PsfO
&
xfd|f] k[YjL
l;sfO pknlAw
™ k[YjLsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf] cfsf/ / ;/+ rgfnfO{ ;lrq b]vfpg,
™ k[YjLsf] agf]6sf] j0f{g ug{,
™ g]kfnnfO{ xfjfkfgL, gbLgfnf / jg:kltsf cfwf/df ljefhg u/L logLx¿sf] dfgj hLjg;Fusf] ;DaGw
pNn]v ug{,
™ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljt/0f / :yfgLo:t/sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s hghLjgl arsf ;DaGw klxrfg ug{,
™ cfºgf] ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fdf ljleGg tYox¿ k|:t't ug{,
™ ljkbsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf] Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf] klxrfg / cEof; ug{ .
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 145
!kf7 k[YjLsf] kl/ro
1fg' ;fFemkv cfFugdf al;/x]sf lyP . pgn] jl/kl/ x]/] . pgnfO{ cgf}7f] nfu]/ cfof] .
;fFemkv r/f s/fO/x]sf lyP . 3fd c:tfpg nu]sf] lyof] . ;o" { /ftf] 8Nnf] ag]/
c:tfpg nfu]sf] lyof] . pgsf dgdf Pp6f s/' f plAhof] . kj" {tkm{ ;]tf] 8Nnf] rGb|df
klg b]lvof] . tL 8Nnfx¿ s] xf]nfg\ < xfd|f] hldg o:tf] kmNofs h:t} 5 . pgsf dgdf
cg]s lh1f;fx¿ cfO/x]sf lyP . glhs} l5d]sL /fhg bfO cfpg'eof] .
/fhg M lsg 6f]nfP/ a;]sf] 1fg' < s] eof] <
1fg ' M x]g{';\ g /fhg bfO, ;"o{ c:tfpg nfUof] . rGb|df klg pbfO;Sof] . ;"o{ / rGb|df
Ps} k6s b]lvP . cgf}7f] nfu]/ x]/]sf] lg .
/fhg M P Û xf] t /x]5 lg . slxn]sfxLF o:t} xG' 5 .
1fg ' M bfO Pp6f lh1f;f /fvf}F x} .
/fhg M xG' 5, s] xf] eg g .
1fg' M Tof] ;"o{, rGb|df / xfdL a;]sf] k[YjL s;/L ag]sf] xf]nf < dnfO{ t crDd
nflu/x]sf] 5 eGof .
/fhg M P Û To;f] eP/ kf] 6f]nfPsf /x]5g\ . n ;g' d elglbG5' . xfdL a;]sf] k[YjL klg
of] ;o" { / rGb|df h:t} 8Nnf] 5 .
1fg ' M s;/L 8Nnf] eGge' Psf] < 8Nnf] h:tf] t b]lvFb}g t .
1fg' M of] d]/f] df]afOndf x]/ t . d;Fu k[YjLsf] pTklQ ;DaGwdf agfPsf] Pp6f lel8of]
5 . xfd|f] k[YjL w]/} 7n' f] ePsf] x'gfn] xfdLn] o:tf] ;dy/ b]v]sf] . cfsfzsf]
w]/} dflyaf6 x]¥of] eg] of] klg rGb|df / ;o" { h:t} af6'nf] 8Nnf] b]lvG5 .
1fg ' M P Û xf] t /x]5 lg . clg oL k[YjL, ;"o{ / rGb|df s;/L ag]sf xf]nfg\ t <
/fhg M n ca of] lel8of] k'/} x]/f}F .
;a} k|:6 eOxfN5 . d ltdLNffO{
ae' mfpFb} klg hfG5' lg .
o;df x]/ t . of] cfsfz w]/} 7'nf]
5 . To;nfO{ cGtl/If elgG5 . ToxfF
cg]sg tf/fx¿ 5g\ . c/af}F jif{
klxn] cGtl/Ifdf wn' fsf] ljzfn
146 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
afbn lyof] . Tof] afbndf /x]sf
wn' fsf s0fx¿ Pscfk;nfO{
3'Db} rln/x]sf lyP . To;} lardf
tL w'nfsf s0fx¿ hf]l8Fb} uP/
8Nnf] aGof] . ;f] 8Nnf]df c¿
klg wn' fsf s0fx¿ hf]l8Fb} uP/
ljzfn lk08sf] lgdf{0f eof] .
of] lk08 an]sf] cfufsf] 8Nnf]
h:t} lyof] . ToxL 8Nnf] ;o" { xf] .
To;sf j/k/ o:t} cf7 cf]6f
8Nnfx¿ lgdf{0f eP . ltgLx¿ klg o:t} cfufsf 8Nnf h:t} lyP . ltgLx¿
;a}n] ;o" {nfO{ 3'Dg yfn] . kl5 ;]nfpFb} uP . tL 8Nnfx¿nfO{ u|x elgG5 .
1fg ' M xfd|f] k[YjL klg Pp6f u|x t xf] lg < x}g t bfO <
/fhg M xf] afa' . oxfF x]/ t . oL ;a} 8Nnfx¿dWo] ;"o{sf] glhs /x]sf] klxnf] 8Nnf
a'w u|x xf] . bf];|f] 8Nnf zq' m u|x xf] . ;o" {af6 t];|f] 8Nnf] rflxF k[YjL xf] .
o;sf] pTklQ cfheGbf $=% ca{ jif{ klxn] ePsf] xf] . k[YjL la:tf/} ;]nfpFb}
uof] . cfsfzdf afbn aGof] . ;f] afbnaf6 nfvf}F jif{;Dd kfgL kl//x\of] . 7'nf
vf8nx¿ el/P/ ;d'b| ag] . aflx/sf] efu hldgsf ¿kdf b]lvof] . kl5 la:tf/}
oxfF la?jfx¿ pld|g yfn] / hLjhGt' klg pTklQ eP .
1fg' M P Û d}n] aNn ae' m]F . xfd|f] k[YjL es'G8f] h:t} 8Nnf] /x]5 .
/fhg M esG' 8f] h:t} 7\ofSs} uf]nf] rflxF 5}g afa' . of] t tndfly cln cln y]lKrPsf]
;'Gtnf h:t} cfsf/sf] 5 .
1fg ' M cl3 bfOn] k[YjLnufot ;a} u|xn] ;"o{nfO{ 3'd]sf] xG' 5 eGge' of] t/ ;o" {n]
kf] k[YjLnfO{ 3'd]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 lg . laxfg kj" {af6 cfpF5 clg klZrddf
c:tfpF5 .
/fhg M -xfF:b}_ Tof] t xfdLnfO{ e|d k/]sf] xf] . xfdL uf8L r9]/ ofqf ubf{ xfdL uf8Lleq
Ps} 7fpFdf /xG5f}F t/ aflx/ af6f] lsgf/df /xs] f ?v / 3/x¿ eg] k5fl8lt/ bf8} s] f]
h:tf] bV] 5fF} lg, xf] To;} u/L kY[ jL cfkmF} kmgkmgL 3l' d/xs] f] 5 clg xfdf| jl/kl/ /xs] f
;o" ,{ rGbd| f / tf/fx¿n] xfdLnfO{ 3d' ] h:tf] bl] vPsf] xf] .
1fg ' M clg bfO xfd|f] k[YjL RofK6f] geP/ af6n' f] ePsf sf/0f s] s] c;/ k/]sf] 5
xf]nf t <
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 147
/fhg M s:tf] /fd|f] k|Zg ;f]Wof} . k[YjL kmNofs h:tf] RofK6f] geP/ af6'nf] ePsf sf/0f
ljleGg kl/0ffdx¿ b]vf k/]sf 5g\ M
s_ ;"o{sf] ls/0f k[YjLsf] cfwf efudf dfq kg]{ x'Fbf cfwf efudf lbg / cfwf
efudf /ft xG' 5 .
v_ hlt prfO r9\b} hfG5f}F, Tolt g} 6f9fsf j:t'x¿ b]lvG5g\ .
u_ hlt hlt 6f9f lxF8\b} uof], gofF tf/fx¿ b]lvFb} hfG5g\ / klxn] b]lvPsf
tf/fx¿ x/fpFb} hfG5g\ .
1fg ' M P xf] t lg . k[YjL af6n' f] geP/ RofK6f] ePsf]
eP ;a} 7fpFdf Ps} k6s lbg / Ps} k6s /ft
x'GYof] xf]nf . k[YjL ;G' tnf cfsf/sf] tndfly
y]lKrPsf] 5 eG5g\ t/ k[YjLsf] lrq t To:tf]
Yo]Krf] b]lvFb}g lg .
/fhg M xfdLnfO{ a'e\mg ;lhnf]sf nflu kf] ;'Gtnf
h:tf] eg]sf] t . k[YjL tndfly yf]/} y]Krf] 5
t/ ;G' tnf h:t} b]lvg] u/L y]Krf] eg] 5}g .
k[YjLsf] s]Gb|df u'?Tjfsif{0f zlSt 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;a} lrh k[YjLdf 6fFl;P/
/x]sf 5g\ . u?' Tjfsif{0f zlStnfO{ tf}nsf ¿kdf cge' j ug{ ;S5f}F . k[YjL
tndfly y]lKrPsf] x'gfn] w|'jLo efudf sg' } j:t'sf] tf}n a9L xG' 5 . w|'jLo If]q
s]Gb|af6 glhs kg]{ x'gfn] ToxfF j:ts' f] tf}n cGo If]qsf] eGbf a9L xG' 5 .
1fg ' M cfh d}n] w]/} s/' f hfg]F bfO . tkfO{FnfO{ w]/} wGojfb †
/fhg M ghfg]sf] s'/f o;} u/L ;f]Wg] ug'{k5{ . ltdLnfO{ klg wGojfb †
cEof;
s= k[YjLsf] pTklQ s;/L ePsf] xf] <
v= k[YjLdf lbg / /ft s;/L x'G5 <
u= k[YjL uf]nfsf/ ePsf] sf/0f s] s] c;/ k/]sf] 5 <
3= k[YjLsf] w|j' Lo / ed" Wo /]vLo If]qdf lsg tf}n km/s xG' 5 <
ª= k[YjL uf]nfsf/ gePsf] eP s] x'GYof] <
r= ;f}o{d08n b]vfpg] lrq tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
148 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
lqmofsnfk
s= tkfO{F klg ;fFemkv vn' f 7fpFdf a;]/ cfsfztkm{ x]g'{xf];\ / /fhg bfOn] eg]sf
s/' fx¿;Fu t'ngf ug'{xf];\ .
v= Pp6f es'G8f] jf Unf]anfO{ cFWof/f] sf]7fdf an]sf] d}gaQL jf 6r{nfO6 cufl8
/fv]/ k[YjLdf lbg / /ft s;/L xG' 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
u= k[YjLsf] pTklQ;DaGwL lrq agfP/ sIfdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
df6f]af6 k[YjLsf] gd'gf agfpgx' f];\ / sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 149
@kf7 kY[ jLsf] ;+/rgf
kY[ jLsf] cfGtl/s ;/+ rgf
;db' | -t/n kbfy{_ hldg -7f]; kbfy{_
aflx/L d08n
;db' |leqsf] hldg
7f]; kbfy{ leqL s]Gb| d08n
dWo d08n lunf] kbfy{
dflyNnf] efu s8f / tNnf] efu n]bf]
aflx/L s]Gb| d08n
n]bf] kbfy{
k[YjL af6'nf] cfsf/sf] lk08 xf] . o;nfO{ jl/kl/ jfod' 08nn] 9fs]sf] 5 . jfod' 08nnfO{
xfdL b]Vg ;Sb}gf}F . of] ljleGg Uof;, afbn / w'nfsf s0fx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . cfFvfn]
b]Vg ;lsg] k[YjLsf] lk08nfO{ tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
s_ aflx/L tx M of] txnfO{ aflx/L d08n aflx/L e08n dWo e08n
klg elgG5 . of] xfdLn] b]Vg ;lsg] aflx/L
;txaf6 sl/a !)) lsnf]ld6/ leq;Dd
/x]sf] 5 . of] tx g/d r6\6fgx¿n] ag]sf]
5 . oxfF 9ª' \uf, df6f] / ljleGg k|sf/sf
r6\6fgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf 7'nf 7n' f
hldgsf ;txnfO{ dxfb]z elgG5 .
dxfb]zx¿ /x]sf] If]qnfO{ :yn d08n s]Gb| d08n
klg elgG5 . 7'nf 7n' f vf8nx¿df kfgL
hd]/ ;db' | ag]sf] 5 . o:tf ;d'b|sf] efunfO{ hn d08n elgG5 .
v_ dWo d08n M aflx/L tx / s]Gb| d08nsf] lardf dWo d08n /x]sf] 5 . o;sf]
dflyNnf] efu s8f / tNnf] efu n]bf] cj:yfsf] kUn]sf] r6\6fgsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
150 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
of] efu rln/x]sf] 5 . oxfF kUn]sf r6\6fgx¿ Dofudfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] otfplt
rln/xG5 . of] aflx/L txeGbf lgs} afSnf] tx xf] .
u_ sG] b| d08n M k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf leqL efudf s]Gb| d08n /x]sf] 5 . of] lgs} tftf] tx
xf] . of] w]/} afSnf] tx klg xf] . s]Gb| d08n klg b'O{ efudf /x]sf] 5 . aflx/L efu n]bf]
cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 eg] leqL efu lunf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF kmnfd / lgs]n h:tf
s8f r6\6fgx¿ kUn]sf] cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .
k[YjLsf] ult
k[YjL rk' nfu]/ l:y/ eP/ a;]sf] 5}g . of] bO' { lsl;dn] rln/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ b}lgs
ult / jflif{s ult elgG5 .
k[YjLsf] bl} gs ult
k[YjLsf] pQ/L w|j' / blIf0fL w|'j hf]8\g] sfNklgs
/]vfnfO{ cIf dlgG5 . k[YjL ;f]xL cIfdf
cl8P/ klZrdaf6 k"j{tkm{ 3l' d/x]sf] 5 . k[YjL
o;/L cfºg} cIfdf Ps kmGsf] 3'Dgsf nflu
@$ 306fsf] ;do nfUb5 . k[YjLsf] oxL ultsf
sf/0f ljZje/ /ft / lbg x'G5 . Psl5g ;f]rf}F
t, k[YjL o;/L g3d' ]/ l:y/ eOlbPsf] eP s]
x'GYof] xf]nf < xf], k[YjL o;/L b}lgs ¿kdf
g3'd]sf] eP ;"o{sf] ls/0f k/]sf] efudf ;w}F
lbg xG' Yof] / ;o" {sf] ls/0f gk/]sf] efudf ;w}F
/ft x'GYof] . k[YjL 3'd]s} sf/0f ljZje/ Ps k6s 3fd nfUg] / Ps k6s /ft kg]{ x'G5 .
