Samajik Adhyan 6

b'Mv nfUof] . /dfsL cfdf dfdf3/af6 kms{]kl5 pxfFx¿sf lardf ljjfb eof] . cfdfsf
s/' f afafnfO{ / afafsf s'/f cfdfnfO{ dg gkg{] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf eof] of] s'/fn]
/dfnfO{ lrGtf nfu]sf] 5 .
ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿ xf] † dflysf b'O{ cf]6f pbfx/0fdf klxnf] pbfx/0fn] sIffsf]7fdf
x'g] ljjfbnfO{ / bf];|f] pbfx/0fn] kl/jf/df x'g] ljjfbnfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . sIffsf]7fdf
a;fOsf sf/0fn] ljjfb ePsf] 5 eg] kl/jf/df kl/jf/sf ljrf/df cfPsf] leGgtfsf
sf/0fn] ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . sIffsf]7fdf ljleGg ljrf/ / :jefj ePsf ljBfyL{x¿
cfpg] ub{5g\ . a;fO cj:yf, cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf ;xeflutf, g]t[Tj Ifdtfsf]
ljsf; cflb h:tf s/' fn] sIffsf]7fdf ljjfb l;h{gf xG' 5 . ljjfb ljBfnodf klg
xG' 5 . sIffsf]7fdf x'g] ljjfbnfO{ sIfflzIfsn] / ljBfnodf xg' ] ljjfbnfO{ lzIfsx¿n]
dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/L cGTo ug{'k5{ .

kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] ljrf/df leGgtf cfpFbf kfl/jf/df ljjfb xG' 5 . cfgLafgL,
kfl/jfl/s vr{, ;b:ox¿sf] ?lr / cfjZostf, e]befjk0" f{ Jojxf/ h:tf sf/0fn]
kl/jf/df ljjfb x'G5 . kl/jf/df x'g] ljjfbn] kfl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] dfofddtfdf sdL
Nofpgs' f ;fy} efjgfdf rf]6 k'¥ofpF5 .
ljjfbsf] ;xL Joj:yfkg ug{ ;s]df o;n] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f / ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]N5 .
ljjfbsf ljz]iftfx¿M
s= ljjfb tgfj / ;ª\3if{sf] cj:yf xf] .
v= ljjfbdf b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L kIfsf] ;n+ Ugtf xG' 5 .
u= ljjfbn] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kl/0ffd lbg ;S5 .
3= ljjfb ;dfhsf] cleGg kIf xf] .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 95

lqmofsnfk

s= sIffnfO{ bO' { ;d"xdf ljefhg u/L kl/jf/ / sIffsf]7fdf xg' ] ljjfbsf sf/0f /
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ vf]hL u/L cf–cfºgf] ;d"xaf6 k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

v= ljjfb;DaGwL lrq tof/ kf/L lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= ljjfb eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= ljjfbsf s/0fx¿nfO{ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
u= kl/jf/ / sIffsf]7fdf x'g] ljjfbnfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 <
3= ljjfbsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
ª= ;defj eg]sf] s] xf] <
r= kl/jf/df xg' ] ljjfb ;dfwfgdf tkfO{Fsf] el" dsfnfO{ k|:6 kfg{'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{ M

s= tkfOsF{ f] ;d'bfodf /xs] f cfkm"eGbf 7'nf JolStx¿nfO{ e6] /] pxf;F Fu tkfOFs{ f] ;db' fodf
ePsf ljjfb;DaGwL 36gfx¿sf af/d] f ;f]wvf]h u/L ;dfrf/ tof/ kfgx{' f;] \ .

96 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

%kf7 ljjfb Joj:yfkg

ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿ † dflysf] lrq x]/f}F t, s;n] eg]sf] l7s xf]nf < b'j} JolStx¿
cfºgf ljrf/df cl8s 5g\ . o;/L ljrf/df cl8u /xFbf bj' } kIfsf lardf dgd'6fj k}bf
eO{ ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . o;nfO{ s;/L Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsPnf < Psl5g ;f]rfF} <
xfdLn] x]bf{ bj' } cf–cfºgf] 7fpFdf l7s 5g\ . bj' }n] eg]sf] bj' } c+s l7s xf] . o;sf] sf/0f
6 g} xf] eGg]n] 6 g} b]v]sf] 5 eg] 9 g} xf] eGg]n] 9 g} b]v]sf] 5 . b'j}nfO{ ldnfpgsf
nflu xfdLn] 6 lt/sfnfO{ 9 lt/ / 9 lt/sfnfO{ 6 lt/ nu]/ /flvlbof}F eg] ljjfbsf]
;dfwfg xG' 5 .
o;/L b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L kIfx¿sf lardf sfod /x]sf] c;xdlt, c;dembf/L /
ljrf/nfO{ ;dfwfg of]Uo lgisif{df k¥ofpg'nfO{ ljjfb ;dfwfg elgG5 . ljjfb ;dfwfg
ug{ ;s]sf] v08df zflGt :yfkgf xG' 5 . ljjfb ;dfwfgaf6 cfgGbk"j{s afFRg] cj:yfsf]
l;h{gf xG' 5 . b]z ljsf;sf nflu ljjfb ;dfwfg ckl/xfo{ xG' 5 . bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/,
;defj / ;sf/fTds ;f]raf6 ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
b'O{kIf, JolSt jf ;dx" aLr xg' ] ;~rf/nfO{ bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ elgG5 . ;defj eg]sf] s;}nfO{
sfvf / kfvf gug{] cyf{t s;}sf] klg kIf glng] ljrf/ xf] . sg' } klg cj:yfk|lt bM' vL /
lrlGtt geO{ To;nfO{ ;xh agfP/ dgdf lng'nfO{ ;sf/fTds ;f]r elgG5 . ;sf/fTds
;f]rn] ljjfb ;dfwfg u/L JolStx¿df v';L NofpF5 . csf]{ pbfx/0f x]/f}F M

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 97

ljBfnodf km'6an v]Nbf anaxfb'/sf v'6\6fdf /d]zsf v6' 6\ fsf] rf6] nfUof] . anaxfb/' n]
dv' 5f8] ] . /d]zn] v]Nbf eml' SsP/ nfus] fn] uNtL 5g} eg] . anaxfb/' n] /dz] sf] sldh
tfg] . /dz] sf] sldh Rofltof] . ;fyLx¿ bO' { ;dx" df ljeflht eP . b'O{ ;dx" sf lar
dgd'6fa eO{ vn] :ylut eof] . anaxfb/' l/;fpbF } kw| fgfWofkssxfF uP . kw| fgfWofksn]
b'j} kIfnfO{ afn] fpg'eof] . k|wfgfWofksn] klxnf /d]zsf / To;kl5 anaxfb'/sf s/' f
;G' ge' of] . kw| fgfWofksn] km6' an v]Nbf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kg]{ ePsfn] klxnf] uNtL /dz] sf]
/ sldh RofTgfn] bf;] f| ] uNtL anaxfb'/sf] eGge' of] . /dz] / anaxfb'/nfO{ cab]lv
emu8f gu/L ldn/] v]Ngsf nflu ;Demfpg'eof] . /d]z / anaxfb/' b'jn} ] p7/] xft
ldnfP . :ylut v]n ;r' f? eof] .

ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu d]nldnfkstf{sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . d]nldnfkstf{n]
s;}nfO{ sfvf / s;}nfO{ kfvf gu/L bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ ug'{k5{ . bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/ / ;defjn]
b'j} kIfnfO{ lhtlht -win-win_ sf] cj:yfdf k¥' ofpF5 . d]nldnfkstf{n] ljjfbsf]
sf/0f / o;sf] ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿ klg ljjflbt kIfaf6 vf]Hgk' 5{ . ljjflbt kIfnfO{
xfd|f] ;d:of xfd|} ;dfwfg eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;s]df ljjfbsf] bL3{sfnLg
;dfwfg x'G5 . o;sf nflu d]nldnfkstf{n] bj' } kIfnfO{ cf–cfºgf s'/fx¿ /fVg]
df}sf lbgk' 5{ . l/;, tgfj / nf]e h:tf s/' fx¿sf] lgoGq0f, cfk;L 5nkmn, s'/f
;G' g] jftfj/0f, dWo:ystf{sf] ;xof]u, sfg'gL lgsfoaf6 Gofo, ljrf/df ;xdlt /fVg]
jftfj/0f ePdf ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg x'G5 . ;xdltsf] ;femf ljGb" vf]hL bO' { kIfsf lardf
;Demf}tf u/fpg ;s]df ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg x'G5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= ljjfb ;dfwfg;DaGwL n]v, ;dfrf/, sljtf, lrqx¿ ;ª\sng u/L sIffsf]7fdf
k|:t't ug{'xf];\

v= tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ePsf ljjfb ;dfwfg;DaGwL 36gfx¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/L
To:tf 36gfx¿df d]nldnfkstf{sf] s:tf] e"ldsf xg' ;S5 pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

u= dflysf] /d]z / anaxfb'/sf lardf ePsf] ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{] lhDdf tkfO{FnfO{
lbOPsf] v08df tkfO{Fn] To;sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{'xG' Yof] cfºgf] ljrf/ k|:tt'
ug'{xf];\ .

98 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

cEof;

s= ljjfb ;dfwfg eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= ;defj / bf]xf]/f] ;~rf/af6 s;/L ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 <
u= ;sf/fTds ;f]r eg]sf] s] xf] <
3= ljjfb ;dfwfgdf ;~rf/sf] el" dsf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
ª= ;j+ fb / jftf{n] ljjfb ;dfwfgdf s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 <

;fd'bflos sfo{ M

tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ePsf ljjfbsf 36gfx¿ / pQm 36gfsf] ;dfwfgsf af/]df Ho]i7
gful/s;Fu ;f]Wg'xf];\ / cfkm"nfO{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f];Fu ;dfwfg ePsf] 36gfsf af/]df tnsf
zLif{sdf cfwfl/t /xL 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M

s= 36gf
v= sf/0f
u= ;dfwfgsf] cfwf/

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 99

PsfO

%

xfdf| ] ljut

l;sfO pknlAw

™ g]kfn PsLs/0fdf ePsf k|of;x¿ pNn]v ug{,
™ g]kfn cª\u|]h o4' / ;'uf}nL ;lGwsf] ljZn]if0f ug{,
™ /f0ffsfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yf tyf ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s cj:yfsf] JofVof ug{,
™ lj=;+= @))& b]lv hgcfGbf]ng @)^# ;Ddsf k|dv' /fhgLlts 36gfj|md / ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s pknlAw

atfpg,
™ l;Gw' pkTosf / x\jfª\xf] gbLsf] ;Eotfsf] j0f{g ug{ / To;n] dfgjhLJfgdf kf/]sf] k|efj pNn]v ug{ .

100 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

!kf7 g]kfn PsLs/0f

jL/axfb/' sfsf sIff ^ sf efOalxgLx¿nfO{ syf ;'gfpg yfNg'eof] .

cfheGbf sl/a bO' { ;o c;L jif{ klxn] uf]/vf gfdsf] /fHo lyof] . of] /fHo clxn]sf]
uf]/vf lhNnfdf kb{5 . ;f] /fHo ;fgf] ufpFn] /fHo lyof] . ;f] /fHosf /fhfsf] gfd
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx ;fg}b]lv lgs} rnfv lyP . pgnfO{ To:tf]
;fgf] ufpFn] /fHosf] xf]Og, 7n' f] /fHosf] /fhf xg' ] OR5f lyof] . pgL Ps k6s cfºgf]
;;'/fnL dsjfgk'/af6 3/ kms{Fb} lyP . sf7df8f}F pkTosfb]lv klZrdlt/sf] 8fF8fdf
cfOk'u]kl5 pkTosfleqsf tLg cf]6f ;x/x¿ 5n{ª\u b]lvof] . pgnfO{ Tof] 7fpF va'
/dfOnf] nfUof] . o:tf] 7fpFsf] /fhf x'g kfP kf] x'GYof] eGg] s/' f pgsf dgdf plAhof] .
pgn] cfºgf dfdf;Fu sf7df8f}Fsf] /fhf xg' ] OR5f hfx]/ u/] . dfdfn] sf7df8f}F lgSs}
aflnof] /fHo xf] To;}n] ;fgf]ltgf] ann] oxfFsf] /fhf xg' kfOFb}g . To;sf nflu t w]/}
ldlxg]t ug{'k5{ eGg] ;Nnfx lbP . sf7df8f}F lhTg gj' fsf]6 /fHo lhTg'kYof]{ . To;}n]
gj' fsf]6dfly cfj|md0f u/] . gj' fsf]6n] uf]/vfnfO{ x/fOlbof] . /fd|f];Fu tof/L gu/L u/]sf]
sfd ;kmn xF'b}g eGg] s/' f o;af6 yfxf xG' 5 .

k[YjLgf/fo0f lg/fz eP . ePsf] ;DklQ
klg ;lSsof], n8fOF klg xfl/of] . s] ug]{
xf]nf eg]/ pgL lrlGtt lyP . Pslbg
/fhfsf] e]6 b/af/df afhf ahfpg] la;]
gfd u/]sf gurL{;Fu eof] . /fhfn] eg],
æx]/ la;] † n8fOF klg xfl/of] . ;DklQ klg
;lsof], ca s] ug]{ xf]nf <Æ la;]n] cfºgf]
kf]N6faf6 Ps df]x/ lems]/ /fhfnfO{ lbFb}
eg], æ;/sf/ lng'xf];\ . d;Fu olQ 5 .
a? n8fOFdf afhf afhfOlbpFnf .Æ la;]sf] s'/f ;g' ]/ k[YjLgf/fo0fnfO{ lgSs} l/; p7\of] /
eg], æltd|f] of] Ps df]x/n] s] ug{' d}n] <Æ la;]n] gl/;fO{ eg], ædxf/fh, d h:tf] ul/an]
t Ps df]x/ k};f lbg ;s]F . uf]/vfdf afx| xhf/ 3/ 5g\ . Ps 3/af6 Ps df]x/ p7fP
klg afx| xhf/ df]x/ xG' 5 . uf]/vfdf ;fxd' xfhg / hldgbf/ klg t 5g\ lg . pgLx¿n]
cem w]/} lbg ;S5g\ . wg xg' ]n] wg, cGg xg' ]n] cGg, xfltof/ x'g]n] xltof/ / hg xg' ]n]

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 101

hg lbFbf t slt xG' 5, lx;fa ug{';\ t .Æ /fhfsf cfFvf vn' ] . ltdLn] l7s eGof} eg]/
;f]xLcg';f/ tof/L ul/of] . 3/3/af6 ;xfotf p7fOof] . ;a} hgtfn] cfkmn" ] ;s]sf]
;xof]u u/] . bf];|f] cfj|md0fdf gj' fsf]6 lhltof] . ;d:of kbf{ ;a}sf] ;xof]u lngk' 5{ eGg]
;Gb]z o;af6 kfOG5 .

