Samajik Adhyan 6

;S5 < 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
u= g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] lrq÷kmf]6f] ;ª\sng u/L kf]:6/ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

cEof;

tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf;] \ M
s= g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fli6«o lgs'~h s'g xf] < ToxfFsf] ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
v= g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿ wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ k'li6 ug{'xf];\ .
u= g]kfnsf ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ .
3= xfd|f ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;/+ If0f s;/L ug{ ;lsPnf < pkfox¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
ª= kz'kltgfy dlGb/ If]qsf ljz]iftfx¿ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo If]q jf lhNnfdf /x]sf ;Dkbfx¿sf] e|d0f ug'{xf];\ . ToxfFsf] ;/;kmfO{
klg ug'{xf];\ . pQm :yfgsf af/]df hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{'xf];\ / lgDg aFb' fsf cfwf/df
5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M
s= kl/ro
v= ljz]iftfx¿
u= ;w' f/ ug{'kg{] kIfx¿
3= lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx¿

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 45

^kf7 xfdf| ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿

g]kfn ax;' :+ s[lt ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfF ljleGg hfthflt, wd{ / eu" f]ncg;' f/sf kf];fs,
k/Dk/fut u/uxgf /x]s] kfOG5 . To;}u/L km/s km/s uLt, ;ª\uLt, g[To, nf]safhf,
lrqsnf, jf:ts' nf, d"lt{snfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . df}lns efF8fs'F8f, df}lns pTkfbg /
df}lns ;:+ sf/ cflb klg 5g\ . oL ;a} g]kfnsf k/Dk/fut ;f:+ s[lts klxrfgx¿ xg' \ .
g]kfnsf k/Dk/fut ;f:+ s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

s= k/Dk/fut kf];fs

g]kfnLn] k/Dk/fb]lv g} k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf
kf];fsx¿nfO{ k/Dk/fut kf];fs elgG5 . o:tf
kf];fs hflt, hghflt, e"uf]nsf cfwf/df km/s
km/s 5g\ . kxf8L e]udf bf}/f;'?jfn, ef]6f], 6f]kL
nufOG5 . t/fO{df sldh, wf]tL, ufD5f, ku/L
nufOG5 . lxdfnL e]udf kfª\b]g, cfª\uL, aSv'
nufOG5 . 3n]s, l6lsof u?' ª hfltsf] nu' f x'g\ .
af]gf, k]6fgL, d]vnL xfs'k6f;L, ufdg, Snftf]nL -;g' 'jf/ hfltsf] n'uf_ 3fF3/, n]x]ªuf
cflb g]kfnLx¿n] nufpg] k/Dk/fut kf];fsx¿ xg' \ .

v= k/Dk/fut u/uxgf

ljz]if u/L g]kfnL dlxnfx¿n] k/Dk/fb]lv g}
nufpFb} cfPsf u/uxgfx¿nfO{ k/Dk/fut
u/uxgf elgG5 . 9'ªu|L, an' fsL, kmn' L, sNnL
ltnx/L, gf}u]8L, lz/aGbL, sDkgL dfnf g]kfnL
dlxnfn] nufpg] uxgf x'g\ . To:t} rGb|xf/,
cf}F7L, gyg' L, ljl5of, ljlRsgL, d'ufdfnf, x;'nL
tyf r]K6];'g cflb g]kfnLx¿n] nufpg] k/Dk/fut
u/uxgf x'g\ .

u= k/Dk/fut uLt, ;ªu\ Lt, gT[ o

k/Dk/fb]lv g} hflt, hghflt / eu" f]nsf cfwf/df

46 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

uLt, ;ª\uLt / g[Tox¿ km/s–km/s /x]sf 5g\ . b]p8f, afng, ;l+ ugL, df?gL, 3f6,'
;]nf], ;fs]jfl;nL, :ofa|,' lemFlemof, ;dfrs]jf, wfggfr, 9ª9'ª], nfv]gfr, emfFu8
gfr, ;tf/ gfr, Rofa|'ª, e}/j gfr, ;jfO, b]p;Le}nf], ;lvof, ;f]/7L, rfFr/L,
dfn>L, x'8\s]nL Sof]ª l;n cflb . k/Dk/fut uLt, ;ª\uLt / g[Tox¿ x'g\ .