k[YjLdf ;fdfGotof !@ 306f lbg / !@ 306f /ft xG' 5 .
jflif{s ult
k[YjL ;f}o{ kl/jf/sf] Ps ;b:o
xf] . To;}n] cGo u|xn] h:t} o;n] klg
;o" {nfO{ 3l' d/x]sf] xG' 5 . o;/L k[YjLn]
;"o{nfO{ Ps rSs/ 3'Dgsf nflu #^%
lbg / ^ 306f nfU5 . of] Ps jif{sf]
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 151
cjlw xf] . x/]s jif{sf] ^ 306f hf]8\b} hfFbf rf/ jif{df @$ 306f xg' hfG5 . To;}n]
k|To]s rf/ jif{df Ps lbg ;do a9\g hfG5 . cyf{t k|To]s rf/ jif{df #^^ lbgsf] jif{
x'G5 . o;nfO{ clws jif{ elgG5 . k[YjLsf] jflif{s ultn] ubf{ Ct' kl/jt{g xg' ] ub{5 .
jif{el/df Ps k6s udL{ xg' ] u|Lid Ct', To;kl5 l7Sssf] z/b Ct,' To;kl5 hf8f] xg' ]
lxpFb Ct', To;kl5 km]l/ l7Sssf] j;Gt Ct' / k'gM Ps jif{ cufl8s} h:tf] u|Lid Ct'
cfpF5 . o;/L ;a} Ct'x¿ Ps jif{kl5 bf]xf]l/gs' f] dV' o sf/0f k[YjLsf] jflif{s ult xf] .
ufn] fw{
uf]nfw{ eg]sf] uf]nf]sf] cfwf efu xf] . k[YjL uf]nfsf/
ePsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ cfwf ul/of] eg] k[YjLsf] Tof]
cfwf efunfO{ uf]nfw{ elgG5 . k[YjLsf] ;txsf] pQ/L
e"dWo w|j' / blIf0fL w|j' sf] lardf kg]{ u/L Ps /]vfsf] sNkgf
/]vf ul/Psf] 5 . To;nfO{ ed" Wo /]vf elgG5 . ed" Wo
/]vfb]lv pQ/lt/sf] cfwf efunfO{ pQ/L uf]nfw{ /
blIf0flt/sf] cfwf efunfO{ blIf0fL uf]nfw{ elgG5 .
To;} u/L a]nfotsf] /fhwfgL nG8gdf /x]sf] k|wfg dWofx\g /]vf
lu|gljr eGg] 7fpFaf6 pQ/L w|'j / blIf0fL w|j' hf]8\g]
u/L Ps 7f8f] /]vfsf] sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . To;nfO{
k|wfg dWofx\g /]vf elgG5 . k|wfg dWofx\g /]vfb]lv
k"j{tkm{sf] cfwf efunfO{ k"jL{ uf]nfw{ / klZrdtkm{sf]
cfwf efunfO{ klZrdL uf]nfw{ elgG5 .
lqmofsnfk
s= Pp6f pl;g]sf] cG8f jf lnrLnfO{ cfwf efu af]j|mf 5f]8fP/ x]g'{xf];\ . To;df tLg
kq b]Vg ;Sgx' 'G5 . To;df h:t} k[YjLdf klg dV' o tLg kq /x]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df
5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
v= Pp6f Unf]a NofP/ k[YjLsf] b}lgs ult / jflif{s ultsf af/]df k|of]u u/]/ x]g{'xf];\ .
u= Pp6f es'G8f]df Pp6f 7f8f] / Pp6f t];f]{ /]vf sf]g'{xf];\ . uf]nfw{ s] xg' \ eGg] ljifodf
;f] esG' 8f] b]vfP/ ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpgx' f];\ .
152 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
cEof;
s= k[YjLsf] ;/+ rgf b]vfpg] lrq agfP/ /ª nufpgx' f];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .
v= k[YjLsf] b}lgs ultsf] lrq agfO{ kl/ro lbgx' f];\ .
u= k[YjLsf] jflif{s ultsf] lrq agfO{ kl/ro lbgx' f];\ .
3= uf]nfw{ b]vfpg] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 153
#kf7 cIff+z / bz] fGt/
xfdLn] Unf]anfO{ x]¥of}F eg] jl/kl/ 7f8f / t];f{
/]vfx¿ b]Vg ;S5f}F . oLdWo] 7f8f /]vfx¿ b]zfGt/
/]vf x'g\ eg] t];f{ /]vfx¿ cIffz+ /]vf x'g\ .
cIff+z
k[YjLsf] ;txdf pQ/L w|j' / blIf0fL w|j' sf] lardf
kg]{ u/L k[YjLsf] ;txdf t];|f] /]vf lvlrPsf]
5 . To;nfO{ e"dWo] /]vf elgG5 . ed" Wo /]vf;Fu
;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L pQ/ / blIf0ftkm{ lvlrPsf
t];f{ /]vfx¿nfO{ cIffz+ /]vf elgG5 . ed" Wo
/]vf zG" o l8u|Lsf] cIffz+ /]vf xf] . pQ/L w|'j /
blIf0fL w|j' () l8u|Lsf] cIffz+ df kb{5 . e"dWo /]vfaf6 k[YjLleqsf] s]Gb|;Dd uPsf]
/]vfnfO{ cfwf/ /]vf elgG5 . of] cfwf/ /]vf;Fu
k[YjLsf] ;txsf] pQ/ jf blIf0fsf] ;txsf] s'g}
ljGba' f6 s]Gb|;Dd uPsf] /]vfn] s]Gb|df agfpg]
sf]0f g} cIff+z xf] . o;/L cIffz+ /]vfx¿
pQ/tkm{ () l8u|L;Dd / blIf0ftkm{ () l8u|L;Dd
xG' 5g\ . pQ/L uf]nfw{ tkm{sf] nfO{ pQ/L cIffz+
/ blIf0fL uf]nfw{ tkm{sf] nfO{ blIf0fL cIffz+
elgG5 . k|To]s cIff+zaf6 k[YjLsf] ;txdf
lvlrg] /]vfx¿ cIff+z /]vf x'g\ . oL /]vfx¿
j[Qfsf/ xG' 5g\ .
b]zfGt/
pQ/L w|'jb]lv blIf0fL w|j' ;Dd lvlrPsf 7f8f /]vfnfO{
b]zfGt/ /]vf elgG5 . af]nfotsf] /fhwfgL nG8gdf
/x]sf] lu|gljr eGg] 7fpFaf6 lvlrPsf] b]zfGt/nfO{ k|wfg
dWofGx /]vf elgG5 . of] /]vf z"Go l8u|Lsf] b]zfGt/ /]vf
154 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
xf] . k|wfg dWofGx /]vfb]lv kj" {tkm{ !*) l8u|L / klZrdtkm{ !*) l8u|L;Dd b]zfGt/
/]vfx¿ xG' 5g\ .
k[YjLsf] ;txdf e"dWo /]vf / k|wfg dWofGx /]vfsf] ldngljGba' f6 k[YjLleqsf] s]Gb|;Dd
uPsf] /]vfnfO{ cfwf/ /]vf elgG5 . oxL cfwf/ /]vf;Fu e"dWo /]vfsf] s'g} klg ljGba' f6
s]Gb|;Dd uPsf] /]vfn] agfpg] sf]0f g} b]zfGt/ xf] . o:tf sf]0fx¿ kj" {tkm{ !*) l8u|L /
klZrdtkm{ !*) l8u|L;Dd km}lnPsf 5g\ . k|To]s b]zfGt/af6 k[YjLsf] ;txdf pQ/L w|'j
/ blIf0fL w|'j;Dd hf]8\g] u/L b]zfGt/ /]vf lvlrG5g\ . oL /]vfx¿ cw{ j[Qfsf/ xG' 5g\ .
lqmofsnfk
s= kYjLdf cIffz+ / b]zfGt/ /]vf b]vfpg] lrqx¿ agfpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .
v= k[YjLleq b]zfGt/sf sf]0fx¿ s;/L aG5g\ eGg] s/' f ;'Gtnf sf6]/ x]g{'xf];\ / 5nkmn
ug'{xf];\ .
u= P6n;df ePsf] g]kfnsf] gS;fdf slt slt l8u|Lsf cIf+z / b]zfGt/ /]vfx¿
/x]5g\, x]g{'xf];\ / ;fyL;Fu 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
s= cfIffz+ /]vf slt l8u|L;Dd xG' 5 <
v= cIff+zsf] sf]0f sxfF aG5 <
u= b]zfGt/ /]vf slt l8u|L;Dd xG' 5 <
3= k|wfg dWofGx /]vf slt l8u|Lsf] b]zfGt/ /]vf xf] <
ª= cIffz+ /]vf / b]zfGt/ /]vflar s] s] leGgtfx¿ 5g\ <
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
cIffz+ /]vf / b]zfGt/ /]vf b]vfpg] lrqx¿ agfO{ sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 155
$kf7 k[YjLsf] agf6] k[YjL
k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf hldg / kfgLsf] efu /x]sf]
5 . kfgLsf] efunfO{ ;d'b| elgG5 eg] hldgsf]
efunfO{ dxfb]z elgG5 . k[YjLsf] ;txnfO{ jl/kl/
af6 jfo'd08nn] 3]/]sf] 5 .
:yn d08n
k[YjLsf] aflx/L txdf hldgsf] ;tx /x]sf] 5 . xfdL
oxL :yn d08ndf a:5f}F . :yn ;txn] k[YjLsf]
s'n If]qkmnsf] @( k|ltzt cz+ cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o; :yn ;txdf ;ft cf]6f dxfb]z /x]sf 5g\ .
dxfbz] If]qkmn
Pl;of $ s/f]8 @( nfv () xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
clk|msf @ s/f]8 (& nfv *% xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= bf];|f] 7'nf]
pQ/ cd]l/sf @ s/f]8 $# nfv @) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= t];|f] 7n' f]
blIf0f cd]l/sf ! s/f]8 && nfv (* xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= rf}yf] 7n' f]
o/' f]k ! s/f]8 $ nfv (* xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= kfFrf}F 7n' f]
cG6fs{l6sf ! s/f]8 #) nfv ju{ ls=ld= 5}6f}F 7'nf]
c:6«]lnof &^ nfv *& xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= ;a}eGbf ;fgf]
156 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
-s_ Pl;of
Pl;of ljZjdf g} ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
dxfb]z xf] . o;n] ljZjsf]
If]qkmnsf] @(=$ k|ltzt e–"
efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . blIf0f
kj" {sf s]xL åLkx¿afx]s afFsL
;Dk"0f{ e"–efu pQ/L uf]nfw{df
kb{5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfn klg
oxL dxfb]zdf /x]sf] 5 . of]
xfd|f] dxfb]z xf] . of] dxfb]zdf
ljZjs} ;a}eGbf cUnf] e–" efu ;u/dfyfsf] rr/' fb]lv ;a}eGbf xf]rf] e"–efu d[t
;fu/sf] lsgf/f /x]sf 5g\ . ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf w]/} kfgL kg]{ :yfg ef/tsf] r]/fk~' hLb]lv
cToGt} ;'Svf c/a, wf/ / dª\uf]lnofsf] d?el" d klg /x]sf 5g\ . ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf
w]/} hg;ª\Vof ePsf] b]z rLg / ljZjs} hgzG" o e"ldx¿ klg oxLF /x]sf 5g\ . ljZjs}
;a}eGbf 7'nf] d}bfg ;fOa]l/ofsf] d}bfgb]lv pRr kj{tLo z[ª\vnf /x]sf] lxdfno kj{t
>]0fL klg oxLF kb{5g\ . ;w}F lxpFn] 9fls/xg] cToGt lr;f] lxdfno kj{tb]lv cToGt udL{
OG8f]g]l;of klg oxL dxfb]zdf kb{5g\ . o;/L o; dxfb]znfO{ ljifdtfsf] dxfb]z klg
elgG5 . o; dxfb]zdf %! cf]6f b]z /x]sf 5g\ .
-v_ clkm| sf
clk|msf dxfb]zn] ljZjsf] If]qkmnsf]
@)=@ k|ltzt e–" efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . of]
dxfb]z udL{ x'g] dxfb]z xf] . o;sf]
lar efudf ed" Wo /]vf kg]{ x'gfn]
o;sf] ;a} e"–efudf udL{ xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 . o; dxfb]zdf ljZjs}
;a}eGbf nfdf] gfOn gbL, ljZjs}
7'nf] d?e"ld ;xf/f d?e"ld / ljZjs}
w]/} hgfj/ kfOg] ;efgf If]q /x]sf] 5 .
oxfF w]/}h;f] sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 157
a;f]af; ub{5g\ . o; dxfb]zdf %$
cf]6f b]z /x]sf 5g\ .
-u_ pQ/ cd]l/sf
of] ljZjsf] t];|f] 7'nf] dxfb]z xf] .
o;n] ljZjsf] !^=( k|ltzt e–" efu
cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; dxfb]zdf ;o+ S' t
/fHo cd]l/sf, Sofgf8f / d]lS;sf]n]
clwsfz+ e–" efu cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] hDdf
@# cf]6f b]z /x]sf 5g\ . of] ljsl;t
dxfb]z klg xf] . oxfF ljZjs} cGgsf]
e08f/ dflgg] k|]l/hsf] d}bfg 5 . o;
d}bfgdf k|z:t dfqfdf ux'F pTkfbg u/]/
ljZje/ lgsf;L ul/G5 .
-3_ blIf0f cdl] /sf
blIf0f cd]l/sfn] ljZjsf] !!=&
k|ltzt e"–efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . oxfF
ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7n' f] cd]hg gbL
/x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf km'6ansf nflu
k|lz4 b]zx¿ a|flhn, ch]{lG6gf,
p?Uj], k]¿ tyf lrnL /x]sf
5g\ . a|flhn ljZjdf g} ;a}eGbf
w]/} skmL pTkbg ug]{ b]z klg xf] .
o; dxfb]zdf !@ cf]6f b]z /x]sf
5g\ .
158 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
-ª_ o'/fk]
o/' f]kn] ljZjsf] If]qkmnsf] & k|ltzt
e–" efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . of] Pl;of;Fu
hf]l8Psf] dxfb]z xf] . o; dxfb]zsf
;a} b]zx¿ ;DkGg / ljsl;t 5g\ . o;
dxfb]zdf ljZjs} 7'nf] b]z ?; /x]sf]
5 . ?;sf] clwsfz+ e"–efu Pl;ofdf
kb{5 . o; dxfb]zdf a]nfot, k|mfG;,
hd{gL, O6nL, lu|;nufot $$ cf]6f
b]z /x]sf 5g\ .