g'jfsf]6kl5 sLlt{k'/ cfj|md0f ul/of] .
sLlt{k'/df b'O{ k6s;Dd k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsf] xf/ eof] . o4' xf/]sfn] pgL
efu]/ uf]/vf hfFb} lyP . af6fdf /ft
k¥of] Pp6f 3/df 9f]sf 9s9SofP .
Pp6L a9' L cfdf dfq al:t/lx5g\ .
ToxLF af; a;] . a9' Lcfdfn] ef]sfPsf]
egL lv/ agfP/ yfnel/ xflnlbOg\
/ vfg elgg\ . /fhfnfO{ w]/} ef]s
nfu]sf] lyof] . pgn] lv/ vfg xQ g kQ yfnsf] lardf xft xfn]sf dfq s] lyP,
cfTyf eg]/ xft lems] . a9' Lcfdf xfFl;g\ / elgg\, æltdL t k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx h:t} dv' {
kf] /x]5f} †Æ /fhf eml:sP– st} a'9Ln] dnfO{ lrlgg\ ls eg]/ . clg /fhfn] eg], ælsg
/ cfdf, k[YjLgf/fo0fn] s] uNtL u/] <Æ a9' Lcfdfn] d:' s/' fpFb} elgg\ . æTof] yfnsf] lv/
5]p5]paf6 cln cln ub}{ lems]/ vfpm t . ltdLnfO{ kf]N5 < Ps} k6s lardf xft
xfn]kl5 kf]Nb}g t . x]/ clnslt lv/ dfq eO' Fdf kf]lvP/ v]/ uof] . k[YjLgf/fo0fn] klg
Ps} k6s sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfj|md0f ug{ gxg' ] lg . klxn] jl/kl/sf ;fgf ufpFx¿
lhTb} uPkl5 larsf] lhTg ;lhnf] xG' 5 .Æ s'g} klg sfd la:tf/} la:tf/} clncln u/]
df ;lhn} ;lsG5 . Ps} k6s ;a} ;S5' eg]kl5 t sfd klg lalu|G5, bM' v klg kfOG5 .

k[YjLg/fo0f zfxn] a9' L cfdfsf] ctL{ dfg]sfn] g} sf7df8f}F lhTg ;lhnf] eof] . pgn]
klxn] sf7df8f}F jl/kl/sf lzjk'/L, dxfb]j kf]v/L, gfnf, ag]kf, dsjfgk/' lht] .
To;kl5 lj=;+= !*@% df sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf sflGtk/' , nlntk'/ / eStk'/ klg lht] .
To; a]nf;Dd k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx hjfg / w]/} a'em\g] eO;s]sf lyP . To;a]nf g]kfndf
w]/} cf]6f ;fgf–;fgf ufpFn] /fHox¿ lyP . g]kfnsf oL ;fgf ;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ Pp6}
agfpg ;lsPg eg] blIf0fsf cª\u|]hn] cfºgf] cwLgdf kf5{g\ . To;}n] g]kfnsf oL ;fgf
;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ PsLs/0f u/]/ ljzfn g]kfn agfpg'k5{ . xfd|f kv' f{n] hf]ufP/ /fv]sf]
g]kfn ljb]zLsf xftdf kg{ lbg' x'Fb}g eg]/ cfºgf ;xof]uLx¿nfO{ ;'gfP . ;xof]uLx¿

102 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

sfhL sfn' kfF8], Hof]ltif u?' s'nfgGb 9sfn cflbn] klg ;xof]u u/] . /fhfn] cfºgf]
of]hgf ;a} ;}lgsnfO{ ;g' fP . ;}lgsx¿n] klg ;fy lbP . pgL h'g /fHo lhTy] Tof]
/fHosf ;]gf / ef/bf/x¿nfO{ klg cfºgf] g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] of]hgf ;'gfpFy] . To;}n]
lxhf];Dd zq' kIfaf6 n8fOF u/]sf ;}lgsx¿ klg k[YjLgf/fo0fsf] PsLs/0f cleofgdf
;fd]n xG' y] . pgn] ;a} g]kfnLsf] dg lht]sf xg' fn] pgsf] of] cleofg ;kmn eof] .
g]kfnsf] l;dfgf k"j{df l6:6f;Dd k'u]sf] lyof] . klZrdtkm{ pgn] PsLs/0f ug{ EofPgg\ .
pgsf] of] ck'/f] sfdnfO{ pgsf 5f]/f k|tfkl;x+ zfx / axfb/' zfx, a'xf/L /fh]Gb|nIdL,
;]gfklt eLd;]g yfkf / cd/l;x+ yfkfn] k"/f u/] / g]kfnsf] l;dfgf klZrfddf sfFu8f
eGg] 7fpF;Dd ku' ]sf] lyof] . b]z agfpgsf nflu ;a} hgtf Psh6' x'g'k5{ eGg] ;Gb]z
o;af6 kfOG5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= kf7sf] syf k9\gx' f];\ / syfaf6 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] s] lzIff kfP < n]Vgx' f];\ .
v= sIffdf ;fyLx¿sf] ;d"x agfP/ syfsf 36gfnfO{ e"ldsf clego ug{ lhDd]jf/L

afF8\g'xf];\ . u/]/ b]vfpgx' f];\ . s;n] s] s] af]Ng] egL tof/L ug'{xf];\ . el" dsf
clego u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= g]kfn PsLs/0f s;n] ;'?jft u/]sf lyP <
v= g]kfn PsLs/0f sxfFaf6 ;?' ePsf] lyof] <
u= o; syfaf6 tkfO{Fn] s] s] lzIff kfpg'eof] <
3= g]kfn PsLs/0fdf s–s;n] s;/L ;xof]u u/] <
ª= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0fdf s;/L ;kmntf kfP <

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

tkfO{Fsf cleefjs;Fu ;f]w]/ tkfO{Fsf] ufpF, 7fpFsf af/]df ePsf o:t} /f]rs syf
;ª\sng u/]/ n]Vgx' f];\ . ;f] syf sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 103

@kf7 gk] fn PsLs/0f cleofgsf 36gfx¿

g]kfn klxnf ;–;fgf /fHodf ljeflht lyof] eGg] t cl3Nnf] kf7af6 a'lemof] . ca tL
/fHo s;/L PsLs/0f eP eGg] s/' f PsLs/0f ug]{ JolStx¿af6 g} ;g' f}F x} t .

k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx

d uf]/vf /Hosf] /fhf ePF . dnfO{ To:tf] ;fgf] b]zsf] /fhf
eP/ a:g dg nfu]g . d t 7'nf] b]zsf] /fhf xg' rfxGy]F .
plxn]–plxn] klg g]kfn 7n' f] lyof] /] . kl5 ;fgf ;fgf
6'j|mfdf afFl8Psf] /x]5 . of] s'/f d}n] u'?af6 yfxf kfPF . clg
d}n] ;f]r]F– To;f] eP ca km]l/ lsg 7'nf] /fHo gagfpg] t <
d}n] d]/f ef/bf/x¿;Fu ;Nnfx u/]F . cfdf rGb|k|efjtLn]
klg d ;fgf] x'Fbfb]lv g} eGgx' G' Yof], æltdL t 7'nf] b]z
g]kfnsf] /fhf aGgk' 5{ . oL ;fgf ;fgf b]zx¿nfO{ lht]/
Pp6} b]z agfpg'k5{ .Æ cfdf eGg'xG' Yof], æolb ltdLn] g]kfn
PsLs/0f ug{ ;s]gf}F eg] ef/tdf /x]sf] cª\u|]hn] oL ;a}
/fHo lhTg] 5 . clg xfdL g]kfnL sxfF /xG5f}F / < ljb]zLsf]
cwLgdf kl/xfN5f}F lg .Æ cfdfsf] s/' f ;g' ]b]lv g} d h;/L klg of] b]z Pp6} agfpg' k5{
eGg] ;f]lr/xGy]F . To;}n] d}n] 3f]8f r9\g, xltof/ rnfpg / o'4 ug{ l;s]F . d}n] w]/}
k9]F / b]z ljb]zsf s/' f klg yfxf kfPF . kGw| ;f]x| jif{sf] pd]/df t d zlStzfnL of]4f
eO;s]sf] lyPF .

d}n] g'jfsf]6af6 PsLs/0fsf] cleofg ;'? u/]F . klxnf] k6s cfj|md0f ubf{ xfdLn]
xf¥of}F . bf];|f] k6sdf lj=;=+ !*)! Dff aNn lhltof] . clg d gj' fsf]6df g} b/af/ agfP/
a;]F . ToxfFaf6 sf7df8f}F pkTosf lhTg] of]hgf agfPF . klxn] sLlt{k'/df cfj|md0f u/]F .
xf/ eof] . d]/f] ;]gfklt sfn' kfF8]n] jL/ult k|fKt u/] . bf];|f] k6s km]l/ cfj|md0f u/]F . km]l/
xfl/of] . e]/f] efO z/' k|tfk zfxsf] cfFvf km'6\of] . d klg efu]/ aNn Hofg hf]ufPF . tL
sLlt{k/' ]x¿ lgSs} zlStzfnL /x]5g\ . t];|f] k6sdf eg] ltgLx¿sf] /fHosf] 9f]sf g} aGb
ul/lbPF . clg aNn lj=;+= !*@@ df sLlt{k/' lhltof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] klZrdsf]
af6f] aGb eof] . To;kl5 d]/f] xf};nf a9\of] . clg sf7df8f}F pkTosfb]lv pQ/ / k"j{sf
ufpFx¿ lht]/ pQ/ / k"j{sf] af6f] klg aGb ul/lbPF . d}n] klxn] g} dsjfgk'/ /fHonfO{
lht]/ blIf0fsf] af6f] klg aGb ul/;s]sf] lyPF .

104 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

sf7df8f}F pkTosfleqsf sflGtk/' , nlntk'/ / eStk'/ gfdsf tLg cf]6f /fHox¿ 3]/fdf
k/] . lj=;+= !*@% df tLg} cf]6} /fHodfly cfj|md0f u/]/ lht]F . sflGtk'/nfO{ /fhwfgL
agfP/ g]kfn /fHo gfd /fv]F . sflGtk/' eg]sf] clxn]sf] sf7df8f}F xf] . sf7df8f}F
pkTosfnfO{ To;a]nf g]kfn elgGYof] . o;/L d}n] clxn]sf] g]kfn /fHosf] :yfkgf u/]F .
cem} w]/} cf]6f ;fgf /fHox¿ g]kfndf ldnfpg afFsL lyof] . To;}n] kj" {tkm{ cl3 a9]F .
lj=;=+ !*#) df rf}b08L / !*#! Dff ljhok/' nfO{ lht]kl5 g]kfnsf] l;dfgf k"j{df l6i6f
gbL;Dd k¥' ofPF .

axfb/' zfx

d k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] sfG5f] 5f]/f] axfb'/ zfx xF' . lj= ;=+
!*#! Dff aa' fsf] b]xfGt ePkl5 d]/f bfO k|tfkl;x+ zfx
/fhf x'g'eof] . pxfFsf] klg s]xL jif{df g} d[To' ePkl5 d]/f
elthf /0faxfb'/ zfx /fhf eP . pgL c9fO{ jif{sf gfafns
lyP . To;}n] pgsf] gfdaf6 d}n] / d]/L efph" /fh]Gb|nIdLn]
kfn}kfnf] zf;g rnfof}F . afns /fhfsf] k|ltlglw eP/
zf;g ug]{nfO{ gfoa elgG5 . d}n] aa' f k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf]
g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{ cl3 a9fPF . d]/f kfnfdf
g]kfnsf] klZrdlt/sf w]/} /fHo g]kfndf ldnfpg ;kmn
ePF . uN' dL, kj{t, c3f{vfFrL h:tf /fHo ldnfPF . cem} klZrdsf c5fd, 8f]6L / To;
j/k/sf /fHonfO{ klg k/flht u/]/ g]kfndf ldnfPF . o;/L d]/f kfnfdf g]kfnsf] l;dfgf
xfnsf] ef/tsf] u9jfn;Dd ku' ]sf] lyof] .

d}n] tL /fHox¿ g]kfndf ldnfpgsf nflu w]/} h'lSt nufPsf] lyPF . To; If]qsf]
zlStzfnL /fHo kfNkfsf /fhfsL 5f]/L lax] u/]/ gftf hf]8]F . kfNkfn] dnfO{ ;xof]u
u¥of] . sg' } sg' } alnof] /fHosf /fhf;Fu ldt nufPF . sf]xL;Fu ;lGw u/]F . clg afFsL
;fgf /fHox¿nfO{ g]kfndf ldnfpFb} uPF . d / efph" /fh]Gb|nIdL ldn]/ g]kfn PsLs/0f
cleofg rnfO/x]sf lyof}F . s]xL bi' 6 ef/bf/x¿n] gePsf s'/f nufP/ xfdL b]j/
efph"lardf emu8f kfl/lbP . elthf;Fu klg emu8f kfl/lbP . t}klg g]kfn PsLs/0f
cleofg eg] /f]lsPg .

/fhG] bn| IdL

d k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsL h]7L ax' f/L /fh]Gb|nIdL xF' . d]/f >Ldfg /fhf ePsf] s]xL jif{df g}
lat]kl5 d]/f 5f]/f /0faxfb/' zfx /fhf eP t/ tL bw' ]afnsn] /fHo rnfpg ;Sb}gy] .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 105

To;}n] d / d]/f b]j/ axfb/' zfxn] /fhfsf] k|ltlglw gfoa
eP/ zf;g rnfof}F . d / d]/f b]j/lardf bi' 6 ef/bf/
x¿n] emu8f kfl/lbPkl5 d PSn}n] gf} jif{ zf;g u/]F .
d}n] klg ;;'/f k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] PsLs/0f cleofgnfO{
hf/L /fv]F . d]/f kfnfdf klZrdsf /fHox¿ ndh'ª, tgx'F
/ sf:sL /fHonfO{ g]kfndf ldnfPF . To;}u/L l/l;ª /
le/sf]6nfO{ klg ldnfPF . dnfO{ gf/L eg]/ x]Kg vf]Hy] .
d sg' } s/' fdf klg sd lyOgF . d k?' ifeGbf sd 5}g eGg]
s'/f b]vfOlbPF . d]/f] ;fx; / axfb'/L b]v]/ ;fgf /fHosf
/fhfx¿ 8/fpFy] . dnfO{ x]Kg vf]Hg]x¿n] xf/ vfP . d}n] d]/f] b]zsf nflu sfd u/]F, c¿
dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg xf};nf lbPF .

lqmofsnfk

s= sIffdf Ps Ps hgfn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, axfb/' zfx / /fh]Gb|nIdLsf] el" dsf
v]n]/ xfpefp;lxt kfn}kfnf] kf7 k9\g'xf];\ .

v= g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofgsf 36gfnfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
u= P6n;df ePsf] g]kfnsf] lhNnf b]vfpg] gS;fdf PsLs/0f ul/Psf 7fpFx¿ lrg]/

uf]nf] nufpgx' f];\ .
3= olb tkfO{Fn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, axfb/' zfx / /fh]Gb|nIdLnfO{ ;kgfdf e]6\ge' of] eg]

s] s] k|Zg ;f]Wg'xG' 5 < k|Zgx¿ agfpgx' f];\ .