3= nfs] afhf

nf]suLt;Fu} ahfOg] afhfx¿nfO{ g}
nf]safhf elgG5 . o:tf afhfx¿ 7fpF
ljz]ifsf cfwf/df km/s–km/s x'G5g\ .
k~r]afhf, dfbn, ;f/ª\uL, ljgfof],
d'r'{ª\uf, 6ª' \gf, 9f]n, em\ofD6f,
onDa/, 8Dkm', d[bª\u, lwd], Pstf/],
dlh/f, afF;'/L, 8d? cflb g]kfnsf k|dv' k/Dk/fut nf]safhf x'g\ .

ª= lrqsnf

;fwf/0ftof sfuh, sk8f, tf8kq tyf 3/, laxf/ jf dlGb/sf leQf h:tf g/d
;txdfly ljleGg b]jL, b]jtf, ;+:s[lt emNsg] snf k|:t't ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{
lrqsnf elgG5 . g]kfnL lrqsnf ljleGg k|sf/sf /x]sf 5g\ . yfª\sf lrq -sk8fdf
sf]l/Psf] lrq_, kf}ef lrq -leQfx¿df sf]l/Psf] lrq_, u|Gy lrq -ljleGg wfld{s u|Gy
jf k:' tsx¿df sf]l/Psf lrq_ / ldlynf lrq -ldlynf hgsk/' gu/Ldf sf]l/g] lrq_
cflb lrqsnfsf gdg' fx¿ x'g\ .

r= jf:ts' nf

jf;:yfg;DaGwL snfs[ltnfO{ jf:ts' nf elgG5 . o;df JolQmsf lghL 3/, b/af/,
d7dlGb/, kf}jf, b]jfno, af}4 :t"k tyf cGo :df/sx¿ k5{g\ . g]kfndf ljleGg

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 47

k|sf/sf jf:t'snfsf] k|of]u ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 hg' lgDg 5g\ M
c= Kofuf8] f zn} L M Ps jf PseGbf a9L 5fgfx¿ ePsf] tn}lkR5]
dflytkm{ ;fgf] kfb{} agfOPsf] xG' 5 . h:t}M kz'kltgfy dlGb/,
uf]/vf dgsfdgf, Goftkf]n dlGb/ eQmk'/ cflb .

cf= :t"k jf r}To z}nL M of] a'4
wd{sf cg'ofoLx¿n] agfpg] u5{g\ .
r}To jf :t"ksf] agfj6 tn kms' ]sf]
/ dfly ;fF3'/f] x'Fb} uPsf] x'G5 . h:t}
M af}4gfy, :ooDe"gfy cflb .

O= lzv/ zn} L M o;df ;/+ rgfx¿nfO{ kj{tsf] lzv/ h:t}
dflytkm{ r'lnFb} rR' rf] cfsf/df agfOPsf] xG' 5 t/ o;df 5fgf
eg] x'Fb}g . h:t} M kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/ .

5= d"lts{ nf

ljleGg j:t'x¿ h:t}M df6f], 9ª' \uf,
sf7 / wft' cflbnfO{ ljleGg cfsf/
k|sf/df 9fNg] snfnfO{ dl" t{snf
elgG5 . g]kfndf 9Ë' f, wft,' sf7 tyf
df6fsf d"lt{x¿ k|rngdf 5g\ .

h= dfl} ns efF8fs8F' f

xfd|f g]kfNfL 3/x¿df k/Dk/fb]lv km/s km/s vfnsf
df}lns efF8fsF'8fx¿sf] k|of]u ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M
s?jf, cDvf]/f, v8\s'nf, cGtL, ;'/fxL, ufu|L, sfF; yfn,
tfKs], srf}/f cflb .

