Samajik Adhyan 6

#kf7 /fli6o« hgu0fgf

o; k6s æd]/f] u0fgf d]/f] ;xeflutfÆ eGg] d"n gf/fsf
;fy /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* ;DkGg x'Fb} 5 . of] xfd|f]
b]zsf] dxfcleofg xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/, s]G›Lo tYofÍ
ljefusf] g]t[Tjdf x/]s bz jif{sf] cGt/fndf /fli6«o
hgu0fgf ;~rfng xG' 5 .

xfdL ;a}sf] ;xeflutflagf o;nfO{ ;kmntfkj" {s
;DkGg ug{ ;Dej 5}g . xfdLn] xfd|f] kl/jf/ / l5d]sdf
/x]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ o; dxfcleofgdf ;xefuL xg' sf
nflu ;r]t agfpgk' 5{ . ;a} JolQm, ;d'bfo tyf ;:+ yfsf] k0" f{ ;xeflutfaf6 g} o;nfO{
;kmn agfpg ;lsG5 . xfdLn] xfd|f] 3/ kl/jf/ / l5d]sdf hgu0fgf lng cfpg]
u0fsx¿nfO{ :jM:km't{ ¿kdf cfˆgf] ljj/0f l6kfpg / l5d]sL, ;fyLefO, gftfuf]tfsf
JolQmnfO{ klg hgu0fgfdf efu lnO{ / ;xL ljj/0f lbgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{'k5{ .

/fli6«o hgu0fgf sf]xL g56' \g] / sf]xL gbf]xf]l/g] u/L s'g}
lglZrt ;dodf /fi6«leq a;f]af; ug{] ;a} dflg;x¿sf
ljleGg kIfx¿sf] /fli6«o cfFs8f lng] tl/sf xf] . o;df
hg' JolQm hg' kl/jf/df a;f]af; ub{5g\, ;f]xL kl/jf/af6
;f] JolStsf] u0fgf ul/G5 . o;/L u0fgf ubf{ kl/jf/df
gftf kg]{ jf gkg]{ b'j} y/Lsf JolQmx¿sf] u0fgf JolSt
a;f]af; ug{] kl/jf/af6 ul/G5 .

/fli6«o hgu0fgfdf k|To]s 3/w'/Ldf a;f]af; ug{] ;b:ox¿sf] ;ª\Vof, JolStsf] pd]/,
k];f, wd{, efiff, z}lIfs cj:yf, hGd, d[To,' ljjfx cflb h:tf JolStut 36gfx¿sf]
tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/G5 . JolStsf ljleGg kIfx¿sf] tYofª\s ;Íng ug{] / pQm
tYofÍnfO{ k|zf]wg, k|sfzg Pj+ ljt/0f ug]{ sfd s]G›Lo tYofs+ ljefudfkm{t ul/G5 .
/fli6«o hgu0fgf ;~rfng ubf{ 7n' f] kl/df0fdf cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwg tyf hgzlQm k|of]u
xg' ] ePsfn] o;nfO{ /fi6«JofkL dxfcleofg elgPsf] xf] .

g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfsf] Oltxf;nfO{ x]g{] xf] eg] g]kfndf Jojl:yt / k|0ffnLut ¿kn] lj=
;=+ !)^* ;fnb]lv hgu0fgf ug{ yflnPsf] eP tfklg lj= ;=+ @))(÷!! -;g\ !(%@÷%$_

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 195

;fnb]lv ;~rfng ePsf hgu0fgfx¿nfO{
dfq} cfwl' gs -j}1flgs_ hgu0fgf dflgG5 .

xfd|f] b]zdf k|To]s !).!) jif{sf] cGt/fndf
hgu0fgf lng] ul/G5 . o;eGbf cufl8
lj= ;=+ @)^* ;fndf lnOPsf] hgu0fgf
g]kfnsf] P3f/f}F hgu0fgf lyof] . hgu0fgf
;?' ePsf] of] !)) jif{ k'usf] hgu0fgf
lyof] . lj= ;=+ @)^* ;fn c;f/ * ut]
!)) jif{ ku' ]sfn] of] lbgnfO{ xfdL hgu0fgf
lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpg] ub{5f}F .

lj= ;+= @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf g]kfnsf] P3f/f}F hgu0fgf lyof] . P3f/f}F hgu0fgfcg;' f/
g]kfnsf] sn' hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ($ xhf/ % ;o $ /x]sf] lyof] . olta]nf
/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* dxfcleofgsf ¿kdf ;r' f? 5 . of] g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfsf]
Oltxf;df afx|f}F hgu0fgf xf] .

dxŒj

/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* n] hg;V+ ofsf] ultzLntf / ;fdflhs ljz]iftfx¿sf] kl/jt{gnfO{
gLltx¿, ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ / of]hgfx¿df /fd|f];Fu ;dflxt ug{ d2t ub{5 . o;af6
If]qut gLlt lgdf{0f / of]hgf th{'dfsf nflu pRr u0' f:t/sf] hg;V+ of / cfjf;sf]
tYofÍ k|fKt xG' 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIo / …hg;V+ of / ljsf;sf] cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngÚ
sf] sfof{Gjogsf Ph]G8fsf nflu ;r" gf pknAw u/fpg /fli6«o hgu0fgf Ps dxŒjk0" f{
;fwgsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/St /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] cfjZostf / dxŒjnfO{
lgDgfg;' f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

s= ;/sf/nfO{ gLltlgdf{0f ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 .

v= hg;fª\lVos ultzLntfsf] ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

u= ;fdflhs ;'ljwfsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 .

3= b]zn] cGt/f{li6«o :t/df cfºgf] b]zsf] tn' gf ug{] cj;/ k|fKt ub{5 .

ª= b]zn] a;fOF;/fOsf] lgoGq0f ug{] cfwf/ k|fKt ub{5 .

196 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

r= o;af6 k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f ug{] cfwf/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

5= o;af6 k|zf;lgs ;'/Iff / Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u ldNb5 .

hgu0fgf kl| qmof

sg' } vf; b]z tyf If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] hg;fª\lVos, cfly{s, ;fdflhs tYofª\ssf]
;ª\sng, ;Dkfbg, d"Nofª\sg tyf ljZn]if0f u/L k|sfzg ug{] ;dli6ut k|lqmofnfO{
hgu0fgf k|lqmof elgG5 . o;cGtu{t jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw / :yfoL a;f]af; ljlw
u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ljlwx¿ kb{5g\ .

hgu0fgfsf] ;dodf h'g JolSt hxfF 5, ToxL g} p;sf] u0fgf ug{] ljlwnfO{ jf:tljs
pkl:ylt ljlw elgG5 . of] ljlw ckgfpFbf /fi6«n] s'g} vf; lbgnfO{ u0fgf lbg egL
tf]s]sf] x'G5 / Tof] lbg ;a} u0fsx¿ cfpFbf 3/df e]l6g] lsl;daf6 ;"lrt ul/Psf]
xG' 5 . of] ljlw 5f]6f] ;dodf u0fgf ug{] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;lsg] ljlw xf] . o; ljlwcg;' f/
u0fgf ubf{ JolSt bf]xf]l/g] / 56' \g] ;Defjgf Hofb} sd xG' 5 . of] ljlwaf6 kl/0ffd l56f]
k|fKt x'g] eP tfklg 5f]6f] ;dodf g} u0fgf ul/;Sgk' g{] ePsfn] uNtL ;~rfpg] cj;/
Hofb} sd x'G5 .