-r_ c:6]l« nof
ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfb]z c:6«]lnof dxfb]z xf] . o; dxfb]zn] ljZjsf] sn'
If]qkmnsf] sl/a ^ k|ltzt e–" efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; dxfb]znfO{ …Ps b]z Ps
dxfb]zÚ klg elgG5 lsgls o;sf] dV' o e"–efudf c:6«]lnofafx]s c¿ b]z 5}gg\ . o;
dxfb]zsf] cf;kf;df /x]sf 6fkx' ¿df cGo b]zx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 159
-5_ cG6fs{l6sf
cG6fs{l6sf blIf0fL w|'jdf kg]{ b]z xf] .
To;}n] oxfF olt lr;f] xG' 5 ls oxfF dfgjsf]
a;f]af; 5}g . cg;' Gwfgsf nflu uPsf
dflg;x¿ eg] oxfF e]l6G5g\ . o; dxfb]zdf
lzndf5f, k]Gu'Og / lxpFefnx' ¿ a:5g\ .
o; dxfb]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ e–" efu lxpFn] 9fs]sf]
5 . o;n] sl/a ( k|ltzt e–" efu cf]u6]sf]
5.
hn d08n
ljZjsf] sl/a &! k|ltzt If]q ;d'b|n] 9fs]sf] 5 . ;d'b|sf] 7'nf] If]qnfO{ dxf;fu/
elgG5 . ljZjdf o:tf kfFr cf]6f dxf;fu/ /x]sf 5g\ . oL dxf;fu/x¿ Pscfk;df
hf]l8Psf 5g\ . To;}n] ljZjsf] ;Dk"0f{ ;db' | Pp6} kf]v/L h:tf] 5 . ljZjsf] w]/}h;f]
kfgLsf] efu blIf0fL uf]nfw{df ePsf] xg' fn] o;nfO{ hn uf]nfw{ klg elgG5 .
dxf;fu/ Ifq] kmn
k|zfGt
cfGw| !^ s/f]8 %@ nfv %) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= ;a}eGbf 7'nf]
lxGb * s/f]8 @$ nfv $) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= bf];|f] 7n' f]
blIf0f ;fu/ -sd' ]¿_ & s/f]8 #$ nfv $) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= t];|f] 7'nf]
cfs{l6s -;d' ]¿_ @ s/f]8 !( nfv ^) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= rf}yf] 7n' f]
! s/f]8 $) nfv () xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= ;a}eGbf ;fgf]
;|f]t M britanica encyclopeadia
160 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
-s_ kz| fGt dxf;fu/
ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] dxf;fu/ k|zfGt dxf;fu/ xf] . o; dxf;fu/sf] Psftkm{ pQ/
cd]l/sf / blIf0f cd]l/sf /x]sf 5g\ eg] csf{tkm{ Pl;of / c:6«]lnof /x]sf 5g\ . of]
dxf;fu/ pQ/L / blIf0fL bj' } uf]nfw{df km}lnPsf] 5 . pQ/tkm{sf] efunfO{ pQ/ k|zfGt
dxf;fu/ elgG5 . blIf0f tkm{sf] nfO{ blIf0f k|zfGt dxf;fu/ elgG5 . o; dxfb]zsf]
;a}eGbf ulx/f] efu dl/ofgf 6«]Gr xf] . o; dxf;fu/n] $(=( k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o; dxf;fu/sf] cf};t ulx/fO $ xhf/ *) ld6/ 5 eg] clwstd ulx/fO !) xhf/
*)# ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ cfGw| dxf;fu/
of] bf];|f] 7n' f] dxf;fu/ xf] . o;sf] Psftkm{ o/' f]k / clk|msf /x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ pQ/
cd]l/sf / blIf0f cd]l/sf /x]sf] 5 . of] dxf;fu/ klg pQ/L / blIf0fL bj' } uf]nfw{df
km}lnPsf] 5 . pQ/tkm{sf] efunfO{ pQ/ cfGw| dxf;fu/ elgG5 . blIf0ftkm{sf] nfO{ blIf0f
cfGw| dxf;fu/ elgG5 . o; dxf;fu/n] @%=& k|ltzt If]q cf]u6]sf] 5 . o;sf] cf};t
ulx/fO # xhf/ ^$^ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] clwstd ulx/fO * xhf/ $*^ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
-u_ lxGb dxf;fu/
ef/tsf] blIf0ftkm{ /x]sf] dxf;fu/nfO{ lxGb dxf;fu/ elgG5 . of] t];|f] 7'nf] dxf;fu/
xf] . of] klg b'j} uf]nfw{df km}lnPsf] 5 . o;n] @)=% k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o;sf] cf};t ulx/fO # xhf/ &#! ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] clwstd ulx/fO & xhf/ ()^
ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 161
-3_ s'd¿] dxf;fu/
of] dxf;fu/ blIf0fL uf]nfw{df cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zsf] jl/kl/ /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] w]/}h;f]
efu lr;f] If]qdf kb{5 . cG6fs{l6sf;Fu hf]l8Psf 7fpFx¿ lr;f]n] hd]sf] cj:yfdf
/x]sf xG' 5g\ . o; dxf;fu/n] & k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . o;sf] cf};t ulx/fO #
xhf/ ^$^ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 eg] clwstd ulx/fO * xhf/ $)^ ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
-ª_ ;d' ¿] dxf;fu/
;'d]¿ dxf;fu/ ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxf;fu/ xf] . of] dxf;fu/ pQ/L w|'j / To;sf]
cf;kf;df /x]sf] 5 . of] ljZjs} ;a}eGbf lr;f] ;d'b| xf] . o;sf] clwsfz+ efu ;w}F
lxpFsf] ¿kdf hd]sf] cj:Yffdf /xsf] 5 . o; dxf;fu/n] $ k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 .
o;sf] cf};t ulx/fO !@)% ld6/ / clwstd ulx/fO % xhf/ %^& ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
jfo'd08n
k[YjLsf] ;tx jl/kl/ xhf/f}F lsnf]ld6/ dfly;Dd km}lnPsf] jfo'd08n /x]sf] 5 . of]
jfo'd08n ljleGg k|sf/sf UofF;x¿, afbn -hnjfik_ / wn' fsf s0fx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf]
5 . jfod' 08ndf &* k|ltzt gfO6«f]hg / @! k|ltzt clS;hg /x]sf] 5 . o;/L
jfo'd08nsf] sn' ((Ü efudf oL bO' { UofF;x¿ gfO6«f]hg / clS;hg dfq /x]sf 5g\ .
afFsL ! k|ltzt cGo UofF;x¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
jfo'd08ndf hnjfik klg xG' 5 . k[YjLsf] ;txdf /x]sf ;d'b|, tfn, gbL nufotsf
kfgLsf ;txx¿nfO{ ;o" {sf] ls/0fn] ttfP/ afkm agfpF5 / ;f] afkm xfjfdf ldl;G5 .
o;/L ldl;Psf] hnjfiksf] dfqf w]/} ePdf skf; h:t} afbnsf] ¿k lnG5 . ;f] afbn
lr;f] eP/ jiff{ x'G5 . lxpF / cl;gfsf ¿kdf cfsfzaf6 hldgdf em5{ .
jfod' 08ndf w]/} k|sf/sf dl;gf wn' fsf s0fx¿ klg xG' 5g\ . hldgdf ePsf w'nf],
df6f], d?el" dsf afn'jf, Hjfnfdv' Laf6 lg:s]sf v/fgL / w'nf] cflbnfO{ xfjfn] p8fP/
cfsfzdf k'¥ofpF5 . wn' fsf s0fn] ubf{ jfo'd08nnfO{ wldnf] agfOlbG5 . To;}n] xfdL
6f9fsf j:t' b]Vg ;Sb}gf}F . o;n] ubf{ t'jfFnf] / s'lx/f] nfU5 . jfo' k|bl" ift x'G5 .
lqmofsnfk
s= ljZjsf] vfnL gS;fdf dxfb]zx¿ lrg]/ ltgdf km/s km/s /ª nufpg'xf];\ / gfd
klg n]Vg'xf];\ . To;} u/L dxf;fu/x¿df cfsf;] lgnf] /ª nufpgx' f];\ / dxf;fu/
x¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
v= ;a}n] kf7 k9]/ xflh/Lhjfkm k|ltof]lutfsf nflu k|Zgx¿ agfpg'xf];\ . ;a} k|Zgdf
162 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
pQ/ klg /fVg'xf];\ . ;a} hgfsf k|Zgx¿ ldnfP/ xflh/Lhjfkm k|ltof]lutf ug{'xf];\ .
u= k[YjLdf jfo'd08n b]vfpg] lrq agfP/ sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
s_ ljZjdf ePsf dxfb]z / dxf;fu/x¿sf] ;r" L 7n' f]b]lv ;fgf];Dd j|md ldnfP/
n]Vg'xf];\ M
dxfb]z dxf;fu/
Pl;of, blIf0f cd]l/sf, c:6«]lnof, pQ/ cd]l/sf, cG6fs{l6sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf,
clk|msf, o/' f]k, cfGw| dxf;fu/, ;'d]¿ dxf;fu/, lxGb dxf;fu/, k|zfGt dxf;fu/,
sd' ]¿ dxf;fu/
v_ Pl;ofnfO{ ljifdtfsf] dxfb]z elgG5, lsg <
u_ clk|msf dxfb]zsf] kl/ro lbgx' f];\ .
3_ pQ/ / blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]zlardf s] s] leGgtf /x]sf 5g\ <
ª_ dxf;fu/x¿n] cf]u6]sf] If]qkmn k|ltztnfO{ :tDe lrqdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
r_ jfod' 08n wldnf] b]lvgs' f] sf/0f s] xf]nf <
5_ cfsfzaf6 kfgL kgf{sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf <
kl/of]hgf sfo{
sIffaflx/ uP/ cfsfz / hldg x]/]/ cfkm"n] b]v]sf s/' fx¿sf] ;r" L agfpg'xf];\ . tLdWo]
sg' sg' s/' f :yn, sg' –s'g s'/f hn / sg' –sg' s/' f jfoc' Gtu{t k5{g\, 5'6\ofP/
tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfpgx' f];\ M
:yn hn jfo'
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 163
%kf7 gk] fnsf] efu} fl] ns ljj/0f
g]kfn ljZjsf sl/a b'O{ ;o cf]6f d'ns' x¿dWo] Ps b]z xf] . xfd|f] b]znfO{ ;u/dfyfsf]
b]z, eujfg\ uf}td a'4 hGd]sf] b]z, dlGb/} dlGb/sf] b]z, axfb/' uf]/vfnLsf] b]z eg]/
klg lrlgG5 . g]kfn If]qkmnsf lx;fan] lgs} ;fgf] b]z xf] . o;n] ljZjsf] s'n If]qkmnsf]
)=)# k|ltzt / Pl;ofsf] )=# k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] gS;fdf g]kfn @^
l8u|L @@ ldg]6 pQ/L cIffz+ b]lv #) l8u|L @& ldg]6 pQ/L cIffz+ ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . To;}
u/L *) l8u|L $ ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/b]lv ** l8u|L !@ ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf]
5 . g]kfnsf] cf};t nDafO **% lsnf]ld6/ / cf};t rf}8fO{ !(# lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] blIf0f, k"j{ / klZrddf ef/t /x]sf] 5 eg] pQ/df rLg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf]
k"j{sf] l;dfgf d]rL gbL xf] eg] klZrddf w]/}h;f] 7fpFdf dxfsfnL gbL / bzuhf xf] .
s~rgk/' lhNnfdf dxfsfnLkfl/ g]kfnsf] Pp6f gu/kflnsf rfFbgL bf]wf/f gu/kflnsf
/x]sf] 5 . pQ/df l;dfgfsf ¿kdf sxLF ;Ldf :tDe, sxLF gbL, sxLF kfgL9nf] / sxLF
lxdfnL r'r'/f /x]sf 5g\ . blIf0fdf klg sxLF gbL, sxLF bzuhf / sxLF ;Ldf:tDen]
g]kfn ef/tlarsf] l;dfgfsf] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfn / ef/tsf] l;dfgfdf b'j} b]z
ldn]/ bz uh -sl/a bz ld6/_ hldg l;dfgfsf nflu vfnL 5f]l8Psf] 5 . To;}nfO{
bzuhf elgPsf] xf] . bzuhfdf bj' } b]zsf gful/sn] 3/ agfpg, v]tL ug{ / a;f]af;
ug{ kfpFb}gg\ .