48 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

em= df}lns pTkfbg

ljZjsf] s'g} klg :yfgdf gkfOg] j:t'x¿ xfd|f]
b]zdf pTkfbg x'G5g\ . To:tf df}lns pTkfbgx¿
vs' /' L, g]kfnL sfuh, /f8LkfvL, vfF8Lsf] sk8f,
;s' n' , u'Gb|L, 8fnL, gfª\nf], 8fnf], 8f]sf], 9fsf
sk8f, 6f]kL, u'Gb'|s cflb xg' \ .

`= dfl} ns ;:+ sf/

g]kfnLx¿sf hGdb]lv d[To;' Dd ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+:sf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tL df}lns
;+:sf/x¿ 5}7L, Gjf/g, kf:gL, 5]j/, j|taGw, ljjfx, OxL, eLd /yf/f]x0f -a9' f] kf:gL_,
3]jf, z'4fOF, xlssf, vtgf, hgfhf -O:nfd wd{cg';f/sf] ;:+ sf/_ cflb .

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{+sf] :yfgLo 7fpFdf kfOg] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] gfd ;ª\sng ug'{xf];\ .
ltgLx¿sf] dxŒj / ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

v= :yfgLo ;d'bfodf k|rlnt s'g} nf]suLt ;fdl" xs ¿kdf ufpgx' f];\ .
u= cf–cfºgf] kl/jf/df hGdb]lv d[To;' Dd ul/g] ;:+ sf/x¿ cleefjs;Fu ;f]w]/

n]Vg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf nufpg] k/Dk/fut kf];fsx¿sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
v= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n] nufpg] k/Dk/fut u/uxgfx¿sf] gfd n]Vgx' f];\ .
u= tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf k|rlnt s'g} g]kfnL nf]safhfsf] lrq agfpg'xf];\ .
3= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/df k|of]u x'g] g]kfnL df}lns efF8fs'F8fx¿ s'g s'g x'g\ <
ª= g]kfnL jf:t'snfsf k|sf/x¿af/] rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .
r= g]kfndf ;a}eGbf k|rlnt kfFr cf]6f nf]safhfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
5= tkfO{F+sf] ;db' fo jf :yfgdf k|rlnt s'g} Pp6f nf]suLt n]Vg'xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 49

&kf7 xfdf| wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿

lj= ;+= @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg;' f/ xfd|f] b]zdf ljleGg bz cf]6f wd{ dfGg] dfl;x¿
a:b5g\ . oL k|To]s wd{sf cf–cfºgf wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xLsf] tn
rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M

s= kz'kltgfy

kzk' ltgfy lxGbx' ¿sf] kljq tLy{:yn
xf] . lxGbx' ¿sf rf/wfddWo] of] Ps
xf] . of] dlGb/ sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] 5 .
o; If]qdf kz'kltgfy dlGb/nufot
u'x\o]Zj/L, hojfu]Zj/L, uf}/L3f6,
lkªunf:yfg cflb dlGb/x¿ /x]sf
5g\ . kz'klt afUdtL gbLsf] lsgf/df
/x]sf] 5 . oxfF cfo{3f6, /fh/fh]Zj/L
3f6 / j[4f>d;d]t /x]sf 5g\ . oxfF
sl/a $(@ cf]6f ljleGg z}nLdf lgdf{0f ePsf dlGb/, ;Qn, b]jfno 5g\ . of] dlGb/
g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] wfld{s ;Dkbf xf] .

v= /fdhfgsL dlGb/

/fdhfgsL dlGb/ hgsk/' df /x]sf]
5 . of] lxGbx' ¿sf] k|dv' wfld{s :yn
xf] . of] dlGb/ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7n' f]
/ du' n z}nLdf lgld{t dlGb/ xf] .
of] dlGb/ w]/} cfsif{s / snfTds
5 . cfheGbf ;o jif{k"j{ ef/tsf]
l6sdu9sL dxf/fgL j[ifefg' b]jLn]
o; dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f u/fPsL lyOg\ . of] dlGb/ lgdf{0fdf gf} nfv ?lkofF vr{ ePsf]
lyof] . To;sf/0f o;nfO{ gf}nvf dlGb/ klg elgG5 . oxfF ljjfx k~rdLsf lbg 7'nf]
d]nf nfU5 . of] dlGb/ g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] wfld{s ;Dkbf xf] .

