf x'g ;S5g\ .

^= ;dfh a[xt\ xG' 5 / ;dfhleq ljleGg ;d'bfo ;dfheGbf ;fgf] x'G5 .
;db' fox¿ xG' 5g\ .

lqmofsnfk

sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;f]Wg'xf];\ . pgLx¿ s'g s'g ;db' fosf 5g\ < s] pgLx¿sf] efiff,
wd{ / ;+:s[ltdf ;dfgtf 5 < kQf nufpgx' f];\ .

4 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nV] gx' f;] \ M
s= k|frLg sfndf dflg;x¿ lsg ;u+ l7t eP/ a:g yfn] <
v= ;dfh eg]sf] s] xf] <
u= ;dfh ljsf;sf] ult s]n] lgwf{/0f ub{5 <
3= ;db' fo s;/L ag]sf] x'G5 <
ª= ;dfh / ;db' fosf lardf s] s] ;dfgtfx¿ kfOG5g\ <
r= ;dfh / ;db' fosf leGgtfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ M
s= dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] .
v= ;dfh ultzLn xG' 5 .
u= ;db' fosf] e"uf]n lglZrt x'G5 .
;fd'bflos sfo{
tkfO{F a;]sf] ;dfhdf ljleGg dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . ltgLx¿ Pscsf{df s;/L
cGt/;DaGwLt 5g\ < cfˆgf cleefjssf] ;xfotfdf ;dfhdf s:tf s:tf s/' fx¿sf]
cfbfgk|bfg xG' 5 < kQf nufpg'xf];\ / lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 5

@kf7 ;dfh lgdf{0fsf cfwf/x¿

;dfh dflg;x¿sf] lg/Gt/ cGt/lqmof xg' ] ;femf rf}tf/L xf] . h;/L JolQmlagfsf]
;dfhsf] sNkgf ug{ ;lsFb}g, To;/L g} ;dfhlagf JolQm klg ck"0f{ x'G5 . vf;u/L
;dfhsf] lgdf{0f dflg;n] cfˆgf /Lltl/jfh, k/Dk/f, wd{, ;:+ s[lt tyf lg/Gt/sf]
;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg;Fu} eO/x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfh lgdf{0f ljleGg tl/sfn] eP klg o;sf
s]xL lglZrt cfwf/x¿ 5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 M

;dfh lgdf0{ fsf cfwf/x¿

;fdflhs ;fdl" xs ;/' Iff ?lr /
sfo{ :jefj  
k/Dk/f /
;+:sf/ 

;xof]u / ;fdl" xs cfjZostf ;d;fdlos k];f
;b\efj lhDdj] f/L kl/kl" t{ ;fr] Joj;fo

s= ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / ;:+ sf/

;dfhdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdflhs

k/Dk/f / ;:+ sf/x¿ x'G5g\ . k/Dk/f jf

;+:sf/ eGgfn] ljutb]lv g} k|rngdf

/x]sf /Lltlylt x'g\ . dflg;n] cfkmn" fO{

lglZrt lgoddf afFWg / JolQmx¿nfO{

;+ul7t agfpg o:tf lgodx¿ agfPsf

x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf hGd, ljjfx

tyf d[To' ;:+ sf/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . sd' f/L
;doqmd;Fu} o:tf lgodx¿ kl/jt{g

x'G5g\ . o:tf k/Dk/f / ;:+ sf/x¿ ;fdflhs cfjZostf k/" f ug{] p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf

x'G5g\ h;n] ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] alnof] cfwf/ tof/ ub{5g\ .

6 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

v= ;xof]u / ;b\efj

;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf lardf cfk;L ;xof]u / ulx/f] ;b\efj sfod xG' 5 . kf/:kfl/s
;xof]u / ;b\efjn] ;fd"lxs p2]Zo k/" f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . ;dfhnfO{ hLjGt agfO/fVg
;b:ox¿sf lardf ;d' w'/ ;DaGw sfod xg' 'kb{5 ;fy} pgLx¿sf lardf ;fd"lxs
enfOsf] ;f]r klg x'g'kb{5 . ljleGg ;fdflhs sfo{x¿ h:t}M ljjfx, d[To' cflb h:tf
cj;/x¿df ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿ ;xof]u cfbfgk|bfg ub{5g\ .

u= ;fdl" xs sfo{

;fd"lxs sfo{ eGgfn] ;dfhsf ljleGg
;b:ox¿n] ;fd"lxs p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ ul/Psf]
sfo{nfO{ ae' mfpF5 . ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n]
ljleGg lqmofsnfk ;fd"lxs ¿kdf
ub{5g\ . rf8kj{ dgfpg], ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{ ;~rfng ug{] tyf ;v' bM' vdf ;d]t
dflg;x¿ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;xefuL xG' 5g\ .
o:tf sfo{af6 ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf lardf
;d' w'/ ;DaGw sfod xg' fsf ;fy} sfd klg l56f]5l/tf] 9ª\un] ;DkGg x'G5 .

3= ;fdl" xs lhDd]jf/L

;a} sfd Pp6} JolQmn] ;DkGg ug{ c;Dej xG' 5 . t;y{ ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] ;dfhnfO{
Jojl:yt 9ª\un] ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ljleGg lhDd]jf/Lx¿ afF8kmfF6 u/]sf xG' 5g\ .
oxL lhDd]jf/Lsf cfwf/df ;dfhdf Jofkf/ Joj;fo ug{], nu' f l;nfpg], cWofkg ug{],
v]tLls;fgL ug{]h:tf k];f ckgfpg] dflg;x¿ a;]sf x'G5g\ .

ª= cfjZostf kl/k"lt{

x/]s JolQm cfˆgf cfjZostfx¿ k/" f ug{sf nflu JolQm cfkmF} dfq ;kmn x'Fb}g .
;dfhsf ljleGg ;b:ox¿ cfˆgf cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu cGo JolQmx¿df lge{/
/xG5g\ . ;fdflhs cfjZostf k"/f ug{' g} ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf lyof] .

r= ;'/Iff

k|frLg ;dodf ha dflg;x¿ PSn} a:by], ta pgLx¿nfO{ hª\unL hgfj/ / zq'x¿sf]
8/ lyof] . t;y{ dflg;x¿ ;u+ l7t ¿kdf a;f]af; ug{ yfn] . dflg; cfkm"n] bM' v u/]/

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 7

hf]8]sf] ;DklQ u'dfpg rfxFb}g . rf]/L, 8s}tL, n'6kf6 x'g] ;Defjgf klg xG' 5 t;y{ pm
;dfhdf g} a;]/ cfkm" / cfˆgf] lhpwgsf] ;/' Iff ug{ rfxG5 . cfkm"nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg]
oxL rfxgfcg¿' k g} ;dfhsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .

5= ;d;fdlos ;fr]

;dfh ultzLn 5 / ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿ hlxNo} klg ;dfhsf] kl/jt{gsf nflu k|oTg
ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ;dfh / ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g;Fu} ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf]
;f]rfOdf klg kl/jt{g cfpF5 . kmn:j¿k ;dfh kl/jt{g xG' 5 . To; sf/0f ;d;fdlos
;f]r klg ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] Pp6f cfwf/ xf] .

h= ?lr / :jefj

ha dflg;x¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf a:gk' g{] cfjZostf cfOnfUof], pgLx¿ cfkm;" Fu ldNg]
dflg;x¿sf] vf]hL ug{ yfn] . ;dfg ?lr / :jefj ePsf dflg;x¿ Ps} 7fpFdf a:g,
Jojxf/ ug{ tyf ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ yfn] / o;} qmdddf ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f eof] .
kmntM ?lr / :jefj klg ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf /Xof] .

em= k];f Joj;fo

;dfh lgdf{0fsf] csf{] cfwf/ k];f Joj;fo klg xf] . dflg;x¿ hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu
ljleGg k];f ckgfpg yfn] / ;f]xL cfwf/df pgLx¿sf] a;f]af; ;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 .
kmn:j¿k ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f eof] .

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{F a;]sf] ;dfh s'g cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

v= tkfO{Fsf] ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿n] Pscsf{nfO{ sg' s'g sfo{x¿df ;xof]u ub{5g\ .
vf]hL u/L To:tf sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf vfnL 7fpdF f pko'Qm hfgsf/L eg'{xf;] \ M

s= dflg;x¿n] cfkm"nfO{ lgoddf afFWg / ;+ul7t agfpg agfPsf lgodx¿nfO{
====================== ====================== elgG5 .

v= ;fdl" xs sfo{ ============================================== k|fKt ug{ ul/G5 .

8 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

u= ha dflg;x¿ PSn} PSn} a:g] ub{y], ta pgLx¿nfO{ =======================================
================ sf] 8/ lyof] .

3= ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿ ;b}j ;dfhsf] ============================================== sf nflu
k|oTgzLn /xG5g\ .

ª= ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{] qmddf dflg;x¿ ================================================ ldNg]
dflg;x¿ ;Fu;Fu} a:g / Jojxf/ ug{ yfn] .

sf/0f lbgx' f];\ .
s= JolQmsf] ;/' lIft x'g] rfxgfsf] k|ltkmn:j¿k ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
v= ;d;fdlos ;f]rn] ;dfhnfO{ ultzLn agfpF5 .
;fdb' flos sfo{
tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf dflg;x¿n] s;/L Pscsf{sf kl/k/" ssf ¿kdf sfd u/]sf 5g\ <
;dfhdf ePsf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf cfwf/df lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 9

#kf7 xfd|f] ufpFkflnsf

ufpFkflnsfsf] kl/ro

gd:sf/ . d]/f] gfd xl/ rf}w/L xf] . cfh d oxfFx¿nfO{
ufpFkflnsfsf af/]df atfpb} 5' .

ufpFkflnsf xfn g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] k|zf;lgs PsfO xf] .
of] Ps jf PseGbf a9L ufpFx¿ ldnfP/ agfOPsf] ;+/rgf
xf] . o;sf] lgdf{0f eu" f]n / hg;V+ ofnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ ul/Psf]
xG' 5 . xfn g]kfndf ufpFkflnsfsf] ;ª\Vof $^) 5 .

ufpFkflnsfx¿sf] cfsf/ km/s–km/s xg' ;Sb5 . k|To]s
ufpFkflnsfdf % b]lv @! cf]6f;Dd j8fx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . ;a}
j8fnfO{ kfos kg{] :yfgdf ufpFkflnsfsf] s]Gb| tf]lsPsf] 5 .

ufpFkflnsf If]qleq a;f]af; ug{] dtbftf gfdfjnLdf gfd ePsf JolQmx¿n]
uf]Ko dtbfgaf6 ufpFkflnsfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ 5flgG5g\ . Ps k6s lgjf{lrt ePsf
kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] sfo{ cjlw % jif{sf] xG' 5 . ufpFkflnsfsf ljleGg kbx¿df pDd]åf/
xg' sf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf] of]Uotf cfjZos x'G5 M

s= g]kfnL gful/s,

v= @! jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf],

u= ufpFkflnsfsf] dtbftf ;"rLdf gfd ePsf],

3= s'g} sfg'gn] cof]Uo gePsf] .