164 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
gk] fnsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k
hldgsf] :j¿knfO{ w/ftnLo :j¿k elgG5 . g]kfnnfO{ w/ftnLo :j¿ksf cfwf/df
tLg efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . pQ/tkm{sf] pRr kj{tLo If]qnfO{ lxdfnL k|b]z
elgG5 . blIf0ftkm{sf] ;dy/ d}bfgL efunfO{ t/fO{ k|b]z elgG5 . lxdfnL k|b]z / t/fO{
k|b]zsf] aLrsf] kxf8x¿ /x]sf] e"efunfO{ kxf8L k|b]z elgG5 .
lxdfnL If]q -lxdfnL kb| z] _ M
g]kfnsf] pQ/tkm{ sl/a # xhf/ #)) ld6/b]lv
dflysf] prfOsf] If]qnfO{ lxdfnL k|b]z elgG5 .
oxfF jif{el/ g} lxpFn] 9fSg] cUnf lxdfnx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . %))) ld6/eGbf dflysf] If]qdf jif{el/ g}
lxpFn] 9fS5 . oxfF ljZjs} ;a}eGbf cUnf] lxdfn
;u/dfyf /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Mount Everest gfdn]
lrlgG5 . of] If]qdf ;fdfGotof jif{el/ g} hf8f]
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . To;}n] oxfFsf dflg;x¿ afSnf]
nu' f nufpF5g\ . o; k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] sl/a !%
k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . lxdfnL k|b]zdf g]kfnsf && lhNnfdWo] @! lhNnf /x]sf
5g\ .
lxdfnL k|b]zdf lxdfneGbf pQ/tkm{ lxdfnL pkTosfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To:tf pkTosfnfO{
ef]6 klg elgG5 . dgfª, d:' tfª, d'u,' 8f]Nkf, hD' nf / xD' nfdf o:tf ef]6x¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
ef]6eGbf klg pQ/L If]qdf /x]sf lxdfnx¿nfO{ ;LdfGt lxdfnL If]q elgG5 .
kxf8L If]q -kxf8L k|b]z_ M
g]kfnsf] dWo efudf k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd cUnf kxf8L z[ª\vnf /x]sf 5g\ . kxf8L
If]qn] g]kfnsf] sl/a ^* k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . kxf8L k|b]zdf ^)) ld6/b]lv
# xhf/ #)) ld6/sf] prfO;Ddsf kxf8x¿
/x]sf 5g\ . kxf8L k|b]zdf pQ/tkm{sf] efudf
cUnf cUnf kxf8x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{
dxfef/t kj{t >]0fL elgG5 . of] cUnf cUnf
df]8bf/ kxf8x¿n] ag]sf] 5 . blIf0flt/ xf]rf]
r'/] kxf8sf] z[ª\vnf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;a}eGbf
kl5 ag]sf] kxf8L z[ª\vnf xf] To;}]n] of] lgs}
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 165
v's'nf] df6f], afnj' f / 9'ª\ufn] ag]sf] 5 . kj{tLo If]qsf] aLrlardf gbLn] agfPsf
km/flsnf a]F;Lx¿ / 7n' f pkTosfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . kxf8L k|b]zdf g]kfnsf #! cf]6f
lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ .
t/fO{ Ifq] -t/fO{ k|b]z_ M
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf blIf0fdf /x]sf] d}bfgL efunfO{ t/fO{ k|b]z elgG5 . of] k|b]z ;d'b|
;txaf6 %( ld6/b]lv ^)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf km}lnPsf] 5 . t/fO{ k|b]zdf jif}{el/ udL{
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . To;}n] oxfFsf dflg;x¿ kftnf] nu' f nufpF5g\ .
dxfef/t kj{t >]0fL / r'/] kj{t >]0fLsf] lardf ;dy/ k/]sf] d}bfgL efu /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{
leqL dw]; jf b'g elgG5 . pbok/' , lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, ;v' ]{t o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .
oxfF ;fnsf] hª\un /x]sf] 5 .
o; kj{tsf] blIf0ftkm{ ;dy/
efj/ k|b]z /x]sf] 5 . oxfF r/' ]
kj{taf6 gbLn] aufP/ NofPsf
u]u|gn] ag]sf] hldg 5 . of]
hldg v]tLsf nflu pko'St
geP klg ;fnsf] 3gf hª\un /x]sf] 5 . efj/ k|b]zb]lv blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] l;dfgf;Dd
;dy/ hldgn] ag]sf] d}bfg 5 . o;nfO{ t/fO{ elgG5 . of] d}bfg dlnnf] kfFuf] df6fn]
ag]sf] xg' fn] s[lifsf nflu lgs} pko'St 5 .
lqmofsnfk
s= g]kfnsf] vfnL gS;fdf lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ k|b]z b]vfP/ /ª eg'{xf];\ .
v= sIffdf tLg ;d"x agfO{ Ps ;dx" n] Ps ef}uf]lns If]qsf] kl/ro u/fpg] rf6{ tof/
kfg{'xf];\ / sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .
cEof;
s= lxdfnL If]q sxfF /x]sf] 5 <
v= kxf8L If]qdf s:tf] hldg /x]sf] 5 <
u= t/fO{df lsg v]tL ul/G5 <
3= t/fO{ k|b]z / lxdfnL k|b]zlardf s] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 <
166 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
^kf7 g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL
g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgL
6'G8«f xfjfkfgL
n]sfnL xfjfkfgL
7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL
Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL
pi0f xfjfkfgL
g]kfndf pi0f df};dL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o;cg;' f/ u|Lid Ct'df udL{ / jiff{ xG' 5 eg]
lxpFb Ct'df hf8f] / ;'Svf xfjfkfgL xG' 5 . lxpFbdf klg yf]/} jiff{ xG' 5 . g]kfnsf]
xfjfkfgLnfO{ w/ftnsf] prfOn] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . g]kfn blIf0faf6 pQ/tkm{ cUnf] xF'b}
hfFbf oxfF xfjfkfgL klg blIf0faf6 pQ/tkm{ lr;f] xF'b} uPsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] g]kfndf
d'Vo u/L pi0f, ;dzLtf]i0f / lr;f] u/L tL k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
pi0f xfjfkfgL
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf blIf0fdf /x]sf] t/fO{ If]qdf jif{el/ g} udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . blIf0fsf]
t/fO{, leqL dw]; / r/' ] kj{tsf] nueu !@)) ld6/ prfOsf] efu;Dd pi0f xfjfkfgL
kfOG5 . To;}n] oxfFsf dflg;x¿ kftnf] nu' f nufpF5g\ . lxpFbdf s]xL lbg afSnf] s'lx/f]
nfu]sf] ;dodf w]/} lbg;Dd 3fd nUb}g . To;}n] zLtnx/ rN5 / hf8f] x'G5 . t/fO{sf]
tfkj|md u|Liddf #*‚ ;]lN;o;b]lv $@‚ ;]lN;o;;Dd kU' 5 eg] lxpFbdf !%‚ ;]lN;o;
b]lv %‚ ;]lN;o;Dd em5{ . u|Liddf klZrdL t/fO{df ef/tlt/af6 tftf] jfo' rNg] xg' fn]
k"j{sf] eGbf a9L udL{ x'G5 .
t/fO{df dg;'gL jfon' ] jif{el/df sl/a @)) ;]lG6ld6/ jiff{ u/fpF5 . o;sf] cy{ olb
t/fO{df cfsfzaf6 jif{el/ k/]sf] kfgL hldgd'lg ;f]l;P/ ghfg], au]/ ghfg] / afkm ag]/
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 167
ghfg] xf] eg] @)) ;]lG6ld6/ kfgL hDYof] eGg] cgd' fg xf] . o;n] jiff{sf] dfqf s'g 7fpFdf
a9L / s'g 7fpFdf 36L x'g] /x]5 egL t'ngf ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . t/fO{df u|Liddf a9L jiff{
xG' 5 . u|Liddf k"jL{ t/fO{df a9L jiff{ xG' 5 . j|mdzM klZrdlt/ jiff{sf] dfqf 36\b} hfG5 .
lxpFbdf klZrdL jfo'sf] k|efjn] klZrd t/fO{df a9L jiff{ xG' 5 .
t/fO{df udL{ xfjfkfgLdf x'g] afnL / kmnkmn" kfOG5 . oxfF cfFk, d]jf, s]/f, s6x/,
nufootsf kmnkmn" pTkfbg x'G5 . oxfFsf] df6f] gbLn] yk' f/]sf] dlnnf] df6fn] ag]sf]
xF'bf k|z:t dfqfdf wfg v]tL xG' 5 . To;sf cnfjf h6' , pv', ;'tL{, ;k' f/L, lrof,
skf;nufotsf] gub] afnL klg v]tL ul/G5 .
Gofgf] ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgL
;d eg]sf] a/fa/, zLt eg]sf] hf8f] / pi0f eg]sf] udL{ xf] . To;}n] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL
eg]sf] hf8f] udL{ a/fa/ xg' ] eGg] al' emG5 . To:t} lxpFb Ct'df hf8f] / u|Lid Ct'df
udL{ xg' ] xfjfkfgLnfO{ klg ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL elgG5 . o;nfO{ cwf]{i0f xfjfkfgL klg
elgG5 . cwf]{i0fsf] cy{ cfwf pi0f cyf{t udL{ / cfwf hf8f] eGg] al' emG5 . Gofgf]
;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf u|Lid nfdf] / a9L udL{ xG' 5 . 7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgLdf
lxpFb nfdf] / w]/} hf8f] xG' 5 .
r'/] kj{tLo If]q / dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLsf] !@)) ld6/ b]lv @!)) ld6/ prfOsf] If]qdf
Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . oxfF u|Lid Ct'df Gofgf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 eg] lxpFb
Ct'df 7G8f xG' 5 . u|Lid Ctd' f udL{ xG' 5 . To;a]nf oxfFsf] tfkj|md @$‚ ;]lN;o;]b]lv
#%‚ ;]lN;o;;Dd x'G5 . lxpFb Ctd' f eg] hf8f] xG' 5 . lxpFbdf oxfFsf] tfkj|md %‚
;]lN;o;b]lv !)‚ ;]lN;o;;Dd xG' 5 . oxfF u|Lid s]xL nfdf] / lxpFb 5f]6f] x'G5 . kxf8sf
cUnf n]slt/ eg] lxpFbdf lgs} hf8f] x'G5, s]xL lbg lxpF klg k5{ . xf]rf a]F;Lx¿df
leqL dw];sf] h:t} udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
7G8f ;dzLtfi] 0f xfjfkfgL
kxf8L If]qsf] @!)) ld6/b]lv lxdfnL If]qsf] ##)) ld6/sf] prfO;Dddf 7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . o; If]qdf u|Lid Gofgf] / lxpFb lgs} lr;f] xG' 5 . oxfF u|Lidsf] tfkj|md
!%‚ ;]b]lv @)‚ ;]lN;o;;Dd xG' 5 eg] lxpFbdf cf};t tfkj|md %‚ ;]lN;o;eGbf sd
xG' 5 . oxfF u|Lid 5f]6f] / lxpFb s]xL nfdf] xG' 5 . u|Lid Ctd' f dg;g' L jfo'n] ubf{ sl/a
!)) ;]lG6ld6/ jiff{ x'G5 . kxf8sf] pQ/ kms]{sf] efudf eGbf blIf0f kms]{sf] efudf w]/}
jiff{ x'G5 . prfO a9\b} hfFbf jiff{ sd x'Fb} hfG5 / lxpF kg{ yfN5 . lxpFbdf eg] o;
If]qsf] ;a}lt/ lxpF k5{ .
168 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
ns] fnL xfjfkfgL
lxdfnL k|b]zsf] ##)) ld= b]lv %))) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd n]sfnL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
oxfFsf] tfkj|md u|Liddf !)‚ b]lv –!%‚ ;]lN;o;;Dd / lxpFbdf )‚ ;]lN;o;eGbf sd
xG' 5 . u|Lid Cts' f] s]xL lbg dfq Gofgf] x'g] xg' fn] u|Lid Ct' 5f]6f] x'G5 t/ lxpFb Ct'
7G8f / nfdf] x'G5 . ;fdfGotof o; If]qdf jif}{el/ hf8f] x'G5 . o; If]qdf jiff{ #)
;]lG6ld6/ hlt dfq x'G5 eg] w]/}h;f] jiff{ lxpFsf ¿kdf xG' 5 . dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf
cflb If]qdf cUnf lxdfnn] 5]s]/ blIf0flt/af6 cfpg] afbn ;lxtsf] jfo' k|j]z ug{
kfpFb}g . To;}n] ToxfF j[li6 5fof k5{ . j[li6 5fof eg]sf] kxf8n] 5]lsP/ afbn gcfpg]
/ jiff{ gx'g] cj:yf xf] . jiff{ eP klg lgs} sd x'G5 .
6G' 8f« xfjfkfgL
lxdfnL If]qsf] %))) ld6/b]lv dflysf ;a} 7fpFdf 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . of] cToGt
lr;f] xfjfkfgL xf] . oxfFsf kxf8x¿df ;w}F )‚ ;]lN;o;eGbf sd tfkj|md x'g] x'gfn]
jif}{el/ lxpF hld/xG5 . To:t} jif}{el/ lxpF kl//xG5 . To;}n] oxfF ;]tf / ;G' b/ lxdfno
kj{tx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF dflg; / hLjhGts' f] a;f]af; 5}g .
lqmofsnfk
s= g]kfnsf] vfnL gS;fdf g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLsf k|b]zx¿ b]vfpgx' f];\ .
v= tnsf] tflnsfdf g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLsf] If]qsf] gfd, xfjfkfgLsf] ljz]iftf / kfOg]
If]qnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
xfjfkfgLsf] gfd ljzi] ftf kfOg] Ifq]
cEof;
s= lxdfnL If]qdf sg' s'g xfjfkfgL kfOG5 <
v= ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL eg]sf] s] xf] < of] sxfF kfOG5 <
u= t/fO{df lsg udL{ xfjfkfgL kfOG5 <
3= kxf8L If]qdf s:tf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 <
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 169
&kf7 k|fs[lts jg:klt
g]kfndf k|b]zcg';f/ k|fs[lts jg:kltdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . udL{ xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf
Ps lsl;dsf] jg:klt kfOG5 eg] hf8f] xfjfkfgLsf] If]qdf csf]{ lsl;dsf] jg:klt
kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] jg:kltsf] If]qnfO{ d'Vo u/L kfFr k|sf/df ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
pkf]i0f kb| z] Lo hªu\ n
t/fO{sf] d}bfgb]lv r'/] kxf8;Dd sl/a !@)) ld6/sf]
prfOdf pkf]i0fk|b]zLo jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF w]/} udL{ x'g]
xg' fn] ;fdfGotof ;bfaxf/ jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF s8f sf7
ePsf, 7'nf, cUnf / 6K' kfdf em\ofDd k/]sf ;'l/nf ?vx¿
kfOG5g\ . ;fn, l;;f}, vo/, cfFk, s]/f, gl/jn, ;'kf/L
hftsf jg:klt oxfFsf dV' o j:klt x'g\ . t/fO{, efj/, leqL
dw];df of] jg:klt kfOG5 . efj/ If]qdf ;fnsf] 3gf hª\un
kfOG5 h;nfO{ r/fsf];] emf8L elgG5 . oxfFsf] hª\undf
af3, efn,' u}F8f, xfQLnufotsf hgfj/ kfOG5g\ .
;dzLtfi] 0f ktem/ hª\un
r/' ] kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu / dxfef/t >]0fLsf] tNnf] efudf ;dzLtf]i0f ktem/ jg:klt
kfOG5 . lxpFb Ctd' f oL jg:kltsf] kft emg]{ xg' fn] o; jg:kltnfO{ ktem/ jg:klt
elgPsf] xf] . oxfF g/d hftsf ?vx¿ h:t} s6;' , u'/fF;, plt;, rfFk, lrnfpg],
nfFs'/L, k}o'F, nK;Lnufotsf jg:klt kfOG5g\ . o:tf af]6la?jfx¿ w]/} cUnf x'Fb}gg\
170 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
t/ k|z:t xfFuflaFuf x'G5g\ . oL la?jfx¿df sflQs
/ dª\lz/lt/ kft em5{ . kmfu'g r}qlt/ kfn'jf xfNg]
/ kmn" kmN' g] u5{g\ .