50 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

u= n'lDagL

ljZjel/sf af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf]
cf:yfsf] s]Gb| nl' DagL ?kGb]xL
lhNnfdf kb{5 . of] eujfg\ a'4sf]
hGd:yn xf] . oxfF dfofb]jL dlGb/
/x]sf] 5 . j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbg d]nf
nfU5 .

3= hfd] dl:hb

hfd] dl:hb O:nfd wdf{nDaLx¿sf] k|d'v wfld{s
:yn xf] . of] sf7df8f}Fsf] 306f3/ glhs} /x]sf]
5 . oxfF O:nfd wdf{jnDaLx¿ k|To]s z'qmaf/
hDdf eP/ k|fy{gf ub{5g\ . O:nfd rf8kj{x¿ Ob,
as/ Ob / /dhfg cflbdf klg d'l:nd ;d'bfo
oxfF cfO{ gdfh k9\g] u5{g\ .

ª= nf?Daf

nf?Daf ls/fFt wdf{nDaLx¿sf] k|d'v wfld{s :yn xf] . of] Onfd lhNnfdf k5{ . ljz]if
kj{ / cj;/x¿df oxfF ls/fFt wdf{jnDaLx¿ hDdf xG' 5g\ . ls/fFt ljlwcg;' f/ d'Gw'd
kf7 u/]/ k"hf u5{g\ .

ª= u?' åf/f

nlntk'/sf] sk' 08f]ndf l;v wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] u'?åf/f /x]sf] 5 . oxfF l;v wdf{jnDaLx¿

hDdf eP/ sLt{g u5{g . u?u|Gy ;flxasf] bz{g u5{g\ .

5= P;D;g rr{

P;D;g rr{ ls|l:rog wdf{jnDaLx¿sf]
wfld{s :yn xf] . of] rr{ nlntk/' lhNnfsf]
wf]aL3f6df /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf kl5Nnf]
;dodf 7fpF 7fpFdf o:tf rr{x¿ w]/} ag]sf
5g\ . ls|l:rogx¿ ljz]if u/L zlgaf/sf] lbg
rr{df uO{ lh;; qmfO:6sf] k|fy{gf u5{g\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 51

g]kfndf dfly pNn]v u/]sf afx]s cGo w]/} wfld{s :ynx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cGo s]xL
dxŒjk"0f{ wfld{s :ynx¿ nl' DagL, dl' Qmgfy, af}4gfy, uf]/vf dgsfdgf, :ju{åf/L,
uf];fOFs0' 8, kflye/f cflb xg' \ . hg' ;'s} wdf{jnDaL;Fu ;DaGwLt eP klg tL ;a}
wfld{s :ynx¿ xfdL ;a} g]kfnLsf ;femf ;DklQ tyf cd"No ;Dkbf xg' \ . tL ;a}sf]
;/+ If0f ug{' xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj / st{Jo xf] .

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo ;db' fodf /x]sf wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿sf] gfd ;ª\sng ug{'xf];\ . tL
;Dkbfx¿ sg' wd{;Fu ;DaGwLt /x]sf 5g\, ltgLx¿sf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 / ;/+ If0fsf
pkfox¿ s] s] x'g ;S5g\ eGg] ljifodf sIffsf]7fdf 5nkmn u/L ljj/0f tof/
kfg{'xf];\ / leQ] klqsfdf 6fF:gx' f];\ .

v= sIffdf 5 ;dx" agfO{ Ps ;dx" n] Ps wd{sf] wfld{s :ynsf af/]df cWoog
u/L lxGb', af}4, O:nfd, ls/fFt, ls|l:rog, l;v wd{sf wfld{s :yn /x]sf]
:yfg, To;sf] dxŒj / ;/+ If0fsf pkfox¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/L a'Fbf l6kf]6
ug{'xf];\ . kfn}kfnf] sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

!= vfnL ufpF egx'{ f;] \ M

s= /fdhfgsL dlGb/ ===================== lhNnfdf kb{5 .
v= kzk' ltgfy dlGb/ =================== sf] kljq tLy{:yn xf] .
u= nf?Dafdf ls/fFtx¿n] ================================= kf7 u/L kh" f ub{5g\ .
3= hfd] dl:hb ========================== sf] k|dv' wfld{s :yn xf] .
ª= P;D;g rr{ ========================= sf] wfld{s :yn xf] .
@= tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \ M

s= g]kfnnfO{ lsg ax'wfld{s b]z elgG5 <
v= g]kfndf /x]sf ljleGg wd{;Fu ;DaGwLt b; cf]6f wfld{s ;Dkbfsf] gfd

n]Vgx' f];\ .