:yfoL a;f]af;sf cfwf/df lnOg] hgu0fgfnfO{ :yfoL a;f]af; ljlw elgG5 . g]kfndf
oxL ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ hgu0fgf lng] ul/G5 . o; ljlwnfO{ j}1flgsx¿n] w]/} k|efjsf/L
ljlwsf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ . hgu0fgf bO' {b]lv tLg xKtfleq ug{] u/L hgu0fgf
cjlw tf]lsPsf] xG' 5 / oxL cjlwleq g} u0fsx¿n] ;a} sfd ;DkGg ug'{kg{] x'G5 . o;
ljlwcg;' f/ ul/Psf] hgu0fgf a9L oyfy{k/s cyf{t\ jf:tljstfsf] w]/} glhs xG' 5 .
lgsflnPsf] tYofª\ssf cfwf/df ;/sf/n] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{df ;xof]u kU' 5 . u0fsn]
nfdf] ;do k|fKt ug{] ePsf] x'Fbf uNtL ;Rofpg] cj;/ o; ljlwdf k|z:t} k|fKt x'G5 .
o; ljlwn] dflg;sf ljljw kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\gsf nflu ;xof]u ub{5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{Fsf] sIffdf /x]sf ;fyLx¿sf lardf 5nkmn u/L hgu0fgfsf nflu cfjZos
gd'gf kmf/fd tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

v= /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* df s] s:tf k|Zgx¿ ;f]Wg ;lsG5 < ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn u/L
gdg' f k|Zgx¿ tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 197

u= g]kfndf /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf af/]df 5nkmn u/L ldltsf ;DaGwdf ;"rL tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= /fli6«o hgu0fgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= g]kfndf /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] ;?' jft slxn]b]lv ePsf] lyof] <
u= hgu0fgf lsg ul/G5 <
3= hgu0fgfsf] dxŒjnfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df /x]sf ;b:ox¿sf] ljj/0f ;ª\sng u/L ljj/0f ;ª\sng k|lqmofsf
;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

198 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

$kf7 gk] fnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cj:yf

hg;ª\Vof lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] k|lqmof xf] . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ eg]sf] s'g} lglZrt
;dosf] sg' } lglZrt :yfgsf] sn' hg;ª\Vof xf] . hg;ª\Vofsf] lglZrt cfsf/sf
af/]df lglZrt ;do / :yfg tf]s]df dfq eGg ;lsG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/nfO{
hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gn] k|efj kf/]sf] xG' 5 . hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fO hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf
sf/s tŒjx¿ x'g\ . hGdn] hg;ª\Vof a9\5 . d[Ton' ] hg;ª\Vof 36\5 eg] a;fOF;/fOn]
hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf k|efj kf5{ . hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0fn]
hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/df kl/jt{g x'G5 . g]kfndf lj= ;+= !(^* ;fnb]lv hgu0fgf lng]
sfo{sf] yfngL ul/Psf] lyof] . lj= ;+= @)^* ;fn;Dd cfOkU' bf g]kfndf hgu0fgf ;'?
ePsf] Ps ;o jif{ k'u]sf] 5 . lj= ;=+ !(^* b]lv @)^* ;fn;Ddsf] of] Ps ;o jif{sf]
g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vosf] cj:yf -cfsf/_ nfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf x]g{ ;lsG5 M

hgu0fgf jif{ hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ hgu0fgf jif{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/
lj=;=+ !(^* %^,#*,&$( lj=;+= @)@* !,!%,%%,(*#
lj=;=+ !(&& %%,&#,&** lj=;=+ @)#* !,%),@@,*#(
lj=;=+ !(*& %%,#@,%&$ lj=;=+ @)$* !,*$,(!,)(&
lj=;=+ !((* ^@,*#,^$( lj=;+= @)%* @,#!,%!,$@#
lj=;+= @))( *@,%^,^@% lj=;=+ @)^* @,^$,($,%)$
lj=;+= @)!* ($,!@,((^

;|f]tM s]lGb|o tYofª\s ljefuM @)^*

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 199

efu} flns If]qcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/

efu} fl] ns sn' k|ltzt dlxnf k?' if n}ª\lus
If]q hg;ª\Vof cg'kft
^=&# (,!(,@)) *,^@,%(@
lxdfn !&,*!,&(@ $#=)! %(,%#,($) %$,$),)^& (#=*$
kxf8 !,!#,($,))& %)=@& ^&,&@,#@# ^%,$^,#*@ (!=#&
t/fO{ !,##,!*,&)% (^=^^

;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefuM @)^*

o;}u/L lj=;=+ @)^* cg;' f/ g]kfnsf] wd{, hflt / efiffcg';f/sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6nfO{
tnsf tflnsfx¿af6 cWoog ug{ ;lsG5M

wdc{ g;' f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6

qm=;=+ wd{sf] gfd kl| tzt qm=;+= wd{sf] gfd kl| tzt
!= lxGb' *!=# $= ls/ftF #=)
@= af}4 (=) % lqmlZrog !=$
#= O:nfd $=$ ^+ cGo )=(

hfthfltcg';f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf]6

qm=;+= hfthfltsf] gfd k|ltzt qm=;+= hfthfltsf] gfd k|ltzt

!= IfqL !^=^ &= sfdL $=*%

@= a|fx\d0f !@=@ *= d;' ndfg $=$

#= du/ &=! (= ofbj $=)

$= yf¿ ^=^ !)= /fO{ @=#!

%= tfdfª %=* !!= cGo #!=@

^ g]jf/ %=)

efiffcg;' f/ hg;ªV\ ofsf] agf6]

qm=;+= efiffsf] gfd k|ltzt qm=;=+ efiffsf] gfd k|ltzt
!= g]kfnL $$=^ ^= jlHhsf #=)
@= dl} ynL !!=& &= du/ #=)
#= ef]hk/' L ^=) *= 8f]6n] L #=)

200 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

$= yf¿ %=* (= pb{" @=^
cGo !@=)
%= tfdfª %=! !)=

^ g]jf/L #=@

;|f]tM s]lGb|o tYofª\s ljefuM @)^*

sg' } lglZrt ;dosf] s'g} lglZrt :yfgsf] s'n hg;ª\VofnfO{ Tof] :yfgsf] hg;ªV\ ofsf]
cfsf/ elgG5 .

sg' } lglZrt ;dodf s'g} lglZrt :yfgdf sg' } lglZrt hg;ª\Vofdf /x]sf] d[To' ;ª\VofeGbf
hGd;ª\Vof a9L xg' ] qmdnfO{ hg;ª\Vof j[l4 elgG5 . k|lt;o hg;ª\Vofdf k|ltjif{ j[l4
xg' ] ;ª\VofnfO{ hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ elgG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] dfqf sg' b/df a9\b} uPsf] 5
eGg] s/' f hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/df lge{/ /xG5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/ pRr xF'bf hg;ª\Vofsf]
cfsf/ pRr / hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/ Go"g xF'bf o;sf] cfsf/ klg Gog" x'G5 . pRrb/df
hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'Fbf o;n] b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df cj/f]w ub{5 . xfd|f]
b]z tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4 eO/x]sf dn' s' x¿sf] ;d"xdf kg{] d'n's xf] . lj=;+= @)@*
;fnb]lv @)^* ;fn;Dd xfd|f] b]zdf ePsf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/nfO{
tnsf] tflnsfdf b]Vg ;lsG5M

hgu0fgf jif{ hg;ª\Vofsf] jflifs{ jl[ 4b/
lj=;=+ @)@* @=)%
lj=;=+ @)#* @=^^
lj=;=+ @)$* @=)*
lj=;=+ @)%* @=@%
lj=;+=@)^* !=#%

;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefuM @)^*

dflysf] tflnsfsf] cWoog ubf{ kl5Nnf kfFr bzssf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/df 36a9
eO/x]sf] b]lvG5 eg] lj=;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ g]kfnsf] jflif{s hg;ª\Vof
j[l4b/ !=#% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .

d[To';ª\VofeGbf hGd;ªV\ of a9L x'g] qmdnfO{ hg;ªV\ of j[l4 elgG5 eg] k|lt;o
hg;ªV\ ofdf kl| tjif{ j[l4 xg' ] ;ªV\ ofnfO{ hg;ªV\ of j[l4b/ elgG5 .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 201

s'g} lglZrt ;dodf sg' } lgZrt b]z jf 7fpFsf] k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ If]qkmndf a;f]af;
ug{] JolStx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ hg3gTj elgG5 . o;n] sg' } b]z jf 7fpFsf] Ps ju{ ls=
ld= If]qkmnleq cf};t slt hgf dflg; a;f]af; ub{5g\ eGg] ae' mfpF5 . /fhgLlts,
ef}uf]lns sf/0f, ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;, w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL, df6f]
/ jg:klt, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0f, pBf]uwGbf / Jofkf/ cflb sf/0fn] xfd|f]
b]zsf] hg3gŒjnfO{ k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf lj=;=+ @)^* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] t/fO{ k|b]zsf] hg3gTj #(@ hgf
k|ltju{ ls= ld= xf] . g]kfnsf] sn' hg;ª\Vofsf] %)=@& k|ltzt dflg;x¿ a;f]af;
ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf] hgu0fgf lj=;=+ @)^* cg';f/ g]kfndf cf};t hg3gTj !*) hgf
k|ltju{ ls= ld= /x]sf] 5 . hgu0fgf lj=;+= @)^* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf a9L hg3gTj
ePsf] k|b]z k|b]z g+= @ -%%( hgf k|ltju{ ls= ld=_ xf] . ;a}eGbf sd hg3gTj ePsf]
k|b]z s0ff{nL k|b]z -%! hgf k|ltju{ ls= ld=_ xf] . To;}u/L sf7df8f}F lhNnfdf hg3gTj
$$!^ hgf k|ltju{ ls= ld= /x]sf] 5 . dgfª lhNnfdf hg3gTj # hgf k|ltju{ ls= ld=
/x]sf] 5 .

k|ltju{ lsnfl] d6/ If]qkmndf a;fa] f; ug{] JolStx¿sf] ;ªV\ ofnfO{ hg3gTj elgG5 .