106 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

cEof;

s= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] lsg g]kfn PsLs/0f ;'? u/]sf lyP <
v= sf7df8f}F pkTosf s;/L lhltPsf] lyof] <
u= k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf kfnfdf g]kfnsf] l;dfgf sxfF;Dd kU' of] <
$= axfb'/ zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0fdf s] s] u/] <
%= /fh]Gb|nIdLn] g]kfn PsLs/0fnfO{ s;/L cl3 a9fOg\ <

;fdb' flos sfo{

cfºgf cleefjs jf l5d]sL;Fu s'/fsfgL ug{'xf];\ . pxfFn] cfºgf] hLjgdf cfF6]sf sfd
s;/L k"/f ug{'x'GYof] < ;f]w]/ l6kf]6 ug{'xf];\ / sIffdf ;g' fpg'xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 107

#kf7 g]kfn cª\uh]| o4'

g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg rln/x]sf] lyof] . /fh]Gb|nIdL / axfb/' zfxkl5 PsLs/0f
cleofgsf] lhDdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf gflt /0faxfb/' zfxsf] sfFwdf cfof] . pgn] cfºgf
axfb'/ ;]gfklt cd/l;+x yfkfsf] ;xof]udf klZrdtkm{sf afFsL efux¿ g]kfndf ldnfP .
olQs}df /0faxfb/' zfxsf] xTof eof] . To;kl5 pgsf tLg jif{sf 5f]/f uLjf{0fo4' ljj|md
zfx /fhf eP . pgL ;fg} ePsf] x'gfn] pgsf] gfoa eP/ pgsL cfdf ;'j0f{k|ef / h]7L
cfdf /fh/fh]Zj/Ln] zf;g rnfP . oxL a]nf eLd;]g yfkf k|wfgdGqL eP .

Tolt a]nf;Dd ljzfn g]kfn lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] l;dfgf ef/t;Fu
hf]l8Psf] lyof] . ef/tdf a]nfotaf6 cfPsf O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf] zf;g lyof] .
pgLx¿ Oª\uNofG8af6 ef/tdf Jofkf/ ug{ cfPsf lyP . Oª\uNofG8af6 cfPsf x'gfn]
pgLx¿nfO{ cª\u|]h elgGYof] . cª\]hx¿nfO{ g]kfn 7'nf] b]z ePsf] dg k/]sf] lyPg .
g]kfn zlStzfnL ePsf] xg' fn] pgLx¿ 8/fpFy] . pgLx¿ hg' 7fpFdf cfj|md0f ug{
rfxGy], ToxfF g]kfnn] lhltlbGYof] . To;}n] cª\u|]hx¿ g]kfnb]lv l/;fPsf lyP .

a]nfot lr;f] 7fpF xf] . ef/t udL{ 7fpF xf] . g]kfn kxf8L b]z ePsfn] oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL
zLtn 5 . lr;f] 7fpFaf6 cfPsf cª\u]hnfO{ sf7df8f}Fh:tf] zLtn 7fpFdf a;]/ zf;g
ug]{ dg lyof] . cª\]hx¿ g]kfnsf] af6f] eP/ pQ/lt/sf] csf]{ b]z ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ ug{
rfxGy] . t]kfnn] eg] cª\u|]hx¿nfO{ g]kfndf l5g{ lbPsf] lyPg . g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL
eLd;]g yfkfn] cª\u|]hx¿nfO{ Pl;ofaf6 g} x6fpg'k5{ eg]sf lyP . oL ;a} sf/0fn] ubf{
cª\u|]hx¿ g]kfnnfO{ lng rfxGy] .

log} sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ cª\u|]hn]
g]kfnnfO{ Ps} k6s w]/} 7fpFaf6
cfj|md0f u/] . g]kfn / cª\u|]h lardf
blIf0fL l;dfgfsf ljleGg 7fpFdf n8fOF
eof] . oxL n8fOFnfO{ g]kfn cª\u|]h
o'4 elgG5 . g]kfn cª\u|]h o'4df
cª\h|]htkm{ w]/} ;}lgs / xltof/x¿
lyP . g]kfntkm{ eg] yf]/} ;}lgs /
yf]/} xftxltof/x¿ lyP t}klg g]kfnL

108 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

jL/jL/fª\ugfx¿n] axfb'/Lsf ;fy
cª\u|]h ;]gf;Fu n8fOF u/] . sltko
7fpFdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] lht] eg] w]/}h;f]
7fpFdf xf/] . g]kfnL jL/ kv' f{x¿ aneb|
sF'j/, elSt yfkf, cd/l;x+ yfkfn]
jL/tf b]vfP .

gfnfkfgL eGg] 7fpFdf aneb| sF'j/
g]kfnsf] l;dfgf /Iff u/]/ a;]sf
lyP . ToxfF cª\u|]hn] cfj|md0f u¥of] .
g]kfnLx¿n] ;?' df t cª\u|]hx¿nfO{ x/fP/ nv]6] . yf]/} ;]gf ePsf g]kfnL kIfaf6
s]6fs]6L, a9' fa'9L / dlxnfn] klg n8fOFdf efu lnP . l/;fPsf cª\u|]hx¿n] g]kfnL
a;]sf] lsNnfdf kfgL hfg] dx' fg g} aGb ul/lbP . kfgL / vfg]s'/f vfg gkfP/ g]kfnLx¿
dg{ yfn] . cGTodf afFr]sf ;Q/L hgf hlt dflg; lnP/ aneb| s'Fj/ lsNnf 5f8]/ lxF8] .

To;} u/L ;Q/L jif{sf elSt yfkfn] b]pyn eGg] 7fpFsf] o'4df lgs} axfb/' Lsf ;fy
n8fOF u/] . cª\u|]hx¿nfO{ cfR5' cfR5' agfP . cGtdf pgnfO{ uf]nL nfUof] / o'4
xfl/of] . h}ys eGg] 7fpFsf] o4' df /0fjL/l;+x yfkfn] lgs} axfb'/Lsf ;fy n8fOF u/]sf
lyP . To:t} lhtu9L eGg] 7fpFsf] n8fOFdf /0fjL/ l;+x yfkfn] lgs} axfb/' Lsf ;fy n8fOF
u/] . cª\u|]hx¿ xf/]/ efufefu u/] .

;'ufn} L ;lGw / n8fOFsf] cGTo

g]kfn / cª\u|]hlar n8fOF rln/x]sf a]nf w]/} 7fpFdf g]kfnLn] xfg{ yfn]kl5 o4' /f]Sgk' g]{
eof] . To; a]nfsf k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkfn] o'4 /f]Sgsf nflu ;lGwsf] k|:tfj k7fP .
g]kfn / cª\u|]hlardf ;u' f}nL eGg] 7fpFdf ;lGw eof] . To;}n] g]kfn cª\u|]hlar ePsf]
o; ;lGwnfO{ ;'uf}nL ;lGw elgG5 . ;f]
;lGwdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 u'? uh/fh
ld> / rGb|z]v/ pkfWofon] x:tfIf/
u/]sf lyP . cª\u|]hsf] tkm{af6 s0f]{n
a|f8zfn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . g]kfndf
klZrdtkm{sf] sdfG8/ cd/l;+x
yfkf lyP . pgnfO{ of] ;lGw u/]sf]
dg k/]g . pgL clGtd ;f; /x];Dd

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 109

cª\]h;Fu n8\gk' 5{ eGy] . To;}n] pgL l/;fP/ hflu/ 5f8]/ uf];fOs'08lt/ tk:of ug{
uP .

;'uf}nL ;lGwcg;' f/ g]kfnn] kj" {df d]rL gbL / klZrddf dxfsfnL gbLaflx/sf 7fpFx¿
5f]8\g'k¥of] . t/fO{sf s]xL efu klg 5f]8\gk' ¥of] . o;/L emG8} tLg v08sf] Ps v08 e"–
efu g]kfnn] ud' fpg'k¥of] . ca g]kfn / cª\u|]hlardf slxNo} klg o4' gug]{ g]kfnn]
;xdlt u¥of] . g]kfndf cª\u|]hsf /fhb"t a:g kfpg] eP . g]kfnLx¿ cª\u|]h ;]gfdf
etL{ xg' ;?' eof] .

k|wfgdGqL eLd;]g yfkf klg of] ;lGwaf6 v';L lyPgg\ . cfkm";Fu yf]/} ;}lgs / sdhf]/
xltof/ ePsf a]nf n8fOF u/]/ b]z g} ud' fpg' x'Fb}g . a? o'4 /f]s]/ ;}lgs / xltof/sf]
aGbf]a:t ug'{k5{ / alnof] eP/ kg' M n8fOF ug'{k5{ eGg] ljrf/ pgsf] lyof] . pgn]
;'wf/sf sfdx¿ ;'? u/] . pgsf] of] sfdsf] l/; ug]{x¿ klg lyP . ltgLx¿n] if8\oGq
u/]/ eLd;]g yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLaf6 x6fP . eLd;]g yfkfnfO{ h]n xflnof] . h]nd} pgsf]
d[To' eof] .

uLjf{0fo4' ljj|md zfxsf] klg pd]/ gku' L d[To' eof] . pgsf 5f]/f /fh]Gb|ljj|md zfx /fhf
eP . pgL lgs} sdhf]/ / sfFt/ lyP . pgsf b'O{ cf]6L /fgL lyP . pgn] cfºgL sfG5L
/fgLnfO{ ;Dk0" f{ zf;g ug]{ clwsf/ lbPsf lyP . g]kfndf /fhfsf] d[To'kl5 /fhfsf] h]7f]
5f]/f] /fhf xg' ] rng lyof] . /fh]Gb|sf h]7f 5f]/f h]7L /fgLk6\l6sf ;/' ]Gb|ljj|md zfx lyP
t/ sfG5L /fgL cfºg} 5f]/f /0f]Gb|nfO{ o'j/fh agfpgsf nflu if8\oGq ug{ yflng\ . pgsf]
o:tf] dv" {tfk0" f{ ;f]rfOn] ubf{ sf]t, e08f/vfn / cnf} eGg] 7fpFdf ;/sf/L ef/bf/x¿
dfl/P . hª\uaxfb/' sF'j/ k|wfgdGqL eP .

lqmofsnfk

s= g]kfn cª\u|]h o'4df g]kfnL jL/x¿n] s] s] eg] xf]nfg\ < ;dx" df a;]/ clego
ug{'xf];\ .

v= g]kfnsf] gS;fdf g]kfn cª\u|]h o'4 ePsf 7fpFx¿ klxrfg ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= cª\u|]h g]kfnnfO{ lsg lng rfxGYof] <

v= g]kfn cª\]h o'4df axfb/' Lsf ;fy n8fOF ug]{ JolStx¿ sf] sf] lyP <

u= ;'uf}nL ;lGwkl5 lsg eof] <

110 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

$kf7 /f0ffzf;g
g]kfndf lj=;+= !()# b]lv /f0ffzf;g ;'? ePsf]
lyof] . /f0ffzf;g ;?' ug]{ JolSt hª\uaxfb'/ s'Fj/
lyP . pgL olt zlStzfnL lyP ls pgn] /fgLnfO{
b]zlgsfnf ul/lbP eg] /fhfnfO{ h]n xfn]/ pgsf
5f]/f ;'/]Gb|ljj|md zfxnfO{ /fhf agfP . ;/' ]Gb|ljj|md
klg /fhf x'g nfos dflg; lyPgg\ . To;}n] pgsf]
hLjg 5pGh]n hª\uaxfb'/n] cfkm}F zf;g rnfP .
pgn] lbNnLsf afbzfxaf6 /f0ff kbjL xfl;n
u/] . To;kl5 pgn] cfºgf] y/ hª\uaxfb/' /f0ff
/fv] . /fhfaf6 sf:sL / ndhª' sf] /fhf 3f]lift
eP/ cfkmn" fO{ >L # dxf/fh agfP .

pgn] b]zsf 7n' f kbx¿df cfºgf kl/jf/sf JolSt != hª\uaxfb/' /f0ff
dfq a:g kfpg] Joj:yf ldnfP . cfºgf] zf;gkl5 @= /f0ff]åLk l;x+
cfºgf efOx¿df k|wfgdGqL kb ;g]{ Joj:yf klg ldnfP . #= aL/ ;dz]/ /f0ff
cfºg} hxfg kl/jf/df ;Lldt ePsfn] /f0ffzf;gnfO{ hxflgofF $= b]j ;dz]/ /f0ff
zf;g elgPsf] xf] . /fhfnfO{ gfd dfqsf] /fhf agfP/ ;Dk"0f{ %= rGb| ;dz]/ /f0ff
cflwsf/ /f0ff k|wfgdGqLdf x'g] agfP . /f0ffzf;gnfO{ s;}n] ^= h4' ;dz]/ /f0ff
x6fpg ;Sb}gYof] . To;}n] /f0ffzf;gnfO{ lg/ª\sz' cyf{t &= led ;dz]/ /f0ff
cª\sz' nufpg g;lsg] zf;g elgG5 . hª\uaxfb/' / pgL *= kb\d ;dz]/ /f0ff
kl5sf /f0ffx¿n] s'g} sfgg' gagfO{ cfºgf] OR5fcg;' f/ (= df]xg ;dz]/ /f0ff
af]n]/ zf;g rnfpFy] . /f0ffx¿n] af]n]sf] s/' fnfO{ xs' 'd
elgGYof] . o;/L x's'dsf cfwf/df zf;g rnfpg] xg' fn]
/f0ffzf;gnfO{ x's'dL zf;g klg elgGYof] .

/fhgLlts cj:yf

g]kfndf /f0ffx¿n] Ps ;o rf/ jif{;Dd zf;g u/]sf lyP . lj= ;=+ !()# ;fnb]lv lj=
;=+ @))& ;fn;Dd pgLx¿sf] zf;g rn]sf] lyof] . of] cjlwdf hDdf gf} hgf /f0ff
k|wfgdGqLx¿n] zf;g u/] . klxnf] k|wfgdGqL hª\uaxfb/' x'g\ eg] clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 111

df]xg;dz]/ xg' \ . /f0ffzf;gdf
/f0ffx¿sf lj?4df sxLF klg ph'/L
nfUb}gYof] . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿lardf
g} /fHosf kbx¿ afFl8Psf] x'GYof] .