ufpkF flnsfsf] u7g k|lj|mof

ufpkF flnsfsf] u7g kl| j|mof

ufpF sfo{kflnsf ufpF ;ef Goflos ;ldlt

10 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

ca d oL ;+/rgfx¿ s;/L aG5g\ eGg]af/]df oxfFx¿nfO{ atfpg rfxG5' .

s= ufpF sfo{kflnsf

ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g k|lqmof ! hgf
! hgf
s= ufpkF flnsfsf cWoIf – % – @! hgf
v= ufpkF flnsfsf pkfWoIf – $ hgf
u= k|Tos] j8fsf j8fWoIfx¿ –
3= ufp;F efn] cfkm" dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/s] f dlxnf ;b:ox¿ @ hgf
ª= ufpF;efn] lgjf{lrt u/]sf blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 lgjf{lrt

u/s] f ;b:ox¿

o;/L j8fsf] ;+Vofsf cfwf/df ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] ;V+ of klg km/s kb{5 .

v= ufpF;ef

ufpF;efsf] ;b:o ;+Vof klg ufpFkflnsfsf] j8fsf] ;V+ ofdf lge{/ ub{5 . o;sf] u7g
lgDgcg;' f/ xG' 5 M

ufpF;efsf] u7g ! hgf
! hgf
s= ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf – ! hgfsf b/n]
v= ufpkF flnsfsf pkfWoIf –
u= kT| os] j8fsf j8fWoIf – $ hgfsf b/n]
3= kT| os] j8faf6 lgjf{lrt bO' { hgf dlxnf;lxt
@ hgf
-Ps blnt dlxnf clgjfo_{ –
ª= ufpkF flnsfleqsf blnt÷cNk;V+ os

;d'bfoaf6 lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿ –

u= Goflos ;ldlt

Goflos sfo{sf] ;Dkfbg ug{] sfo{ cbfntn] ub{5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg lsl;dsf
cbfntx¿ -;jf{]Rr, pRr / lhNnf txdf_ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L ufpFkflnsfdf
ePsf em}emu8f tyf cGo ljjfbx¿ ;dfwfg u/L Gofo;DaGwL sfo{ ug{sf nflu #
;b:oLo Goflos ;ldlt /xG5 .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 11

Goflos ;ldlt

pkfWoIf -;o+ f]hs_ – ! hgf ufpF;efn] cfk"mdWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf
-@ hgf_ – ;b:o

o;/L ul7t tLg ;b:oLo Goflos ;ldltn] ufpFdf g} kIfljkIfsf lardf d]nldnfk u/fO
cbfnt hfgk' g{] emGem6af6 gful/sx¿nfO{ dQ' m ug{] k|oTg ub{5 .

ufpkF flnsfsf sfo{x¿

ufpkF flnsfsf] clwsf/ Ifq] leq lgDgfg;' f/sf sfox{ ¿ kb{5g\ .
s= ufpFkflnsfleq a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x¿sf lglDt cfjZos ;]jf k|jfx ug{] .
v= Pkm= Pd= ;~rfng ug{ cgd' lt lbg] jf ;~rfng ug{] .
u= :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .
3= :yfgLo s/ ;ª\sng ug]{
ª= cfwf/et" tyf dfWolds lzIffsf] Joj:yf, :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO;DaGwL sfo{

ug{] .
r= ljleGg lsl;dsf tYofÍ ;ª\sng u/L Jojl:yt ug{] .
5= efiff, ;:+ s[lt tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{] .

lqmofsnfkx¿

s= tkfO{Fsf] ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfn] s] s] sfo{x¿ ug{ ;Sb5 < vf]hL u/]/
n]Vgx' f];\ .

v= tkfO{F a;]sf] ;dfhdf dflg;x¿n] ljjfbx¿sf] ;dfwfg s] s;/L u/]sf 5g\ <
vf]hL u/]/ sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

12 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

cEof;

!= hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ M

;d"x s ;d"x v
s= g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] PsfO c= # ;b:oLo
v= ufpFkflnsf cf= % – @!
u= ufpFkflnsfdf /xg] j8fsf] ;+Vof O= % jif{
3= kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] ;do O{= $^)
ª= Goflos ;ldlt p= ufpFkflnsfsf] ;+Vof
@= 5f6] f] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

s= ufpFsfo{kflnsfsf] u7g s;/L x'G5 <
v= ufpFkflnsfsf] s]Gb| sxfF /x]sf] x'G5 <
u= ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ s;/L 5flgG5g\ <
3= s] ;a} ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] ;b:o ;+Vof ;dfg x'G5 < lsg <
ª= Goflos ;ldltsf] ;o+ f]hs sf] /xG5 <
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/ / l5d]sLx¿n] ufpF÷gu/kflnsfaf6 s] s:tf ;j] fx¿ lng kfpg'ePsf] 5 <
cfºgf cleefjs / l5ds] LnfO{ ;f]w]/ tnsf] tflnsf eg'{xf;] \ M

tkfOFs{ f] kl/jf/n] lnPsf ;j] fx¿ tkfO{sF f] l5ds] Ln] lnPsf ;j] fx¿

!= !=

@= @=

#= #=

$= $=

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 13

$kf7 xfdf| ] gu/kflnsf

ldltM @)&& – )( – !%
kgf}tL – %, sfe|]

Kof/f] 5f]/f ljzfn,

ltdLn] k7fPsf] kq d}n] lxhf] kfPF . ltdL cf/fd 5f} / cWoogdf w]/} ldlxg]t
ul//x]sf 5f} eGg] yfxf kfpFbf ltd|f] afaf / d lgs} xlif{t ePsf 5f}F . lr7Ldf ltdLn]
gu/kflnsfsf af/]df ;f]w]sf /x]5f} . d oxfF ltdLnfO{ oxL af/]df atfpb} 5' .

ufpFeGbf 7'nf] ;x/nfO{ gu/

elgG5 . gu/df gu/kflnsf xG' 5 .

gu/kflnsfdf sDtLdf ( / a9Ldf

#% cf]6f;Dd j8fx¿ /xG5g\ .

gu/kflnsfx¿nfO{ klg hg;+Vof,

;l' jwfsf] kof{Kttf / cfDbfgLsf

cfwf/df dxfgu/kflnsf,

pkdxfgu/kflnsf / gu/kflnsfdf

ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L g]kfndf

xfn @&^ gu/kflnsf, !! cf]6f pkdxfgu/kflnsf / ^ cf]6f dxfgu/kflnsfx¿

/x]sf 5g\ .

ca d ltdLnfO{ gu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf tyf dxfgu/kflnsfsf] lrgf/L
u/fpg rfxG5' .

s= gu/kflnsf

gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff xg' sf nflu ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df sDtLdf !) xhf/b]lv
Psnfv;Dd hg;V+ of cfjZos x'G5 . kfFr jif{sf] cf};t cfo lxdfnL lhNnfsf]
xsdf sDtLdf Ps s/f]8 / cGo lhNnfdf sDtLdf tLg s/f]8 ¿k}ofF rflxG5 .
sDtLdf klRr; z}øofsf] c:ktfn, a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] ;]jf, ;8s, ljBt' \
tyf vfg]kfgLh:tf Gog" td ;x/L ;'ljwf ePsf] x'gk' b{5 . o;sf ;fy} gu/ u?' of]hgf
tof/ ePsf] / kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg h:tf kj" f{wf/ePsf If]q gu/kflnsf
3f]if0ff x'g ;Sb5g\ .

14 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

v= pkdxfgu/kflnsf

pkdxfgu/kflnsfdf sDtLdf @ nfv hg;ª\Vofsf ;fy} kfFr jif{sf] cf};t cfo
sDtLdf klRr; s/f]8 ¿k}ofF xg' 'kb{5 . o;sf ;fy} oxfF sDtLdf bO' { ;o z}øofsf]
c:ktfn, ;efxn, /fli6«o :t/sf] /ªzfnfsf ;fy} gu/leqsf ;8sx¿ kSsL
x'gk' b{5 . kmf]xf]d}nf k|zf]wg tyf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL ePsf] tyf pRr lzIffsf] ;l' jwf
ePsf] xg' 'kg{] h:tf ;t{x¿ k"/f u/]sf] gu/kflnsf pkdxfgu/kflnsf xg' ;Sb5 .

u= dxfgu/kflnsf

dxfgu/kflnsf xg' sfnflu hg;ª\Vof sDtLdf kfFr nfv xg' 'sf ;fy} kfFr jif{sf]
cf};t cfo sDtLdf Ps ca{ ¿k}ofF x'g'kb{5 . :gftsf]Q/;Ddsf] cWoog ;:+ yf,
sDtLdf kfFr ;o z}øofsf] c:ktfn tyf cGt/f{li6«o /ªzfnf;d]t ePsf] x'gk' b{5 .
To:t} oxfF cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf xf]6nsf ;fy} Jojl:yt t/sf/L
tyf kmnkm"n laj|mL s]Gb|;d]t ePsf] x'gk' b{5 .

ufpFkflnsfdf h:t} gu/kflnsfdf klg ;a} j8fx¿nfO{ kfos kg{] :yfgdf s]Gb|
tf]lsPsf] x'G5 . gu/kflnsfsf kbflwsf/Lsf] rg' fjdf pDd]åf/ x'gsf] nflu rflxg]
Go"gtd of]Uotf lgDgcg;' f/ /x]sf] 5 M

s= g]kfnL gful/s
v= @! jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf]
u= gu/kflnsfsf] dtbftf ;r" Ldf gfd ePsf]
3= sg' } klg sfg'gn] cof]Uo gePsf]

gu/kflnsfsf] u7g kl| qmof

k|To]s gu/kflnsfdf gu/;ef, gu/ sfo{kflnsf / Goflos ;ldlt /xG5g\ . ca d
ltdLnfO{ gu/;ef s;/L aGb5 eg]/ atfpb} 5' .

gu/;efsf] u7g ! hgf
! hgf
!= gu/kflnsfsf k|dv' – ! hgfsf b/n]

@= gu/kflnsfsf pkk|dv' – $ hgfsf b/n]

#= k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt j8fWoIfx¿ –

$= k|To]s j8faf6 lgjf{lrt Ps dlxnf / Ps blnt
dlxnf;lxt –

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 15

%= gu/ sfo{kflnsfn] lgjf{lrt u/]sf blnt # hgfsf b/n]
/ cNk;V+ os ;d'bfoaf6 –

5f]/f, ca d ltdLnfO{ gu/ sfo{kflnsf s;/L u7g x'G5 eg]/ atfpF5' .

gu/ sfok{ flnsfsf] u7g k|lqmof

!= gu/kflnsfsf k|dv' – ! hgf

@= gu/kflnsfsf pkk|d'v – ! hgf

#= ;a} j8fsf j8fWoIfx¿ – ! hgfsf b/n]

$= gu/;efsf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm"x¿dWo]af6 % hgf
lgjf{lrt u/]sf dlxnf ;b:ox¿ –

%= blnt÷cNk;V+ os ;db' foaf6 # hgfsf b/n]
gu/;efn] lgjf{lrt u/]sf ;b:ox¿ –

gu/kflnsfleqsf] csf{] dxŒjk0" f{ cË Goflos ;ldlt klg xf] . o;sf] u7g lgDgfg;' f/
x'G5 M

pkkd| 'v -;o+ f]hs_ – ! hgf

Goflos ;ldlt

gu/;efn] cfkm" dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt
u/s] f ;b:o – @ hgf

o;/L u7g xg' ] Goflos ;ldltn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf ljjfbx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg
ug{] lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ Goflos ;ldltn] cbfntn] h:t} lgikIf eP/
Gofo ;Dkfbg ug{] sfo{ ub{5 .