;dzLtf]i0f sf]0fwf/L hª\un
dxfef/t kj{tsf] dflyNnf] efudf / lxdfnL k|b]zdf
@!)) b]lv ##)) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd sf]0fwf/L
jg:klt kfOG5 . of] jg:klt tNnf] efudf
km/flsnf] / 6K' kf]lt/ rR' rf] kb}{ uPsf] lqsf]0f
cfsf/sf] x'G5 . To;}n] o:tf jg:kltnfO{
sf]0fwf/L jg:klt elgPsf] xf] . g/d sf7, afSnf]
af]j|mf, nrsbf/ xfFuf / ;O' /f h:tf dl;gf /
v;|f kft xg' ' oL jg:kltsf ljz]iftf xg' \ . w]/} lxpF kg]{ ePsfn] kftdf lxpF w]/} ghdf];\
eg]/ v;|f / dl;gf kft ePsf] xf] . ;Nnf, w'kL, b]jbf/ oxfFsf d'Vo jg:klt x'g\ .
logLx¿ klg ;bfaxf/ jg:klt x'g\ . o; If]qdf lrtj' f, nf]vs]{, :ofn, v/fof], aFb]n,
b'D;Lnufotsf hgfj/x¿ kfOG5g\ .
ns] fnL jg:klt
lxdfnL k|b]zsf] ##)) b]lv %))) ld6/
prfOsf] If]qdf n]sfnL jg:klt kfOG5 . oxfF
;fgf a6' \ofgx¿ / km/lsnf 3fF;sf kmfF6x¿
/x]sf 5g\ . oxfF clns ;'Svf / lr;f] xg' fn]
ef]6 pkTosfdf a'6\ofg, emf8L / n]sfnL 3fF;
kfOG5 . o; If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf h8La6' Lx¿
klg kfOG5g\ . oxfF xfa|], lxpFlrtj' f, 8fFkm], dg' fn
kfOG5g\ . o; If]qdf w]/} 3fF; kfOg] x'gfn] e]8f,
Rofª\u|f / rf}F/L h:tf hgfj/ kflnG5 .
6G' 8«f jg:klt M
6'G8«f jg:kltnfO{ lxdfnL jg:klt klg elgG5 .
lxdfnL k|b]zsf] %))) ld6/eGbf dflysf] If]qdf
;w}F lxpFn] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . u|Lid Ct'df lxpF
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 171
kUn]sf If]qdf / lxdfnsf vf]Frx¿df sfO{, n]p, em\ofp / lxdfnL kmn" x¿ kfOG5g\ .
o;}nfO{ 6'G8«f jg:klt elgG5 . oxfF w]/} g} hf8f] xg' ] xg' fn] vf;} hLjhGt' a:b}gg\ .
clns tNnf] If]qdf lxpFlrtj' f / lxdfnL d[u kfOG5 .
lqmofsnfk
s= g]kfnsf] vfnL gS;fdf jg:kltsf If]qx¿ b]vfpgx' f];\ .
v= tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ g]kfndf kfOg] ljleGg jg:kltx¿, ltgsf] ljz]iftf /
kfOg] If]q b]vfpg'xf];\ .
jg:kltsf] gfd kfOg] Ifq] ljzi] ftf
u= tkfO{Fsf] If]qdf kfOg] ljleGg jg:kltx¿sf la?jf, kft, xfFuf cflb ;ª\sng
ug'{xf];\ . To;sf af/]df cfºgf cleefjsnfO{ ;f]Wgx' f];\ . sIffdf jg:kltsf] k|bz{gL
ug'{xf];\ .
cEof;
s= lxdfnL If]qdf s'g sg' jg:klt kfOG5g\ <
v= ktem/ jg:klt sxfF kfOG5 <
u= s:tf] jg:kltnfO{ pkf]i0f ;bfaxf/ jg:klt elgG5 <
3= oL jg:kltx¿ sg' k|sf/sf x'g\ < klxrfg u/]/ tflnsfdf b]vfpgx' f];\
plt;, ;Nnf, ;fn, lkkn, b]jbf/, vo/, gl/jn, nK;L
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
tkfO{F cfkm" a;]sf] ef}uf]lns k|b]zsf] xfjfkfgL, jg:klt, gbLgfnf, df6f] / w/ftn
cjnf]sg u/L To;;DaGwL tflnsf jf kf]:6/ tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
172 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
*kf7 gbL, lxdgbL / tfnx¿
g]kfn hn;|f]tsf] e08f/ xf] . oxfF xhf/f}F gbLgfnf, tfn / kf]v/Lx¿ 5g\ . pQ/lt/sf]
lxdfno kj{tdf kfgLsf] 7'nf] e08f/ lxpFsf] ¿kdf hd]/ a;]sf] 5 . oxfFsf] lxpF klUnP/
aUg] gbLdf slxNo} klg kfgL ;S' b}g . lxdfnL If]qdf lxpF k/]/ lxpF ylkg] sfd klg
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf c;f/, ;fpg / ebf} dlxgfdf dg;g' L jiff{ x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
oxfFsf tfn, kf]v/L / gbLdf kfgLsf] cfkl" t{ xG' 5 .
lxdgbL
g]kfnsf] lxdfnL k|b]zdf jif}{el/ lxpFn]
9fs]sf kxf8x¿ 5g\, h;nfO{ lxdfno kj{t
elgG5 . oxfF le/fnf] ;txdf lxpF hd]sf]
x'G5 . ToxfF lxpF k/]/ lxpF ylkg] sfd klg
eO/x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] lxpFsf] tx afSnf]
x'Fb} uPkl5 tnsf] lxpF la:tf/} lrlKnP/
tnlt/ aUg yfN5 . o;/L lxpF g} aUg]nfO{
lxdgbL elgG5 . lxdgbL Ps lbgdf Ps
b'O{ ld6/ dfq aUg ;S5 lsgls hd]sf] lxpF
lgs} s8f x'G5 . o:tf] lxdgbL xf]rf] ;txdf
cfOku' ]kl5 Gofgf]n] ubf{ klUng yfN5g\ . ToxL kUn]sf] kfgL gbL ag]/ aUg yfN5 .
gbL
hldgsf] ;txdf aUg] kfgLsf] k|jfxnfO{ gbL elgG5 . of] lglZrt af6f] eP/ lg/Gt/ Ps}
lbzftkm{ alu/xG5 . g]kfndf 5 xhf/eGbf a9L gbLx¿ 5g\ . ;fgf] gbLnfO{ vf]nf jf
gfnf elgG5 . gbL pTkGg x'g] 7fpFnfO{ d'xfg / cGTo xg' ] 7fpFnfO{ dv' elgG5 . 7'nf]
gbLdf ldl;g cfpg] ;fgf gbLnfO{ ;xfos gbL elgG5 . ;dy/ hldgdf gbL xfFuf
kmf6]/ aUg ;S5 . o;/L xfFuf kmf6]/ uPsf gbLnfO{ zfvf gbL elgG5 . b'O{ cf]6f gbL
ldl;g] 7fpFnfO{ bf]efg / tLg cf]6f gbL ldl;g] 7fpFnfO{ lqj]0fL elgG5 . gbLdf df5f,
uf]xLnufotsf ljleGg hLjx¿ a:5g\ . l;FrfO, vfg]kfgL, hn oftfoftsf nflu gbLsf]
k|of]u ul/G5 . g]kfndf klxnf] :t/, bf];|f] :t/ / t];|f] :t/ u/L tLg lsl;dsf gbLx¿
/x]sf 5g\ .
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 173
-s_ klxnf] :t/sf gbL M lxdfnfo kj{taf6 pTklQ ePsf
gbLnfO{ klxnf] :t/sf gbL elgG5 . lxdfndf ;w}F lxpF
/lx/xg] xg' fn] o:tf gbLdf slxNo} klg kfgL ;'Sb}g .
lognfO{ c66' ¿kdf aUg] gbL klg elgG5 . oL gbLx¿
lahn' L pTkfbg / l;FrfOsf nflu lgs} pkof]uL x'G5g\ .
;Ktsf];L / o;sf ;xfos gbLx¿, gf/fo0fL gbL /
o;sf ;xfos gbLx¿ Pjd\ s0ff{nL gbL / o;sf
;xfos gbLx¿ klxnf] :t/sf gbL x'g\ . To:t} dxfsfnL
gbL klg klxnf] :t/sf] gbL xf] .
-v_ bf;] |f] :t/sf gbL M g]kfnsf] kxf8L e]udf
vf]N;fx¿df dn" km'6]/ kfgL aUg yfN5 . w]/} cf]6f
vf]N;fsf kfgL hDdf eP/ vf]nf / gbLsf] ¿k
lnG5 . o:tf gbLnfO{ bf];|f] :t/sf gbL elgG5 .
jiff{ Ctd' f gbLx¿df jiff{t\sf] e]n klg ldl;g]
x'Fbf w]/} kfgL x'G5 / af9L cfpF5 . lxpFbdf
;'Svf x'g] x'gfn] o:tf gbLdf kfgLsf] dfqf lgs}
sd x'G5 . oL gbLdf afFw afFw]/ kfgL hdfof]
eg] lahn' L lgsfNg / l;FrfOsf nflu ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf w]/}h;f] ;fgf
gbLx¿ bf];|f] :t/sf gbL xg' \ . tLdWo] w]/}h;f] gbLx¿ lxdfnaf6 cfPsf gbLdf ldl;g
hfG5g\ . d]rL, sGsfO, lqo'uf, afUdtL, /fKtL cflb bf];|f] :t/sf gbL xg' \ . nDafOsf
b[li6n] klg oL gbLx¿ 5f]6f xG' 5g\ .
-u_ t];f| ] :t/sf gbL M r/' ] kj{t If]qaf6 pTklQ
eP/ au]sf gbLx¿nfO{ t];|f] :t/sf gbL elgG5 .
jiff{ Ct'df cfsfzaf6 k/]sf] kfgL e]nsf
¿kdf aU5 . r'/] If]q vs' n' f] df6f], u]u|g /
9'ª\ufaf6 ag]sf] xg' fn] o:tf] e]nn] df6f], 9'ª\uf
/ afn'jf klg aufP/ NofpF5 . oL gbLx¿df
jiff{ /f]lsPkl5 kfgLsf] dfqf sd x'Fb} hfG5 /
lxpFbdf ;S' vf au/ dfq /xG5 . g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf o:tf w]/} gbLx¿ 5g\ . oL gbLsf]
au/ km/flsnf] xG' 5 . o;n] v]t / a:tLdf k;]/ lgs} Iflt ug{ ;S5 . t];|f] :t/sf gbLx¿
174 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
vf;} pkof]uL xF'b}gg\ . o;n]
9ª' \uf, afn'jf / lu§L aufP/
Nofpg] x'Fbf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf]
cfk"lt{sf nflu pkof]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . /ft', /t'jf,
l;l;{of, xlb{gfy, jf0fuª\uf,
ltnfj] cflb t];|f] :t/sf
gbLsf pbfx/0f xg' \ .
gbLx¿nfO{ sf];L gbL If]q,
u08sL gbL If]q / s0ff{nL
gbL If]q u/L csf]{ lsl;dn]
klg juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;Ktsf];L / o;df ldl;g cfpg] ;xfos gbLx¿n]
g]kfnsf] kj" L{ efusf] emG8} Ps ltxfO If]q cf]u6]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ sf];L gbL If]q
elgG5 . o;cGtu{t c¿0f, tdf]/, lnv,' ;'gsf];L, tfdfsf];L, bw' sf];L, OGb|fjtL
gbLx¿ kb{5g\ . dWo g]kfnsf] ;Ktu08sL gbL / o;sf ;xfos gbLx¿n] csf]{ PsltxfO
ee" fu cf]u6]sf 5g\ . o;nfO{ u08sL gbL If]q elgG5 . ;Kt u08sLNffO{ gf/fo0fL gbL
klg elgG5 . gf/fo0fL gbLdf ldl;g cfpg] d'Vo gbLx¿ lqzn' L, sfnLu08sL, dfbL,
d:of{ª\bL, b/f}FbL, a9' Lu08sL, ;]tLu08sL x'g\ . s0ff{nL gbL / o;df ldl;g cfpg]
;xfos gbLxsf] If]qnfO{ s0ff{nL gbL If]q elgG5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] klZrdL If]qsf] Ps
ltxfO e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . s0ff{nL gbLcGtu{t 7'nL e]/L, ;fgL e]/L, a'9Luª\uf, ;]tL,
ltnf, x'Dnf s0ff{nL, d'u' s0ff{nL / a'9Luª\uf kb{5g\ .
tfn÷kfv] /L M
hldgsf] vfN8f]df kfgL el/P/ ag]sf] :j¿knfO{ tfn jf kf]v/L elgG5 . 7n' f]
If]q cf]u6]sf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ tfn
elgG5 . ;fgf] cfsf/sf] 5 eg]
kf]v/L elgG5 . kf]v/LnfO{ bx klg
elgG5 . kf]v/Lx¿ k|fs[lts / dfgj
lgld{t u/L bO' { lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .
k|fs[lts kf]v/L cfkm}F ag]sf] x'G5
/ To;df jiff{t\sf] kfgL el/P/
;w}F kfgL eO/xG5 . dfgj lgld{t
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 175
kf]v/Lx¿df eg] s[lqd ¿kdf kfgL xfNg] Joj:yf klg x'g ;S5 . g]kfndf ;a}eGbf 7n' f]
tfn /f/f tfn xf] . ljZjs} cUnf] 7fpFdf /x]sf] tfn ltlnrf] tfn d:' tfªdf /x]sf] 5 .
kf]v/fsf] km]jftfn, j]ugfz tfn, ¿kftfn, ;'v]{tsf] an' a'n] tfn, s}nfnLsf] 3f]8f3f]8L
tfn, 8f]Nkfsf] kmf]S;G' 8f] tfn cflb g]kfnsf k|l;4 tfnx¿ x'g\ . sn' ]vfgLsf] OGb|;/f]j/
dfgj lgld{t tfn xf] . of] sn' ]vfgL hnljBt' \ cfof]hgfsf] nflu vf]nf yg' ]/ agfOPsf]
tfn xf] . To:t} hgsk/' sf] uª\uf;fu/, eStk'/sf] l;4kf]v/L, sf7df8f}Fsf] /fgLkf]v/L,
nlntk/' sf] gfubx, Onfdsf] dfO{kf]v/L cflb k|l;4 kf]v/Lx¿ xg' \ .