52 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

u= tkfO{Fsf] kl/jf/n] dfGg] wd{;Fu ;DaGwLt wfld{s :ynsf af/]df ;dfrf/
agfpg'xf];\ .

3= wfld{s ;lxi0ft' f eg]sf] s] xf] <
ª= /fdhfgsL dlGb/sf af/]df j0f{g ub}{ ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo txdf ePsf] sg' } wfld{s :ynsf] e|d0f ug{x' f];\ . To;sf] jf:tljs
cj:yf kQf nufO{ To:tf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f ug{ x/]s JolQm / :yfgLo txsf] s:tf]
e"ldsf xg' 'k5{, ;e' mfjx¿ lbg'xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 53

*kf7 xfdf| /fli6«o JolStTjx¿
/fi6«sf nflu ljz]if of]ubfg lbg] jf s;}n] gu/]sf] k|;z+ gLo sfd ug]{ JolStnfO{ /fli6«o
JolQmTj elgG5 . /fi6«sf] uf}/j a9fpg cf–cfºgf] If]qaf6 ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbPsf x'G5g\ .
o; kf7df xfdL g]kfnsf Vofltk|fKt bO' { JolQmx¿ hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;x+ / vu]Gb|axfb'/
a:g]tsf af/]df cWoog ug{]5f}F .

!= lzIff;]jL hok[YjLaxfb/' l;xF

gfd M hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;x+

hGd ldlt M lj= ;=+ !(#$

hGd :yfg M r}gk/' , aemfª

cf}krfl/s lzIff M cfO{= P=

:jfWoog M ;dfhzf:q, /fhgLltzf:q, Oltxf;,

;flxTo, sfgg' , bz{g cflb .

dg kg]{ s'/f M dfgj ;]jf -;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/_

dg gkg{] s'/f M ;fdGtjfbL ;:+ sf/, o'4, lx+;f, åGå

/ clzIff cflb

;dfhdf ofu] bfg

 lzIff lj/f]wL /f0ffx¿;Fu d'sflanf ub}{ lzIff If]qdf of]ubfg,
 cIf/fª\s lzIff, afnaf]w, 1fgdfnf, eu" f]n ljBf, kbfy{ tŒj ljj]s, k|fs[t

Jofs/0f, g]kfn ;|]:tf sfg'g, efiffsf]if cflb bO' { bh{geGbf a9L k:' tsx¿ n]vg
tyf k|sfzg,
 ;TojfbL kf7zfnfnufot cGo :sn' x¿sf] :yfkgf,
 c:ktfnsf] :yfkgf, af6f]3f6f] lgdf{0f,
 lj= ;=+ @)%* b]lv !(&# ;Dd uf]/vfkqsf] ;Dkfbs tyf Joj:yfks,
 uf]/vfkqsf] lgMzN' s ;Dkfbs,
 åGåu|:t dflg;x¿sf] ;xof]usf nflu Olyof]lkof, clk|msfnufotsf b]zx¿df
:jod;]jLsf ¿kdf sfo{ u/]sf],
 lzIff If]qsf] ljsf; / Jofks k|rf/sf sf/0f pgnfO{ lzIffsf lktf eg]/ lrlgG5 .

54 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

o:tf axk' |ltefzfnL /fli6«o JolQmTjsf] d[To' ^# jif{sf] pd]/df lj= ;+= !((& c;f]h !
df ef/tsf] a]Ënf]/df ePsf] lyof] .