;fIf/tf ef}lts hLjg:t/ dfkg ug{] k|d'v cfwf/ xf] . lj= ;=+ @))& df g]kfnsf] sn'
hg;ª\Vofsf] bO' { k|ltzt JolStx¿ ;fIf/ lyP . lj= ;=+ @)^* ;fndf cfOkU' bf g]kfnsf]
;fIf/tf k|ltzt a9]/ ^%=( k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof] . lj= ;+= @)^* hgu0fgfcg;' f/ k?' if
;fIf/sf] ;V+ of &%=! k|ltzt / dlxnf ;fIf/tf %&=$ /x]sf] 5 . afUdtL k|b]zsf] ;fIf/tf
^(=# / k|b]z ! sf] ;fIf/tf ^%=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf sd ;fIf/tf
ePsf] k|b]z k|b]z g=+ @ xf] . k|b]z @ df ;fIf/tf k|ltzt $)=( /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n]
&& cf]6} lhNnfx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ;fIf/ agfpg] gLltcg¿' k sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .

lj=;+= @)#* bl] v @)^* ;fn;Ddsf] g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf

lnª\u @)#* @)$* @)%* @)^*

k'?if 34=0 54=4 65=5 75=1

dlxnf 12=0 25=0 42=8 57=4

b'j} 23=3 39=6 54=1 65=9

202 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

lqmofsnfk

s= kl5Nnf b'O{ cf]6f hgu0fgfcg;' f/sf] hg;fª\lVos cj:yf -cfsf/, j[l4b/, agf]6,
ljt/0f_ nfO{ tflnsfdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

v= g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfsf] ef}uf]lns If]qcg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0fnfO{
j[Qlrqdf k|:t't ug{x' f];\ .

u= g]kfnsf] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ljt/0f / hg3gTjaf/] 5nkmn
u/L t'ngfTds ¿kdf :tDe lrqdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

3= cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu hg3gTjsf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf ;j+ fb tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

v= kl5NNff] hgu0fgfcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof slt 5 <

u= kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ kxf8L / t/fO{ If]qsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .

3= tnsf] tYofª\snfO{ :tDe lrqdf b]vfpgx' f];\ .

hgu0fgf jif{ hg;ªV\ ofsf] cfsf/
lj= ;=+ @)@* !,!%,%%,(*#
lj= ;+=@)#* !,%),@@,*#(
lj= ;=+ @)$* !,*$,(!,)(&

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf pd]/, lnª\u, efiff / wd{cg';f/ hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6 s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
vf]hL u/L sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 203

%kf7 hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg

kl/ro

hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfksLo sfo{nfO{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg elgG5 . csf{] zAbdf
pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg / To;sf] kl/rfng tyf hg;ª\Vofsf] kl/df0flardf ;fd~h:o
Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

sg' } klg :yfgsf nflu hg;ª\Vof j[l4 x'g' cfkm}df ;d:of xf]Og . k|fljlws ;|f]t ;fwg
/ o;sf] kl/rfngsf] tn' gfdf hg;ª\Vof w]/} xg' ] b]zsf nflu hg;ª\Vof j[l4 clezfk
xf] . k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg / o;sf] kl/rfngsf] tn' gfdf hg;ª\Vof sd x'g] b]zsf
nflu hg;ª\Vof j[l4 j/bfg xf] . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] b]zdf pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg /
hg;ª\Voflar ;Gt'ng sfod ug{sf nflu hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6, ljt/0f;DaGwL
of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjog ub{5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgaf6 gful/sx¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo
hLjgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ .

pknAw ;|ft] ;fwg / To;sf] kl/rfng tyf hg;ªV\ ofsf] kl/df0flardf ;fd~h:o
Nofpg] sfo{nfO{ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkg elgG5 .

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒj

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] k|d'v p2]Zo eg]sf] /fHodf /x]sf hgtfx¿sf] enfO ug{' /
ltgLx¿sf] u0' f:t/Lo hLjgdf ;'wf/ ug{' xf] . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg gful/sx¿sf
nflu cfjZos kg{] vfgkfg, lzIffbLIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] Joj:yfkg
u/L dflg;x¿sf] hLjg ;'vL, v';L / ;Gti' 6 agfpgtkm{ s]lGb|t x'G5 . cfwf/et"
cfjZostfsf j:tx' ¿sf] kl/k"lt{nfO{ ;xh agfpg, pknAw ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt
pkef]u / kl/rfng ug{, lbuf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf; xfl;n ug{, jftfj/0f /
hg;V+ oflarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lalu|g glbg, u'0f:t/Lo hLjg Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒj /x]sf] 5 .

hg;ªV\ ofsf] Joj:yfgsf kmfObfx¿

s= gful/sx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg{] vfgkfg, lzIffbLIff, :jf:Yo tyf /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x¿sf] Joj:yfkg xG' 5 .

204 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

v= k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f xG' 5 .
u= ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng x'G5 .
3= b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df d2t kU' 5
ª= pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg / hg;ª\Voflar ;Gtn' g sfod xG' 5 .
r= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgaf6 kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /xG5 .
5= u0' f:t/Lo bIf hgzlSt pTkfbgdf d2t k'U5 .
h= jftfj/0f / hg;ª\Voflarsf] ;DaGwdf ;Gtn' g x'G5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf ;DaGwdf sIffdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{
lgsfNgx' f];\ .

v= …hg;ª\Vof j[l4 xg' ' cfkm}df ;d:of xf]OgÚ zLif{sdf n]v tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt'
ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= g]kfndf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg lsg cfjZos 5 <
u= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjnfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
3= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf nflu eP u/]sf k|of; ;DaGwdf :yfgLo
hgk|ltlw;Fu ;f]wvf]h u/L o;af6 :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ePsf kmfObfx¿ pNn]v u/L
sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 205

^ hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf

kf7 :yfgLo lgsfosf] el" dsf

hg;ª\Vof lg/Gt/ kl/jt{g eO/xg] k|lj|mof xf] .
hg;ª\Vofsf sf/0fn] pkTkGg x'g] ;d:ofsf]
;dfwfgsf nflu hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf Wofg
lbg'k5{ . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ljt/0fcg';f/
hg;ªVofnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug'{k5{ .
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ljsl;t b]zx¿sf nflu
eGbf klg ljsf;f]Gdv' b]zsf nflu cfhsf]
cfjZostf xf] .

hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfkg xg' g;Sbf ul/aL / a]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of a9\5 . jftfj/0fLo
x|f; cfpF5 . jghª\unsf] ljgfz x'G5 . vfBfGg tyf cGo ;'ljwfdf sdL cfpF5 .
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df cj/f]w xG' 5 . cJojl:yt
a;f]af;, ;x/Ls/0f h:tf sf/0fx¿n] cfwf/et" cfjZostf kl/kl" t{ ug{ sl7gfO xG' 5 .
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgdfly cTolws rfk eO{ jftf/0fLo ;Gt'ng lalu|G5 . hg;ª\Vof
Joj:yfkg ug{ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ nfUgk' 5{ .