/f0ffx¿lardf kbsf nflu cfk;df
emu8f eO/xGYof] . hª\uaxfb/' n]
g]kfndf klxnf]k6s lnlvt sfgg'
d'n'sL P]g hf/L u/]sf lyP . /f0ffsf]
b/af/df ;/sf/L sfof{no x'Gy] . d'lG;vfgf, v8\u lg;fg c8\8f, d'ns' L aGbf]a:t c8\8f
h:tf sfof{nox¿ vf]lnPsf lyP . /f0ffzf;g sg' } ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfd xg' ;s]gg\ .
pgLx¿ b]zsf] k};fn] 7'nf 7'nf b/af/ agfpFy] . pgLx¿n] agfPsf b/af/x¿ clxn] klg
b]Vg ;lsG5 . l;+x b/af/, aa/dxn, l;tn lgjf; /f0ffsf b/af/ x'g\ . hgtfnfO{ lgSs}
bM' v lyof] t/ /f0ffzf;sx¿nfO{ s'g} dtnj lyPg . s;}n] /f0ffzf;gsf] lj?4df af]Nof]
eg] s8f ;hfo lbGy] . /f0ffzf;gsf lj?4df a]nf a]nfdf hgtfn] cfjfh p7fpFy]

t/ ltgLx¿nfO{ s8f sf/afxL x'GYof] . ToxL
eP/ lj=;+= !((& /f0ffsf] lj/f]wdf cfGbf]ng
ug]{x¿nfO{ bafOof] . lj=;=+ @))^ ;fndf
g]kfnL sfª\u|]; gfdsf] bnn] /f0ff lj/f]wL
cfGbf]ng rnfof] . Tof] cfGbf]ng @))&
;fndf ;kmn eof] . /f0ffzf;g ;dfKt
eof] . b]zdf k|hftGq cfof] .

;fdflhs cj:yf

/f0ffzf;gsf ;dodf g]kfnL ;dfhdf ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f sfod lyof] lsgls hgtf af7f x'g]
8/n] /f0ffx¿ ljBfno vf]Ng lbFb}gy] . hª\uaxfb'/n] cfºg} kl/jf/sf ;GtfgnfO{ lzIff
lbg cfºg} b/af/df b/af/ xfO{:sn' gfdsf] ljBfno vf]n]sf lyP . kl5 b]jzdz]/n]
w]/} cf]6f ljBfnox¿ vf]n]sf lyP . rGb|zdz]/n] lqrGb| sn]h gfdsf] Pp6f sn]h
klg vf]n]sf lyP .

rGb|zdz]/sf kfnfdf g]kfnaf6 bf; k|yf, ;tL k|yf h:tf unt rngx¿ x6fOof] .
jL/zdz]/sf kfnfdf jL/ k':tsfno, 306f3/ / jL/ c:ktfn v'n] .

112 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

cfly{s cj:yf

/f0ffzf;gsfndf g]kfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf lgs} sdhf]/ aGg ku' ]sf] lyof] . b]zsf]
;DklQnfO{ ;of}F /f0ff kl/jf/n] cºgf] JolStut 9s' '6Ldf /fVy] . ljsf;sf sfd vf;}
xF'b}gYof] . pBf]uwGbfx¿ v'Ng ;s]sf lyPgg\ . t}klg h'4zdz]/sf kfnfdf g]kfn
a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . o;n] pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . h'4
;nfO{ sf/vfgf, h'6 pBf]ux¿nufotsf pBf]ux¿ vn' ] . g]kfnaf6 pQ/df ltAat /
blIf0fdf ef/t;Fu Jofkf/ xG' Yof] . g]kfnn] wfg, sf7 tyf lrof lgof{t uYof]{ . t/fO{sf]
dlnnf] d}bfgdf v]tL /fd|f] ug{sf nflu rGb|zdz]/sf] kfnfdf rGb| gx/ ag]sf] lyof] .
h4' zdz]/sf kfnfdf h4' gx/ ag]sf] lyof] . /f0ffx¿ ;8s agfpFb}gy] . a? ef/taf6
dflg;n] af]s]/ NofPsf uf8L sf7df8f}Fdf rnfpFy] .

lqmofsnfk

s= /f0ffzf;g /fd|f] lyof] ls g/fd|f] < kf7 k9]sf cfwf/df / cleefjsnfO{ ;f]w]/
n]Vgx' f];\ .

v= sIffdf tLg cf]6f ;dx" ag]/ klxnf] ;dx" n] /f0ff sfnsf] cfly{s cj:yf, bf];|f]
n] ;fdflhs cj:yf / t];|f]n] /fhgLlts cj:yfsf af/]df cWoog ug'{xf];\ . dV' o
a'Fbfx¿ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= g]kfndf /f0ffzf;g s;/L ;'? ePsf] lyof] <

v= /f0ffzf;gnfO{ lsg hxflgof, lg/ª\s'z / x'sd' L zf;g elgPsf] xf]nf <

u= /f0ffzf;gsf /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfx¿ klxrfg u/]/ tflnsfdf b]vfpgx' f];\ .

/fd|f kIfx¿ g/fdf| kIfx¿

3= /f0ffsfndf hgtfn] s] s] b'Mv ef]u]sf lyP <
ª= /f0ffzf;g / clxn]sf] zf;gdf s] s] leGgtf 5 <

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 113

% lj= ;+= @))& ;fnbl] v xfn;Ddsf]

kf7 /fhgLlts cj:yf
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf

bO' { xhf/ ;ft ;fn kmfug' ;ft ut] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts 36gfqmd
k|hftGq cfof] xh/' of] s/' f xf] ;Q] lj= ;+= @))& – @)&@
km]l/ klg df]xg ;Dz]/ k|wfgdGqL ag]
Ps jif{d} /f0fn] t ;/sf/ 5f8\5' eg] jif{
@)*& 36gf

b'O{ xhf/ kGw| ;fndf aGof] ;l+ jwfg @)&& g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg hf/L @)&@
;l+ jwfgn] rg' fj eof] olt s/' f hfg @)^& u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf @)^%
klxnf] rf]6L k|wfgdGqL ag] ljZj]Zj/ @)%&
;/sf/ aGof] sfª\u|];sf] ljsf; w]/yf]/ @)$& hgcfGbf]ng / k|hftGq :yfkgf @)$^
@)#& hgdt ;ª\u|x ;DkGg @)#&

b'O{ xhf/ ;q ;fndf cfof] sfnf] lbg @)@& k|hftGqsf] cGTo @)!&
k|hftGq vf]l;P5 eof] o:tf] lsg < @)!& klxnf] k6s cfd lgjf{rg @)!%

dx]Gb| g} /fhf lyP k~rfot NofP @))& k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff @))&

hgtfsf] clwsf/ vf]:g klg EofP

bO' { xhf/ c7\7fO;df gofF /fhf cfP
jL/]Gb|sf] g/d gLlt hgtfn] kfP
5lQ; ;fndf hgdt lnP hgtfsf]
k~rfotn] lht]kl5 c¿ s] s] efsf] <

b'O{ xhf/ 5ofln; cfGbf]ng ef] km]l/
k~rfotsf] cGTo eof] ;a} ldNbf v]/L
k|hftGq km]l/ cfof], ;l+ jwfg cfof]
b]zel/ ljsf;sf] nx/ kf] 5fof]

114 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

km]l/ cfP bM' vsf lbg afpGg ;fnb]lv
czflGt / 8/ qf;n] emf¥of] ;asf ;]vL
cfGbf]ng ef] a};7\l7sf] ;a} ldnLh'nL
NofP ltgn] u0ftGq, /fhtGq en' L

;l+ jwfg ;efaf6} ;+ljwfg cfof]
;ª\3Lotf nfu' eof] v'l;ofnL 5fof]
tLg txsf ;/sf/ ag] b]z}el/ x]/
ljsf; ug]{ ;do xf] gkmfnf}F x} v]/

g]kfndf lj= ;=+ @))& ;fndf /f0ffzf;g x6fP/ k|hftGq Nofpgsf nflu g]kfnL sfª\u|];n]
j|mflGt u¥of] . b]ze/ ljleGg 7fpFdf n'lsl5kL cfGbf]ng x'g yfNof] . k|hftGqsf kIfsf
;]gfnfO{ d'lSt ;]gf elgGYof] . d'lSt ;]gfn] b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFdf o'4 lhTb} uof] . /f0ff
k|wfgdGqL df]xgzdz]/ 8/fP . pgn] ;lGw u/f}F eg]kl5 /f0ffzf;s, /fhf lqe'jg /
sfª\u|];lardf ;Demf}tf eof] . /f0ffzf;g cGTo eof] . /fhf lqe'jgn] k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff
u/] .

To;kl5 lj= ;+= @)!% ;fndf g]kfndf klxnf] cfd lgjf{rg eof] . hgtfn] 5fg]/
k7fPsf k|ltlglwx¿n] k|wfgdGqL agfP . klxnf] lgjf{lrt k|wfgdGqL ljZj]Zj/k|;fb
sf]O/fnf ag] . To;a]nf /fhf dx]Gb| lyP . pgn] lj= ;=+ @)!& ;fndf k|hftflGqs
Joj:yf cGTo u/]/ k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu' u/] . #) jif{;Dd k~rfotL Joj:yf nfu'
eof] . k~rfotL Joj:yf ePsf ;dodf g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ dg k/]sf s'/f af]Ng], n]Vg] /
bn vf]Ng] :jtGqtf lyPg . To;}n] ljleGg ;dodf sfª\u|]; / sDol' g:6x¿n] cfGbf]ng
ul//xGy] .

lj= ;=+ @)#^ ;fndf /fhf jL/]Gb|n] hgdt k~rfot Joj:yf axb' nLo Joj:yf
;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . hgtf ;w' f/ ul/Psf] dg kg{n] ] oxfF dg k/fpgn] ] oxfF
k~rfotL Joj:yf /f]Hg rfxG5g\ ls afxb' nLo 5fk nufpg]
Joj:yf /f]Hg rfxG5g\ egL hgtfsf] dt a'e\mg] 5fk nupg]
sfd hgdt ;ª\u|x xf] . hgtfn] ax'bn rfxg]
xf] eg] lgnf] /ªdf / k~rfot Joj:yf rfxg] eP
kx]Fnf] /ªdf 5fk nufpg'kg]{ lyof] . k~rfot

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 115

Joj:yf kIfn] lhTof] . k~rfot Joj:yfn] b]zdf ljsf; x'g ;s]g . To;}n] g]kfnL
sfª\u|];sf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / sDo'lg:6x¿ ldn]/ cfGbf]ng u/] . /fhf jL/]Gb|n]
k~rfot Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/]/ ax'bnLo Joj:yf nfu' u/] .
lj= ;+= @)%* df /fhf jL/]Gb| / pgsf] kl/jf/sf] xTof eof] . To;kl5 pgsf dflxnf efO
1fg]Gb| zfx /fhf eP . pgn] lj= ;=+ @)%( df km]l/ k|wfgdGqLnfO{ x6fP/ cfkm}F zf;g ug{
yfn] . of] s/' f hgtfnfO{ dg k/]g . To;}n] g]kfnL sfª\u|];s} g]t[Tjdf tTsfnLg Pdfn] /
dfcf]jfbL ldn]/ bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng u/] . km]l/ hgtfsf] lht eof] . b]zdf lj= ;=+ @)^%
df u0ftGq cfof] . lj= ;+= @)&@ df ;+ljwfg ;efn] gofF ;+ljwfg aGof] .

lqmofsnfk

s= g]kfndf lj= ;+= @))& b]lv xfn;Dd s] s] /fhgLlts 36gf ePsf /x]5g\ <
tflnsfdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

v= sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf] rf/ ;dx" agfpg'xf];\ / k|To]s ;d"xn] Ps Ps cjlwsf]
/fhgLlts cj:yfsf af/]df l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf ;g' fpgx' f];\ .

v= tkfO{Fsf cleefjsnfO{ ;f]w]/ ljutdf tkfO{F a;]sf] 7fpFdf s] s] kl/jt{g cfP5g\ <
;r" L tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= lj= ;+= @))& ;fnb]lv xfn;Ddsf dV' o 36gfx¿nfO{ ;do /]vfdf b]vfpgx' f];\ .
v= tkfO{Fn] ljutdf b]v]sf / ef]u]sf s/' fx¿ ;d]6]/ cfºgf] Oltxf; tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

116 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

^ ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ pknlAw M

kf7 lj= ;+= @))& bl] v xfn;Dd

lj=;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGq cfPkl5 b]z /f0ffzf;gaf6 dS' t eof] . b]zdf hgtfsf
5f]/f5f]/L zf;gdf kU' g] Joj:yf ckgfOof] . o;n] ubf{ zf;gdf a:g] JolStn] hyfefaL
ug{ gkfOg] eof] t/ s]xL jif{df g} zf;g s;n] rfnfpg] eGg]df /fhgLlts bnx¿ /
/fhflardf ljjfb xg' yfNof] . o;n] ubf{ ljleGg ;dodf cfGbf]ngx¿ ug{'k¥of] . b]zdf
/fhgLlts cl:y/tf b]vf k¥of] . o;n] b]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf;df c;/
kg{ uof] . t}klg of] nfdf] ;do cjlwdf ljsf;sf w]/} k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ . o;nfO{
lgDgfg;' f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M

;fdflhs cj:yf

lj= ;+= @))& ;fndf g]kfndf k|hftGq cfPkl5 hgtf :jtGq eP . hgtfn] n]vk9
ug{ kfP . hgtfsf] r]tgfsf] :t/ a9\of] . lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgLnufotsf kj" f{wf/sf]
ljsf; eof] . o;n] Psftkm{ hgtfsf] r]tgfsf] :t/ j[l4 eof] eg] csf{tkm{ pgLx¿sf]
;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;w' f/ Nofpg d2t kU' of] .