5f]/f, ca d ltdLnfO{ gu/kflnsfn] k|bfg ug]{ ;j] fx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lbb} 5' . oL
;]jfx¿sf af/]df ;+ljwfgdf g} Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

s= :yfgLo :t/df ljsf;sf sfdx¿ h:t} vfg]kfgL, af6f], hnljB't\ tyf
pmhf{;DaGwL sfd ug{],

v= hUuf wgLk'hf{ ljt/0f ug{],
u= :yfgLo :t/df Pkm= Pd= ;~rfng ug{],
3= ljleGg lsl;dsf clen]v / tYofÍ ;ª\sng / Joj:yfkg ug{],
ª= :yfgLo s/x¿ ;ª\sng ug{], sf]ifdf hDdf ug{] / cfjZostfcg;' f/ vr{ ug{],

16 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

r= s[lif tyf kz;' DaGwL ;xof]u tyf k/fdz{ lbg],
5= cfwf/e"t tyf dfWolds txsf] lzIff tyf :jf:Yo;DaGwL sfo{ ug{] .

afa', ltdLn] cWoogdf cem hf]8 nufpFb} hfg" . kq lgoldt ¿kdf n]Vb} u/ . olt
eGb} d cfh ltdL;Fu labf x'G5' .

ltdLnfO{ dfof ug{] cfdf
;fljqL

lqmofsnfkx¿

s= tkfO{F a;]sf] j8fdf kflnsfn] s] s:tf sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] 5 < To:tf sfo{x¿sf]
;r" L agfpg'xf];\ .

v= tkfO{F a;f]af; ug{] gu/kflnsfleq gu/sfo{kflnsf s;/L u7g ePsf] 5 < vf]hL
u/]/ n]Vgx' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf vfnL 7fpdF f pko'Qm zAb jf hfgsf/Lx¿ eg'{xf];\ M

s= gu/kflnsfdf ==================================================== cf]6f j8fx¿ x'G5g\ .
v= hg;V+ of, ;]jf;'ljwf / cfDbfgLsf cfwf/df gu/x¿nfO{ ===============================

k|sf/df juL{s/0f ul/G5 .
u= gu/kflnsfsf] ;b:odf ============================================ jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf] JolQm dfq

pDd]åf/ xg' kfpF5 .
3= gu/leq ePsf em}emu8f tyf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfgdf ============================================

n] ;xfotf ub{5 .
ª= gu/kflnsfn] k|bfg ug{] ;]jfsf] clwsf/ If]q ===================================== df g}

Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
r= dxfgu/kflnsf xg' sf nflu hg;ª\Vof ====================== cfjZos xG' 5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfOF{ a;s] f] gu/÷ufpkF flnsfsf] Goflos ;ldltsf ;o+ fh] s jf ;b:odWo] s;n} fO{ e6] g\ x' f;] \ .
Goflos ;ldltn] xfn;Dd sltcf6] f ljjfbx¿ ;dfwfg u¥of,] sltcf6] f ;dfwfg xg' ;sg] g,\
kQf nufpgx' f;] \ . ;dfwfg xg' g;Sgs' f sf/0fx¿;dt] kQf nufpgx' f;] \ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 17

%kf7 :yfgLo txdf ljsf;

:yfgLo txx¿n] cfˆgf] If]qdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ ;~rfng ug{
;Sb5g\ . gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ psf:gsf nflu ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ klg ;~rfng ug{
;Sb5g\ . gu/÷ufpFkflnsfx¿n] ug{ ;Sg] sfo{x¿sf af/]df oxfF rrf{ ul/G5 .

!= ljsf; lgdf0{ f

kflnsfx¿n] cfˆgf] If]qleq cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf
sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ub{5g\ . ;fIf/tf, ;8s lgdf{0f tyf :t/ pGglt, l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf,
hgtfsf] ;xh kxF'rdf vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yfnufotsf sfd ug'{kb{5 . o:tf ljsf;sf
sfo{x¿df cfjZos kg{] hg;xeflutf h'6fpg] sfo{x¿ klg ub{5g\ .

@= :yfgLo sfg'gsf] lgdf0{ f / sfof{Gjog

;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL kflnsfx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg{] sfgg' x¿ lgdf{0f u/L
sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

#= ljljw ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f

kflnsfleq ljleGg lsl;dsf wfld{s, ;f:+ s[lts, P]ltxfl;s tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿
/x]sf x'G5g\ . To:tf ;Dkbfx¿n] xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL Oltxf;nfO{ hLjGt /fVg ;xof]u
ub{5g\ . cfpg] k':tfx¿n] ;d]t o:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVgk' g{] xG' 5 . t;y{
ltgLx¿sf] ;/+ If0f / k|jw{g u/L arfO/fVg' :yfgLo txsf] bfloTjleq kb{5 . o;af6
ko{6g k|jw{g x'g uO{ :yfgLo tx tyf :yfgLon] cfocfh{g;d]t ug{ ;S5g\ .

$= :yfgLo pTkfbg / ahf/sf] Joj:yfkg

:yfgLo txn] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ psf:g, s[lif tyf cGo ljleGg lsl;dsf ;fdu|Lx¿
pTkfbg ug{sf nflu ;xfotf u5{ . o;n] pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ahf/sf] ;xh
Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{ ub{5 . cfˆgf gful/sx¿sf] ;xh kxF'rdf pGgt lap, dn /
cfwl' gs pks/0fx¿ k|bfg u5{ . 3/]n' pBf]ux¿af6 pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿ ;xh ¿kdf
laqmLljt/0fsf nflu ;xof]u ub{5 .

18 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

%= ljkb÷\ hfl] vd Joj:yfkg / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff

cfsl:ds ¿kdf cfOkg{] ljkb\;Fu h'Wgsf nflu kflnsfn] of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog
ug{'kb{5 . kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;dod} p4f/ ug{', hf]lvdoQ' m :yfgdf /x]sf] hg;+VofnfO{
;'/lIft :yfgdf ;fg{' o;sf] sfo{ xf] . cfjZos /fxtsf] Joj:yfsf nflu :yfgLo tx
;b}j tof/ x'G5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf ljz]if ju{x¿ h:t}M Ho]i7 gful/s, cNk;V+ os /
Psn dlxnfnufotnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jf ;l' jwfx¿ klg pknAw u/fpgk' b{5 .

^= cflys{ lqmofsnfk ;~rfng

:yfgLo txn] ljleGg j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug{], s/sf] b/ x]/km]/ ug{], s/
;ª\sng u/L sf]ifdf Jojl:yt ug{] / jflif{s ah]6 agfO{ cfjZostfcg;' f/ vr{ ug{]
sfo{ ub{5 .

&= :jf:Yo ;/' Iff / ljsf;

kflnsfn] cfˆgf] If]qleqsf gful/sx¿sf] :jf:Yo cj:yfnfO{ dhat' agfpg :jf:Yo
rf}sL, c:ktfn tyf :jf:YosdL{sf] Joj:yf ug{] sfo{ ub{5 . o;sf nflu eO/x]sf
:jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] :t/ pGglt ug{], gofF k|ljlw leœofpg], :jf:Yo ;:+ yfsf gofF ejgx¿
lgdf{0f ug{] h:tf sfo{ ub{5 .

*= z}lIfs ;'wf/ / ljsf;

b]zsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu lzIff ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . slnnf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;do ;x' fpFbf]
lzIff lbg ;s] dfq eljiodf pgLx¿n] /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] uxg lhDd]jf/L axg ug{ ;S5g\ .
t;y{, cfˆgf] If]qleqsf ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ u0' f:t/Lo lzIffsf] ;l' glZrttfsf nflu
cfwf/et" tyf dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt ug{] sfo{ ub{5 . lzIfsx¿sf]
of]Uotf j[l4sf nflu tflnd ;~rfng ug{], :t/Lo ¿kdf k/LIff ;~rfng ug{] / lzIf0f
;fdu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{] h:tf sfo{ klg kflnsfn] ub{5 .

(= tYofÍ tyf clenv] /fVg]

:yfgLosf hLjgsf dxŒjk0" f{ 36gfx¿ h:t} hGd, ljjfx, a;fOF;/fO tyf d[To'
cflbsf] clen]v /fVb5 . o;sf ;fy} hgu0fgf tyf hUuf lsga]r cflb;Fu ;DaGwLt
clen]vx¿ kflnsfn] /fVb5 .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 19

lqmofsnfkx¿

s= tkfO{Fsf] ufpF÷gu/kflnsfleq s] s:tf ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ < vf]hL u/]/
To:tf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ .

v= jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f / ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf tkfO{Fsf] kflnsfn] s;/L sfo{ ul//x]sf]
5 < ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ / 5nkmnsf cfwf/df ;dfrf/sf] Pp6f gd'gf tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf jfSox¿ l7s jf j]l7s s] 5g,\ 56' \ofpg'xf];\ M
s= ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu hg;xeflutf cfjZos x'Fb}g .
v= gu/kflnsf / ufpFkflnsfn] s]Gb|n] agfOlbPsf] sfgg' dfq dfGgk' b{5 .
u= ljleGg lsl;dsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f ug{ ;s] To;af6 nfe lng ;lsG5 .
3= ckem{6 cfOkg{] ljkb\;Fu h'Wgsf nflu kj" {tof/L cfjZos xG' 5 .
ª= :yfgLo txn] lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg ug{' kb{}g .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;dfhsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{ emNsfpg] Pp6f lrq agfpgx' f];\ .
cfjZostfcg';f/ /ª klg eg{'xf];\ .

20 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

^kf7 ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿

ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/ eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] s'/f a'‰g'eGbf klxn] ljsf; s] xf] eGg]af/]df
a'emf}+ . JolQmn] rfx]sf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf] . dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh
agfpg ljleGg kIfdf ljsf; ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . dflg; cfkm}F klg ultzLn k|f0fL
ePsfn] pm hlxNo}klg ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ToxL ultzLntfsf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k ljsf;sf nflu JolQm tNnLg /xG5 .

ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/

sg' } klg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu rflxg] cfwf/et" ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ g} kj" f{wf/x¿ x'g\ .
To:t} ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos ;fwgx¿nfO{ ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ elgG5 . b]zsf] cfly{s
tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu pknAw u/fOg] cfwf/e"t ;]jfnfO{ g} ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/
elgG5 . ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/sf ¿kdf lzIff, :jf:Yo, ljB't\, ;~rf/, oftfoft / vfg]kfgL
cflbnfO{ lnOG5 . ca logLx¿sf af/]df 5f]6s/Ldf cWoog u/f}+ .

s= lzIff

;dfh slt ljsl;t 5 eGg] s/' f pQm ;dfhdf
lzIffsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 eGg] s/' fn] lgwf{/0f
ub{5 . JolQmsf] r]tgf:t/ p7fO{ ;dfhsf] ;du|
kl/jt{g / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff clgjfo{ ;t{
xf] . o;af6 JolQmsf] 1fgsf] bfo/f km/flsnf]
x'gs' f ;fy} l;k cfh{geO{ :j/f]huf/
aGg;d]t ;xof]u kU' b5 . ;dfhdf JofKt
s'/Llt, cGwljZjf;, ljs[lt tyf s;' :+ sf/
cflbaf6 ;dfhnfO{ d'lQm lbg] Pp6} dfq
xltof/ lzIff xf] . lzlIft dflg;n] ;dfhdf
zflGt :yfkgf ug{], afnclwsf/, ;+/If0f tyf dfgj clwsf/ h:tf kIfdf cfkm"nfO{
bl/nf] u/L pEofpg ;S5 . lzIffsf] dfWodaf6 g} cGo ljsf;sf ;Defjgfx¿sf] 9f]sf
vf]Ng ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ou' ;'xfpFbf], cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t / k|ljlwoQ' m lzIff
;a}sf] kxF'rdf k'¥ofOgk' b{5 .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 21

v= :jf:Yo

b]z ljsf;sf nflu :j:y hgzlQm
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . k|To]s JolQm :j:y eP
dfq ;dfh :j:y xG' 5 / p;n] /fi6«
lgdf{0fsf] dxfo1df of]ubfg ug{ ;Sb5 .
elgG5, :j:y z/L/df dfq :j:y dl:tis
x'G5 . lg/f]uL dflg;x¿ ePdf dfq b]z
alnof] xG' 5 . b]zsf gful/sx¿ /f]uL /
c:j:y ePdf w]/} ;do / ;DklQ pkrf/df vr{ xG' 5 . o;sf/0f pgLx¿ b]zsf] ljsf;sf
af/]df ;f]Rg klg ;Sb}gg\ . t;y{ hgtfsf] :jf:Yo cj:yfnfO{ dhat' agfpg /fHon]
ljleGg lsl;dsf :jf:Yosf ;+/rgfx¿ h:t}M c:ktfn, :jf:Yo rf}sL, :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿
/ cfwl' gs ;]jf lj:tf/ ug'{sf ;fy} of]Uo :jf:YosdL{sf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug{'kb{5 .

u= ljBt' \

b]z ljsf;sf nflu ljBt' \ klg Pp6f dxŒjk0" f{
k"jf{wf/ xf] . ljBt' \ ljleGg k|fs[lts / cGo ;|f]tx¿sf]
k|of]u u/L pTkfbg ul/G5 . To:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿df
kfgL, xfjf tyf ;f}o{zlQm x'g\ eg] cGo ;|f]tx¿df
pBf]u, snsf/vfgf tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ cflb
xg' \ . JolQmsf] b}lgs hLjgdf vfgf ksfpg], pHofnf],
ljleGg pks/0fx¿ ;~rfng ug{ ljB't\ k|of]u x'G5
;fy} pBf]uwGbf rnfpg;d]t ljBt' \ cfjZos xG' 5 .
pBf]uwGbfx¿ hlt a9L ;~rfng x'G5g\, Tolt g}
b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf dha't xG' 5 . gofF /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf x'G5g\ /
k/lge{/tf;d]t 36\b5 .

3= ;~rf/

cfhsf] o'u ;"rgf / k|ljlwsf] ou' xf] . xfn ;"rgf k|ljlwsf
;fwgx¿df cfd"n kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . cfd ;~rf/sf
;fwgx¿ h:t}M 6]lnkmf]g, Od]n, OG6/g]6, /]l8of], l6eL tyf
;fdflhs ;~hfnsf ;fwgx¿sf sf/0fn] ljZj Ps ;fgf]

22 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

ufpF h:t} ePsf] 5 . ;;+ f/sf h'g;s' } s'gfdf ePsf hg' ;s' } 36gfsf af/]df xfdLnfO{
s]xL ;]s]08 leq} yfxf x'g yfn]sf] 5 . o;af6 xfd|f b}lgs lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfngdf
;xhtf xg' s' f ;fy} Jofkf/ Joj;fo;d]tdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k/]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;~rf/
klg ljsf;sf] kj" f{wf/ xf] .

ª= oftfoft

oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]un] xfdL Ps
:yfgaf6 csf{] :yfg;Dd ;xh} k'Ug ;S5f}F .
xfdLnfO{ cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿ 9j' fgL ug{ ;d]t
oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿ cfjZos x'G5 . pBf]usf
nflu cfjZos sRrf kbfy{x¿ cf];fg{ tyf
pTkflbt ;fdu|Lx¿ ahf/;Dd k'¥ofpg
;d]t o:tf ;fwgn] ;xof]u ub{5g\ . oftfotsf
k|sf/x¿ :yn oftfoft, xjfO{ oftfoft, /]n oftfoft tyf hn oftfoft cflb xg' \ .

r= vfg]kfgL

vfg]kfgL dflg;sf] hLjg lgjf{xsf] cfwf/ xf] . vfg]kfgL
dflg;sf] :jf:Yo;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] xG' 5 . :jR5 vfg]kfgL g}
:j:y hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf] . JolQm :j:y /xgsf nflu k|z:t
kfgL cfjZos xG' 5 t/ To:tf] kfgL ;kmf x'gk' b{5 . olb
vfg]kfgL bl" ift eof] eg] ljleGg lsl;dsf /f]uJoflw lglDtG5g\ .
/f]ux¿ h:t}M emf8fkvfnf, cfpF / df;L h:tf /f]ux¿ k|bl" ift
vfg]kfgLsf sf/0f ;lhn} km}lnG5g\ . olb :jR5 lkpg] kfgLsf]
Joj:yf hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Frdf k¥' ofpg ;s]sf] v08df /fHosf]
k|z:t ;|f]t ;fwg vr{ x'gaf6 hf]lug'sf ;fy} dflg;x¿ :j:y
eO{ b]z lgdf{0fdf ;d]t pNn]Vo of]ubfg lbg ;Sb5g\ . t;y{ vfg]kfgL klg ljsf;sf]
kj" f{wf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .

5= l;rF fO

hldg / af]6la?jfsf nflu cfjZos kfgLsf] dfqf k¥' ofpg' g} l;FrfO xf] . dflg;n] ljleGg
;dodf ljleGg lsl;dsf afnLgfnLx¿ nufPsf x'G5g\ ltgLx¿af6 ck]lIft k|ltkmn

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 23

k|fKt ug{ l;FrfOsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . of]
dflg;sf] hLjg lgjf{x;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf]
ljifo xf] . k|z:t l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf ug{;s]
pTkfbgdf j[l4 xG' 5 / JolQmx¿n] cfkmn" ]
pkef]u ul/g;s]sf j:tx' ¿ laqmL u/L
cfly{s pkfh{g;d]t ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o;af6
;du|df b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df bl/nf]
6]jf kU' b5 .

kj" f{wf/sf] dxŒj

!= dflg;x¿n] cfwl' gs ;]jf;l' jwfx¿ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] .

@= ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{df ;xof]u k'Ug] .

#= :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkof]u xg' ] .

$= hgtfsf] hLjg :t/df pNn]Vo ;'wf/ x'g] .

%= :yfgLo pTkfbgx¿sf] ahf/;Dd ;xh kxF'r xg' ] .

^= gofF /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf xg' uO{ lab]l;g] oj' fx¿sf] ;+Vofdf sdL
cfpg] .

&= hgtfn] u0' f:t/Lo ;]jf k|fKt ug{] .

lqmofsnfkx¿

s= tkfOF{ a;]sf] :yfgdf !) jif{cl3 ljsf;sf] cj:yf s:tf] lyof] < tkfO{sF f cleefjs /
lzIfssf] ;xotfdf vf]hL u/L tnsf] tflnsfdf egx{' f];\ M

!) jif{ klxn] clxn]

24 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

v= tkfOFn{ fO{ dflysf ljsf;sf k"jfw{ f/x¿dWo] ;aeGbf dxŒjk0" f{ kj" fw{ f/ sg' nfU5 <
lsg < dflysf k"jfw{ f/x¿nfO{ dxŒjsf cfwf/df ;"rLa4 ug{'xf;] \ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ nV] g'xf];\ M

s= ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] kl/efiff n]Vgx' f];\ .
v= ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] cefjdf xg' ] c;/x¿ s] s] x'g\ <
u= ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/x¿sf] s] dxŒj 5 <
3= cfhsf] ljZj lsg Pp6f ;fgf] ufpF h:t} ePsf] 5 <
ª= g]kfndf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; lsg xg' g;s]sf] xf] <
@= pko'Qm hfgsf/L /fvL tnsf vfnL 7fpFx¿ egx{' f;] \ M

s= sg' } klg sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu cTofjZos ;|f]t ;fdu|Lx¿nfO{ ================
=================== elgG5 .

v= :j:y z/L/df dfq :j:y ======================================= xG' 5 .
u= pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf;n] b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf ============================================

======== xG' 5 .
3= oftfoftsf ============================ k|sf/x¿ xG' 5g\ .
ª= l;FrfOsf sf/0f pTkfbgdf =================================== eO{ JolQmsf] hLjg:t/df

;'wf/ xG' 5 .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf ljleGg ljsf;sf k"jfw{ f/x¿sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < sg' – s'g k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
cefj 5 < vf]hL u//] kf| Kt ;"rgfx¿sf cfwf/df kl| tjb] g tof/ kfgx[' f];\ M
s= kl/ro
v= k"jf{wf/x¿sf] jt{dfg cj:yf
u= lgisif{
3= ;'emfj

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 25

PsfO

@

xfdf| ] ;fdflhs dN" o / dfGotf

l;sfO pknlAw

™ cfTd cgz' f;g / ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf] kfngf ug{,
™ ljleGg k|sf/sf rf8kj{x¿sf] dxŒj af]w u/L ;Ddfg ug{,
™ /fli6«o uf}]/jsf cfwf/x¿sf] klxrfg u/L ;f]cg¿' k cfr/0f ug{,
™ ljleGg ;f:+ s[lts tyf wfld{s ;Dkbf :ynx¿sf] klxrfg u/L o;sf] dxŒj / ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿ atfpg,
™ g]kfnsf k|]/0ffbfos /fli6«o JolStTjx¿sf] vf]hL u/L ;Ddfg ug{ / pgLx¿sf] sfdaf6 k|]/0ff lng,
™ rl/q lgdf{0fdf afn Sna, :sfp6sf] e"ldsf klxrfg tyf cEof; ug{ .