@= ;dfh;j] L vu]Gb|axfb/' a:g]t

gfd M vu]Gb|axfb/' a:g]t

lktf M s0f]{n OGb|axfb/' a:g]t

dftf M j]b/fhsd' f/L a:g]t

hGd M lj=;+= !(*% ;fn df3 % ut] sf7df8f}F

dg kg]{ s/' f M ;dfh;]jf

dg gkg{] s'/f M c;dfgtf, e]befj cflb .

cf}krfl/s lzIff M s[lif ljifodf :gfts;Ddsf] cWoog

;dfhdf ofu] bfg

 lj=;=+ @)@% ;fndf g]kfn ckfª\u ;3+ sf] :yfkgf . xfn pQm ;:+ yfnfO{ vu]Gb|
gjhLjg s]Gb|sf] gfdn] lrlgG5 .

 vu]Gb| gjhLjg s]Gb|sf cWoIf
 lj=;+= @)@^ ;fndf s[i0f ;dz]/ / tf/fnIdL /f0ffsf] cfly{s ;xof]udf ckfª\u

k'?ifx¿sf nflu cfjf;Lo Joj:yfsf] ;?' jft,
 lj= ;+= @)#! ;fnb]lv ckfª\u ePsf dlxnfx¿sf nflu klg cfjf;Lo Joj:yfsf]

;'?jft,
 ;f] ;:+ yfn] xfn;Dd ckfª\u dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf nflu tflnd ;~rfng u/]/

cfTdlge{/sf] cj:yfdf kU' g ;xof]u ul//x]sf] .

vu]Gbn| ] efU] gk' /s] f] ;d:of

lj= ;+= @))* ;fnb]lv vu]Gb|sf] sDd/eGbf tnsf] efu k"0f{ ¿kdf grNg] eof] .
olt xF'bfx'Fb} klg pgn] cWoog cWofkg sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu
cWofkg sfo{ ;'? u/]sf lyP . o:tf dxfg ;dfh;]jLsf] d[To' lj= ;+= @)#$ ;fn k;'
! ut] ePsf] lyof] .

cfk"m ckfª\u eP/ klg c¿sf nflu 7n' f] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] vu]Gb|axfb/' a:g]tsf] gfd
cd/ 5 .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 55

lqmofsnfk

s= ho k[YjL axfb'/ l;x+ / vu]Gb|axfb'/ a:g]tsf] hLjgL ;ª\sng u/]/ sIffdf k|:tt'
ug{'xf];\ .

v= ;dx" df ljefhg eO k|To]s ;d"xn] ;dfhsf] enfOsf nflu s] s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5,
of]hgf agfpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

u= …dfgj ;]jf g} 7'nf] wd{ xf]Ú zLif{sdf jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= dflysf] kf7af6 hfgsf/Lx¿ vf]hL tnsf vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf;] \ M
s= hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x ================== lhNnfdf hlGdPsf lyP .
v= hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xnfO{ =================== ug{ dg kYof]{ .
u= lzIff If]qdf u/]sf] Jofks ljsf; / k|rf/sf sf/0f hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xnfO{
============================== klg elgG5 .
3= vu]Gbaxfb/' a:g]tsf] hGd lj= ;+= ================== df ePsf] lyof] .
ª= vu]Gb|axfb/' a:g]tn] lj=;+= @)@% ;fndf g]kfn ===================== ;+3sf] :yfkgf
u/]sf lyP .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
s= s:tf JolStnfO{ /fli6«o JolQmTj elgG5 <
v= hok[YjLaxfb/' l;x+ n] ;dfhdf s] s] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP <
u= hok[YjLaxfb/' l;+xn] lsg ljleGg b]zx¿sf] e|d0f u/]sf lyP <
3= cfkfª\u ePsfx¿sf] lxtdf vu]Gb|axfb/' a:g]tn] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg n]Vgx' f];\ .
ª= vu]Gb|axfb/' a:g]tsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yf s:tf] lyof] <

kl/of]hgf sfo{

xfd|f] b]zdf ;dfhsf ljljw If]qdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbPsf JolQmTjx¿ x'g'x'G5 . s'g}
Ps hgf To:tf JolQmsf af/]df vf]hL u/L pQm hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df hLjgL tof/
kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