-s_ lzIffsf] ljsf;

k|hftGqkl5 b]zel/ xhf/f}F ljBfnox¿
v'n] . lj= ;+= @)!^ ;fndf lqej' g
ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf eof] . SofDk;x¿
v'n] . lj= ;+= @)$^ ;fnkl5 b]zdf
w]/} cf]6f ljZjljBfnox¿ vn' ] . k|fljlws
lzIffnox¿ v'n] . OlGhlgo/, d]sflgs,
8fS6/, g;{, jlsn, lzIfs, kqsf/ h:tf
k|fljlws hgzlSt g]kfndf g} pTkfbg xg'
yfNof] . o;n] ubf{ b]zdf s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, ko{6g If]qsf] ;d]t ljsf; eof] . k|f}9
lzIff sfo{j|mdx¿ nfu' eP . ;fIf/ xg' ]sf] ;ª\Vof bO' { k|ltztaf6 a9]/ &) k|ltzt eGbf
a9L eof] . ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ clgjfo{ ljBfno k7fpgk' g]{ Joj:yf eof] . dfWolds
tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMzN' s eof] .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 117

-v_ :jf:Yosf] ljsf;

b]zdf k|To]s c~rn / lhNnfdf
c:ktfnx¿ vf]lnof] . hgtfn] :jf:Yo
;l' jwf kfP . lzIf0f c:ktfn vf]lnof] . b]z
leq g} 8fS6/, g;{ / cGo :j:YosdL{x¿
pTkfbg xg' yfn] . lzIf0f c:ktfn,
;}lgs c:ktfn, k|x/L c:ktfn,
lghfdtL sd{rf/L c:ktfn h:tf 7n' f
c:ktfnx¿ vf]lnof] . d'6'/f]u c:ktfn,
;?jf/f]u c:ktfn, cfFvf c:ktfn,
SofG;/ c:ktfn, afnaflnsfsf nflu klg c:ktfnx¿ vf]lnP . w]/} cf]6f lghL
c:ktfnx¿ klg v'n] . o;n] ubf{ pkrf/ ug{ ljb]z hfg' gkg]{ eof] . 7'nf 7n' f /f]usf]
pkrf/ cfºg} b]zdf x'g yfNof] .

k|To]s j8fdf :jf:Yo rf}sL jf k|fylds :jf:Yo pkrf/ s]Gb|x¿ vf]lnof] . ;fgfltgf
la/fdL / 3fprf]6k6ssf] pkrf/ lgMzN' s x'g] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . :j:y /xgsf nflu
hgr]tgfsf] ljsf; eof] . afnaflnsfnfO{ clgjfo{ vf]k nufpg] Joj:yf ePsf sf/0f
bfb'/f, l6aL, kf]lnof], lakm/ h:tf /f]ux¿ pGd"ng eP . b]zaf6 cf}nf] pGd"ng eof] .

-u_ vfg]kfgL

b]zsf w]/}h;f] 7fpFdf 6f9f6f9faf6 306f}F nufP/ kfgL
Nofpg'kg]{ ;d:of x6\of] . k|To]s ufpF6f]ndf kfOkaf6
kfgL ku' ]sf] 5 . w]/}h;f] 7fpFdf 3/3/df wf/f ku' ]sf]
5 . :jR5 / ;kmf vfg]kfgL vfg kfOPsf] 5 . kfgL
pdfn]/ jf z4' Ls/0f u/]/ vfg'k5{ eGg] r]tgf a9]sf]
5 . o;/L xfdL kfgLaf6 ;g]{ em8fkvfnf, x}hf,
6fOkmfO8, hlG8; h:tf /f]uaf6 ;d]t dS' t xg' yfn]sf 5f}F .

-3_ ;dfh ;'wf/

;dfhdf 5'jf5t' / e]befjsf] cGTo x'g yfn]sf] 5 . lj= ;=+ @)@) ;fndf ag]sf]
d'n'sL P]gn] afnljjfx, axl' jjfx / 5'jf5't k|yfsf] cGTo u/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 lj=
;+= @)&$ df ag]sf] d'ns' L ;+lxtfn] cem} ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;a}sf] xs clwsf/sf] /Iff

118 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

ePsf] 5 . Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, ckfª\utf
ePsf JolStx¿nfO{ eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
cGwljZjf; / ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f x/fpFb} uPsf] 5 .
;dfhdf bfOhf] k|yf, 5fpk8L k|yf, xlnof / sd}of
k|yf h:tf g/fd|f rngx¿ x6\b} uPsf 5g\ . sxLF
klg dlxnf / k?' iflardf e]befj ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf
/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfdf r]tgfsf] ljsf; eP/ cGwljZjf; x6\b} uPsf] 5 . ;a}
hfthflt, efiff, ;:+ s[ltsf ;db' fox¿n] cfºgf] k/Dk/fcg;' f/sf] lj|mofsnfk ug{ kfpg]
Joj:yf 5 .

cflys{ ljsf;

g]kfndf lj= ;+= @))& ;fndf k|hftGq
cfPkl5 b]zsf] ;DklQ /fHosf] 9s' 6' Ldf
hDdf x'g yfNof] . ;f] /sdn] b]zsf
ljleGg 7fpFdf ljsf;sf sfdx¿
;~rfng eP . lj= ;+= @)!# ;fndf
g]kfn /f6« a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf eof] . ;f]xL
jif{b]lv of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;?' jft
eof] . lj= ;+ @)@! df el" d;w' f/ sfo{j|md nfu" eof] . o;n] ubf{ ls;fgx¿n] s[lif
pTkfbgdf Hff]8 lbg yfn] . b]ze/ ljleGg pBf]ux¿ v'n] . b]zdf ljB't\, ;~rf/,
oftfoft h:tf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; eof] . o;n] ubf{ s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/ / ko{6g
Joj;fosf] ljsf; eof] . g]kfnL hgtfn] /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ kfP . b]z / hgtfsf]
cfly{s cj:yfdf ;w' f/ eof] . cfwfeGbf a9Lsf] cj:yfnfO{ 36fpg ;lsof] .

-s_ ljBt' \

g]kfndf s'n]vfgL, d:of{ª\bL, lvDtL, sfnL u08sL,
dflyNnf] tfdfsf];Lnufotsf 7n' f ljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿
lgdf{0f eP . b]zsf emG8} ;Q/L k|ltzt hgtfn] lah'nL
afNg kfPsf 5g\ . pBf]u snsf/vfgfx¿ ;~rfng
xg' kfPsf 5g\ . ;fgf hnljBt' \ cfof]hgf / ;f]nf/
Kofgnaf6 ;d]t b]z pHofnf] kfg]{ sfd ePsf] 5 .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 119

-v_ ;~rf/
hgtfnfO{ va/ lbgsf nflu lj= ;+= @))& ;fndf
/]l8of] g]kfn v'Nof] . lj= ;=+ @)$% ;fndf g]kfn
6]lnlehg vN' of] . b]ze/ 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf lj:tf/
eof] . xfn cfP/ df]afOn kmf]g ;'ljwf / OG6/g]6
;l' jwfaf6 b]z ljb]zsf va/ ;lhn} yfxf kfOg]
ePsf] 5 . lghL PkmPd /]l8of], 6]lnlehgx¿ /
cgnfOg va/x¿sf] lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . hxfF;s' }
klg cgx' f/ x]/]/ s'/fsfgL ug{ kfOG5 .

-u_ oftfoft

b]zel/ ;8s lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . k"j{klZrd
/fhdfu{sf] ljsf;n] ubf{ b]zsf ;a} :yfgx¿
hf]l8Psf] 5 . w]/} cf]6f /fhdfu{x¿ ag]sf 5g\ .
ufpF ufpFdf ;8s ku' ]sf] 5 . xjfO{hxfhsf] ;l' jwf
kfOPsf] 5 . s]xL 306fdf g} b]zsf] s'g} klg
7fpFdf kU' g ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .

-3_ l;rF fO

s[lifsf] ljsf; geP;Dd b]zsf] ljsf; gx'g]
b]v]/ s[lif ljsf;sf nflu gx/ / s'nf]x¿ agfpg
yflnof] . kxf8L If]qdf sn' f] aGg yfn] . t/fO{df
7n' f 7'nf l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿ h:t}, afF0fuª\uf
l;FrfO{ cfof]hgf, aaO{ l;FrfO cof]hgf, sdnf
l;FrfO cfof]hgf cflb ;~rfng ul/of] . o;n]
s[lif pTkfbg a9\of] .

lqmofsnfk

!= g]kfndf lj= ;+= @))& b]lv xfn;Dd s] s] ljsf;sf sfd ePsf /x]5g\ < tflnsfdf
b]vfpg'xf];\ .

120 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

@= tkfO{Fsf cleefjsnfO{ ;f]w]/ ljutdf tkfO{F a;]sf 7fpFdf s] s] kl/jt{g cfP5g\ <
;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= lj= ;+= @))& ;fn b]lv xfn;Ddsf cfly{s pknlAwnfO{ tflnsfdf b]vfpgx' f];\ .
@= lj= ;=+ @))& kl5 g]kfndf lzIffsf] s] s] ljsf; ePsf /x]5g\ <
#= g]kfndf xfn;Dd s] s:tf ;fdflhs ljsf; ePsf /x]5g\ <
$= g]kfnsf] ul/aL 36fpg s] s] k|of; ePsf] /x]5 <
%= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf s] s] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ePsf 5g\ <

kl/ofh] gf sfo{ M

tkfO{Fn] ljutdf b]v]sf / ef]u]sf s'/fx¿ ;d]6]/ cfºgf] Oltxf; tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf
;'gfpg'xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 121

&kf7 ldlynf ;Eotf / hghLjgdf k|efj

g]kfnsf k'/fgf ;Eotfx¿ dWo ldlynf ;Eotf klg
Ps xf] . lxGb' wd{u|Gy /fdfo0fdf pNn]v ePsf] dftf
;Ltfsf] hGd hgsk'/df ePsf] lyof] . hgsk'/ /fhf
hgssf] /fHo xf] h;nfO{ ldlynf elgGYof] . /fhf
hgssL 5f]/L ePsLn] ;LtfnfO{ hfgsL dftf klg
elgG5 . hgskd' f clxn] klg /fd hfgsL dGbL/
/x]sf] 5 . cof]Wofsf /fhf bz/ysf 5f]/f /fd;Fu
dftf hfgsLsf] ljjfx ePsf] lyof] . ljZje/sf
lxGbx' ¿n] ;Ltf/fd eg]/ gfd lng] dftf ;Ltf xfd|f]
b]zsL r]nL xg' \ .

hgsk'/ ldlynf /fHosf] /fhwfgL lyof] . ldlynf /fHo blIf0fdf uª\uf gbL;Dd km}lnPsf]
lyof] . a}1flgsx¿sf] dtcg;' f/ cfheGbf sl/a ;ft xhf/ jif{ klxn] /fdfo0fsfn
dflgG5 . To;}n] g]kfndf ljsf; ePsf] olt k/' fgf] ;Eotfsf] af/]df xfdL ;a} g]kfnLn]
hfgsf/L /fVgk' 5{ .

k/' f0fdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ /fhf lgdLsf ldly gfd u/]sf 5f]/fn] ldlynf /fHo :yfkgf
u/]sf lyP . ldly /fhfsf] gfdaf6 pgsf] /fHosf] gfd ldlynf /xg uPsf] xf] .

ldlynf /fHosf] l;dfgf kj" {df
sf];Lb]lv klZrddf u08sL;Dd
km}lnPsf] lyof] . pQ/df lxdfno
kj{tb]lv blIf0fdf uª\uf gbL;Dd
k}mlnPsf] lyof] . ldlynf ;EotfcGtu{t
g]kfndf xfnsf] t/fO{sf] ;Kt/Lb]lv
k;f{;Ddsf] If]q kb{5 .

ldlynf ;Wotf sfndf o; If]qsf]
dV' o k];f s[lif ePsf] cg'dfg ug{
;lsG5 . lsgsL oxfF ;dy/ / dlnnf] df6f]n] ag]sf] t/fOsf] d}bfg /x]sf] 5 . Ps k6s
jiff{ geP/ clgsfn nfUg yfn] kl5 /fhf hgsn] ;'gsf] xnf]n] v]t hf]t]sf lyP eGg]

122 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

k'/f0fdf pNn]v 5 . /fhfn] ;d]t xnf] hf]Tg] eg]kl5 To;a]nfsf] s[lifsf] dxTjnfO{ ae' m\g
;lsG5 .

To; a]nf hgsk/' lzIffsf] s]Gb| lyof] . /fhf hgs cfkm}F 7n' f ljåfg lyP . pgsf] b/jf/
df ljåfgx¿sf] e]nf x'GYof] / zf:qsf ljifodf 5nkmn xG' Yof] .

ldlynf snf

ldlynf ;Eotfdf ljsf; ePsf] snfnfO{
ldlynf snf elgG5 . o; snfdf ljleGg
hfgfj/, r/fr?' ª\uL / dfgjsf ultljlwx¿
k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;fy} /fdfo0fsf syfdf
cfwfl/t lrq klg agfOG5 . 7'nf cfFvf, r'Rrf]
gfs, nfDrf] / kftnf] z/L/, ;'Gb/ /ª\lurª\uL
kf];fs / uxgfn] ;lhPsf dflg;x¿sf] cfls[lt
o; snfsf ljz]iftf xg' \ . o;nfO{ ldlynf
nf]ssnf klg elgG5 . ldlynf lrq ;fdfGotfo dlxnfx¿ 3/sf leQfdf / 9f]sfdf
agfpg] k|rng 5 . of] snf Jofjxfl/s 1fgdf cfwfl/t xG' 5 . lrq agfpgsf] nflu
:yfgLo ;fdu|Laf6 g} ljleGg /ª\x¿ tof/ kfl/G5 .

ldlynf ;:+ sl[ t

ldlynf ;+:s[lt :yfgLo df}lns ;+:s[lt xf] . o; ;+:s[ltdf df}lns / pGgt d}lynL
efiffsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] efiff clxn] klg g]kfn / ef/tsf] 7n' f] If]qdf af]
lnG5 . o; efiffdf ljleGg uLt, sljtf, syf / g6sx¿ klg tof/ ePsf 5g\ . slj
ljBfkltåf/f d}lynL ;flxTosf ljleGg s[ltx¿ /rgf ePsf 5g\ . pgnfO{ d}lynL
;flxTsf] dxfg sjL dflgG5 .

ldlynf If]qdf 57 kj{ Ps dxTjk0" f{ kj{
xf] . o; kj{df ;"o{sf] cf/fwgf ul/G5 .
To:t} lhtLof kj{, xf]nL, ljjfx k~rdL,
/fd gjdL cflb o; If]qsf dxTjk0" f{ kj{
x'g\ . ljjfx k~rdLdf hfgsL dGbL/df
7'nf] d]nf nfU5 . !#) lsnf]ld6/ ldlynf
If]qdf kbofqf ug]{ rng csf]{ dxTjk"0f{

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 123

k/Dk/f dflgG5 . /f]uJoflw gfz xf];\ eg]/ ldlynfsf] o;/L kl/j|mdf ul/G5 . hgsk'/
;EotfcGtu{t ljleGg wfld{s :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF *) eGbf a9L sG' 8 tyf kf]
v/Lx¿, !)* d7 tyf s6' Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
ldlynf ;:+ sl[ tn] jl} bs ;Eotfsf] kl| tlglwTj ub5{ . of] ;Eotfsf] ke| fj o; Ifq] sf] hLjgzn} Ldf
clxn] klg bV] g ;lsG5 . o; ;Eotfsf] ;/+ If0f / ;j+ 4g{ ug{' xfdL ;as} f] stJ{ o xf] .