26 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

!kf7 cfTdcg'zf;g

ljBfnodf afx| ah] 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu a|]s eof] . Tokl5sf] sIff vfnL lyof] . ToxL
;dodf sIff ^ sf ljBfyL{x¿ ;fdflhs lzIfsnfO{ e]6\g clkm; sf]7fdf uP . lzIfs
/ ljBfyL{x¿lar ePsf] s'/fsfgL lgDgfg;' f/ 5 M

sljtf M ld; cfhsf] of] vfnL sIffdf gae' m]sf s/' fdf 5nkmn u/f}F eg]/ cfPsf
xfdL t .

lzIfs M eOxfN5 lg † n ;f]w ga'em]sf s'/fx¿ .

sljtf M cg'zf;g eg]sf] s] xf] ld; <

lzIfs M s:tf] /fd|f] lh1f;f /fVof} sljtf ltdLn] . cgz' f;g eg]sf] lglZrt lgoddf
a;]/ ul/g] Jojxf/ xf] . xfdLn] kl/jf/, ;dfh / ljBfnosf] lgodleq a;]/
ljleGg sfo{ ul//x]sf xG' 5f}F . Tof] g} cgz' f;g xf] .

;~ho M ld; Û cgz' f;g t lgodx¿sf] kfngf /x]5 . clg cfTdcgz' f;g eg]sf] s]
xf] lg <

lzIfs M xf] cgz' f;g eg]sf] lgodx¿sf] kfngf xf] . sg' } klg JolQmn] cfkm}Fn] a'em]/
dof{lbt Jojxf/ ug'{, ;f]r ljrf/ u/]/ af]Ng,' c¿;Fu ;o+ ldt / ;Ddfghgs
Jojxf/ ug'{ g} cfTdcgz' f;g xf] .

;~ho M o;df s'g sg' kIfx¿ kb{5g\ t, ld; <

lzIfs M cfTdcg';f;g cGtu{t
dof{lbt Jojxf/, ;To
/ lgi7f, ;Tsfo{, ;+od
kb{5g\ .

gldtf M clg, dofl{ bt Jojxf/ eg]/
s:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ elgG5 t
ld; <

lzIfs M l7s k|Zg u¥of} gldtf
ltdLn] . c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg u/]/
ul/g] Jojxf/nfO{ dof{lbt Jojxf/ elgG5 . xfdLn] hlxn] klg xfd|f nflu
agfPsf lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu cfkm" eGbf 7n' f,
dfGohg, cfdfa'af / u?' nfO{ cfb/ ug{', ;fgf efOalxgLx¿nfO{ dfof ug'{

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 27

cflb dof{lbt Jojxf/ x'g\ . To:t} xfdL ;a}n] Ps csf{nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{'k5{ .
xfdLn] c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg u¥of}F eg] c¿n] klg xfdLnfO{ ;Ddfg u5{g\ . ;dfhn]
lglZrt lgodx¿ agfPsf] xG' 5 . tL lgodx¿ xfdLn] kfngf ug{'k5{ . xfdL
cg'zfl;t eof}F eg] ;a}n] dfof u5{g\ . c;n dflg; / pbfx/0fLo JolQm
aGg ;lsG5 . To;}n] xfdLn] dof{lbt / cgz' fl;t xg' l;Sg'k5{ .

¿kz] M dof{lbt Jojxf/ t al' emof], ;To / lgi7f eg]sf] s] xf] t ld; <

lzIfs M ;fFrf] s/' f af]Ng] / ;fdflhs d"No dfGotf tyf lgoddf cfwfl/t lqmofsnfk ug]{
afgL Jojxf/nfO{ ;To / lgi7f elgG5 . ljBfnodf hfG5' egL cGo 7fpFdf hfg',
ljBfnodf lbPsf] u[xsfo{ ug{ afxfgfafhL jf c¿ g} pQ/ lbG5f}F eg] Tof] afgL
/fd|f] xf]Og . xfdLn] em6' f] af]Nbf c¿sf] lrQ bV' 5 . xfgL gf]S;fgL x'g klg ;S5 .
xfdLn] ;w}F ;fFrf] / ;To s'/f eGg'k5{ . xfd|f] Jojxf/ / af]nLn] c¿sf]
lrQ b'vfpg' xF'b}g . xfdLn] cfºgf] sfd dg nufP/ u/]gf}F eg] sfd lau|G5 .
ckh; kfOG5 / ;dodf sfd ;lsFb}g . To;}n] dg nufP/ lgi7fk"j{s sfd
ug{'k5{ .

;l/tf M ;Tsfo{ eg]sf] s:tf] sfo{ xf] t ld; <

lzIfs M ;a}sf] enfO x'g] sfd ug'{ g} ;Tsfo{ xf] . xfdLn] ldn]/ sfd ug'{kb{5 .
ul/a, bM' vL, cfkt, ljkt\df k/]sf a]nf c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'k5{ . xfdLnfO{
klg ;d:of k/]sf] a]nf c¿n] ;xof]u ub{5g\ . xfdLn] c¿sf] ;]jf ug]{,
;d:ofdf k/]sfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ afgL a;fNg'k5{ . ;xof]u / ;xsfo{n]
cfk;L ;DaGw /fd|f] x'G5 . ;dfhdf Pstf sfod x'G5 .

/fhz] M ;a}sf] enfO x'g] sfd ug{' ;Tsfo{ /x]5 eGg] s'/f t hflgof] . ;+oldt / ;Eo
cfr/0f eg]sf] s:tf] cfr/0f xf] ld; <

lzIfs M xfdLn] s'g} klg sfd /fd|/L a'em]/ w}o{sf ;fy ug{' g} ;+odtf xf] . ;Eo
eGgfn] ;dfhsf nflu of]Uo / lzi6 eGg] a'lemG5 . xfdLn] s'g} klg sfd ubf{
;o+ ldt eP/ ug'{kb{5 . To:tf] sfd ubf{ s] kmfObf xG' 5 / s] xflg x'G5 eGg]
s'/f Vofn ug{'k5{ . pbfx/0fsf nflu xfdLnfO{ 3/aflx/sf tof/L vfgfx¿
Vffg dg k5{ eg] To:tf vfgfn] xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ s] xflg u5{ eGg] s/' fdf
xfdLn] ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . ;o+ ldt eP/ To:tf vfg]s/' f vfgaf6 cfkm" nfO{
/f]Sgk' 5{ . dfGohgn] eg]sf s'/fnfO{ dfGg'k5{ . o;n] kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf
zflGt sfod x'G5 .

sljtf M ;+od eg]sf] t al' emof], ;Eof cfr/0fsf af/]df cln k|:6 kfl/lbg' xG' 5 ls
ld; .

28 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

lzIfs M xfdLn] clxn] ev{/ 5nkmn u/]sf c;n Jojxf/, ;To, lgi7f, ;Tsd{
/ ;+od h:tf Jojxf/x¿ ;Eo Jojxf/ x'g\ . ld7f] / gd| af]nLarg ug'{,
c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{, bM' v glbg', gx]Kg' ;Eo cfr/0f xg' \ . To;}u/L ;a}nfO{
;Ddfg ug'{, dfGohgn] eg]sf /fd|fs'/f dfGg' klg ;Eo cfr/0f x'g\ .

ljBfyL { M cfTd cgz' f;gsf af/]df aNn ae' m]F ld; . ld;nfO{ w]/} wGojfb †

lqmofsnfk

s= cg'zf;gdf /xFbf x'g] kmfObfx¿sf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

v= …;To / ld7f] af]Ng' ;Eoftfsf] ;r" s xf] .Ú o; ljifodf jSt[Tj snf sfo{qmd
ug{'xf];\ .

u= tkfO{Fn] ljutdf u/]sf c;n sfd / Jojxf/x¿ ;Dem]/ ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ . ;Fu}sf]
;fyLsf] c;n Jojxf/x¿;Fu s'g s'g ldNg] /x]5g\ 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= cfTdcgz' f;g eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= s:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ dof{lbt Jojxf/ elgG5 <
u= …xfdLn] cfkm" eGbf 7'nfnfO{ cfb/ / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{'k5{ .Ú JofVof ug{x' f];\ .
3= s:tf] sfo{nfO{ ;Tsfo{ elgG5 <
ª= ;Eo cfr/0fleq kg{] Jojxf/x¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf sDtLdf kfFr hgf ;fyLx¿sf] Jojxf/sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . tnsf] tflnsfdf
tL Jojxf/x¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

;fyLsf] gfd cg'zfl;t Jojxf/

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 29

@kf7 ;fdflhs Jojxf/

;dfhsf lglZrt d"NodfGotf / ;:+ sf/x¿ xG' 5g\ . tL Jojxf/x¿sf] kfngf ug{' ;dfhsf
;a} ;b:ox¿sf] bfloTj xf] . olb ;dfhsf o:tf dN" odfGotfx¿nfO{ kfngf ug{ ;lsPg
eg] ;dfhn] To:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ c;fdflhs Jojxf/sf ¿kdf lnG5 . sltko cj:yfdf
To:tf sfo{ ug{] JolQmx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs ¿kdf ljleGg lsl;dsf ;hfo;d]t lbG5 .