JolStTjsf] gfd
hGd ldlt / :yfg
d'Vo sfd
pxfFaf6 l;Sg'kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿

56 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

(kf7 afnSna / :sfp6

afnaflnsfx¿ nlIft ;:+ yfx¿ afnSna / :sfp6 xg' \ . logLx¿n] afnaflnsfsf
clwsf/sf nflu dfq geO{ afnaflnsfnfO{ ljleGg ;fdflhs sfo{df ;d]t ;n+ Ug
u/fpg] p2]Zo /fVb5g\ .

afnSna

afnaflnsfx¿sf] xslxtsf nflu
afnaflnsfåf/f vf]lnPsf] ;:+ yfnfO{
afnSna elgG5 . afnSna
afnaflnsfsf] ;+u7g xf] . @% hgfeGbf
a9L afnaflnsfx¿ eP/ cfºgf] ;femf
nIo / p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu :yfkgf
ul/Psf] ;u+ 7g g} afnSna xf] .

afnaflnsf b]zsf eljio x'g\ .
afnaflnsfx¿sf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy ljBfno jf ;d'bfodf afnSnax¿
Uf7g ul/Psf x'G5g\ . g]kfndf lj= ;=+ @)$^ df k|hftGqsf] k'gM:yfkgfkl5 ljleGg ;+3
;:+ yfx¿ tyf u}/;/sf/L ;:+ yfx¿sf] ;xof]udf afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{ yflnof] .
o;}qmddf afnd}qL :yfgLo zf;g /fli6«o /0fgLlt lj= ;+= @)^* df hf/L eof] . ;f] /0fgLlt
cfPkl5 :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;xof]udf ljleGg afnSnax¿ Uf7g xF'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 .
s]Gb|Lo afn sNof0f ;ldltsf cg;' f/ b]zel/df sl/a @@)) eGbf a9L afnSnax¿
:yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . afnSnax¿df sl/a ^ nfveGbf a9L afnaflnsfx¿ ;+ul7t
5g\ . cfjZostf, u7g tl/sf / :yfg ljz]ifsf cfwf/df afnSnax¿nfO{ lgDgcg';f/
juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 M

s= ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t afnSnax¿

v= ljBfnodf cfwfl/t afnSnax¿

u= ljifout tyf ljz]if afnSnax¿

3= afn ;d"x ;~hfnx¿

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 57

afnSna u7g ug{] tl/sf jf kl| qmof

afnSna u7g ug{] tl/sf lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M

!= afnSna u7gsf] ;r" gf tof/ kfg{] . o:tf] ;r" gf :yfgLo efiffdf ;d]t tof/ kfg{
;lsG5 .

@= pQm ;"rgfnfO{ ;fj{hflgs ;:+ yfx¿ h:t}M ljBfno, j8f sfof{no, ;"rgf s]Gb|,
:jf:Yo rf}sL, k|x/L rf}sLnufotsf 7fpFdf 6fF:g] .

#= Affn ;d"x u7gsf nflu sDtLdf @% hgf afnaflnsf e]nf x'g'k5{ .

$= Sna u7g ubf{ leGg pd]/ ;d"x hflt, lnª\u jf If]qsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] ;xeflutf
;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 .

%= e]nf ePsf ;xefuLx¿nfO{ :ki6 ;"rgf k|bfg ug{] .

^= ;xdlt jf k|hftflGqs cEof;sf cfwf/df g]t[Tj / kbflwsf/Lx¿ 5gf]6 ug{] .

&= Snasf] sfo{;ldlt lahf]/ ;+Vofdf -h:t} (, !!=== cflb_ agfpg] .

o;/L ul7t afnSnan] cfºgf] clwsf/sf nflu sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 ;fy} afnclwsf/ /
afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf ljleGg lqmofsnfkx¿ klg ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb5 .