lqmofsnfk
s= g]kfnsf] vfnL gS;fdf klxnf] :t/, bf];|f] :t/ / t];|f] :t/sf tLg tLg cf]6f
gbLx¿, dV' o dV' o kfFr cf]6f tfn / kf]v/Lx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
v= tnsf] tflnsfdf klxnf], bf];|f] / t];|f] :t/sf gbLx¿sf] gfd, ljz]iftf / pkof]lutf
b]vfpgx' f];\ M
gbLsf] k|sf/ gfd ljz]iftf pkofl] utf
klxnf] :t/sf gbL
bf];|f] :t/sf gbL
t;] f| ] :t/sf gbL
cEof;
s= lxdgbL eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= klxnf] :t/sf gbL s] s] sfdsf nflu pkof]uL xG' 5 <
u= kxf8df dn" ePsf gbLnfO{ s] elgG5 <
3= lxpFbdf ;S' g] gbL s:tf gbL xg' \ <
kl/ofh] gf sfo{
tkfO{F cfkm" a;]sf] If]qdf ePsf gbL, vf]nf / tfn kf]v/Lx¿sf] gfd l6Kgx' f];\ . ltgLx¿sf]
pkof]u s] s] sfdsf nflu ePsf] 5 < tnsf] tflnsfdf b]vfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
gbL, tfn jf kf]v/Lsf] gfd pkof]u
176 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
(kf7 k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / dfgj ;DaGw
ldlt M @)&*.!.@)
Kof/L alxgL,
ltdLnfO{ w]/} ;Demgf †
alxgL, oxfF d ;Gr} 5' . ltdL / kl/jf/sf ;a} hgf cf/fd} xg' 'xf]nf eGg] cfzf lnPsf]
5' . k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / dfgjlardf s] ;DaGw x'G5, k|:6 kfl/lbg';\ g egL d]n u/]sL
/lx5f} . ltdLn] o;/L ghfg]sf] s/' f ;f]Wbf dnfO{ lgs} v;' L nfUof] . d atfOlbG5\', wGbf
gdfg .
alxgL Û k|s[ltdf cfkm}F ag]sf ;DkbfnfO{ k|fs[lts
;Dkbf elgG5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf k|z:t
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF k|z:t
gbLgfnfx¿, tfn kf]v/Lx¿ / jghª\unx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . oL xfd|f k|fs[lts ;Dkbf x'g\ . oxfFsf]
xfjfkfgL klg xfd|f] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf xf] . k|fs[lts
;Dkbf / dfgjlardf lgs} 3lgi7 ;DaGw
/x]sf] xG' 5 . dflg;n] k|fs[lts cj:yfcg';f/
cfkmn" fO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ nu]sf] xG' 5 . ltg}
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u u/]/ cfºgf] cfly{s
ljsf; klg u5{ . k|fs[lts cj:yfn] slxn]sfxLF
dfgjnfO{ ljkb\df klg kfb{5 . oL ;a}sf af/]df
d Ps Ps u/]/ ltdLnfO{ atfpFb} hfG5' .
xfjfkfgL
g]kfndf dg;'gL jfos' f sf/0f u|Liddf udL{ / jiff{ xG' 5 . lxpFbdf 7G8f / ;S' vf x'G5 .
To:t} blIf0fb]lv pQ/;Dd hfFbf udL{b]lv lr;f] xF'b} hfG5 . udL{ xfjfkfgL ePsf sf/0f
t/fO{sf dflg;x¿ ;]tf] / kftnf] sk8f nufpF5g\ . lxdfnL k|b]zsf dflg;x¿ afSnf
nu' f nufpF5g\ eg] kxf8L k|b]zsf dflg;x¿ lxpFbdf afSnf / u|Liddf kftnf n'uf
nufpF5g\ .
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 177
udL{ xfjfkfgLsf] pkof]u ub}{ t/fO{sf dflg;x¿n] k|z:t s[lif pTkfbg u/]sf 5g\ . wfg,
t/sf/L, kmnkmn" , pv,' lrof cflb afnLaf6 w]/} kmfObf lnPsf 5g\ . dWo kxf8L If]qdf
zLtn xfjfkfgL 5 . g]kfnsf w]/}h;f] efudf hf8f] / udL{ b'O{ Ct' x'g] ePsfn] lxpFb /
u|Lid b'j} df};dsf afnLgfnL nufpg ;lsG5 . lxdfnL If]qdf lr;f] / ;'Svf xfjfkfgLsf
sf/0f k|z:t 3fF;] e"ld 5 . ToxfF e]8f, Rofª\u|f / rf}F/L kfng ul/G5 . ToxfF :ofp v]tL
klg ul/G5 .
lxdfnL a:tL uh' d'Hh k/]sf x'G5g\ . lr;f]af6 hf]lugsf nflu oxfFsf 3/x¿ xf]rf, yf]/}
/ ;fgf em\ofn ePsf xG' 5g\ . oxfF leqL lxdfnL If]qsf jiff{ gxg' ] 7fpFdf df6f]sf ;dtn
5fgf ePsf 3/ x'G5g\ . t/fO{df xfjf cf]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug{ ldNg] 7n' f em\ofn9f]sf ePsf
3/x¿ x'G5g\ .
jg:klt
alxgL, d}n] xfjfkfgLcg';f/ dfgjn] s;/L cfkmn" fO{ ;dfof]hg u5{g\ eGg] atfPF . ca
k|fs[lts jg:klt / dfgjlarsf] ;DaGwdf s]xL s/' f n]Vb} 5' .
dfgj / jg:kltlar 3lg:7 ;DaGw xG' 5 . dfgjnfO{ 3/ agfpg sf7, sk8f agfpg
skf;, vfgf agfpg bfp/f / afFRgsf nflu vfg]s/' f jg:kltaf6 g} k|fKt x'G5 .
ufO{a:t'sf nflu 3fF; / cf}ifwL agfpgsf nflu h8La6' L klg jg:kltaf6 g} k|fKt x'G5 .
jg:kltsf h/fn] df6f] ;+/If0f u/]/ klx/f] hfgaf6 arfpF5 . lrgL, skf;, sk8f,
h6' , lrof, kmlg{r/ cflb pBf]usf nflu sRrf kbfy{ klg jg:kltaf6 k|fKt xG' 5 .
?vla?jfn] cfFwLx/' Laf6 klg hf]ufpF5 . o;/L dfgjn] jg:kltsf] pkof]u u/]/ cfºgf]
hLjgnfO{ ;xh agfpg ;S5 .
gbLgfnf / tfn kfv] /L
alxgL, d}n] jg:klt / dfgjlarsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df atfPF . ca dfgjn] gbL, tfn /
kf]v/Lx¿sf] pkof]u s;/L u/]sf 5g\ eGg] ;DaGwdf atfpF5' .
kfgL hLjg xf] . kfgLlagf xfd|f] hLjg rNg ;Sb}g . xfdLnfO{ cfjZos kfgL gbL, gfnf,
tfn, kf]v/L, Ogf/, d"n / jiff{af6 k|fKt xG' 5 . gbLgfnf, tfn / dfgj hLjgaLr 3lgi7
;DaGw 5 . logLx¿af6 xfdLNffO{ vfg, ;/;kmfO ug{ / ufO{a:t'sf nflu kfgL pknAw
xG' 5 . v]taf/Ldf l;FrfO ug{ cfjZos kfgL gbLgfnf / tfnaf6 g} k|fKt x'G5 . ToxL eP/
gbLgfnf, tfn h:tf kfgLsf ;|f]t ePsf If]q jl/kl/ afSnf] a:tL /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf
w]/}h;f] ;x/x¿ gbLlsgf/df cjl:yt ePsf] b]lvG5 . gbLgfnf / tfndf df5f dfg]{
178 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . af]l6ª;lxtsf] ko{6g Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 .
gbLgfnfaf6 lah'nL pTkfbg u/]/ To;af6 w]/} kmfObf lng ;lsG5 .
o:tf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfaf6 xfdLn] kmfObf dfq lng] xf]Og . o;sf] ;+/If0f / ;j+ w{g klg
ug{'k5{ . xfjfkfgL lau|g glbg xfjfdf w]/} w'jfF, wn' f] h:tf kbfy{ 5f]8\g' x'Fb}g . j[If/f]k0f
ugf{n] jghª\un hf]luG5 . jghª\un hf]ufpgfn] Psftkm{ xfd|f] xfjfkfgL :jR5 x'G5
eg] csf{tkm{ jghª\un a9\g hfG5 . hyfefaL ?vla?jf df:g] / jgdf cfuf] nufpg]
sfd u/]df jghª\un dfl;P/ xfdLnfO{ af9Lklx/f] h:tf ljkb\ cfO kg{ ;S5 . To:t}
gbL / kf]v/Ldf kmf]xf]/d}nf kmfNg' xF'b}g . a]nfa]nf gbL / kf]v/Lx¿ ;/;kmfO ug{'k5{ .
tfnkf]v/L ;'Sgaf6 arfpg'k5{ . kf]v/Ldf kfgL eg]{ Joj:yf klg ug{'k5{ . ;kmf / :jR5
gbLgfnf / tfnkf]v/L eP To;af6 xfdLn] ;w}F kmfObf lnO/xg kfpF5f}F . h;/L xfdLNffO{
k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] kmfObf lbPsf] 5, To;/L g} xfdLn] ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f klg ug{'k5{ .
alxgL Û ltdLn] ;f]w]sf ljifodf d}n] hfg];Ddsf s/' fx¿ n]v]sf] 5' . d]/f] of] Od]nn] ltd|f]
u[xsfo{ ug{ ;xh x'g] cfzf lnPsf] 5' . c¿ ghfg]sf s'/f klg ;f]Wb} ug{' . cfhnfO{
olQ g} .
pxL ltd|f]
Kof/f] bfh'
lqmofsnfk
s= dfgj / k|fs[lts ;Dkbf Pscsf{sf kl/k/" s zLif{sdf jSt[tf tof/ kfg{'xf];\ /
jSt[Tjsnf sfo{j|md ug'{xf];\ .
v= cfºgf] a]Grsf ;fyLx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/]/ gbL, kf]v/L / tfnx¿sf] pkof]u s;/L
ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 jf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ .
cEof;
s= xfd|f k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ s] s] 5g\ <
v= jghª\unaf6 dflg;nfO{ s] s] kmfObf ePsf] 5 <
u= xfjfkfgLn] dfgjsf] njfOvjfO / /xg;xgdf s] s:tf] k|efj kfb{5 <
3= kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] ;/+ If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
ª= gbLgfnf gePsf] eP s] xG' Yof] xf]nf <
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 179
!)kf7 :yfgLo kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] / pkofu]
bf]h]{ /;'jfsf] lxdfnL e]udf a:5g\ . pgsf] k/' fgf] 3/ ;f]n'vD' a' xf] . ToxfF lgs} hf8f]
xG' 5 . v]tLkftL /fd|f] xF'b}g . ToxfFsf] df6f] anf}6] / sd pAhfp xg' ] vfnsf] 5 . To;}n]
ToxfF cfn,' kmfk/ / sf]bf] v]tL ul/G5 . pgLx¿sf] :ofpaf/L klg 5 . k|z:t :ofp kmN5 .
:ofpnfO{ sf7df8f}F / cGo ;x/df nu]/ a]lrG5 .
;f]n'df pgsf sfsf a:5g\ . sfsfsf] 7'nf]
e]8Luf]7 5 . pgsf sfsfn] #)) e]8f
kfn]sf 5g\ . !)) Rofª\u|f klg 5g\ . !)
cf]6f rf}F/L klg 5g\ . rf}F/Lsf] 5k' L{ agfP/
xf6ahf/df laj|mL u5{g\ . u|Lid Ctd' f
lxpF klUng] x'gfn] e]8f r/fpg n]slt/
nfU5g\ . lxpFbdf lxpF k5{ To;}n] pgLx¿
tn a]F;Llt/ em5{g\ .
bf]h]{sf] l5d]sdf e]8f / Rofª\u|fsf] pmgaf6 /f8LkfvL agfpg] pBf]u klg 5 . j}zfv
h]7lt/ pgLx¿ ;Nnfsf] hª\unaf6 bfp/f NofP/ y'kf5{g\ . pgsf] ufpFdf klxn] kfgLsf]
b'Mv lyof] . s] ug]{ glhs} lxdfn 5 t/ lxpFkfgL vfg ;lsFb}g . clxn] k/sf] vf]N;faf6
kfOkdf kfgL NofOPsf] 5 . pgLx¿ af}4 wd{ dfG5g\ . Nxf];f/ pgLx¿sf] d'Vo rf8 xf] .
pgsf sfsfsf] xf]6n klg 5 . lxdfn r9\g cfpg]nfO{ vfg] a:g] ;l' jwf pgsf] xf]6]ndf
5 . sfsfsf 5f]/f lxdfn r9\g cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6snfO{ ufO8 u5{g\ .
;G' tnL nDh'ªsf] kxf8L ufpFdf al:5g\ . pgLx¿sf] af/L w]/} 5 . ToxfF ds} v]tL xG' 5 .
n]ssf] af/Ldf sf]bf] / kmfk/ klg v]tL
xG' 5 . a]F;Ldf v]t klg 5 . ToxfF dlnnf]
df6f] ePsfn] wfg v]tL xG' 5 . kxf8 ePsf]
xg' fn] psfnf]cf]/fnf] w]/} lxF8\g'k5{ . pgLx¿
t/sf/L pTkfbg u/]/ glhssf] ahf/df
nu]/ a]R5g\ . lxpFbdf w]/} hf8f] x'G5 .
udL{ dlxgfdf eg] Gofgf] x'G5 . pgLx¿n]
rf/ cf]6f e}F;L, b'O{ xn uf]? / bz cf]6f
180 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
hlt afv|f klg kfn]sf 5g\ . e}F;Lsf] bw'
lng ufpFd} uf8L cfpF5 . pgsf] af/Ldf
;'Gtnf, cf?av8f / cDaf h:tf kmnkm"n
pTkfbg x'G5 . ToxfFsf] df6f] kmnkm"n v]tL
/ ds} v]tLsf nflu pkoS' t 5 .
pgsf] ufpF glhs}sf] vf]nfaf6 lahn' L
lgsflnPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf] jgdf nf]Stf
kfOG5 . To;af6 g]kfnL sfuh agfOG5 . glhs} 9'ª\uf vfgL 5 . ToxfFsf] 9ª' \uf l;d]G6
sf/vfgfdf nu]/ l;d]G6 agfOG5 . vf]nflsgf/df afnj' f vfgL 5 . Tof] afn'jf 3/
agfpg] sfdsf nflu s]xL ufpFd} k|of]u xG' 5 eg] s]xL ;x/lt/ nluG5 .
pgL a;]sf] If]qdf afx'g, If]qL, u?' ª, du/ hfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ . pgsf]
dfdf3/ Onfd xf] . Onfd klg kxf8L If]qdf g} k5{ . ToxfFsf] df6f] / xfjfkfgL lrof
v]tLsf nflu pko'St 5 . To;}n] ToxfF lrof v]tL ul/G5 .