lqmofsnfk

s= g]kfnsf] vfnL g:S;fdf ldlynf ;Eotfsf] If]q b]vfpgx' f];\ .
v= ldlynf lrq x]/]/ tkfOF klg To:tf] lrq agfpg] sf]lz; ug'{xf];\ . cfkmn" ] agfPsf]

lrq sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .
u= ldlynf ;Eotfsf dxTjk"0f{ kIfx¿nfO{ l6kf]6 u/]/ rf6{ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= ldlynf ;Eotf sxfF ljsf; ePsf] lyof] <
v= /fhf hgs lsg k|lz4 lyP <
u= ldlynf ;Eotf cGtu{t dgfOg] rf8 kj{x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

124 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

PsfO

^

gk] fnsf cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkx¿

l;sfO pknlAw

™ g]kfnsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] jt{dfg cj:yf, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo atfpg,
™ s[lif, pBf]u / Jofkf/larsf] cGt/;DaGw pNn]v ug{,
™ j:ts' f] u0' f:t/ klxrfgsf cfwf/ vf]hL pkef]Qmfsf clwsf/k|lt ;r]t /xg,
™ ;/sf/L cfosf] kl/ro lbg / ;|f]tx¿ atfpg .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 125

!kf7 xfdf| cfly{s lqmofsnfk

cfDbfgL ug{sf nflu ul/g] s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, hflu/, ;]jf tyf ko{6g cflb h:tf
lqmofsnfknfO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfk elgG5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿ cfDbfgLsf dfWod
/ ;|f]t xg' \ . cfly{s lqmofsnfkaf6 dflg;sf] hLjgdf ;'wf/ cfpg'sf ;fy} :yfgLo
;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;bk' of]u x'G5 . cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DaGwLt tnsf pbfx/0fx¿sf]
cWoog u/f}FM

sf7df8f}F / kf]v/fnufotsf
7fpFaf6 hUuf vf]Hb} sf:sLsf]6df
w]/} dflg;x¿ cfO/xGy] .
le/kfvfnfO{ eg]hlt /sd lbPkl5
sltkon] hUuf a]r] . kfvf]af/L
klg lsg lsGg vf]h]sf xf]nfg\
eg]/ s]xLnfO{ crDd nfUof] .
a'em\b} hfFbf yfxf eof]– hUuf
lsg]/ xf]6n, l/;f]6{, s[lif tyf
kz' kmfd{ vf]Ng] of]hgf /x]5 . oxfF clxn] hUuf a]Rg] qmd /f]lsPsf] 5 . oxfF pTkfbgd"ns
sfdnfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg] / ufpF 3'Dg cfpg] cfGtl/s / afx\o ko{6snfO{ af; a;fpg]
of]hgfcg;' f/ xf]d:6] -3/af;_ ;'? ePsf 5g\ . ufpF / hUufsf] dxŒj a9]sf] 5 . sfdsf
vf]hLdf lab]l;Psf oj' fx¿ kmls{Psf 5g\ . :yfgLox¿ cfjZos tflnd, uf]i7Lnufotdf
Jo:t 5g\ . oxfF Ps 5fs vfgf, b'O{ k6s vfhf / Ps /ft ;'t]sf] Ps lbgsf] Kofs]h
x'G5 . !& ;o ld6/ prfOsf] of] ufpF k'Ug kf]v/fsf] laGWojfl;gL rf]saf6 hfgk' 5{ . !@
lsdL kSsL df]6/af6f]af6 ;/fª\sf]6 xF'b} sf:sLsf]6 k'luG5 . oxfF b/af/, sZok Clifsf]
tkf]el" d, sZok tfn, v8\uufpF sf]t /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} uK' tsflnsf dlGb/, gf}dtL afhf,
ehg, r'8\sf, dfn>L, sf}8f gfr oxfFsf ljz]iftf xg' \ . o; ufpFdf :jb]zL / ljb]zL
ko{6s cfpg] u5{g\ . ufpFdf s;}n] t/sf/L v]tL u5{g\ . s;}n] :yfgLo x:tsnfsf
;fdfg pTkfbg u/]/ a]R5g\ . oxfFsf dflg;x¿sf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;w' f/ cfPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfngaf6 dflg;x¿sf] cflys{ cj:yfdf ;'wf/ xG' 5 .

126 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

tf/f / k|]d cjsfz k|fKt ef/tLo ;]gf x'g\ .
cjsfzkl5 pgLx¿ a]/f]huf/ lyP . ufpFdf s]xL
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;f]rn] pgLx¿n] ufpFd} %) /f]kgL
hUuf ef8fdf lnP . t/sf/L v]tLsf ;fy} :yfgLo
hftsf afv|f / s'v/' fkfng Joj;fo ;'?jft u/] .
pgLx¿n] pTkfbg u/]sf t/sf/L / df;'sf] dfu
a9\bf] 5 . o;af6 pgLx¿n] /fd|f] cfDbfgL u/]sf
5g\ .

s]xL ;do klxn]sf] s'/f xf] . /ldnfsL cfdf wgd' fof
ljBfnodf 5f]/Lsf] z'Ns ltg{ g;s]/ bM' vL ag]sL
lyOg\ . pgL;Fu cfDbfgLsf] sg' } ;|f]t lyPg . 7'nf]
nufgL ug{] /sd gePsf] / cfkm"n] pTkfbg u/]sf]
t/sf/L klg a]Rg ldNg] ePsfn] /ldnfn] t/sf/L
k;n ug{] ;f]r agfOg\ . :yfgLo ;xsf/Laf6 kfFr
xhf/ C0f lnP/ pgn] 3/ glhs}sf] ahf/df
t/sf/L k;n /flvg\ . t/sf/L k;naf6 /fd|f]
cfDbfgL eof] . wg'dfofn] 5f]/Lsf] ljBfnosf] z'Ns lgoldt ae' mfpg yflng\ . ;xsf/Lsf]
C0f ltl/g\ . cfh pgn] t/sf/L k;n ug{'sf ;fy} a}ª\sdf ;d]t k};f hDdf u/]sL 5g\ .
t/sf/L k;nn] pgsf] hLjgdf ;w' f/ NofPsf] 5 .

ldlxgt] / kl/>daf6 cflys{ k/lge/{ tfsf] cGTo x'G5 .

cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] dxŒj

cfly{s lj|mofsnfksf] cefjdf xfd|f] b}lts hjg rNb}g . o;sf] dxŒjnfO{ o;k|sf/
pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .

!= /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf x'G5 .
@= hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ cfpF5 .
#= /fli6«o cfodf j[l4 x'G5 .
$= ;fdflhs Pjd\ cfly{s cj:yfdf ;w' f/

xG' 5 .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 127

%= Jofkf/df j[l4 xG' 5 .
^= cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df ;xof]u xG' 5 .
&= snf / ;:+ s[ltsf] ;+/If0f xG' 5 .
*= b}lgs cfjZostfx¿ k"/f x'G5g\ .
(= :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] kl/rfng x'G5 .
!)= k/lge{/tfsf] cGTo xG' 5 .

g]kfndf cflys{ ljsf;sf ;d:of @= a9\bf] a]/f]huf/L
$= a9\bf] e|i6frf/
!= Jofks ul/aL ^= sdhf]/ k"jf{wf/ / Go"g nufgL
#= c;dfg cfly{s ljt/0f
%= l9nf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f
&= cl:y/ /fhgLlt

lqmofsnfk

s= tLg cf]6f ;dx" agfpg'xf];\ . Ps ;d"xn] Ps syfsf] cWoog u/L d'Vo aF'bfx¿
l6Kgx' f];\ . kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

v= cfºgf] ;db' fodf ePsf] s'g} cfly{s lj|mofsnfk ;DaGwdf :yfgLo klqsfdf k|sfzg
ug{] ;dfrf/sf] gd'gf tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

u= …cfly{s lqmofsnfkaf6 hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ cfpF5Ú eGg] ljifodf jSt[Œj tof/
kfg{'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= cfly{s lqmofsnfk eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= cfly{s lqmofsnfkaf6 s;/L hLjg:t/df ;w' f/ Nofpg ;lsG5 <
u= cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿cGtu{t s:tf s:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ kb{5g\ <
3= cfly{s lqmofsnfksf] dxŒjnfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf ;~rflnt cfly{s lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DaGwLt ultljlwx¿sf] ;r" L
tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

128 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

@kf7 xfdf| cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkM sl[ if / pBfu]

kg' d ysfnL d:' tfª lhNnfdf a:gx' G' 5 . pxfF :yfgLo ljBfnosf] sIff ^ df cWoog
ug{'xG' 5 . pxfFsf afaf lhNnf s[lif sfof{no s}nfnLdf gf]s/L ug{'x'G5 . lxhf] sIffdf lzIfsn]
cfly{s lqmofsnfkcGtu{t g]kfnsf] s[lif / pBf]usf af/]df k9fpg' ePsf] lyof] . lzIfsn]
cfkme" Gbf 7n' f JolSt;Fu ;f]w]/ s[lif / pBf]usf af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{' eGg'eof] .
3/ kms]{kl5 g]kfnsf] s[lif / pBf]usf af/]df hfgsf/Lsf nflu kg' dn] cfºgf afafnfO{
lel8of] sndfkm{t cg'/f]w ug{'eof] .

afaf M x]Nnf] 5f]/L .

k'gd M gd:sf/ afaf, cf/fd
x'gx' 'G5 <

afaf M gd:sf/ 5f]/L, cf/fd 5' .
ltdLx¿ ToxfF ;a} cf/fd
5f}F < clg ltd|f] k9fO s:tf]
rln/x]sf] 5 <

k'gd M xfdL ;a} cf/fd 5f}F . k9fO
klg /fd|f];Fu rn]sf] 5 . clg
lg afaf, lzIfsn] sIffdf
xfdLnfO{ Pp6f u[xsfo{ lbge' Psf] 5 . ToxL eP/ kkmf]g u/]sL .

afaf M s] u[xsfo{ < eg g d}n] hfg]sf] s/' f l;sfOlbpFnf .

kg' d M g]kfnsf] s[lif / pBf]usf af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\sng u/]/ sIffdf k|:t't ug]{
eGg'ePsf] 5 . xh/' s[lif sfof{nodf xg' x' G' 5 . tkfO{FnfO{ yfxf x'G5 eg]/ kmf]g
u/]sL .

afaf M P † eOxfN5 lg . n ;'g 5f]/L, hldgaf6 afnLgfnL pTkfbg ug]{ sfo{nfO{
s[lif elgG5 . g]kfn s[lifk|wfg b]z xf] . oxfFsf sl/a ^*Ü dflg;x¿n] s[lif
Joj;fo ckgfPsf 5g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] sn' cfosf] #@Ü of]ubfg s[lif If]qsf]
/x]sf] 5 . s[lif Joj;focGtu{t v]tLkftL, kmnkm"n pTkfbg, pv,' lrof, h6'
pTkfbg cflb kb{5g\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 129

k'gd M afaf xfd|f] b]zsf ;a} k|b]zx¿df
;dfg ¿kdf s[lif pTkfbg t
x'Fb}g xf]nf lg xlu <

afaf M xf] 5f]/L xfd|f] b]zsf ;a}
7fpFx¿df ;dfg ¿kn] s[lif
pTkfbg x'Fb}g . xfd|f] d':tfªdf
pTkfbg x'g] :ofp s}nfnLdf
pTkfbg x'Fb}g . To:t} s}nfnLdf
pTkfbg x'g] ?v s6x/ xfd|f] 7fpFdf pTkfbg xF'b}g . xfjfkfgL / df6f]n] s[lif
pTkfbgdf c;/ u5{ .

k'gd M afaf xfd|f] b]zdf s'g sg' afnLx¿ pTkfbg xG' 5g\ <

afaf M xfd|f] b]zdf wfg, ds}, ux'F, hf}, sf]bf], kmfk/ h:tf] vfBafnL pTkfbg xG' 5 .
cfn', cb'jf, tf]/L, pv', lrof, ;gkf6, ;t' L{, skf; cflb gub] afnLx¿ klg
pTkfbg xG' 5g\ . s[lif Joj;focGtu{t v]tLkftL xfd|f] b]zsf] k|d'v Joj;fo
xf] .

kg' d M afaf xfd|f] b]zdf s[lif If]qn] s;/L of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 <

afaf M 5f]/L, xfd|f] b]zdf s[lif If]qn] vfBj:t'sf] cfkl" t{ u5{g\ . pBf]unfO{ rflxg]
sRrf kbfy{ k|fKt x'G5 . To:t} Jofkf/sf nflu j:t' pTkfbg xG' 5 . /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{b]lv JolStut tyf /fHosf] cfly{s ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{
of]ubfg k¥' ofPsf] 5 .

k'gd M g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qdf s] s:tf ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf 5g\ <

afaf M g]kfnsf] s[lifdf k/Dk/fut v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfpsf] 5 . lgjf{xd'vL s[lifsf]
rngn] s[lifsf] pTkfbg sd xG' 5 . l;FrfOsf] cefj, ahf/ Joj:yfkgsf]
cefj, oftfoftsf] c;'ljwf, s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] cefj s[lif ljsf;sf yk
;d:of xg' \ . s[lif cg;' Gwfgsf] cefj, /f;folgs dnsf] l9nf] cfk"lt{, s[lif
k|fljlwssf] ;]jf ;xh gx'g' h:tf ;d:ofx¿ g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qdf /x]sf 5g\,
5f]/L .

kg' d M s[lif If]qdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 t afaf <

afaf M ;/sf/n] s[ifsx¿sf nflu lagflwtf] s[lif C0fsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg], ls;fgx¿sf

130 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

nflu a]nf a]nfdf s[lif tflndsf]
Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . ufpF ufpFDff u|fdL0f
pBf]ux¿ ;~rfng ug{'k5{ . s[ifssf
nflu s[lif ;fdu|Ldf ljz]if 5'6sf]
Joj:yf ug{k' 5{ . l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf
ug'{k5{ . olt u/]df s[lif If]qdf /x]sf
;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

k'gd M afaf, o;}u/L pBf]usf af/]df klg atfOlbg'xf];\ g .

afaf M ;g' 5f]/L, l;k / ;fwgsf] pkof]u u/L ;fgf] tyf 7n' f] kl/df0fdf j:tx' ¿
pTkfbg ug{'nfO{ pBf]u elgG5 .

k'gd M pBf]ux¿ slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ lg <

afaf M pBf]ux¿ ;fgf, 3/]n,' sl' 6/, demf}nf / 7n' f u/L ;fdfGotM kfFr k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ . :yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwg / l;ksf] k|of]u u/]/ ;~rfng ul/g] pBf]unfO{
3/]n' pBf]u elgG5 . s[lif pTkfbgaf6 ;~rfng xg' ] pBf]unfO{ s[lifhGo pBf]u
elgG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf demf}nf pBf]ux¿ w]/} 5g\ . sf7df8f}F, e}/xjf, kf]v/f,
lj/f6gu/, jL/uGh h:tf 7'nf ;x/x¿df 7n' f pBf]ux¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ t/
klg xfd|f] b]zdf pBf]usf] ljsf; kof{Kt dfqfdf xg' ;s]sf] 5}g .