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg / To;sf] kl/rfng tyf hg;ª\Vofsf]
kl/df0flardf ;fd~h:o NofpF5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgn] b]zdf pknAw ;|f]t ;fwg /
hg;ª\Voflar ;Gt'ng sfod u5{ . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgaf6 gful/sx¿sf] u0' f:t/Lo
hLjgdf ;sf/fTds k|efj k5{ . ;|f]t ;fwg / o;sf] kl/rfngsf] cgk' ftdf xfd|f] b]zsf]
hg;ª\Vof w]/} 5 . o;af6 pTkGg x'g] ;df:ofsf] lg/fs/0fsf nflu :yfgLo txb]lv g}
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgtkm{ Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿

;|f]t ;fwg / hgª\Voflar ;Gtn' g Nofpgsf nflu cjnDag ul/g] pkfox¿ g}
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ xg' \ . h:t}M

s= hg;V+ of lzIffdf hf]8 lbg],

v= /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{,

206 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

u= l9nf] ljjfxdf hf]8 lbg],

3= hGdfGt/ sfod /fVg],

ª= n}ª\lus lje]bsf] cGTo ug{],

r= lzz' :tgkfgdf hf]8 lbg],

5= ;Lkdn" s sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{],

h= a;fOF;/fOnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg],

em= k|efjsf/L kl/jf/ lgof]hg sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{,

`= r]tgfdn" s sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{,

6= of}g lzIffdf hf]8 lbg],

7= ;j{;n' e :jf:Yo ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{,

hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿ hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fO xg' \ . hGdn]
hg;ª\Vof a9\5 . d[To'n] hg;ª\Vof 36\5 eg] a;fOF;/fOaf6 hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo
ljt/0fdf k|efj k5{ . ;/sf/n] ;a} k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fO h:tf
hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gsf sf/s tŒjx¿nfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{] gLlt lng ;s]df hg;ª\Vofsf]
Joj:yfkg x'G5 .

hg;ªV\ of Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;ª\3;+:yf

:yfgLo If]qsf] zflGt, ;/' Iff, ljsf; Pj+ k|zf;g :yfgLo If]qs} lgjf{rg k|ltlglwåf/f
;~rfng ug]{ ;/sf/nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ elgG5 . hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{] bfloTj
s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf cltl/St :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] klg xf] . g]kfnnfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
tx u/L tLg txdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf $^) ufpFkflnsf, @&^ gu/kflnsf,
!! pkdxfgu/kflnsf / ^ dxfgu/kflnsf u/L &%# j6f :yfgLo tx /x]sf 5g\ .
:yfgLo ;/sf/ :yfgLo ;+:yfaf6 ul/g] zf;g xf] . o;df hgtfaf6 lgjf{lrt k|ltlglw
xG' 5g\ . kl/jf/ lgof]hg, dft[lzz' sNof0f;DaGwL ;]jf ;~rfng, dlxnf afnaflnsfsf]
sk' f]if0f Gog" Ls/0f /f]syfd cflb h:tf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{qmdx¿
ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsf h:tf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ug{ ;S5g\ .

:yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfºgf] If]qdf :yfkgf ePsf :jf:Yo rf}sLsf] Joj:yfkg u5{ . dft[lzz'

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 207

tyf k|hgg;DaGwL 3/3/df ;Nnfx lbg] dlxnf :jod\ ;]ljsfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ .
:yfgLo txsf] kf7\oqmddf hg;+Vof lzIff ljifonfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpgsf nflu kxn u5{ .
l9nf] ljjfxdf hf]8 lbgsf nflu r]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u5{ . o;n] n}ª\lus
lje]bsf] cGTo ug{sf nflu ;'emfj / ;Nnfx lbG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cfºgf] If]qdf
/x]sf a]/f]huf/ oj' fx¿nfO{ l;kd"ns sfo{qmddf ;xefuL u/fpg] sfo{qmdx¿ u/]/ ;d]
t :yfgLo ;/sf/n] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
:yfgLo txdf sfo{/t o'jf Sna, kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;3+ , /]8qm;, cfdf ;d"xx¿
cflbn] hg;ª\Vof;Fu ;DaGwLt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ :yfgLo txaf6 k|sfzg
x'g] kqklqsfx¿, PdPd /]l8of], 6]lnlehg h:tf ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿n] r]tgfd"ns
sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|;f/0f u/]/ klg hg;ª\Vofsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

lqmofsnfk

tkfO{F a;f]af; ug{] :yfgLo gu/kflnsf jf ufpFkflnsfn] hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf u/]sf
k|of; ;DaGwdf ;f]wvf]h u/L kQf nufPsf s/' fx¿nfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\

cEof;

s= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ufpF jf gu/kflnsfn] s] s:tf sfdx¿ u/]sf 5g\ < ;r" L
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

v= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
u= hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf b]vf k/]sf ;d:ofx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{F a;f]af; ug{] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgdf ;lj|mo ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;"rL
tof/ u/L pgLx¿n] v]n]sf] el" dsfnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

208 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

PsfO

(

cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;d;fdlos 36gf / ;"rgf
kl| jlw

l;sfO pknlAw

™ g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]usf] cj:yf hfgsf/L lnO{ pNn]v ug{,
™ ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] kl/ro lbg / plrt k|of]u ug{,
™ ;d;fdlos ultljlw / 36gfx¿ ;ª\sng u/L To;sf] k|efj atfpg .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 209

!kf7 gk] fnsf] cGt/fl{ i6o« ;DaGw / ;xofu]

ljBfno hfFb} ubf{ cfh] :jLn] ;fdflhs lzIfsnfO{ af6fdf e]l65\ g\ . k9\gdf h]x]gbf/ pgL
lzIfsnfO{ e6] ]/ v';L x'lG5g\ . cfh pgn] lzIfs;Fu 5nkmn ub}{ hfg] ljrf/ ul/g\ .

cfh] :jL M gd:t] ;/ †

lzIfs M gd:t], cf]h:jL . s] 5 ltd|f] va/ <

cf]h:jL M cf/fd 5', ;/ . cfh tkfO{FnfO{ e]6]/ va' }
v;' L nfUof] . g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf
af/]df atfOlbg'xf];\ g .

lzIfs M h;/L ;dfhsf JolQmx¿sf lardf lgs6
;DaGw sfod ePsf] xG' 5, To;/L g} Ps /fi6«
/ csf{] /fi6«sf lardf klg ;DaGw sfod
ePsf] xG' 5 . o;/L /fi6«x¿sf lardf ufFl;Psf]
d}qLk0" f{ cf}krfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ g} cGt/f{li6«o
;DaGw elgG5 .

cfh] :jL M P . o:tf] ;DaGw cf}krfl/s dfq x'G5
;/ <

lzIfs M cjZo klg . ;DaGw ufF:g rfxg] b'j} b]zsf ;/sf/lar lnlvt ¿kdf ;DaGw
:yfkgf x'G5 . o:tf] ;DaGw s]xL lglZrt cfwf/x¿df lge{/ ub{5 . o;nfO{
k//fi6« gLlt (Foreign Policy) elgG5 . k|foM ;a} b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt ;o+ Q' m
/fi6«;+3sf] d"NodfGotfdf cfwfl/t xG' 5 .

cf]h:jL M s] g]kfnsf] k//fi6«gLlt klg ;+oQ' m /fi6«;3+ sf] dN" odfGotfdf g} cfwfl/t 5
t<

lzIfs M cF==== k"0f{ ¿kdf To;f] xf]Og . g]kfnsf] k//fi6«gLlt ;o+ 'Qm /fi6«;3+ sf]
dN" odfGotfsf ;fy} c;+nUgtfsf] gLlt, cGt/f{li6«o dN" odfGotf tyf
k~rzLnsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t 5 .

cfh] :jL M s] o:tf] ;DaGw /fi6«–/fi6«sf lardf dfq sfod x'G5 <

210 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

lzIfs M c;fWo} /fd|f] k|Zg u¥of}, cf]h:jL Û cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw /fi6«x¿sf lardf
dfq sfod geO{ /fi6« / ljleGg ;+3;:+ yfx¿sf lardf klg sfod x'G5 .
To:tf ;+3;:+ yfx¿af6 cfjZos k/]sf a]nfdf ;xof]u klg k|fKt x'G5 .
o:tf ;+:yfx¿ w]/} b]zsf ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿ x'g] ePsfn] ljleGg b]zx¿;Fu
;dGjo sfod ug{ klg ;xh x'G5 .

cfh] :jL M g]kfnn] To:tf s'g s'g ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] 5 t <

lzIfs M g]kfnn] Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Í (ADB), ljZj a}Í (World Bank) / o'/f]k]nL
;3+ (EU) nufotsf ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}
/fi6«x¿lar If]qLo d~r lgdf{0f ug{] tyf ;femf d2' fx¿df 5nkmn, ;xof]u /
;xsfo{ ug{] klg k|rng 5 .

cf]h:jL M To;f] eP t ;fs{ (SAARC) klg t If]qLo ;+u7g g} xf] lg t, x}g / <

lzIfs M xf] lg . g]kfnn] ;fs{ tyf lad:6]s (BIMSTEC) h:tf If]qLo ;+u7gx¿df
;d]t cfˆgf] bx|f] pkl:ylt hgfO/x]sf] 5 .