;fdflhs Jojxf/

3n' ldn e]63f6 cg'ejsf] ;fd"lxs ;f]r / ;fdflhs sfo{df

cfbfgk|bfg efjgf ;n+ Ugtf

;fdflhs Jojxf/sf af/d] f tnsf] ;dfrf/ k9g\ x' f];\ .

l;l/hª\3f ufpFkflnsf kfFry/ lhNnfs} Pp6f
gd'gf ufpFkflnsf xf] . oxfFsf dflg;x¿ pTs[i6
;fdflhs Jojxf/sf nflu lhNnfdf dfq} xf]Og
k|b]zd} kl/lrt 5g\ . ;dfhsf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf
oxfFsf dflg;x¿ Pscsf{nfO{ lgdGq0ff ub{5g\ /
cfdlGqt dflg;x¿ ;w}F o:tf lj|mofsnfkx¿df
;lj|mo ¿kdf ;xefuL x'G5g\ . x/]s zlgaf/
ufpFsf cuj' fx¿sf] e]nf a:b5 . pQm e]nfdf
ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf cGo
ljleGg ljifox¿df 5nkmn ul/G5 . ;dfhsf x/]s lqmofsnfkdf ;fdflhs ;f]r
/flvG5 . jftfj/0f ;/;kmfO / ;+/If0f, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f
tyf ;dfhsf ljleGg hfthfltsf ljlzi6 klxrfgx¿sf] ;/+ If0f h:tf ljifodf
;fd"lxs 5nkmn x'G5 . o;af6 pQm ufpFkflnsfsf ljleGg hfthfltx¿df
;fd"lxs ;f]r / efjgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fnufot cGo ;fdflhs

30 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

sfo{x¿df ;dfhsf x/]s JolQmx¿ ;xefuL x'g kfpFbf uj{sf] dx;'; ub{5g\ .
o:tf ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx¿df ePsf] vr{sf] lx;falstfa kf/bzL{ 9ª\un]
/flvG5 / x/]s of]hgfsf] ;dfkgkZrft\ hgtfnfO{ yfxf lbg] ul/Psf] 5 .
;fy} ljleGg k];f Joj;fodf ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf JolQmTjx¿n] ;dfhsf cGo
;b:ox¿;Fu a9LeGbf a9L cGt/lqmof ub{5g\ / cfˆgf cg'ejx¿ ;f6f;f6
ub{5g\ . ufpFkflnsfn] klg pQm ufpFsf dflg;x¿sf] gd'gfof]Uo sfo{x¿nfO{
;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf ljleGg dfWodx¿af6 hgtf;fd' k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 .

g]kfn rf/hft / 5lQ; j0f{sf] ;femf km" naf/L xf] . oL ;a} hfthfltsf dflg;x¿sf
lardf ;'d'w/ ;DaGw sfod ePsf] 5 . Ps hfltsf dflg;x¿ csf]{ hfltsf dflg;x¿sf
wfld{s ;f+:s[lts lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;xefuL x'G5g\ . z'esfdgf lbg] tyf x/]s bM' vkL8f
;f6f;f6 ug]{ ub{5g\ . dflg;x¿ Pscsf{sf x/]s ;'vb'Mvdf ;l/s x'g] ub{5g\ h;n]
;dfhsf dflg;x¿sf larsf] ;DaGw cem alnof] ag]sf] 5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf sg' sg' hfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ < ltgLx¿sf
;fdflhs Jojxf/x¿sf] ;"rL agfO{ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

v= …;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;dfhsf] P]gf xf] .Ú o; ljifodf ;j+ fb tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't
ug{'xf];\ .

u= sIffdf kfFr ;d"x agfpgx' f];\ . Ps ;d"xn] Ps ;fdflhs Jojxf/sf af/]df 5nkmn
u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\

cEof;

s= ;fdflhs Jojxf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= s:tf Jojxf/x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ elgG5 <
u= lsg ;dfhsf JolQmx¿sf lardf lg/Gt/ cGt/lqmof cfjZos kb{5 <
3= sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf lardf x'g] cfk;L ;xof]u / ;n+ Ugtfn] ;fdflhs Jojxf/nfO{

alnof] kfg{ s;/L ;3fpF5 <
ª= c;fdflhs Jojxf/af6 x'g] xflgx¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 31

r= ;fdflhs Jojxf/ s;/L l;Sg ;lsG5 <

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fosf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿sf] cjnf]sg ug'{xf];\ . ToxfF b]lvPsf
;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfx¿ tnsf] tflnsfdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ M

;sf/fTds kIfx¿ gsf/fTds kIfx¿


32 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

#kf7 xfdf| rf8kj{x¿

sIffdf ;d"xsfo{cGtu{t ;fdflhs lzIfsn] xfdL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljleGg 5 ;d"xdf
ljefhg ug'{eof] . tL ljleGg ;d"xx¿nfO{ s~rgh3+ f, ;u/dfyf, dgf:n', wjnflu/L,
Nxf]T;] / ;}kfn gfd lbOof] . s~rgh+3f ;dx" n] b;}F, ;u/dfyf ;dx" n] ltxf/, dgf:n'
;d"xn] 57, wjnflu/L ;d"xn] Nxf];f/, Nxf]T;] ;d"xn] Ob / ;}kfn ;dx" n] lqm;d;
kj{sf af/]df k|:tt' Ls/0f ug{] lhDdf kfof] . pQm rf8kj{sf af/]df vf]hL ug{sf nflu
xfdLnfO{ k':tsfno cWoog / hfgsf/ JolQmx¿nfO{ e]6]/ hfgsf/L lng cx|fpg'eof] .
ef]lnkN6 xfdLn] k|:tt' u/]sf] lgisif{ lgDgfg';f/ lyof] .

s~rgh+3f ;d"x

gd:sf/ † xfd|f] ;d"xnfO{ b;}F rf8sf af/]df vf]hL ug]{ lhDdf lbOPsf] lyof] . xfdLn]
k:' tsfnodf k:' ts cWoog u¥of}F . l5d]sLnfO{ klg b;}F kj{sf af/]df ;f]Wof}F . xfdLn]
tof/ kf/]sf] k|:tt' Ls/0f o;k|sf/ 5 .

b;F} lxGb' wd{ dfGg] g]kfnLx¿sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
rf8 xf] . o;nfO{ a8fb;F} jf lahofbzdL
klg elgG5 . c;/' zlQmdfly b}jLzlQmsf]
ljho ePsf] vl' ;ofnLdf of] kj{ dgfOg]
ul/G5 . b;F} c;f]h z'SnkIfsf] k|ltkbfb]lv
k'l0f{df;Dd dgfOG5 . klxnf] lbg 36:yfkgf xf]
. 36:yfkgsf lbgdf hd/f /flvG5 . u0f]z,
snz / lbof] :yfkgf u/]/ hd/fdf nuftf/
kh" f cf/fwgf ul/G5 . b;F}sf] ;ftf}F lbgnfO{
km"nkftL leœofpg] lbg elgG5 . kmn" kftLsf]
ef]lnkN6 dxfci6dLsf lbg hfltcg';f/ bu' f{
ejfgLsf] kh" f ul/G5 . dxfgjdLsf lbg
ljZjsdf{nfO{ ;Dem]/ snsf/vfgf, df]6/uf8L
cflbsf] k"hf ul/G5 . dxfgjdLsf] ef]lnkN6
bzdL kb{5 . o;nfO{ ljhofbzdL elgG5 .
ljhofbzdLsf lbg ;a}n] g'jfO{ wj' fO u/L

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 33

rf]vf] / /fd|f gofF sk8fx¿ nufpFb5g\ . 3/3/df b'uf{ ejfgLsf] cfXjfg u/L kh" f cr{gf
ul/G5 . 36:yfkgfsf lbg /fv]sf] hd/f / 6Lsf dfGohgx¿af6 nufOlbg] / cflzif
lbg] rng 5 . ld7f–ld7f kl/sf/ vfg] tyf Pscsf{df z'esfdgf lbO xif{pNnf;sf
;fy of] kj{ dgfpg] ul/G5 .

b;F}sf] ;dodf ;/sf/L sfof{no tyf ljBfnox¿df labf x'g] ub{5 . of] kj{df ljleGg
sf/0fn] 6f9f–6f9f ePsf g]kfnLx¿ cfºgf] ufpF3/ / kl/jf/nfO{ e]6]/ bM' v;v' ;f6f;f6
ub{5g\ . hflt / ;+:s[ltcg;' f/ sltkon] b;F}sf] 6Lsf / hd/f bzdLsf] lbg dfq nufpg]
ub{5g\ eg] sltkon] bzdLb]lv kl" 0f{dfsf] lbg;Dd nufpg] ub{5g\ .

;u/dfyf ;dx"

gd:sf/ † xfdLnfO{ ltxf/sf af/]df vf]hL u/L k|:tt' Ls/0f ug{ tf]lsPsf] lyof] . xfd|f]
k|:tl' t o;k|sf/ 5 .

ltxf/ g]kfnLx¿sf] bf;|f] 7n' f] kj{ xf] . o; rf8nfO{
bLkfjnL klg elgG5 . ltxf/sf] ;dodf 3/,
sfof{no / d7dlGb/leq / aflx/ ;a}lt/ emndNn
kf/L bLkfjnL ug]{ k|rng 5 .

sflt{s s[i0f qof]bzL cyf{t klxnf] lbg sfusf]
kh" f u/L sfunfO{ vfg]s'/f lbOG5 . rt'b{zLsf]
lbgdf odb"tsf] ¿kdf ss' /' k"hf ul/G5 . cf}F;Lsf]
lbgdf ufO{nfO{ k"hf u/L dfnf nufO{ k|;fb lbP/
k|;Gg kfl/G5 . k|ltkbfsf] lbg uf]? kh" f ul/G5 .
;f] lbg uf]j4{g k"hf klg ul/G5 . g]jf/ ;d'bfon]
Dx k"hf ub{5g\ . ;f]xL lbg g]kfn ;Djt\ cg;' f/
gofFjif{ ;'? x'G5 . clGtd lbg cyf{t kfFrf}F lbgdf
lbbLalxgLx¿n] bfhe' fOx¿nfO{ 6Lsf / dfnf
nufOlbg], ;':jf:Yosf] sfdgf u/]/ ld7f–ld7f
vfg]s/' f / pkxf/ klg lbg] ub{5g\ . bfh'efOx¿n]
klg cfºgf] Ifdtfcg;' f/ blIf0ff jf pkxf/ lbg]
ub{5g\ . of] kj{df b]p;L, e}nf] ufpg], gfRg], 3/3/df
hfg] / /dfOnf] ug]{ ul/G5 .

34 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

dgf:n' ;d"x

gd:sf/ † xfdLnfO{ 57kjs{ f af/]df k|:t't ug{ tf]lsPsf] lyof] . ;f]xL cg';f/ xfdLn]
vf]hL u/]/ NofPsf] lgisif{ o;k|sf/ 5 .

57kj{ k"jL{ t/fO{df ljz]if u/L d}lynL
;db' fosf dflg;x¿n] dgfpg] kj{ xf] .
jt{dfg ;dodf t/fO{afx]s sf7df8f}F pkTosf
nufotsf :yfgdf ;d]t of] kj{ dgfpg
yflnPsf] 5 . of] kj{df ;"o{sf] kh" f cf/fwgf
ul/G5 . of] kj{df kl/jf/df dlxnfx¿ ;l/s
xG' 5g\ . dlxnfx¿n] cfºgf] kl/jf/, >Ldfg\
tyf afnaRrfx¿sf] ;'v, zflGt / ;d[l4sf]
sfdgf ub{5g\ . sflt{s z'Sn ifil7sf lbg j|t
a;L kf]v/L, tnfp, gbL, vf]nf tyf kfgL ePsf] :yfgdf uO{ c:tfpFbf] ;o" {nfO{ c3{ /
hn r9fOG5 . ef]lnkN5 laxfg pbfpFbf] ;"o{nfO{ c3{ / hn r9fO{ k"hf cf/fwgf ul/G5
. ;f] lbg ljleGg ld7f–ld7f kl/sf/x¿ agfO Ps csf{df ze' sfdgf cfbfgk|bfg u/L
xif{pNnf;sf ;fy dgfpg] ul/G5 .

wjnflu/L ;d"x

gd:sf/ xfd|f] ;d"xnfO{ Nxf];f/ kj{sf af/]df vf]hL u/L k|:t't ug{ tf]lsPsf] lyof] . ;f]xL
ljifo xfdL oxfF k|:tt' ub{5f}F .