/fdbofn ¿kGb]xLdf a:5g\ . ToxfF w]/} udL{ 5 . To;}n] pgLx¿ kftnf] nu' f nufpF5g\ .
ToxfF ;dy/ hldg ePsfn] lxF88n' ug{ ;lhnf] 5 . ;fdfg cf];fg{ / dflg; cf]xf]/bf]xf]/
ug{sf nflu ;fOsn, 6fFuf, aonuf8fsf] k|of]u xG' 5 . ToxfFsf] df6f] lgs} dlnnf] 5 .
/fdbofnsf] klg w]/} v]t 5 . pgLx¿sf]
v]tdf wfg, pv' / t/sf/Lsf] v]tL x'G5 .
Pp6} v]tdf bO' { k6s wfg v]tL u5{g\ .
t/sf/L v]tL klg u5{g\ . pgLx¿sf] pv' lrgL
sf/vfgfdf laj|mL xG' 5 . wfg /fO;ldndf
laj|mL xG' 5 . pgLx¿n] v]tLsf nflu 6«ØfS6/
lsg]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfºg} aonuf8f
klg 5 . kfFr cf]6f e}F;L, b'O{ cf]6f ufO{
/ kfFr cf]6f afv|f klg 5g\ . glhs}sf]
vf]nfaf6 gx/ NofOPsf] 5 . pgLx¿sf]
v]tdf ;w}Fel/ kfgL nufpg kfOG5 . ToxfF
glhs} lrgL sf/vfgf, l;d]G6 sf/vfgf,
rfdn sf/vfgf h:tf pBf]ux¿ 5g\ .
pgsf l5d]sLx¿ sf/vfgfdf /f]huf/L klg
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 181
u5{g\ .
/fdbofnsf lbbLsf] 3/ hgsk'/df 5 . ToxfF t v]tdf wfg dfq xf]Og, cfFk, s]/f,
h'6 klg v]tL ul/G5 . ToxfF pTkflbg kmnkmn" g]kfnsf 7'nf ;x/ / ef/tdf klg laj|mL
ul/G5 t/ ToxfF sg' } sg' } jif{ vf]nfsf] af9L ufpFdf k;]/ 3/x¿ 8a' fpF5 . afnLgfnL klg
w]/} gf]S;fgL xG' 5 .
lqmofsnfk
s= tLg cf]6f ;d"x agfpgx' f];\ . Ps ;d"xn] bf]h]{, csf]{ ;d"xn] ;G' tnL / t];|f] ;d"xn]
/fdbofnsf] syf k9]/ tnsf] h:t} tflnsf agfO{ eg{'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ M
kfq a:g] 7fpF gk] fnsf] s'g xfjfkfgL s] s] cGo s]xL
efu} f]lns s:tf] 5 pTkfbg x'G5 eP n]Vg]
If]qdf a:5g\
/fdbofn
;'GtnL
bf]h]{
v= tkfO{Fsf] 7fpFsf af/]df kf7df h:t} syf tof/ kf/L sIffdf ;'gfpgx' f];\ .
cEof;
s= bf]h]{ sg' ef}uf]lns If]qdf a:5g\ .
v= ;G' tnLsf] If]qdf s'g sg' k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ul/Psf] 5 <
u= tkfO{Fsf If]qdf s] s] k|fs[lts ;|f]t pknAw 5g\ < ltgsf] pkof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
3= /fdbofnsf] dfdf3/df s] s] pTkfbg xG' 5 / s] s] ;d:of 5 <
182 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
!!kf7 gS;f k9f}F / agfcfF}
zld{nf sIff ^ df k9\l5g\ . pgL cfºgf]
3/df ufpFkflnsfsf] Sofn]G8/ x]b}{
lyOg\ . ToxfF cfºgf] ufpFkflnsfsf] gS;f
e]l6g\ . pgn] ;f] gS;f /fd|f];Fu x]l/g\ .
To;dfly kftnf] sfuh /fv]/ 5flkg\ .
clg To;df /ª nufP/ sIffdf k|bz{g
ul/g\ . ;a} ;fyLx¿n] zld{nfsf] gS;f
x]b}{ sfuhdf ptf/] / cºgf] j8f klxrfg
ug{ yfn] . cfkm" a:g] 7fpF kQf nufP .
;b/d'sfd / cfºgf] ljBfno sxfFg]/
xf]nf egL kQf nufP .
gS;f agfpFbf hldgdf b]v]sf ;a} s/' f gS;fdf ptfg{ ;lsFb}g . hldgsf] tn' gfdf gS;f
w]/} ;fgf] PsfO xf] . To;}n] tL s'/fx¿ b]vfpg ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
j:t' ;ªs\ t]
kxf8sf] 6fs'/f
gbL
kxf8L z[ª\vnf
tfn
eGHofª
7fpF
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 183
dlGb/
;8s
lqmofsnfk
s= lzIfssf] ;xof]udf cfºgf] ufpFklnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;f NofP/ sfuhdf
ptfg{'xf];\ . ;f] gS;fdf lhNnfsf d'Vo d'Vo s/' fx¿ ;ª\s]tsf] k|of]u u/L b]vfpg'xf];\ .
cEof;
s= ;ª\s]t lrx\gx¿sf] ;r" L agfO{ sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .
184 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
!@kf7 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
zlGtsf] 3/ kxf8L le/fnfdf
/x]sf] 5 . Pslbgsf] s/' f xf],
pgsf] 3/b]lv dfly 8fF8fsf]
hª\undf 89]nf] nfu]5 . ufpFsf
;a} hgf ldn]/ 89]nf] lgefpg
yfn] . df6f], kfgL / :ofpnf k|of]u
u/]/ pgLx¿ cfuf] lgefpg ;kmn
eP . 89]nfn] w]/} ?vla?jfx¿ /
hgfj/x¿ hn]/ gi6 eP . hª\undf 89]nf] nfUg'sf] sf/0f s] xf]nf eg]/ ae' m\b} hfFbf
Ps hgf uf]7fnfn] r'/f]6sf] 76' f] ºofFs]5 . To;}af6 ;s' ]sf kftdf cfuf] ;Ns]5 .
xs{axfb/' sf] l5d]sdf ut dlxgf 3/df cfuf]
nfu]5 . lah'nLsf] tf/ ;6{ eP/ ;f] cfuf] nfu]sf]
/x]5 . To; cfufn] bO' { cf]6f tnfdf ePsf] ;a}
;fdfg hn]/ gi6 eP5 . dflg;x¿ eg] 3/aflx/
efUg ;kmn eP5g\ . 6f]nsf ;a} hgf ldn]/
cfuf] lgefP5g\ . glhs} /x]sf] gu/kflnsfsf]
bdsn klg cfP/ kfgL xfNg yfn]kl5 cfuf]
lgEg yfn]sf] /x]5 . wGg l5d]sLsf 3/df ;lNsg
kfPg5 . gq t ufpF g} ;vfk xg' ;SYof] .
/fde/f]; t/fO{df a:5g\ . pgsf ufpFdf x/]s jif{ af9L / 8'afgsf] ;d:of cfOk5{ .
o;jif{ kfgL a9L cfof] . w]/} cf]6f 3/x¿, cGgkft, hLj hgfj/ cflb kfgLdf 8a' ]/ gi6
eP . /fde/f];sf] 3/ eg] clns
cUnf] 7fpF agfPsf] x'gfn] 8'afgdf
k/]g . /fde/f]; / pgsL cfdfn]
/fxt gcfP;Dd l5d]sLnfO{ laxfg
a]ns' fsf] vfgf vj' fpg'eof] . af9L
/ 8a' fg PSsfl; x'g] s/' f xf]Og .
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 185
w]/} jiff{ ePkl5 xg' ] xf] To;}n] klxn] g} ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;s]df o:tf ljkb\
xg' af6 arfpg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L ljkb\af6 xg' ;Sg] Iflt klg 36fpg ;lsG5 . 3/df
hyfefaL cfuf] afn]df, lahn' Lsf] tf/sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg gu/]df, s]6fs]6Ln] ;nfO{ /
nfO6/ rnfPdf / rn' f] /fd|f];Fu k|of]u gu/]df cfuf] ;lNsg ;Sb5 .
bf]h]{sf] 3/ kxf8L If]qdf /x]sf] 5 . jiff{
ofddf pgsf] l5d]sdf lgs} 7n' f] klx/f]
uof] . bz P3f/ cf]6f 3/x¿ klx/f]df k/] .
s]xL dflg;x¿ klx/f]df k/]/ dfl/P . w]/}
wghgsf] IftL eof] . s]xL jif{b]lv ufpFn]
x¿n] ufpFsf] hª\undf ePsf ?v sf6\g
yfn]sf lyP . ?vla?jf w]/} sfl6Psf
sf/0f ToxfF klx/f] uPsf] s/' f :yfgLo Ps
j[4n] atfP .
xfd|f j/k/ crfgs wghgsf] Iflt x'g] u/L s'g} ;d:of b]vf k¥of] eg] To;nfO{ ljkb\
elgG5 . o;/L xg' ] ljkb\x¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ljkb\ cfpge' Gbf klxn], ljkb\ cfO/x]sf
a]nf / ljkb\kl5sf] cj:yfdf ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox¿ ckgfP/ wghgsf] Iflt 36fpg'
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg xf] .
lqmofsnfk
s= cfºgf cleefjs;Fu ;f]w]/ tkfO{F a;]sf] If]qdf ePsf ljkb\sf 36gfx¿ ;ª\sng
u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
v= kqklqsfx¿af6 ljkb\;DaGwL ;dfrf/ ;ª\sng u/L s] ePsf] /x]5, lsg ePsf]
/x]5, To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{ s] s] ul/of] jf ug'{kg]{ 5 egL ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
u= kf7sf 36gfx¿df ljkb\sf] sf/0f / Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/Psf] /x]5 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
cEof;
s= cfunfuL / 89]nf]sf sf/0f s] s] x'g ;S5 <
v= cfunfuL xg' af6 hf]lug s] s] ug{'knf{ < s] s] ug'{ xF'b}g <
u= af9L cfpg] If]qsf dflg;n] klxn] g} s] s] ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'knf{ <
186 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
PsfO
*
hg;ªV\ of / o;sf] Joj:yfkg
l;sfO pknlAw
™ hg;fª\lVosLsf] kl/ro lbO{ hg;fª\lVos tŒjx¿ / tYofª\ssf ;|f]t j0f{g ug{,
™ g]kfnsf] hg;fª\lVos cj:yfnfO{ tflnsf, rf6{ jf /]vflrqdf k|:tt' ug{,
™ Hfg:fª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro / dxŒj atfO{ Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ pNn]v ug{ .
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 187
!kf7 hg;ªV\ of / hg;fªl\ VosL
kl/ro
…hg;ª\VofÚ zAb …hgÚ / …;ª\VofÚ
bO' { zAbx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] zAb xf] . sg' }
lglZrt ;dodf s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns
If]q -b]z, k|b]z, If]q, ufpF, :yfg
cflb_ df a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x¿sf]
;ª\VofnfO{ hg;ª\Vof elgG5 . o;
sf/0f hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] dflg;x¿sf]
;ª\Vof xf] . w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL,
k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf,
ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/x¿sf] pknAwtf, /fhgLlts sf/0f cflbn] ubf{ hg;ª\Vof ;a} 7fpFdf
Ps}gf;sf] xbF' g} . yf/] } ;l' jwf / sd zflGt ;/' Iff ePsf] 7fpsF f] hg;ªV\ ofeGbf w/] } ;l' jwf
/ zflGt ;/' Iffsf] /fdf| ] Joj:yf ePsf] 7fpsF f] hg;ªV\ of w/] } xG' 5 . gk] fnsf] t/fO{ kb| z] df
;dy/ el" d, /fdf| ] cGg pTkfbg, ;8s oftfoftsf] pknAwtfsf sf/0fn] ubf{ hg;ªV\ of
Psbd} afSnf] 5 . To:t} lxdfnL tyf pRr kxf8L Ifq] df 7G8f xfjfkfgL, efu} fl] ns sl7gfO,
sd pAhfp tyf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; gx'gfn] hg;ª\Vofsf] rfk cToGt sd 5 .
s'g} lglZrt ;dodf sg' } lglZrt ef}ufl] ns If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{
hg;ªV\ of elgG5 .
dxŒj
/fi6«sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu hg;ª\Vofsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
hg;ª\Voflagf sg' } klg b]zsf] ljsf; ;Dej xF'b}g . h'g b]zdf lzlIft, cfly{s ¿kdf
;DkGg / bIf hgzlSt xG' 5g\, Tof] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf; l56f] xG' 5 . clzIff, cfly{s
¿kdf sdhf]/ / sg' } klg l;k / Ifdtf gePsf JolStx¿ ePsf] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;
xF'b}g . k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;xh tl/sfn] ;DkGg ug{, 3/]n' tyf ;fdflhs sfo{df ;kmntf
kfpg, ljsf; sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ / pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df j[l4 ug{sf nflu hg;ª\Vofsf]
dxŒj x'G5 . o;sf cltl/St hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒjnfO{ tnsf] rf6{af6 yk k|:6 kfg{
;lsG5 .