cf]h:jL M g]kfnsf] sg' b]z;Fu ;aeGbf klxn] o:tf] ;DaGw sfod ePsf] lyof] t <

lzIfs M g]kfnsf] klxnf] låkIfLo ;DaGw a]nfot;Fu -;g\ !*!^_ sfod ePsf] lyof] .
xfn;Dd o:tf] ;DaGw sfod ePsf b]zx¿sf] ;+Vof !^( 5 . ;aeGbf
clGtddf bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] Sof/]laog dn' 's 8f]ldlgsg u0ftGq xf] .
pQm b]z;Fu @)@! clk|n #) df bf}To ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

cfh] :jL M bO' {kIfLo ;DaGw sfod eO;s]kl5 kIf /fi6«x¿n] s] s:tf lj|mofsnfkx¿
ug{'kb{5 <

lzIfs M ;DaGw sfod ul/;s]kl5 b'j} b]zn] Ps csf{] b]zdf /fhb'tfjf; :yfkgf
ug{] ub{5g\ . g]kfnn] klg o:tf bt" fjf;x¿dfkm{taf6 pQm b]zdf /x]sf
cfˆgf gful/ssf af/]df a'‰g], ltgLx¿sf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu kxn ug{]
ul//x]sf] 5 .

cfh] :jL M eg]kl5 cfˆgf gful/sx¿sf] ;/' Iffsf nflu klg o:tf] ;DaGw cfjZos x'g]
/x]5 .

lzIfs M xf] lg . Tolt dfq geO{ o:tf] ;DaGwn] b]znfO{ ljZjdf lrgfpF5 . Pscsf{sf
lardf cfktljkb\df ;xof]u / ;xsfo{ ug{ ;xh xG' 5 . Ps /fi6«n] NofPsf

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 211

ljsf;sf gofF cjwf/0ffx¿ csf{] b]zdf k¥' ofpg ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy}
pBf]u, snsf/vfgf, /f]huf/L, ko{6g tyf v]nsb' nufot If]qsf] ljsf;df
;xsfo{ xG' 5 / ltgsf] k|jw{g ug{ ;xof]u kU' 5 .
cfh] :jL M tkfO{FnfO{ d/' Ld/' L wGojfb ;/ . cfh cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf af/]df ;a} s/' f
5n{Ë eof] .
lzIfs M ltdLnfO{ klg wGojfb . km]l/ klg s'g} ljifodf 5nkmn ug'{k/] ;Dem x} t .
cf]h:jL M xG' 5 ;/ .

lqmofsnfk

s= g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw sfod ePsf ;+:yfx¿ vf]h]/ ltgsf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .
v= g]kfnn] ljleGg b]zx¿;Fusf] ;DaGwaf6 yk s] kmfObf lng ;Snf < 5nkmn u/L

lgisif{ lgsfNgx' f];\ .

cEof;

tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vgx' f;] \ M
s= cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= xfn;Dd g]kfnn] slt cf]6f /fi6«x¿;Fu ;DaGw :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 <
u= s] s'/fdf cfwfl/t eP/ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ufFl;G5 <
3= g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw ufF;]sf] klxnf] / clGtd b]zx¿ sg' sg' xg' \ <
ª= bf}To ;DaGw :yfkgfaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿sf] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

lzIfs jf OG6/g]6 jf cleefjssf] ;xfotfn] c;n+ Ug gLlt / k~rzLnsf] gLltsf
af/]df kQf nufO{ sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

212 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

@kf7 gk] fnsf] ljsf;df cGt/fl{ i6o« ;xofu]

>L/fd dfWolds ljBfno uf]/vfn] ;fdflhs ljifonfO{ nlIft u/L z}lIfs k|bz{gL
cfof]hgf u/]sf] 5 . pQm k|bz{gLdf g]kfnsf] s'6gLlts cEof;sf] Oltxf;, ljleGg
b]z tyf ;:+ yfx¿n] g]kfnnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]u cflb h:tf ljifoj:ts' f af/]df ;d]t
hfgsf/Lx¿ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . cjnf]sg ug{ cfpg] cGo ljBfnosf ljBfyL{
;fyLx¿nfO{ :6n cfof]hs ljBfyL{x¿n] ;xhLs/0f ul//x]sf lyP .

:6n g+= !

gd:sf/, d k|jLg lj= s= . d oxfFx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] Oltxf;sf
af/]df hfgsf/L lbFb} 5' .

g]kfnsf] cf}krfl/s cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] ;?' jft ;'uf}nL ;lGwk5fl8 ePsf] xf] .
a]nfot;Fu ;g\ !*!^ df ;DaGw ufF;]kZrft g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;db' fo;Fu ;DaGw
;?' ePsf] xf] . lj= ;=+ @))& ;fn;Dddf g]kfnsf] o:tf] ;DaGw rf/ b]zx¿ -a]nfot,
ef/t, cd]l/sf / k|mfG;_ ;Fu dfq lyof] eg] To;kZrft\ tLj| ¿kdf ljleGg b]zx¿;Fu
;DaGw ufF:b} xfn -clk|n @)@!_ ;Dddf o:tf] bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf b]zx¿sf]
;ª\Vof !^( k'u]sf] 5 .

dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsfn] pm PSn} afFRg ;Sb}g / ;dfh agfpF5 . To:t} b]zx¿sf]
klg Pscsf;{ uF ;DaGw :yflkt ePsf] xG' 5 . o;af6 bz] x¿n] kf/:kl/s ;xofu] cfbfgkb| fg
ub5{ g\ . To:t} pBfu] tyf Jofkf/nfO{ a9fpgs' f ;fy} ljleGg bz] df ko| fu] df /xs] f gofF
kl| jlwx¿sf] cfbfgkb| fg;dt] xg' hfG5 . o;af6 ko6{ g, vn] sb' , lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L
cflb h:tf kIfdf ljleGg b]zx¿n] k|z:t nfe lnO/x]sf 5g\ .

:6n g+= @

gd:sf/, d]/f] gfd hfgsL rf}w/L xf] . d tkfO{Fx¿nfO{ g]kfn / a]nfotlarsf] ;DaGwsf
af/]df atfpg rfxG5' .

g]kfn / a]nfotlar ;g\ !*!^ df ;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf]
xf] . g]kfnnfO{ a]nfotn] u/]sf ;xof]ux¿ lgDgcg;' f/
5g\ M

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 213

• ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfnL o'jfx¿ a]nfotL ;]gfdf etL{ eO/x]sf,
• g]kfndf la|l6; nfOa|]/Lsf] :yfkgf,
• a'9fgLns07 :sn' sf] :yfkgf,
• gf/fo0fu9 – a6' jn tyf w/fg – wgs6' f ;8s lgdf{0f,
• es" DkkZrft\sf] kg' lg{df{0fdf ;xof]u,
• lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif tyf :yfgLo ljsf; h:tf If]qdf pNn]vgLo ;xof]u cflb .

:6n g=+ #

gd:sf/, d]/f] gfd pGglt z]/rg xf] . d oxfFx¿nfO{ ef/tn] g]kfnsf ljleGg If]qx¿df
u/]sf] ;xof]usf af/]df hfgsf/L lbFb} 5' .

l5d]sL b]z ef/t / g]kfnlar ;g\ !($& df bf}To ;DaGw
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ef/tn] g]kfnnfO{ k|z:t ;xof]u
ub{5 . s]xL ;xof]ux¿sf af/]df d tkfO{Fx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L
lbG5' .

• ljleGg cj;/x¿df k|To]s jif{ PDan' ]G; tyf :s'n
a;x¿ ljt/0f,

• w/fgdf la= kL= sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg :yfkgf,
• kj" {klZrd /fhdfu{sf] s]xL efu lgdf{0f,
• df]/ªdf dgdf]xg axk' |fljlws lzIffno :yfkgf,
• jL/ c:ktfn / /fli6«o 6«df ;]G6/ :yfkgf,
• g]kfnLx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljZjljBfnox¿df pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu 5fqj[lQ

k|bfg cflb .