Nxf];f/ kj{ g]kfnsf lxdfnL / kxf8L
If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] z]kf{, tfdfª, ef]6],
u'?ª / b'/f hfltx¿n] dgfpFb5g\ . of]
kj{ oL hfltx¿n] gofF jif{sf ¿kdf
dgfpg] ub{5g\ . Nxf];f/ kj{ ljleGg
hfthfltx¿n] cfºgf] k/Dk/fcg;' f/
kf}if kGw|af6 kmfNu'0f k|ltkbfsf
lbg;Dd dgfpg] ub{5g\ . Nxf];f/ dfGg]
wdf{jnDaLx¿nfO{ of] lbg ;/sf/n]
;fj{hlgs labf lbg] ub{5 . Nxf];f/
kj{ tLg k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ M

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 35

!= td' Nxf];f/

td' Nxf];f/ ljz]if u/L u?' ª / b'/f hfltx¿n] dgfpg] ub{5g\ . !@ jif{df Ps rqm k/' f x'g]
ljZjf; ul/G5 . of] kj{df a'4 d"lt{ :yfkgf u/L nfdf af]nfP/ kh" f ul/G5 . cfkmGtx¿
hDdf eO{ ld7f ld7f kl/sf/ vfP/ /dfOnf] ul/G5 .

@= ;f]gfd Nxf];f/

;f]gfdsf] cy{ Ct'df kl/jt{g eGg] x'G5 . of] kj{ ljz]if u/L tfdfª tyf ef]6] hfltx¿
ldn]/ df3 z'Sn k|ltkbfsf] lbgdf dgfpg] ub{5g\ . o; lbgdf 3/, cfFug, af6f]3f6f]
j/k/ ;kmf ul/G5 Wjhfktfsf 6fFu]/ a4' kh" f u/L ufpFsf 7n' fa8f, nfdf d'lvofnfO{
af]nfO{ gfrufg u/L of] kj{ dgfOG5 . ld7f vfg]s/' f vfOG5 .

#= UofNkf] Nxf;] f/

of] kj{ z]kf{ hfltn] dgfpg] ub{5g\ . of] kj{ kmfNu0' f zS' n k|ltkbfsf lbgaf6 ;'? eO{
nuftf/ !% lbg;Dd dgfOG5 . o; kj{df klg 3/, cfug, a:tL ;kmf u/]/ ;fyLefO,
cfkmGthg af]nfP/ 3/ / u'Dafdf kh" f ul/G5 . nfdf jf d'lvof af]nfP/ k"hf u/L
gfrufg ug]{, ld7f–ld7f vfg]s/' f vfO{ /dfOnf] ul/G5 .

Nxf]T;] ;dx"

gd:sf/ † xfd|f] ;d"xnfO{ Ob kj{sf af/]df vf]hL
u/L k|:tt' ug{ tf]lsPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] pQm
ljifodf vf]hL u/L lgDgfg;' f/ k|:tt' u/]sf 5f}F .

O:nfd wd{sf] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] kj{ Ob xf] . O:nfd
wd{df /dhfgdf Ps dlxgf;Dd s7f]/ j|t
-/f]hf_ a:g] ul/G5 . /f]hfcg';f/ ;"o{ pbfPkl5
lbgel/ kfgL;Dd gvfO{ j|t a:g] rng /x]sf]
5 . kl/jf/df s]6fs]6Lb]lv a'9fa9' L;Ddsf ;a}n]
lg/fxf/ j|t u/L ;fFem rGb|dfsf] bz{g u/]kl5
z4' kfgL lkpg] ub{5g\ . o; kj{df gjjif{sf]
ze' sfdgf:j¿k awfO{ cfbfgk|bfg ug{], gdfh k9\g], xfF;Lv';L ef]hg ug]{, ul/anfO{
bfg ug]{ ul/G5 . of] kj{df /fFuf, af]sf h:tf ljleGg hGt'x¿nfO{ s/' jfg jf aln lbg]
ul/G5 .

36 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

;k} fn ;dx"

gd:sf/ † xfdLnfO{ lqm;d; kjs{ f af/]df vf]hL u/L k|:tt' ug{ elgPsf] lyof] . pQm
ljifodf xfd|f] lgisif{ lgDgfg;' f/ 5 .
lqm;d; lqml:rog wdf{nDaLx¿n] dgfpg] ;a}eGbf 7n' f] kj{ xf] . of] kj{ k|To]s jif{
l8;]Da/ @% tfl/vsf lbg dgfOG5 . pQm lbg lh;; qmfO:6 hlGdPsf lyP eGg] ljZjf;
ul/G5 . o; lbg lh;;sf] ¿k lnO{ eujfg\sf] cfudg ePsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . pQm lbg
lqm;d; j[If agfO{ To;nfO{ aQLn] l;Fuf/]/ emndNn agfOG5 . pkxf/ ;f6f;f6 ul/G5 .
gfrufg ug]{, ld7f]–ld7f] vfg] tyf Pscfk;df ze' sfdgf cfbfk|bfg sfo{ ul/G5 . ljZj
zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ of] kj{ xif{pNnf;sf ;fy dgfpg] ul/G5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= sIffdf ljleGg ;dx" agfpgx' f];\ . Ps ;dx" n] Ps kj{sf] clego u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
v= ;d'bfodf /x]sf ljleGg hflt tyf wd{x¿df k|rlnt kj{df ufOg] uLt ;ª\sng u/L

sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

!= vfnL 7fpF egx'{ f];\ M
s= lxGb' wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ kh" f ug{ ========================== hfG5g\ .
v= Nxf];f/ kj{ ============================= k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .
u= lqm;d; kj{ l8;]Da/ ================= tfl/vdf dgfOG5 .
3= O:nfdx¿sf] k|d'v rf8 ============= xf] .
ª= pFwf}nL / pFef}nL ================ hfltn] dgfpg] kj{ xf] .

@= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M
s= b;F}df s] s] ul/G5 < n]Vgx' f];\ .
v= ltxf/df s'g sg' hgfj/x¿sf] k"hf ul/G5 <
u= pFwf}nL / pFef}nL kj{df ul/g] lqmofsnfk n]Vg'xf];\ .
3= 57 kj{sf] s] dxŒj 5 <
ª= O:nfdx¿ /dhfgdf s] u5{g\ <
r= lxdfnL If]qdf dgfOg] sg' } bO' { kj{sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

;d'bfodf dgfOg] sg' } Pp6f kj{sf] ze' sfdgf sf8{sf] gd'gf tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 37

$kf7 xfd|f] klxrfg / uf}/j

k|To]s /fi6«df pQm b]zsf gful/sx¿sf] lz/ pRr /fVg ;3fpg] tŒjx¿ x'G5g\, ltgLx¿nfO{
/fli6«o uf}/jsf tŒj elgG5 . sltko To:tf lrhx¿n] b]znfO{ ;;+ f/df g} lrgfpF5g\ .
ef}uf]lns ¿kdf ;fgf] eP klg g]kfn k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{x¿n] el/k"0f{ 5 . g]kfnsf s]xL
To:tf uf}/jzfnL ljifox¿sf af/]df oxfF rrf{ ul/G5 .

s= ;fdflhs ;f:+ s[lts ljljwtf

g]kfn rf/ hft 5lQ; j0f{sf] ;femf km"naf/L xf] . ;lbof}Fb]lv Pscsf{df kf/:kl/s
;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ub{} a;]sf] ;dfh ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ 5 . oxfF
axh' flt, ax';+:s[lt / axe' fiff b]Vg kfOG5 . ;fgf] e"uf]nleq !) cf]6f ljleGg wd{ dfGg]
dflg;x¿, !@% hfthflt / !@( cf]6f efiffx¿sf] ljljwtf b]Vg kfOG5 . o:tf] cgk' d
;+of]u ;;+ f/sf] hg' ;s' } b]zdf kfpg sl7g 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;dfhsf] agf]6, cfly{s
;fdflhs :t/ cflbdf klg leGgtfx¿ kfOG5g\ . oxL ljljwtf x]g{ / /Dg ;;+ f/e/af6
ljb]zL kfxg' fx¿ g]kfn cfpF5g\ / /dfpF5g\ . t;y{ ;fdflhs / ;f:+ s[lts ljljwtf
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o uf}/j xf] .

v= k|fsl[ ts ;fG} bo{

g]kfn lxdfno kj{tsf] sfvdf /x]sf] cgk' d pkxf/ xf] . ef}uf]lns lx;fan] ;+;f/sf]
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfg ;u/dfyf -**$*=*^ ld=_ g]kfndf g} kb{5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og,

38 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

;+;f/sf *))) ld6/eGbf cUnf !$
lxdfnx¿dWo] * cf]6f g]kfndf g}
cjl:yt 5g\ . g]kfnsf] eu" f]n lxdfn,
kxf8, t/fO{ / pkTosf ldn]/ ag]sf]
5 . ;fy} oxfF k|z:t hª\unx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . ;fgf7n' f u/L g]kfndf ^)))
eGbf a9L gbLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

u= P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf / JolQmTj

;lbof}Fb]lv g]kfn b]je"ldsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
oxfF yk' |} d7dlGb/, wfld{s :ynx¿, b/af/ tyf
:tk" fx¿ 5g\ . oL ;Dkbfx¿n] g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s
tyf k/' ftflŒjs dxŒjnfO{ emNsfpF5g\ . o:tf
;Dkbfx¿ g]kfnsf] h'g;s' } s'gfdf b]Vg kfOG5
;fy} g]kfnL k|frLg snf / ;:+ s[ltsf] a]hf]8
;+of]u g]kfndf dfq kfOG5 .

o;sf cnfjf g]kfn Pl;ofsf tf/fsf ¿kdf

kl/lrt uf}td a'4sf] hGde"ld xf] . To:t} ;Ltf, gk] fn /fi6« lgdft{ f

hgs, c+zj' df{sf] b]z xf] . g]kfnL df}lns >L % a8fdxfhf/hlw/fh k[YjL gf/fo0f zfx

snfnfO{ rLg;Dd k'¥ofpg] c/lgsf] hGd]sf] b]z xf] . /fi6« lgdf{tf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx

h:tf k|Voft JolQmTjx¿sf] hGd / sd{el" d;d]t xf] . oL xfd|f uf}/j / klxrfgx¿ xg' \ .

o;sf ;fy} g]kfnL el" dnfO{ zq'x¿n] 7f8f] cfFvfn] ;d]t x]g{ glbO g]kfnL eu" f]nsf] /Iff

/ g]kfnsf] ;LdfnfO{ a9fpg cfˆgf] Hofg ud' fpg ;b}j tof/ /xg] g]kfnL jL/x¿sf] b]

z xf] . o:tf jL/x¿ cd/l;x+ yfkf, elQm yfkf, axfb'/ zfx tyf eLd;]g yfkfx¿sf]

;d]t jL/tfsf] ufyf /fli6o« / cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 .