k'gd M xfd|f] b]zdf pBf]usf] ljsf; x'g g;Sgs' f sf/0fx¿ klg atfOlbg' g afaf <

afaf M xfd|f] b]zdf pBf]usf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg'df b]zdf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f aGg
g;Sg' / ahf/ tyf k'FhLsf] cefj d'Vo sf/0f x'g\ . oftfoftsf] c;l' jwf, pBf]
usf] dV' o k|fljlws 1fgsf] sdL, g]kfnL ;fdfgn] ljb]zL ;fdfg;Fu k|lt:kwf{
ug{ g;Sg' h:tf sf/0fn] klg pBf]usf] ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . pmhf{ cfk"lt{df
sl7gfO x'g', /fhgLlts cl:y/tf h:tf sf/0fx¿n] xfd|f] b]zdf pBf]usf]
ljsf; x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

k'gd M g]kfndf pBf]usf] dxŒjsf af/]df s]xL elglbgx' G' Yof] ls afaf <

afaf M 5f]/L, g]kfn Ps ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z xf] . b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu pBf]usf] ljsf;
xg' ' cfjZos 5 . hlt w]/} pBf]uwGbf a9\5g\, Tolt g} w]/} b]z ljsl;t xG' 5 .
pBf]usf] ljsf;af6 kF'hL lgdf{0f, ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ;b'kof]u / /f]huf/Ldf
j[l4 xG' 5 . sRrf kbfy{sf] ;b'kof]u, ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g, cfoft Go"gLs/0f /

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 131

lgof{t j[l4 xg' ] ePsfn] g]kfndf pBf]usf] dxŒj cem a9L 5 .
kg' d M afafn] t g]kfnsf] s[lif / pBf]usf af/]df w]/} s/' fsf] hfgsf/L

lbge' of] . ca d]/f] u[xsfo{ ;lhnf] xg' ]eof] .
afaf M ca klg s]xL ghfg]df ;f]Wg' x} 5f]/L .
k'gd M x'G5 afaf . wGojfb afaf †

pBfu] sf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy{ sl[ ifaf6 / s[lif pTkfbg a9fpgsf nflu rflxg] s[lif
cf}hf/, /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs cfi} fwL pBfu] af6 pTkfbg xG' 5g\ .

lqmofsnfk

s= s[lif / pBf]ularsf] ;DaGw b]vfpg] rf6{ tof/ kf/L pbfx/0f;lxt sIffdf 5nkmn
ug{x' f];\ .

v= sIffdf xflh/Lhjfkm k|ltof]lutf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfjZos s[lif / pBf]u;Fu
;DaGwLt k|Zg / pQ/x¿ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . xflh/L hjfkm sfo{qmd ug{'xf];\ .

u= …g]kfndf ;f]r]cg';f/ s[lifsf] ljsf; xg' ;s]sf] 5}gÚ eGg] ljifodf ;dfrf/sf] gd'gf
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= cfly{s Joj;focGtu{t s'g sg' Joj;fo kb{5g\ <
v= s[lif eg]sf] s] xf] < o;cGtu{t s'g sg' lj|mofsnfk kb{5g\ <
u= s[lifsf] dxŒjnfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
3= pBf]u eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfndf s:tf k|sf/sf pBf]ux¿ 5g\ <
ª= s[lif / pBf]usf] ;DaGwnfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

cfºgf] ;d'bfosf s[ifs jf pBf]uLnfO{ e]6]/ Ps 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
-s_ Joj;fosf] gfd
-v_ s] pTkfbg ug'{x'G5 <
-u_ sxfF nu]/ a]Rg'x'G5 <
-3_ tkfO{FnfO{ slt kmfObf ePsf] 5 .

132 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

#kf7 xfdf| cflys{ ljm| ofsnfkM ;j] f / Jofkf/

;fj{hlgs lxt jf hgsNof0fsf nflu ul/g]
sfo{nfO{ ;]jf elgG5 . ;]jfn] JolStut lxtdf
eGbf ;fdl" xs lxtdf hf]8 lbG5 . ko{6g, :jf:Yo,
a}ª\s, lzIff, xf]6n, ;"rgf k|ljlw cflb ;]jfdn" s
cfly{s ultljlwx¿ xg' \ . ;]jfdn" s ultljlwdf
snf, ;Lk, bIftf / pBdzLntfsf] cfjZostf
kb{5 . snf, l;k / bIftfsf] clwstd k|of]u ul/g] o:tf ultljlwx¿ gfkmfdf eGbf
;]jfdf ;dlk{t x'G5g . xfd|f] b]zdf ;]jfdn" s ultljlwdf ;+nUg /xg] hgzlStsf] ;V+ of
a9\bf] 5 . ;r" gf / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu ;]jfd"ns cfly{s ultljlwx¿df dflg;x¿sf]
cfsif{0f a9]sf] xf] . ;]jfd"ns cfly{s lqmofsnfkaf6 JolStut lxteGbf ;fd"lxs lxt
w]/} xG' 5 .

gfkmfsf] p2]Zo /fv]/ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] vl/blaqmL
ug'{nfO{ Jofkf/ elgG5 . Jofkf/df s'g} b]zsf]
Ps efuaf6 csf{] efu;Dd / Ps b]zaf6 csf{]
b]zlar j:t' tyf ;]jf vl/blaqmL xG' 5 . csf{]
zAbdf j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] vl/blaqmLnfO{ Jofkf/
elgG5 . Jofkf/ dxŒjk0" f{ cfly{s lqmofsnfk
xf] . ;a} dflg;, ;db' fo tyf b]zn] cfkmn" fO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;a} j:t'x¿ pTkfbg ug{
;Sb}gg\ . cfkm";Fu gePsf j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿ c¿ JolStaf6 lsGg'kg]{ xG' 5 eg] cfkm";Fu
a9L ePsf] j:t' c¿nfO{ a]Rg'kg]{ x'G5 . j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿sf] lsga]r tyf ljlgdonfO{
Jofkf/ elgG5 .

cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / afx\o Jofkf/ u/L Jofkf/ bO' { k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . cfºgf] b]zleqsf j:t'
tyf ;]jf b]zleqs} csf]{ 7fpFdf lsga]r ug]{ k|lqmof g} cfGtl/s Jofkf/ xf] . of] b]zsf]
l;dfgfleq} ;Lldt /xG5 . b]zsf] l;dfgf sf6]/ csf]{ b]zdf j:t' tyf ;]jf vl/blaqmL
ug]{ k|lqmof afx\o Jofkf/ xf] . o;df Pp6f b]zn] csf]{ b]z;Fu cfºgf] cfjZostfsf
;fdfg vl/b ug]{ / cfºgf] pTkfbgsf ;fdfg laqmL ug]{ ub{5 . afXo Jofkf/af6 ljb]zL

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 133

d'b|f cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfn / ef/tlar xg' ] Jofkf/ afXo Jofkf/ xf] . Jofkf/af6
ljb]zL db' |f cfh{g ug{, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug{, ljsf; lgdf{0fsf ;fdu|Lx¿
pknAw u/fpg d2t kU' 5 . cTofwl' gs j:t'x¿ cfoft u/L ;'ljwfdf j[l4 ug{, lj1fg
/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ ;b' [9Ls/0f ug{ klg Jofkf/ rflxG5 .

s[lif, pBfu] / Jofkf/larsf] ;DaGw

s[lif, pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] ;DaGw Pscfk;df gª / df;s' f] h:tf] xG' 5 . s[lifaf6 pBf]usf
nflu cfjZos kg{] sRrf kbfy{sf] pTkfbg x'G5 . lrgLsf nflu pv'sf] cfjZostf kg{',
h'6 pTkfbgsf nflu ;gkf6sf] cfjZostf kg{' o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . r'/f]6 pTkfbgsf
nflu ;t' L{sf] cfjZostf kg{' logsf pbx/0f xg' \ . o;/L pBf]usf nflu rflxg] sRrf
kbfy{ s[lifaf6 g} pTkfbg ul/G5 .
s[lif pTkfbg a9fpgsf nflu s[lif cf}hf/, /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs cf}ifwL pBf]uaf6
pTkfbg xG' 5g\ . o;/L pBf]uaf6 pTkfbg ePsf s[lif cf}hf/x¿ s[ifsn] ahf/af6 lsg]/
nfG5g\ . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] s[lif, pBf]u / Jofkf/sf] cfk;df lgs6 ;DaGw /x]sf]
xG' 5 . Pssf] cefjdf csf]{ ck0" f{ aGg] ePsfn] s[lif, pBf]u / Jofksf/sf] Pscfk;df
;DaGw /x]sf] xG' 5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= g]kfnaf6 ef/t tyf cGo d'ns' tkm{ lgof{t x'g] dV' o j:t'x¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kf/L
sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

v= tkfO{Fsf] 3/df b}lgs ¿kdf laxfgb]lv a]ns' f;Dd k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf j:t'x¿sf] gfd
;ª\sng u/L ltgLx¿ s[lif jf pBf]u s]af6 k|fKt epsf] xf] 56' \ofpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= ;]jf eg]sf] s] xf] < ;]jfd"ns cfly{s ultljlwcGtu{t s:tf ultljlwx¿ kb{5g\ <
v= Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df Jofkf/sf] dxŒjnfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf

pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
u= cfGtl/s Jofkf/ / afx\o Jofkf/larsf] leGgtf b]vfpg'xf];\ .

3= s[lif, pBf]u / Jokf/sf] lardf s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 <

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf sg' } Ps Jofkf/L;Fu e]6 u/L Jofkf/n] pxfFsf] hLjgdf NofPsf]
kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]6L 5f]6f] syf tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

134 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

$kf7 xfd|f] ko{6g, xfdf| ] uf/} j

wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s tyf cg'kd
k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{ / clåtLo dgf]/d
lxdz[ª\vnfsf sf/0f g]kfn ljZjsf]
;jf]{Ts[i6 ko{6sLo uGtJo:yn aGg
ku' ]sf] 5 . o:tf :ynx¿sf] cjnf]sg
ug{], cWoog ug{], x]g]{ jf cGo p2]Zo
lnP/ :jb]z jf ljb]zdf ul/g] e|d0f
jf ofqfnfO{ ko{6g elgG5 . ko{6g
eg]sf] 3'dlkm/ ug{] sfo{ xf] . k|fs[lts,
;f:+ s[lts, P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s
ljz]iftfsf] cjnf]sg ug{] p2]Zo lnP/ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf{ 7fpFsf] e|d0f ug{] dflg;nfO{
ko{6s elgG5 .

cfGtl/s / afXo u/L ko{6s b'O{ k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ . cfºg} b]zleq e|d0f ug{] ko{6snfO{
cfGtl/s ko{6s elgG5 . Ps b]zaf6 csf{] b]zdf e|d0f ug{] ko{6snfO{ afXo ko{6s
elgG5 . ko{6sx¿nfO{ ;]jf lbg] h'g;s' } Joj;fonfO{ ko{6g Joj;fo elgG5 . ko{6g
Joj;focGtu{t xf]6n, /]:6'/]G6, 6«fen Ph]G;L cflb kb{5g\ . ko{6sx¿nfO{ ;'ljwf
k|bfg ug{] Joj;fo ;]jfd"ns Joj;fo xf] .

gk] fndf ko{6gsf] dxŒj

ko{6g Joj;foaf6 /f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gf x'G5g\ . ;:+ s[ltsf] cfbfgk|bfg xG' 5 .
hgr]tgf j[l4 x'G5 . ljb]zL db' |f cfh{g ug{ ;lsG5 . ko{6g;DaGwL pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf;
xG' 5 . lgof{t k|j4{g x'G5 . ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; xG' 5 . x:tsnf tyf 3/]n'
pBf]usf] ljsf; xG' 5 . k/' ftflŒjs ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{ tyf
k|lti7fdf j[l4 xG' 5 . b]zsf] k|rf/k|;f/ xG' 5 .

g]kfndf ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf

g]kfn c;Lldt ko{6sLo ;Defjgfx¿ ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfFsf vf]nf, gfnf, gbL, tfn,
tn}of / lxdfnn] ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ub{5g\ . snf, ;+:s[lt, j]ze"iff / b/af/x¿n]

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 135

ko{6sx¿sf] cfudgnfO{ a9fpg] sfd ub{5g\ . g]kfndf Kof/fUnfOl8ªsf] dfWodaf6
r/f h:t} xfjfdf p8]/ dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf kxf8L If]qdf k}bn ofqf
ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfFsf k|fs[lts tyf ;f+:s[lts b[Zosf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf
wd{cg;' f/sf rf8kj{ / d]nfhfqfx¿df b]lvg] ljljwtfsf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 .
oxfF aGhLhlDkª, ¥oflº6ª, /s SnfOlDaª, Kof/fUnfOl8ª, dfpG6]gafOs h:tf
;fxl;s sfo{ klg ug{ ;lsG5 . hª\un ;kmf/L u/]/ dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf /x]sf lxdfnL b[Zox¿sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . ko{6sx¿nfO{ nf]Eofpg]
vfnsf k|fs[lts, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfx¿ ePsfn] ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf
/x]sf] 5 .

gk] fndf ko6{ g Joj;fosf ;d:ofx¿

g]kfndf ljb]zaf6 cfpg] ko{6sx¿
xjfO{ ;]jfsf] pkof]u u/L cfpg]
ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf] xjfO{ ;Dks{
yf]/} b]zx¿;Fu dfq 5 . ;a}
7fpFdf ;~rf/sf] ;l' jwf k'¥ofpg
;lsPsf] 5}g . ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfºgf]
3/kl/jf/df va/ cfbfg–k|bfg
ug{ ;~rf/sf] ;d:of ef]lu/x]sf
5g\ . o;} u/L ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf sf/0f dgf]/d :ynx¿df klg oftfoftsf] ;l' jwf
k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . ko{6sx¿nfO{ rflxg] ;]jf tyf ;l' jwfx¿sf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .
dgf]/~hgsf ;fwgx¿ klg kof{Kt dfqfdf pknAw u/fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . kl/jf/;lxt
cfpg] ko{6ssf afnaflnsfx¿sf nflu cfsif{s dgf]/~hg:ynsf] cefj 5 . o;n]
ubf{ g]kfndf ko{6sx¿sf] a;fO cjlw lgs} 5f]6f] xg' ] ub{5 . ko{6ssf nflu cfjZos
j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg x'g g;Sgfn] klg g]kfndf ko{6sx¿ cfslif{t x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
g]kfn k|fs[lts ¿kdf ;DkGg / wgL eP klg ljb]zdf o;sf] kof{Kt k|rf/k|;f/ xg'
;s]sf] 5}g .

ko6{ gsf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿

g]kfnsf clt dxŒjk0" f{ / ;G' b/ 7fpFx¿df oftfoft tyf ;~rf/ ;l' jwfsf] lj:tf/
ug{'kb{5 . afnaflnsfx¿ /dfpg] vfnsf dgf]/~hgfTds :ynx¿sf] ljsf; ug{k' 5{ .