:6n g+= $

gd:sf/, d ljho rfln;] . d tkfO{Fx¿nfO{ g]kfn / rLgsf] bf}To ;DaGw / rLgn]
g]kfnnfO{ u/]sf] ;xof]usf af/]df atfpF5' .

g]kfn / ldq/fi6« rLglar bf}To ;DaGw ;g\ !(%% df
:yfkgf ePsf] xf] . rLg g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{
;fem]bf/ klg xf] . o;sf s]xL ;xof]ux¿ lgDgcg';f/
5g\ M

214 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

• sf7df8f}F rqmky lj:tf/ cfof]hgf,
• lghfdtL sd{rf/L c:ktfn lgdf{0f tyf :t/ pGglt,
• kf]v/f If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f,
• g]kfnsf lxdfnL lhNnfx¿nfO{ vfBfGg tyf cGo ;xfotf,
• dflyNnf] lqzn" L hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf -kfj/ xfp; / ljt/0f k|0ffnL lgdf{0f_,
• cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ lgdf{0f,
• rLgdf pRr lzIff cWoogsf nflu g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ 5fqj[lQ k|bfg cflb .

:6n g=+ %

gd:sf/, d k|jL0f yfkf . cfh d oxfFx¿nfO{ g]kfn / ljZj a}Ísf] ;DaGwsf af/]df
atfpg rfxG5' .
g]kfn / ljZj a}Ísf lardf ;g\ !(^! df cf}krfl/s
;DaGw :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . of] ;:+ yf klg g]kfnsf]
ljsf;sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ;fem]bf/ xf] . o;sf dV' o s]xL
;xof]ux¿ lgDg 5g\ M
• sn' ]vfgL hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf,
• cfwf/et" tyf k|fylds lzIff,
• g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgud,
• dflyNnf] tfdfsf];L hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf,
• pRr lzIff kl/of]hgf cflb .
oLafx]s cGo ljleGg b]z tyf bft[ lgsfox¿sf af/]df ljBfyL{x¿n] cjnf]sg u/L
k|z:t hfgsf/L lnP .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 215

lqmofsnfk

s= dflysf afx]s cGo sg' sg' bz] tyf ;+:yfx¿n] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ;xofu] k'¥ofO/xs] f
5g\ < vf]hL u/L tnsf] tflnsf eg'x{ f;] \ M

;xof]u k¥' ofpg] /fi6« jf ;:+ yf ;xofu] sf If]qx¿
!=
@=
#=
$=

v= b]zx¿sf lardf kf/:kl/s ;xof]u / ;DaGwsf] cfjZostfsf af/]df 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .

u= ljZjdf zflGt :yfkgf ug{df g]kfnsf] el" dsfsf af/]df vf]hL ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= lj= ;=+ @))& ;fn;Dddf g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf b]zx¿ s'g s'g
lyP <

v= ldq/fi6« rLgn] u/]sf ;xof]ux¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .

u= ef/t / g]kfnlar slxn] bf}To ;DaGw sfod eof] <

3= g]kfndf ljb]zL bft[ lgsfox¿n] s'g s'g If]qdf ;xfotf ub{5g\ < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

OG6/g]6 jf lzIfssf ;xfotfn] g]kfnnfO{ of] cfly{s jif{df ;xof]u ul//x]sf sg' } kfFr
cf]6f b]z jf lgsfox¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf];\ ;fy} ltgLx¿n] d'Vo u/L sg' sg' If]qdf
;xof]u ul//x]sf 5g\, n]Vg'xf];\ .

216 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

#kf7 ;r" gf kl| jlw

;fdfGotof s'g} klg k|sf/sf] hfgsf/L, kmfOn, Wjlg jf tl:a/ sDKo6' / k|ljlwsf]
k|of]uaf6 lng]lbg] sfo{ ;"rgf k|ljlw xf] . lj1fgsf If]qdf cfPsf] cfdn" kl/jt{gsf]
sf/0f ;r" gf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] w]/} km8\sf] dfl/;s]sf] 5 . xfn ljleGg k|ljlwx¿sf]
k|of]u u/L ;r" gf ;Dk|]if0f ul/G5 eg] OG6/g]6 tyf o'6\oa' h:tf dfWodaf6 klg xfdLn]
;r" gf kfpg klg ;S5f}F . ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfPsf] cfd"n kl/jt{gsf sf/0f ;+;f/ cfh
Pp6f ;fgf] ufpFsf ¿kdf kl/0ft eO ;s]sf 5 .

;r" gf k|ljlwsf ljleGg dfWodx¿÷;fwgx¿

;r" gf kl| jlwsf ;fwg

OG6/g6] uu' n Od]n :sfOk km];a's Dof;]Gh/

s= OG6/g6]

ljZjJofkL ¿kdf Pscsf{;Fu sDKo'6/ g]6js{sf]
dfWodåf/f hf]l8Psf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;~hfn g}
OG6/g]6 xf] . OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 xfdL w]/} ljifosf
af/]df hfgsf/L lng ;S5f}F ;fy} cfkm;" Fu ePsf pkof]uL
;"rgf tyf hfgsf/Lx¿ cknf]8 ug{ klg ;Sb5f}F .
OG6/g]6 ;g\ !(*# af6 k|of]udf cfP klg hgtfsf] ;xh
kx'Frdf eg] ;g\ !(() sf] ;'?jftaf6 dfq} cfPsf] xf] .
xfn o;sf] k|of]ustf{x¿ b}lgs ¿kdf al9/x]sf 5g\ .

v= uu' n

u'un Ps k|sf/sf] ;r{ OlGhg xf] . o;sf] ;?' jft ;g\
!((* df cd]l/sfsf] :6fG8kmf]8{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 ePsf]
xf] . ;do qmd;Fu} u'undf Google maps, Google

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 217

books, Gmail, Google calendar / Google chrome cflb h:tf ;l' jwfx¿ ylkFb}
uPsf 5g\ M

u= Od]n

ljBt' \Lo ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfgsf] e/kbf{]
dfWod Od]n xf] . o;sf dfWodaf6 s]xL ;]s]08leq g} w]/}
k|fksx¿nfO{ ;"rgf ;Dk|]if0f ug{ ;lsG5 . kmfOnx¿, >Jo
;fdu|L, tl:j/ cflb ;fdu|Lx¿lagf emGem6 k7fpg / kfpg
;lsG5 . sDKo'6/ OlGhlgo/ /] 6ldN;g (Ray Tomilson) n]
klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(&! df sDKo6' /sf] dfWodaf6 ;Gb]z k7fpg]
k|ljlwsf] ;'?jft u/]sf lyP . Outlook, Gmail / Yahoo h:tf 8f]d]gx¿n] d]ndfkm{t
;Gb]z cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;3fpF5g\ .

3= :sfOk

OG6/g]6 dfWodåf/f sDKo'6/, df]afOn tyf 6\ofAn]6
cflbsf] ;xfotfdf lel8of] s/' fsfgL / cl8of] jftf{nfk
ug{ ;3fpg] PlKns];g ;ˆ6j]o/nfO{ :sfOk elgG5 .
o;df t'?Gt ;Gb]z k7fpg / k|fKt ug{;d]t ;lsG5 .
o;af6 lel8of] sGk|m]; ug{klg ;lsG5 . of] ;]jfsf] ;?' jft ;g\ @))# df nSh]Dau{af6
ePsf] lyof] .

ª= km];as'

km];as' ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] lgs} nf]slk|o ;fwg xf] . o;af6
cfkm;" Fu hf]l8Psf ;fyLefO tyf cfkmGtx¿sf lardf ;r" gf
cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'?df o;sf] l8hfOg ;g\ @))$ df xfjf{8
ljZjljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu dfs{ hs' /au{n] u/]sf lyP .
;g\ @))^ af6 !# jif{eGbf dflysf hf];s' }n] klg cflwsfl/s Od]n
7]ufgf;lxt o;df hf]l8g ;Sy] . ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf nueu bO' { ca{ ;Q/L s/f]8 ;lqmo
km];as' k|of]ustf{ /x]sf 5g\ .

r= Dof;~] h/

;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{] csf{] dxŒjk"0f{ ;fwg Dof;]Gh/ xf] . o;df cfkm";Fu hf]l8Psf

218 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

JolQmx¿;Fu af]n]/ / n]v]/ ;"rgf lnglbg ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} o;df cl8of] tyf
lel8of] s/' fsfgL;d]t ug{ ;lsG5 . xfn;fn} o;df share screen sf] ;'ljwf klg yk
ul/Psf] 5 h;n] sDKo6' / jf df]afOnsf] l:s|gdf ePsf s'/fx¿ ;lhn} c¿nfO{ b]vfpg
;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} Dof;]Gh/ u|k' agfO{ ;dfg ?lr ePsf JolQmx¿n] Pscsf{df
hfgsf/Lx¿ ;f6f;f6 ug{ ;S5g\ .
oL eGbf afx]s xfn ;r" gf cfbfgk|bfgsf nflu sDKo6' /, df]afOn kmf]g, 6\ofAn]6,
efOa/ / Xjf6\;\Pknufotsf ;fwgx¿ klg k|of]udf 5g\ .