3= zflGt / ;lxi0f' ;:+ sf/

g]kfndf hftLo tyf wfld{s ljljwtf k|z:t kfOG5 . tL ljleGg hfthfltx¿sf lardf
cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw / Pscsf{lardf :g]x tyf k|]d /x]sf] 5 . of] wfld{s ;lxi0ft' fsf]
pbfx/0f xf] . of] ljz]iftf g]kfndf ;lbof}Fb]lv sfod 5 . Ps csf{nfO{ wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts jf

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 39

cGo sg' } ¿kdf xf]Rofpg] jf x]nf ug{] u/]sf]
kfOFb}g . hflt ljz]ifsf rf8kj{x¿;d]t
;dfhsf x/]s wdf{jnDaLx¿n] Pscsf{df
ldn]/ dgfpF5g\ . o:tf] ;xof]u / ;b\efj
afF8]/ dgfpg] u/]sf] o:tf] cgf}7f] ;o+ f]u
;;+ f/df la/n} b]Vg kfOG5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= cfkm" /x]sf] :yfgnfO{ lrgfpg] j:t'x¿sf] vf]hL u/L ltgLx¿sf] dxŒj;d]t n]Vgx' f];\ .

v= tkfO{F a;]sf] ;d'bfodf zflGt / ;lxi0ft' fsf] cj:yfsf af/]df pNn]v ub{} ;fyLnfO{
lr7L n]Vgx' f];\ .

u= ljZjd} clåtLo xfd|f] em08fsf] gd'gf agfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

!= hf8] f ldnfpg'xf;] \ M

;dx" s ;dx" v

s= g]kfndf dgfOg] wd{x¿ c= /fi6« lgdf{tf

v= g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx¿ cf= wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf

u= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx O= !) cf]6f

3= g]kfnsf gbLgfnf O{= !@(

ª= Ps wd{n] csf{] wd{nfO{ ug{] ;Ddfg p= ^))) eGbf a9L

@= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

s= /fli6«o uf}/j eg]sf] s] xf] <

v= g]kfnsf /fli6«o uf}/jx¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .

u= g]kfnsf] ;f:+ s[lts ljljwtf pbfx/0fLo 5, lsg <

3= g]kfnnfO{ ljZj;fd' lrgfpg JolStx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

ª= g]kfndf wfld{s ;lxi0ft' fsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 < rrf{ ug{'xf];\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

k':tsfno, OG6/g]6 jf lzIfssf] ;xfotfn] g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s JolQmTjx¿sf af/]df

vf]hL u/L kf]:6/ tof/ kfg{'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

40 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

%kf7 ljZj;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;r" Lst[ ;Dkbfx¿

k"j{hx¿af6 k|fKt ;+/If0f of]Uo dxŒjk0" f{ :yfg, j:t', ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿, k|fs[lts
kl/j]z tyf snfx¿ g} ;Dkbfx¿ xg' \ . o:tf ;Dkbfx¿ /fHosf lrgf/Lsf ¿kdf /x]sf
xG' 5g\ h;n] /fi6«sf] uf}/jnfO{ a9fpF5g\ . o:tf cd"No lglwx¿sf] ;/+ If0f, ;+jw{g /
;/' Iff ug{' /fHo tyf k|To]s JolQmsf] bfloTjleq kb{5 .

g]kfn o:tf k|z:t ;Dkbfx¿n] el/k"0f{ b]z xf] . tLdWo] ljleGg !) cf]6f k|fs[lts,
wfld{s / P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿ o'g]:sf]sf] ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;r" Ls[t ePsf 5g\ .

ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;r" Ls[t ;Dkbfx¿

kf| s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ Pl] txfl;s, wflds{ tyf ;f:+ s[lts
;Dkbfx¿

!= ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;r" Lst[ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ bO' {cf6] f 5g\ .

s= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs~' h

lrtjg lhNnfdf cjl:yt g]kfns} klxnf]
/fli6«o lgs'~h lrtjg /fli6«o lgs~' hsf]
If]qkmn (#@ ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . ;g\
!(*$ df of] k|fs[lts :yfg og' ]:sf] ljZj
;Dkbf ;r" Ldf ;"rLs[t ePsf] xf] . o; /fli6«o
lgs'~hdf ljZjd} bn' {e dflgPsf] Psl;Ë] u}F8f
kfOgs' f ;fy} xfQL, kf6]af3, uf]xL, ;fns,
do/" cflb hLjhGtx' ¿ kfOG5g\ .

v= ;u/dfyf /fli6o« lgs~' h

!!$* ju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]q cf]u6]sf] ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~hdf *))) ld6/eGbf cUnf
lxdfnx¿ ;u/dfyf, rf]o' / Nxf]T;]sf ;fy} gK' T;], k'df]/L tyf cdfbAnd lxdfn klg

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 41

kb{5g\ . of] lgs~' h ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf
cjl:yt 5 . oxfF u/' fF;, ef]hkq, w'kL h:tf
jg:klt tyf s:t/" L, efn', lxpFlrt'jf,
8fFkm] h:tf hLjhGtx' ¿ k|z:t kfOG5g\ .
;g\ !(&( df of] ;Dkbf ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf
;dfj]z ul/Psf] xf] .

@= g]kfndf cjl:yt ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf
k/s] f P]ltxfl;s, wflds{ tyf ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfx¿sf] rrf{ tn ul/Psf] 5 M

s= rfuF 'gf/fo0f dlGb/ If]q

eQmk'/ lhNnfdf cjl:yt rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/
;g\ !(&( df og' ]:sf]n] ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf
/fv]sf] xf] . /fhf dfgb]jsf kfnfdf lgdf{0f
ePsf] of] dlGb/ Kofuf]8f z}nLdf lgdf{0f ePsf]
5 . dfgb]jn] :yfkgf u/]sf tTsfnLg ;dosf
pTs[i6 snfx¿, lznfn]v, sf7 / wft'sf
snfx¿ o; dlGb/ kl/;/df kfOG5g\ .

v= eQmk'/ b/af/ If]q

;g\ !(&( df of] If]q og' ]:sf] ljZj;Dkbf
;"rLdf ;r" Ls[t ePsf] xf] . o; b/af/
If]qdf dNnsfnLg jf:ts' nfsf] pTs[i6
gd'gf kfOG5 . krkGg ‰ofn] b/af/,
Goftkf]n dlGb/, bQfqosf] dlGb/ tyf
l;4kf]v/L / :j0f{åf/n] of] If]qdf ljlzi6
klxrfg yk]sf 5g\ .

u= kf6g b/af/ If]q

;g\ !(&( df ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf
;"rLs[t of] ;Dkbf nlntk/' lhNnfdf
kb{5 . b/af/ If]q jl/kl/ b/af/x¿,
dlGb/x¿ / ;Qnx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . s[i0f

42 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

dlGb/, eLd;]g dlGb/, /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] dlGb/, of]u g/]Gb| dNnsf] dl" t{ tyf dxfaf}4
cflb o; If]qsf cgk' d /rgfx¿ xg' \ .

3= af}4gfy Ifq]

;g\ !(&( df g} ljZj;Dkbf ;r" Ldf k/]sf]
of] dxfr}To If]q af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] kljq
:yn xf] . wfld{s tyf ;f:+ s[lts ko{6gsf] /fd|f]
;Defjgf af]s]sf] of] If]q sf7df8f}F lhNnfsf]
af}4df /x]sf] 5 . k|z:t af}4 laxf/x¿ /x]sf]
of] dxfr}Tosf] lgdf{0f kfFrf}F ztfAbLdf ePsf]
dflgG5 .

ª= kz'klt If]q

;g\ !(&( df ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf] of]
If]q lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] >4f:yn xf] .
oxfF kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/sf ;fy} u'Xo]Zj/L,
hojfu]Zj/L, uf}/L3f6, uf}zfnf, lkËnf:yfg
/ Zn]idfGts jg cflb h:tf wfld{s /
;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kljq
afUdtL gbL, /fh]Zj/L 3f6 tyf j[4f>d
cflbn] o;sf] dxŒjnfO{ cem a9fPsf 5g\ . ljleGg z}nLdf lgdf{0f ePsf $(@ cf]6f
dlGb/x¿ klg oxfF 5g\ .

r= nl' DagL

;g\ !(&( d} ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf]
n'lDagL Pl;ofsf tf/f eg]/ lrlgg] zflGtsf
cu|bt" uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn xf] . of]
¿kGb]xL lhNnfdf kb{5 . n'lDagL ljZje/sf
a'4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] kljq wfld{s :yn xf] .
oxfF czf]s :tDe, k'isl/0fL kf]v/L, dfofb]jL
dlGb/ tyf k|z:t af}4 laxf/x¿ 5g\ . o;sf ;fy} af}4 cWoogsf nflu k:' tsfno,
;ª\u|xfno tyf cGj]if0f s]Gb| klg oxfF /x]sf 5g\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 43

5= xgd' fg9fs] f b/af/ If]q

;g\ !(&( df ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf
;"rLs[t csf{] ;Dkbf of] xf] . of] If]q
sf7df8f}F lhNnfdf kb{5 . o; :yfgdf
wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxŒjsf
:yfgx¿ 5g\ . b/af/sf] 9f]s}df
k|tfk dNnn] :yfkgf u/]sf] xg'dfgsf]
dl" t{ ePsf sf/0fn] of] If]qsf] gfd
xgd' fg9f]sf b/af/ /xg uPsf] xf] . of]
If]qdf klg g]kfnL jf:ts' nfsf] cg'kd
pbfx/0f b]Vg kfOG5 . xg'dfgsf] d"lt{sf ;fy} oxfF j;Gtk/' b/af/, tn]h' ejfgLsf]
dlGb/, ;ª\u|xfno, sd' f/L 3/, sfi7d08k, sfn e}/jsf] dl" t{ tyf g]kfns} 7'nf] gu/f
cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

h= :joDe'gfy :t'k

;g\ !(&( df o'g]:sf]n] ljZj;Dkbf
;"rLdf ;d]6]sf] of] If]q af}4dfuL{x¿sf]
kljq wfld{s :yn xf] . oxfF lxGb'
dlGb/x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . o;n]
g]kfndf k|frLg ;dob]lv g} wfld{s
;lxi0ft' f lyof] eGg] k'li6 ub{5 ;fy}
o; If]qdf a'4 / d~h'>Lsf 7n' f
d"lt{x¿ klg :yfkgf ul/Psf 5g\ .

oL ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug'{k5{ . ;do ;dodf dd{t ;Def/ ug{'k5{ .

lqmofsnfk

s= g]kfnsf uf}/jsf ¿kdf /x]sf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsPnf < ;'emfjx¿
lbg'xf];\ .

v= g]kfnsf wfld{s, ;f:+ s[lts Pj+ P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbfx¿af6 g]kfnn] s;/L nfe lng

44 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^