136 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

ko{6sx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg{] j:tx' ¿sf] pTkfbg ug{k' b{5 . g]kfnsf] snf / ;f}Gbo{nfO{
ljleGg ;~rf/ dfWodx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ljb]zdf k|rf/k|;f/ ug{k' b{5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= tnsf] tflnsfnfO{ :tDe / j[Qlrqdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ M

p2]Zosf cfwf/df ko{6ssf] k|ltzt b]zcg';f/ ko6{ s k|ltzt
;ªV\ of cfudg
!$
dgf]/~hg %) ef/t !@
kbofqf / kj{tf/f]x0f !@ rLg *
Jofkf/ # >Lnª\sf ^
sfof{no k|of]hg $ cd]l/sf #
wfld{s !# a]nfot #
;ef ;df/f]x @ k|mfG; #
cGo !^ hfkfg @
#
hd{gL $!
c:6«]lnof
cGo

v= tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ko{6sx¿nfO{ cfsif{0f ug{] s'g} wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s tyf k|fs[lts
;Dkbf /x]sf xf]nfg\ . To;dWo] s'g} ;Dkbfdf hfg rfxg] ko{6ssf nflu tn
lbOPsf a'Fbfsf cfwf/df ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L;lxtsf] ljj/0f tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M

-s_ ko{6sLo :ynsf] gfpF

-v_ /x]sf] 7fpF

-u_ ToxfFsf ljz]iftfx¿

-3_ kU' g] dfWod

cEof;

s= ko{6g eg]sf] s] xf] <

v= ko{6s / ko{6glarsf] leGgtfnfO{ Ps jfSodf n]Vg'xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 137

u= cfGtl/s ko{6s / afx\o ko{6slar km/s b]vfpg'xf];\ .
3= s:tf] Joj;fonfO{ ko{6g Joj;fo elgG5 <
ª= g]kfndf ko{6g Joj;fosf] dxŒjnfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
r= ko{6g Joj;fosf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf ;f:+ s[lts ko{6gsf] ;Defjgf / To;sf] ljsf;sf nflu ul/gk' g{]
sfo{x¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .



138 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

% xfdf| ] cfly{s ;f| t] / ;fwgM

kf7 el" d / hn;|ft]

hgs dfWolds ljBfnosf] sIff ^ df cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{ …xfd|f cfly{s ;|f]t ;fwgÚ
ljifodf 5nkmn ub}{5g\ . 5nkmnkl5 klxnf] ;dx" af6 /fh' wfdLn] el" d / bf];|f] ;dx" af6
lbks ;fpbn] hn;|f]tsf af/]df o;/L k|:tt' ug'{eof]M

el" dM /fh' wfdL

u?' ju{ / d]/f ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿, xfd|f
cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgcGtu{t xfd|f]
;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] …el" dÚsf af/]df d
;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj u/L af]Ng uO/x]sf]
5' .

;fyLx¿, k[YjLsf] ;tx / ;txeGbf
l;wf tn k[YjLsf] s]Gb|;Ddsf] efunfO{
el" d elgG5 . el" d k|fs[lts ;fwg
xf] . xfdL oxL el" ddf /x]sf 5f}F .
g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !* k|ltzt e"ld v]tLkftLsf nflu of]Uo 5 . xfdLn] vfg] cGg
el" ddf pTkfbg x'G5 . g]kfndf w/ftnLo :j¿k, xfjfkfgL / l;FrfOsf sf/0fn] ubf{
;a} 7fpFdf ;dfg lsl;dn] cGg pTkfbg ug{ ;lsFb}g . lxdfnL If]qdf cfn', kmfk/, hf}
pTkfbg xG' 5 . kxf8df kmnkm"n / ds}sf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 . t/fO{df wfg, uxF', tf]/L,
pv,' ;t' L{, bfnsf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 . w]/} cGg pTkfbg x'g] ePsfn] t/fO{nfO{ g]kfnsf]
cGgsf] e08f/ elgG5 . xfdLn] df6f]sf] k|s[ltcg';f/ v]tLkftL u/]df /fd|f] pTkfbg lng
;S5f}F . kfFuf] df6f] s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu /fd|f] dflgG5 . tn}of df6f]df wfg, uxF' / ;fukft
/fd|f] xG' 5 . /ftf]df6f]df ds} / kmnkm"nsf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 . df6f] k/LIf0f df6f]sf] k|s[lt
cg';f/ v]tLkftL ubf{ /fd|f] pTkfbg x'G5 .

hn;f| t] M bLks ;fpb

u?' ju{ / d]/f ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿, xfd|f cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgcGtu{t xfd|f] ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf]
hn;|f]tsf af/]df d ;dx" sf] k|ltlglwTj u/L af]Ng uO/x]sf] 5' .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 139

;fyLx¿, gk] fndf /xs] f kf| sl[ ts ;DkbfdWo]
hn;|f]t dxŒjk0" f{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t xf] . hn
;Dkbfsf b[li6sf]0fn] g]kfn a|flhnkl5
ljZjsf] bf];|f] / Pl;ofdf klxnf] /fi6«
dflgG5 . g]kfndf sl/a ^ xhf/eGbf a9L
gbLgfnfx¿ 5g\ . g]kfnsf] hn;|f]tnfO{
cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08 dflgG5 .
hn;|f]tsf] d'Vo ;|f]tsf ¿kdf gbLgfnf,
tfn, l;d;f/ If]q x'g\ . g]kfnsf]
hn;Dkbfaf6 *# xhf/ d]3fjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 eg] *) nfv x]S6/ el" ddf
l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf tfn, kf]v/L, vf]nfgfndf df5fkfng
tyf gbLx¿df ¥oflº6ª / af]l6ª u/]/ klg cfly{s ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿, xfdLn] /fh' wfdL / bLks ;fpbn] k|:tt' u/]sf ljrf/x¿sf]
cWoog u¥of}F . dflg;åf/f cfºgf cfjZostfx¿ kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu k|of]udf NofOPsf
j:tx' ¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ ;|f]t / ;fwg elgG5 . k|s[ltdf lgMz'Ns kfOg] ;|f]t ;fwg gbL,
vf]nf, tfn, xfjf, hldg, jghª\un, vlgh, s[lif, el" d cflbnfO{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg
x'g\ .

lqmofsnfk

s= g]kfndf ljleGg 7'nf gbLaf6 pTkfbg x'g ;Sg] hnljB't\ Ifdtf tnsf] j[Qlrqdf
b]vfOPsf] 5 . pSt j[Qlrqsf af/]df sIffdf 5nkmn u/L gbLx¿ lar tn' gf
ug'{xf];\ .

hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf] ;4} flGts ;Defjgf

sf];L sf];L
cGo s0ff{nL / dxfsfnL
u08sL
u08sL cGo

s0ff{nL /
dxfsfnL

v= tkfO{F a;f]af; u/]sf] If]qdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] df6f] kfOG5 < ;f] df6f]df s] s:tf
cGgafnLx¿ nufOG5g\ < sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

140 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

u= hn;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < ;dx" ut ¿kdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{
lgsfNg'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= e"ld eg]sf] s] xf] <
u= …g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df hn;|f]tÚ zLif{sdf ;j+ fb tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
3= k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg / dfgjLo ;|f]t ;fwglar km/s b]vfpgx' f];\ .
ª= t/fO{ If]qnfO{ lsg cGgsf] e08f/ elgG5 <

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 141

^ xfd|f] cfly{s ;fwgM

kf7 jg, vlgh / dfgj ;;+ fwg

ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿ xf], xfdLn] cufl8sf] kf7df 5nkmnkl5 klxnf] ;d"xaf6 /fh'
wfdLn] e"ld / bf];|f] ;dx" af6 bLks ;fptn] hn;|f]tsf af/]df JoSt u/]sf ljrf/x¿sf]
cWoog u¥of}F . ca xfdL o; kf7df t];|f] ;dx" af6 cf/tL rf}w/Ln] jgsf] af/]df, rf}yf]
;d"xaf6 clbtL lu/Ln] vlghsf af/]df / kfFrf}F ;dx" af6 cfKkf nfdfn] dfgj ;;+ fwgsf
af/]df u/]sf k|:t'lt x]/f}F M

jgM cf/tL rf}w/L

u'?ju{ / d]/f ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿, xfd|f
cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgcGtu{t xfd|f]
;d"xnfO{ k/]sf] …jgÚsf af/]df d ;d"xsf]
k|ltlglwTj u/L af]Ng uO/x]sL 5' .

;fyLx¿, w]/} ?v tyf af]6la?jfx¿
ePsf] If]qnfO{ jg elgG5 .

g]kfnsf] sn' If]qkmnsf] $$=&$ k|ltzt
hldg jgIf]qn] 9fs]sf] 5 . w/ftn /
xfjfkfgLsf] k|s[ltcg;' f/ g]kfnsf] jg:kltnfO{ d'Vo % k|sf/df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 .
tL x'g\ ;bfaxf/, ktem/, sf]0fwf/L, n]sfnL / 6G' 8«f .

jgn] kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ngnfO{ sfod /fV5 . pmhf{sf] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf jgnfO{ k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 . jgaf6 sRrf kbfy{ lgsfnL cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . jgaf6 kfgLsf]
;|f]tx¿sf] ;/+ If0f xG' 5 . jgaf6 sf7 pknAw x'G5 . jgdf ko{6sLo Joj;fo ;~rfng
ug{ ;lsG5 . jgn] klx/f] / e"–Ifo h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
h8La6' L pTkfbg ug{, 3fF;bfp/f / sf7 k|fKt ug]{ h:tf kmfObf klg lng ;lsG5 . o;n]
jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg ;xof]u u5{ . jgaf6 kmnkmn" , sGbd'n, Rofp cflb
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

w/] } ?v tyf af]6la?jfx¿ pd]|/ afSnf] ePsf] Ifq] nfO{ jg elgG5 . xfdL cflys{ ljsf;
/ pmhfs{ f] ;|ft] sf ¿kdf xfdL jgnfO{ ko| f]u ug{ ;S5f}F .

142 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

vlghM clbtL lu/L

u'?ju{ / d]/f ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿, xfd|f cfly{s
;|f]t / ;fwgcGtu{t xfd|f] ;dx" nfO{ k/]sf]
vlgh ;Dkbfsf af/]df d ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj
u/L af]Ng uO/x]sL 5' .

;fyLx¿, hldgaf6 lgsfNg ;lsg] ;a}
lsl;dsf k|fs[lts kbfy{x¿nfO{ vlgh
elgG5 . o;cGtu{t tfdf, sf]Onf, Uof;,
l;;f, kmnfd, dfa{n, u]?, ;'g, rfFbL, ;f]8f
cflb kb{5g\ . vlgh k|fs[lts ;|f]tdWo]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf] . g]kfn vlgh ;Dkbfsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 Hofb} ;DkGg b]z dflgG5 .

b]zdf ljBdfg ul/aL / cfly{s k5f}6]kgn] ubf{ oxf ePsf vlgh ;|f]t ;fwgsf]
;dl' rt pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . o;sf nflu ;/sf/L tj/af6 :ki6 gLlt lgdf{0f u/L
sfof{Gjogtkm{ nfUgk' b{5 . oftfoft / bIf hgzlQmsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug{'k5{ . clg dfq
vlgh ;Dkbfsf] pTvgg / k|of]u u/L b]znfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf alnof] agfpg ;lsG5 .

dfgj ;+;fwgM cfKkf nfdf

u?' ju{ / d]/f ;xkf7L ;fyLx¿, xfd|f cfly{s ;|f]t / ;fwgcGtu{t xfd|f] ;d"xnfO{ k/]sf]
dfgj ;+;fwgsf af/]df d ;d"xsf] k|ltlglwTj u/L af]Ng uO/x]sf] 5' .

;fyLx¿, tflnd k|fKt, k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff lnPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ dffgj
;;+ fwg elgG5 . logLx¿ b]z ljsf;df dxŒjk0" f{ of]ubfg lbg ;Sg], ;sf/fTds ;f]r
ePsf / sfd ug{sf nflu hf]; / hFfu/
ePsf x'gk' b{5 . dfjg ;;+ fwg cfly{s
ljsf;sf] dxŒjk0" f{ ;|f]t xf] . dfgj
;;+ fwgnfO{ csf{] zAbdf bIf hgzlSt
klg elgG5 . logLx¿ sfdsf] vf]hL ug{]
vfnsf dfq geO{ cfkm}F /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf
ug{] pBdzLn, :jfjnDaL, :jfledfgL /
l;koQ' m xG' 5g\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 143

kof{Kt dfgj ;+;fwg ePdf b]zdf 5l/P/ /x]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿sf] ;b'kof]u
ug{ ;lsG5 . logn] ljsf;sf kj" f{wf/ lgdf{0fdf dxŒjk0" f{ of]ubfg k¥' ofpg ;Sb5g\ .
x/]s b]zsf] ljsf; dfjg ;;+ fwgdf lge{/ xG' 5 . To;}n] dfgj ;+;fwg lgdf{0fsf nflu
x/]s b]zsf] ;/sf/n] k|;:t nufgL ug{'kb{5 . Jofj;flos tyf k|fljlws lzIffdf hf]8
lbgk' 5{ . 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, kfOn6, k|fWofks, jlsn, lzIfs cflb dfgj ;;+ fwg tof/
ug{'k5{ . ;fgf sfdsfh ug{ ;Sg] JolStx¿sf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf u/]/ ;/sf/n]
dfgjLo ;+;fwg ljsf; ug{k' b{5 . b]zdf lgdf{0f ePsf hgzlStnfO{ ljb]zdf knfog xg'
glbgsf nflu /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿;d]t l;h{gf ug{k' b{5 . o;f] ePdf dfq b]z ljsf;
xg' ;Sb5 . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] clwstd pkof]uaf6 b]zsf] tLj| ljsf; xg' ;S5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= dfgj ;+;fwgn] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df ;xof]u kU' 5 eGg] ljifodf ;j+ fb tof/
kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

v= jg ;+/If0f ug]{ pkfox¿ emNsg] kf]:6/ tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= jgsf] dxŒjnfO{ aF'bfut ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .
v= vlgh eg]sf] s] xf] < vlghsf] pTvggaf6 s;/L cfly{s nfe lng ;lsG5 <
u= …dfgj ;;+ fwg b]z ljsf;sf d]?b08 x'g\Ú eGg] egfOnfO{ sf/0f;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf dfgj ;+;fwgx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

144 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^