188 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
;fdflhs dxŒj cfly{s dxŒj ef}uf]lns ;Gtn' g
k|zf;lgs dxŒj /fhgLlts dxŒj
hg;ª\Vofsf]
dxŒj
jftfj/0fLo dxŒj
hg;fªl\ VosL
hg;ª\Vof l:ylt;Fu ;DaGwLt tŒjx¿sf] j}1flgs Pjd\ ul0ftLo cWoog ug{] zf:qnfO{
hg;fª\lVosL elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf hg;fª\lVosL eg]sf] dfgj hg;ª\Vofsf] tYofª\sLo
cWoog ug{] ljifo xf] . o;n] hg;ª\Vofsf tYofª\sLo kIfdf hf]8 lbG5 . hGd, d[To'
/ a;fOF;/fO hg;fª\lVosLsf dxŒjk0" f{ kIfx¿ x'g\ . hg;fª\lVosLn] hg;ª\Vofsf]
cfsf/, ljt/0f / kl/jt{gsf] cWoog ub{5 . hGdn] hg;ª\Vof a9\g], d[To'n] hg;ª\Vof
36\g] / a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fdf k|efj kfg{] ePsfn] hGd, d[To' /
a;fOF;/fOn] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6 / ljt/0fdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . hGdb/,
d[To'b/ / a;fOF;/fOnfO{ hg;fª\lVosL tŒj elgG5 .
hg;fª\lVosL tŒjx¿
hGdb/ d[Tob' / a;fOF;/fO
hg;ªV\ of l:ylt;Fu ;DaGwLt tŒjx¿sf] j1} flgs Pjd\ ul0ftLo cWoog ug]{ zf:qnfO{
hg;fªl\ VosL elgG5 . hg;fª\lVosLn] dfgj hg;ªV\ ofsf] tYofªs\ Lo cWoog ub5{ .
hGd
cfdfsf] ue{df /x]sf] e|0" f hLljt ¿kdf aflx/ lg:sg] k|lqmofnfO{ hGd elgG5 . of]
dlxnfn] hLljt ;Gtfg pTkfbg ug{] sfo{ xf] . hGdaf6 hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf
k|efj kg{] ePsfn] o;nfO{ hg;ª\Vofsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf dflgG5 . hGdn] hg;ª\Vof
cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 189
a9fpF5 . of] hg;ª\Vof j[l4sf] sf/s tŒj xf] . pRr hGdb/ x'Fbf hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/
pRr x'G5 eg] Gog" hGdb/n] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/df sdL NofpF5 . ;|f]t / ;fwgsf]
cgk' ftdf tLj| hg;ª\Vof j[l4 ePsf b]zx¿n] hGdb/ 36fpg] k|of; u/]sf x'G5g\ .
cfdfsf] ued{ f /xs] f] e|0" f hLljt ¿kdf aflx/ lg:sg] k|lqmofnfO{ hGd elgG5 . hGdn]
hg;ª\Vof a9fpF5 .
dTo'b/
d[To' eg]sf] ;dfKt xg' ' xf] . of] Pp6f h}ljs k|lj|mof xf] . x/]s hLjx¿sf] hGdkl5
d[To' x'G5 . hGdnfO{ ljleGg pkfox¿ cjnDag u/L /f]Sg ;lsG5 t/ d[Ton' fO{ ;bfsf
nflu /f]Sg ;lsFb}g . d[To' x'gsf nflu hGd clgjfo{ 5 . d[Tok' l5 d[tssf] ;lqmotf
k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfKt xG' 5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gn] hLjgsf ;a} k|df0fx¿ :yfoL ¿kn]
ljnLg xg' ] cj:yfnfO{ d[To' eg]sf] 5 . /f]u nfu]/, :jf:Yo ;l' jwfsf] cefj eP/,
kf]if0foQ' m vfg]s'/fsf] cefj /x]/, b'3{6gfdf k/]/, bJ' o{;gdf nfu]/, k|fs[lts k|sf]kdf
k/]/, a'9f] eP/ dflg;sf] d[To' xG' 5 . hGdb/eGbf d[Tob' / a9L ePdf hg;ª\Vof 36\5
eg] d[Tob' /eGbf hGdb/ a9L ePdf hg;ª\Vof a9\5 .
hLjgsf ;a} kd| f0fx¿ :yfoL ¿kn] ljnLg xg' ] cj:yfnfO{ d[To' elgG5 . hGdb/eGbf
dT[ o'b/ a9L ePdf hg;ªV\ of 36\5 .
a;fOF;/fO
hGd / d[To'h:t} j;fOF;/fO Pp6f h}ljs 36gf geP/ of] Pp6f hg;fª\lVosLo k|lqmof
xf] . hGdn] hg;ª\VofnfO{ a9fpF5 eg] d[Ton' ] hgª\VofnfO{ 36fpF5 t/ a;fOF;/fOn]
hgª\Vofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fnfO{ k|efj kf5{ . Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf af;:yfg
kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lqmof g} a;fOF;/fO xf] . ljleGg cfsif{s tŒj / ljsif{s tŒjsf sf/0f
dflg;x¿n] a;fOF;/fO u5{g\ . l;dfgfsf cfwf/df a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO /
afXo a;fOF;/fO u/L bO' { efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . Pp6} b]zsf] l;dfgfleqsf ljleGg
:yfgdf ul/g] a;fOF;/fOnfO{ cfGtl/s a;fOF;/fO elgG5 eg] Pp6f b]zsf] l;dfgf kf/
u/L csf]{ b]zdf a;fOF ;/]/ hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ afXo a;fOF;/fO elgG5 . dflg;x¿ zflGt
;J' oj:yf, ;fdflhs ;/' Iff, ;l' jwf, cj;/ / /f]huf/L cflbsf sf/0fn] a;fOF;/fO
u5{g\ . ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;Gtn' g sfod ug]{, s[lifnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L pTkfbg
a9fpg], :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{, ;a} If]qdf ;dfg ¿kdf ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/
190 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
k'¥ofpg], ufpF / ;x/lar ;fem]bf/L ljsf; ug]{, ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf gLltx¿sf] Jofjxfl/s
sfof{Gjog ug]{, o'jfnfO{ Jofj;flos l;k k|bfg ug]{, :yfgLo ;fwg ;|f]tsf] pkof]unfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug]{, cfºgf] ufpF 6f]n, l5d]s, ;d'bfo cfkm}n] lgdf{0f ug]{, :jfjnDaL efjgfsf]
ljsf; ug]{ u/]df a;fOF;/fOnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
Ps :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf af;:yfg kl/jt{g ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ a;fO;F /fO elgG5 .
a;fOF;/fOn] hgªV\ ofsf] If]qLo ljt/0fnfO{ ke| fj kfb5{ .
lqmofsnfk
s= hg;ª\Vof / hg;fª\lVosLsf] kl/ro lbFb} logLx¿larsf] ;DaGw pbfx/0f;lxt
:ki6 kfg{'xf];\ .
v= hg;fª\lVos tŒjx¿ -hGd, d[To' / a;fOF;/fO_ sf] kl/ro lbO{ o;n] ;fdflhs
hLjgdf kfg]{ k|efjsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
u= tn tflnsfdf lbOPsf] ljsf; If]qcg';f/sf] hg;ª\Voffsf] ljt/0fnfO{ /]vflrqdf
k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ M
ljsf; Ifq] hg;ªV\ of -@)^*_
k"jf{~rn %*,!!,%%%
dWodf~rn (^,%^,(*%
klZrdf~rn $(,@^,&^%
dWoklZrdf~rn #%,$^,^*@
;'b/" klZrdf~rn @%,%@,%!&
cEof;
s= hg;ª\Vof eg]sf] s] xf] < hg;fª\lVos tŒjx¿sf] gfd n]vL s'g} Pssf] 5f]6f]
JofVof ug'{xf];\ .
v= a;fOF;/fO eg]sf] s] xf] < a;fOF;/fOn] s;/L hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{gdf k|efj kf5{ <
u= d[To' eg]sf] s] xf] <
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 191
@kf7 hg;ªV\ of tYofªs\ sf ;|f]tx¿
hg;ª\Vof;Fu ;DaGwLt ljleGg kIfx¿sf] ;"rgf lbg] dfWodnfO{ hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf
;|f]t elgG5 . hg;fª\lVosL tŒjx¿sf] cWoog ug{sf nflu hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf
;|f]tx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . k|fylds ;|f]t / låtLo ;|f]t u/L hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf
;|f]t b'O{ k|sf/ 5g\ . cfˆg} k|of]hgsf nflu cfkm}n] tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ug{ k|of]u
ul/g] ;|f]tnfO{ k|fylds ;|f]t elgG5 eg] cfºgf] k|of]hgsf nflu c¿n] ;ª\sng
u/]sf tYofª\sx¿nfO{ k|of]u ul/g] ;|f]tnfO{ låtLo ;|f]t elgG5 . tYofª\s ;ª\sng
ug{sf nflu hgu0fgf, k~hLs/0f, gd'gf ;j]{If0f, k|zf;sLo clen]v, clen]vx¿,
cGt/f{li6«o k|sfzgx¿ cflb dfWodx¿ ckgfOG5 .
hg;ª\Vof;uF ;DaGwLt kIfx¿sf] ;r" gf lbg] dfWoodnfO{ hg;ª\Vof tYofªs\ sf ;f| ]t
elgG5 . kf| ylds ;|ft] / låtLo ;|f]t u/L hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf ;f| ]t bO' { ks| f/ 5g\ .
hgu0fgf
hgu0fgf eg]sf] sg' } vf; b]z tyf If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] hg;fª\lVos, cfly{s, ;fdflhs
tYofª\ssf] ;ª\sng, ;Dkfbg, d"Nofª\sg tyf ljZn]if0f ug{] / k|sfzg ug{] ;dli6ut
k|lqmof xf] . hgu0fgfdf 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;ª\Vof, JolStsf] pd]/, k];f, wd{,
efiff, z}lIfs cj:yf, hGd, d[To,' ljjfx cflb h:tf JolStut 36gfx¿sf] ;ª\sng
ul/G5 . hgu0fgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo hg;ª\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6, kl/jt{g / ljt/0f;DaGwL
tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ug'{ xf] . hgu0fgf ubf{ jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw / :yfoL a;f]af;
ljlw u/L bO' { k|sf/sf ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 . hgu0fgfsf] ;dodf h'g JolSt hxfF 5
ToxLF g} p;sf] u0fgf ug{] ljlwnfO{ jf:tljs pkl:ylt ljlw elgG5 eg] :yfoL a;f]af;sf
cfwf/df lnOg] hgu0fgfnfO{ :yfoL a;f]af; ljlw elgG5 . hgu0fgf k|To]s bz jif{df
ul/G5 . g]kfndf lj= ;+= !(^* ;fnb]lv hgu0fgf lng] sfo{sf] ;?' jft ul/Psf] xf] .
@)^* ;fn c;f/ * ut] hgu0fgf ;?' ePsf] !)) jif{ k'u]sfn] of] lbg hgu0fgf lbj;
dgfpg] ul/G5 . g]kfndf kl5Nnf] k6s lj= ;=+ @)^* ;fndf hgu0fgf ePsf] lyof] .
of] hgu0fgf g]kfnsf] P3f/f}F hgu0fgf lyof] . kl5Nnf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ g]kfnsf] s'n
hg;ª\Vof @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ($ xhf/ % ;o $ /x]sf] 5 . lj= ;+= @)&* ;fndf g]
kfndf afx|f}F hgu0fgf ;DkGg xF'b} 5 .
192 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^
s'g} lglZrt Ifq] df s'g} lglZrt ;dodf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] hg;ª\Vof;Fu ;DaGwLt
ljj/0fx¿sf] ;ªs\ ng u/L ks| fzg ug]{ sfon{ fO{ hgu0fgf elgG5 .
k~hLs/0f
hGd, d[To', ljjfx, a;fOF;/fO h:tf JolStut 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k~hLs/0f elgG5 .
hGd, d[To,' ljjfx, ;DaGw ljR5]b, a;fOF;/fOh:tf hLjgsf k|d'v 36gfsf] k~hLs/0f
tYofª\ssf k|d'v ;|f]t dflgG5 . Ps hgu0fgfaf6 csf]{ hgu0fgflarsf] cjlwdf
36]sf JolStut 36gfx¿sf] ljj/0f cBfjlws ug]{ sfd k~hLs/0fn] ub{5 . ljZjdf
k~hLs/0fsf] ;?' jft !^ cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ ePsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf ;j{k|yd
bz lhNnfdf nfu' ul/Psf] hLjg;DaGwL 36gf btf{ k|0ffnL lj= ;+= @)$& ;fndf &%
cf]6} lhNnfdf nfu' ul/Psf] lyof] . of] k|lqmof xfn;Dd klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rln/x]sf] 5 .
k~hLs/0fn] gful/sx¿nfO{ /fHoaf6 sfg'gadf]lhdsf ;l' jwfx¿ lngsf nflu ;xof]u
u5{ .
JolStut 36gf btf{ k0| ffnLnfO{ k~hLs/0f elgG5 .
gdg' f ;j]I{ f0f
gd'gf ;j{]If0f eg]sf] lglZrt p2]Zon] b]zsf] sg' } vf; If]q jf ;a} If]qaf6 gdg' fsf]
¿kdf s]xL kl/jf/ jf JolStnfO{ ;ª\sng u/L To;af/] cWoog tyf cg;' Gwfg ul/g]
kl/kf6L xf] . o;df gd'gfsf ¿kdf sg' } klg ljifonfO{ lnFbf sDtLdf klg !% k|ltzteGbf
sd lng' x'Fb}g .
clen]v
/fHodf /x]sf ljleGg sfof{nox¿n] cfºgf] k|of]hgsf nflu /fv]sf clen]vx¿nfO{
cfwf/ dfg]/ hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng ug{] ;|f]tnfO{ clen]v elgG5 .
sfof{nox¿n] /fv]sf clen]vaf6 JolStsf] pd]/, lzIff, kfl/jfl/s ;ª\Vof cflb
ljj/0fx¿ k|fKt x'G5g\ . o:tf clen]vx¿ lglZrt k|of]hgn] /flvPsf eP klg
cg;' Gwfgstf{, k|zf;g / of]hgfljb\x¿sf] k|of]usf nflu pkof]uL xG' 5g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf
dtbftf gfdfjnL, gful/stfsf] nut, 6]lnkmf]g 8fO/]S6/L cflbdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
JolStsf] pd]/, lzIff, kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof h:tf clen]vaf6 hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL tYofª\sx¿
;ª\sng ug{ ;lsG5 .
cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 193
lqmofsnfk
s= sIffnfO{ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L klxnf] ;dx" af6 hgu0fgfsf] kf]:6/, bf];|f]
;d"xaf6 lj1fkg / t];|f] ;dx" af6 gd'gf kmf/fd tof/ kf/L 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
v= tkfO{Fsf] sIffdf /x]sf ;fyLx¿sf] hGdbtf{ eP gePsf] ;f]wvf]h u/L k~hLs/0fsf
af/]df 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
s= hg;ª\Vof tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf] ;|f]t eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= hg;ª\Vof tYofª\s ;ª\sngsf ;|f]tx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
u= k|fylds ;|f]t / låtLo ;|f]tsf lardf km/s b]vfpgx' f];\ .
3= hgu0fgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
ª= …k~hLs/0f hg;ª\Vof tYofª\ssf] ;|f]t xf]Ú o; jfSonfO{ kl' i6 ug{'xf];\ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
lj= ;=+ @)&* ;fndf tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf afx|f}F hgu0fgf ug{ cfpg] k|ltlglwn] Nofpg] h:t}
hgu0fgfsf] gd'gf kmf/fd tof/ kf/L cfºgf] ;db' fodf /x]sf kfFr kl/jf/sf] hgu0fgf u/L
sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
194 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^
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Samajik Adhyan 6
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