;r" gf kl| jlwsf kmfObfx¿

s= Pscsf{df ;"rgfsf] cfbfgk|bfg ;xh ¿kdf ug{ ;lsg] .
v= gofF /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f M ;r" gf k|ljlw;Fu ;DaGwLt ljleGg gofF gofF cj;/x¿

l;h{gf eO/x]sf 5g\ .
u= cflys{ lqmofsnfkdf j[l4 M Jofkf/sf z}nLdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5, h;n] s|]tf /

ljs|]tfsf lardf /x]sf] :yfgsf] vf8nnfO{ x6fOlbPsf] 5 .
3= ;+;f/e/sf hg' ;'s} sg' fdf a;]/ klg ljZje/sf] ;r" gf s]xL ;]s]G8leq} lng ;lsg] .
ª= dflg;sf] vfnL ;dosf] lbSsnfUbf] knnfO{ JotLt ug{] ljleGg tl/sfx¿ k|fKt

ePsf 5g\ .
r= lzIf0f l;sfOdf gofFkg NofPsf] 5 .

;"rgf kl| jlwsf jk] mfObfx¿

s= ck/fw / cftª\sdf j[l4 xg' ;Sg] .
v= JolQmsf] uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ xgg x'g] .
u= JolQmx¿ jf:tljstfaf6 6f9f x'g] / ;~hfndfkm{t hf]l8gfn] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf

c;/ kg{ ;Sg] .
3= k|ljlwdf a9L nufj xg' ] dflg;x¿sf] l;h{gfTdstfdf x|f; cfpg] .
ª= ;r" gf k|ljlwsf ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] cTolws k|of]usf sf/0f afnaflnsfx¿sf]

k9fO, :jf:Yo tyf kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw cflbdf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{] .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 219

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ slt ;do ;"rgf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿ k|of]u ug{'xG' 5 <
To;n] tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df kf/]sf ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds k|efjsf af/]df 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .

v= ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff ljifosf] cWoogdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf
;fwgx¿n] s;/L ;xfotf ul//x]sf 5g\ < 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= ;"rgf k|ljlw eg]sf] s] xf] < JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
v= cfhsf] o'u ;r" gf k|ljlwsf] ou' xf] . of] egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k|:6 kfg{'xf];\ .
u= ;r" gf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ .
3= km];as' / Od]nsf bO' { cf]6f leGgtfx¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
ª= ;r" gf k|ljlwsf s'g} $ cf]6f kmfObf / $ cf]6f a]kmfObfx¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
r= ;r" gf k|ljlwaf6 xg' ] a]kmfObfx¿nfO{ s;/L Gog" Ls/0f ug{ ;lsG5 <

kl/of]hgf sfo{

tkfO{F jf tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf sg' s'g ;fwgx¿ k|of]u
ug{'xG' 5 < pxfFx¿n] slt ;do tL ;fwgx¿ k|of]u ug{'xG' 5 < s] pxfFx¿ pQm ;fwgx¿sf]
k|of]uaf6 ;Gti' 6 xg' x' 'G5 < tnsf] tflnsf eg{'xf];\ / lgisif{ sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

kl/jf/sf ;b:o k|of]u ug]{ ;fwg ko| fu] ug]{ ;do ;Gt'li6 jf c;Gtl' i6
-bl} gs 306fdf_

220 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

$kf7 ;fdflhs ;~hfn / o;sf] k|of]u

tnsf] ;dfrf/ k9g\ x' f];\ / ;fOa/ ck/fwsf af/]df hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .

;fOa/ ck/fw cf/f]kdf Ps lszf/] L kqmfp

albo{ f -/f;;_ – albo{ f kx| /Ln] ;fOa/ ck/fw u/]sf] cf/fk] df cfh Ps lszf/] LnfO{
kqmfp u/]sf] 5 . @@ jifL{o lszf/] Ln] cs{s} f gfddf km];as' / Dof;G] h/ cfO8L agfO
ljleGg JolQmx¿nfO{ 7Ug] tyf wDSofpg] u/s] f] kx| /Ldf ph'/L k/]sf] lyof] .

tL lszf]/Ln] s6] Lx¿sf ljleGg gfddf cfO8L agfO{ dflg;x¿nfO{ k|]mG8 l/Sj]i6 -;fyL
aGg] cg'/fw] _ k7fpg] / qmdzM ldqtfsf] xft cufl8 a9fpg] u/]sL lyOg\ . o;/L ags] f
;fyLx¿af6 pgn] ljleGg ;fdflhs sfd ug{] axfgfdf /sd p7fpg] JolQmut sfdsf]
nflu vr{ ug]{ ulyg{ \ . sltkonfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf k|nfe] g b]vfpg] ;d]t u/]sf] k|f/lDes
cg;' Gwfgaf6 kQf nfu]sf] 5 ;fy} pgn] Jofkf/L tyf pBf]ukltx¿nfO{ ljleGg ;dodf
e]6g\ ] / kmf6] f;] d]t lvRg] u/s] f] / To;/L lvr]sf kmf]6fx¿ kmf]6f];kaf6 cGo kmf]6fx¿;Fu
hf]8]/ b]vfpg,] k};f dfUg] / glbP ;fdflhs ;~hfndf xflnlbg] jf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{
k7fOlbg] wDsL;d]t lbg] u/]sf] cg;' Gwfgaf6 vn' s] f] 5 . kx| /Ln] cleo'QmnfO{ ;fjh{ flgs
ub}{ kLl8tx¿nfO{ pgsf lj?4 ph'/L lbg;dt] cfux| u/]sf] 5 .

dflysf] ;dfrf/ ;fOa/ ck/fwsf] Pp6f gdg' f xf] .

sDKo'6/ tyf sDKo6' / ;~hfnsf] k|of]u u/]/ xg' ] hg' ;'s} ck/fwx¿nfO{ ;fOa/ ck/fw
elgG5 . o:tf unt lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ /f]syfd ug{ NofOPsf] sfg'gnfO{ ;fOa/ sfg'g
elgG5 . g]kfndf o:tf lsl;dsf ck/fwnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu ljB't\Lo sf/f]af/ P]g,
@)^# sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . ;fOa/ ck/fwsf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ lgDgcg;' f/ 5g\ M

s= OG6/g]6sf] k|of]udfkm{t ul/g] rl/q xTof,

v= OG6/g]6 / o;sf] k|of]uaf6 ;dfhdf lx;+ f
km}nfpg] sfo{,

u= ;fdflhs ;~hfnaf6 ljk/Lt lnËk|lt ul/g]
of}ghGo lx;+ f,

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 221

3= OG6/g]6af6 x'g] 7uL tyf wf]sf,

ª= csf{sf] klxrfg cglws[t ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{,

r= csf{sf] sDKo6' / tyf ljBt' \Lo pks/0fdf k'¥ofpg] Iflt,

;r" gf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿n] ;b}j ;xL ;r" gf dfq lbG5g\ eGg] 5}g . logLx¿sf] unt
k|of]uaf6 ;b}j ;r]t /xgk' b{5 . olb s;}n] klg o:tf unt lqmofsnfkx¿ u/]df
hl/jfgf / h]n ;hfo;d]t xg' ] k|fjwfg 5 . t;y{ o:tf unt lqmofsnfkx¿af6 aRgsf
nflu lgDg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 .

sDKo'6/ Nofk6k aGb u/]/ dfq /fVg]

kf;j8{ ;lhnf] lsl;dsf] ;fdflhs ;~hfndf ;Eo /
g/fVg] dof{lbt efiffsf] k|of]u ug]{

uf]Ko ljj/0f ;fOa/ ;/' Iff cglws[t ;Gb]z tyf Od]ndf
;fdflhs ;~hfndf k|fKt lnÍx¿ gvf]Ng]
g/fVg] cfºgf] kf;j8{ ;'/lIft /fVg]

zs+ f:kb ultljlwsf af/]df glrg]sf dflg;x¿nfO{
k|x/LnfO{ ;r" gf lbg] ;fyL gagfpg]



sltko oj' f tyf ljBfyL{x¿ o:tf ;fwgx¿sf] clws k|of]usf sf/0f s'ntdf kmF;]sf]
;d]t kfOPsf] 5 . t;y{ ;r" gf k|ljlwsf ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]udf ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk' b{5 .
;s];Dd ljBfyL{x¿n] ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u sd ug{'k5{, cfkmn" fO{ rflxg] ;fdu|L
dfq cflwsfl/s ;fO6 vf]n]/ x]g{] / unt lj|mofsnfk ePsf] kfOPdf t?' Gt cfˆgf
cleefjsx¿nfO{ atfpg'kb{5 . o;f] u/]df ;Defljt tgfjaf6 ;d]t d'lQm kfpg ;lsG5 .

222 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

lqmofsnfk

s= ljBfyL{x¿ ljleGg ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf ;sf/fTds k|efj,
gsf/fTds c;/ / o;sf] unt k|of]uaf6 aRg] pkfox¿sf af/]df vf]hL u/L sIffdf
k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

v= s] tkfO{F s'g} ;fdflhs ;~hfn k|of]u ug{'xG' 5 < tkfO{Fsf] cge' j ;fyLx¿;Fu
;f6\g'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= ;fOa/ ck/fw eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= s:tf s:tf 36gfx¿nfO{ ;fOj/ ck/fwsf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 <
u= ;fOa/ ck/fwdf x'g] ;hfo s] s:tf lsl;dsf 5g\ <
3= g]kfndf ;fOa/;DaGwL ck/fw lgoGq0fsf nflu s] s:tf] sfgg' L Joj:yf ul/Psf]

5<
ª= ;fOa/ ck/fwaf6 aRg] pkfox¿ s] s] x'g\ < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

b}lgs klqsfx¿ x]g'{xf];\ . ;fOa/ ck/fw;DaGwL ljleGg ;dfrf/x¿ vf]hL u/L sIffdf
k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 223

%kf7 ;d;fdlos ultljlw
jt{dfg ;dodf xfd|f] kl/j]z, b]z jf ljZjdf 36]sf 36gfx¿ g} ;d;fdlos 36gfx¿
xg' \ . x/]s JolQmn] o:tf 36gfx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVgk' b{5 . o;n] ;+;f/ sg'
lbzftkm{ uO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ hfgsf/L lbG5 . cem xfdL ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf
ljBfyL{x¿n] t o:tf ljifodf a9L g} rf;f] /fVg'kg{] x'G5 .

;d;fdlos ultljlw emlNsg] tnsf ;dfrf/x¿ cWoog ug{'xf];\ M

;dfrf/ !

kmfOh/ – afof]Pg6s] vf]knfO{ ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7gsf] cg'dlt

k;' !&, @)&& -/f;;_

h]g]ef – ljZj :j:Yo ;+u7gn] laxLaf/ kmfOh/ – afof]Pg6]sn] ljsf; u/]sf] sf]le8

– !( lj?4sf] vf]knfO{ cfktsfnLg k|of]usf nflu cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 .

;+u7gn] vf]k :jLs[t u/];Fu} ljZjsf ljleGg b]zn] kmfOh/sf vf]k cfoft / ljt/0f

ug{ ;xh agfPsf] 5 .

a]nfotn] ut l8;]Da/ * d} kmfOh/sf] vf]knfO{ cg'dlt;lxt cfd hgtfnfO{ vf]k lbg

yfln;s]sf] 5 ;fy} oL vf]k cd]l/sf, Sofg8f / o/' f]k]nL ;+3df cfa4 d'n's;lxt

cGo sltko d'n'sn] k|of]udf NofPsf 5g\ .

sf]/f]gf efO/;lj?4 cfkt\sfnLg k|of]usf nflu 8An'Prcf]af6 vf]k :jLs[t k|fKt ug{]

kmfOh/ klxnf] sDkgL xf] .

8An'Prcf]sf jl/i7 clws[t Dofl/PGh]nf l;dfcf]n] kmfOh/sf] vf]kn] cg'dlt k|fKt

ug'{ lgs} ;sf/fTds sbd ePsf] / o;af6 ljZjsf cGo dn' s' n] klg o; vf]kdf

;xh kxF'r xfl;n ug{] ljZjf; JoQm u/] .

8AnP' rcf]sf cg';f/ o'lg;]km h:tf dfgjLo ;xfotf lgsfox¿n] kmfOh/sf vf]k

vl/b u/]/ clt h?/L k/]sf dn' 'sdf cfkl" t{ ug{ klg o;n] af6f] vf]n]sf] 5 .

kmfOh/ – afof]Pg6]sn] ljsf; u/]sf] vf]ksf] ;/' Iff, k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/ hfFr

ug{ 8AnP' rcf]n] ljZje/af6 tYofÍ ;ª\sng u/L ljZn]if0f u/]sf] lyof] . lj1x¿sf]

6f]nLn] u/]sf] cWoogdf sf]le8 – !( af6 l;h{gf xg' ] hf]lvd Go"g ug{ kmfOh/sf vf]k

lgs} k|efjsf/L b]lvPsf] 8AnP' rcf]n] hgfPsf] 5 . ;|f]tM sflGtk'/ b}lgs

224 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

;dfrf/ @

;u/dfysf] prfO ca **$*=*^ ld6/

@$ dl+ ;/ @)&&,

e'jg zdf{, sf7df8f}F – g]kfn cfkm}Fn] u/]sf] dfkgdf ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] r'r'/f]
;u/dfyfsf] prfO *^ ;]lG6ld6/ a9]sf] 5 . ca ;u/dfysf] prfO **$*=*^ ld6/
sfod ePsf] 5 . d+unaf/ g]kfn / rLgn] Ps} k6s ;u/dfyfsf] gofF prfOaf/]
cf}krfl/s 3f]if0ff u/]sf 5g\ . o;cl3 ;u/dfyfsf] prfO **$* ld6/ dflgFb} cfPsf]
lyof] .

gfkL ljefun] du+ naf/ cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmddf k//fi6«dGqL k|bLk 1jfnLn]
;u/dfyfsf] prfO ;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyP . o;}u/L rLlgofF kIfaf6 ToxfFsf k//fi6«dGqL
jfª oLn] prfOaf/] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP .

o;cl3 lj= ;+= @)&@ ;fnsf] e"sDksf sf/0f ;u/dfyfsf] prfO s]xL a9]sf] x'g
;Sg] cgd' fg lj1n] u/]sf lyP . lj= ;+= @)&$ ;fndf z]/axfb/' b]pjfsf] g]t[Tjsf]
;/sf/n] g]kfnn] cfˆg} ;|f]t / ;fwgaf6 ;u/dfyfsf] prfO dfkg ug{] lg0f{o u/]sf]
lyof] . To;sf] Ps jif{kl5 prfO dfkgsf] sfd ;?' ul/Psf] lyof] .

d+unaf/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] gofF prfO -**$*=*^_ nfO{ rLgn] klg cf}krfl/s dfGotf
lbPsf] 5 . o;cl3 rLgn] ;u/dfyfsf] prfO **$$=$# ld6/ dfGb} cfPsf] lyof] .

lqmofsnfk

s= sIffsf ;fyLx¿ ljleGg ;dx" df /xgx' f];\ . ;d"xx¿n] ljleGg If]q -:jf:Yo, lzIff,
v]ns'b cflb_ kIfsf ;d;fdlos ultljlwx¿ vf]hL ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt'
ug{'xf];\ .

v= sIffsf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ljleGg ;dx" df ljefhg u/L ;d;fdlos ljifoj:ts' f af/]df
xflh/Lhjfkm k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= ;d;fdlos ultljlw eg]sf] s] xf] <

v= xfdLnfO{ lsg ;d;fdlos ultljlwsf] hfgsf/L cfjZos xG' 5 <

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 225

u= sf]/f]gf lj?4sf] vf]k sg' sDkgLn] ljsf; u/]sf] xf] <
3= vf]k lgdf{0fkZrft sg' ;+:yfaf6 :jLs[lt lnOPsf] lyof] <
ª= xfn ;u/dfyfsf] prfO slt /x]sf] 5 <
r= s] sf/0fn] ;u/dfyfsf] prfO a9]sf] xg' ;Sg] cg'dfg /x]sf] lyof] <

kl/of]hgf sfo{

ljleGg ;dfrf/sf gdg' fx¿ kqklqsfaf6 sf6]/ sf8{af]8{ k]k/df 6fF:g'xf];\ / ;dfrf/kqsf]
klxnf] kfgfsf] gd'gf tof/ ug{'xf];\ .

226 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^