:sfp6

a]nfotL gful/s j]8]g kfj]nn] :jod\;]jL ;dx" sf
¿kdf :sfp6sf] :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !()&
df klxnf]k6s dfgj lxtdf v6\g] k|lta4tf;lxt
:sfp6sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . cfkm" o'4df v6]/
kl/kSj ePsf j]8]gn] a]/f]huf/ oj' fx¿nfO{
lalu|gaf6 arfpg] / ;Tdfu{df nufpg] ;f]r agfO{
of] ;+:yfsf] ;?' jft u/]sf x'g\ . pQm ;f]rnfO{
;fsf/ kfg{ pgn] @) hgf oj' f ;lDdlnt :sfp6sf]
u7g u/]sf lyP . :sfp6sf] d"ndGq g} …tof/
xf]pmÚ eGg] xf] .

g]kfn :sfp6sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @))( ;fndf ePsf]
lyof] . o;sf] k|wfg sfof{no n}grf}/ sf7df8f}Fdf

58 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

/x]sf] 5 . :sfp6cGtu{t ljleGg ju{x¿ 5g\ . tLdWo]sf AjfOh
:sfp6 / uNh{ :sfp6 k|d'v x'g\ . oL b'j} k|sf/sf :sfp6df !!
b]lv !% jif{;Ddsf afnaflnsfx¿ ;xefuL x'g kfpF5g\ . o:tf]
:sfp6sf] ;d"x ljBfno jf ;db' fodf :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 t/
o:tf ;d"x :yfkgfsf nflu ;DaGwLt :sfp6sf] sfof{noaf6
cgd' lt lng'k5{

AjfOh / uNh{ :sfp6df sDtLdf !@ ;b:ox¿ x'gk' 5{ . k|To]s ;dx" df #@ hgf / tLdWo]
^ b]lv * hgf ;b:ox¿sf] ;dx" nfO{ Aof6«f]n elgG5 . Aof6«f]nsf] cf–cfºg} gfd x'G5 .
AjfOhx¿sf] Aof6«f]nnfO{ hgfj/sf gfd / uNh{sf nflu r/fsf] gfd lbOG5 . o:tf
;d"xx¿ ljBfnodf jf ;d'bfodf x'G5g\ . AjfOh÷uNh{ :sfp6sf ^ cf]6f txx¿ x'G5g\ .
o;nfO{ Aofh ;r" L klg elgG5 .

:sfp6sf sfo{x¿

• b}jL / k|fs[lts k|sf]k jf ljklQdf k/]sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ p4f/ ug]{ .

• dfgjLo le8 Joj:yfkgdf ;lqmo ¿kdf
v6\g] .

• o'jfx¿nfO{ cg'zf;g, snf, l;k / bIftf
sfod u/fpg] .

• oj' fx¿nfO{ kl/rfng u/L j[If/f]k0f,
;/;kmfO tyf vfg]kfgLsf of]hgf h:tf
jftfj/0fLo ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ .

• ljleGg l;h{gzLn sfo{x¿df o'jfx¿nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] .

• o'jfx¿nfO{ :jo+;]jLsf ¿kdf ljleGg tflndx¿ lbO{ tof/ ug]{ .

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnodf /x]sf] afnSna jf :sfp6n] ljBfno jf ;dfhdf s] s:tf
sfo{x¿ ul//x]sf] 5 < o:tf sfo{x¿sf] ;"rL agfpgx' f];\ . o:tf ;+:yfsf ultljlwnfO{
cem k|efjsf/L agfpg s] ug{ ;lsPnf < 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 59

v= olb tkfO{F tkfO{Fsf] ljBfnodf ePsf] afnSnasf] cWoIf x'ge' of] eg] s] s:tf
lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug'{xG' 5 < o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= afnSna eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= :sfp6sf] :yfkgf sfndf s] p2]Zo /x]sf] lyof] <
u= afnSnasf] u7g k|lqmof n]Vgx' f];\ .
3= afnSnan] v]Ngk' g]{ el" dsfsf] ;r" L agfpgx' f];\ .
ª= :sfp6sf sfo{x¿ aF'bfut ¿kdf n]Vgx' f];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] ljBfno jf ;d'bfodf afnSna jf :sfp6sf] ;dx" lqmofzLn /x]sf] xf]nf .
tL 6f]nLsf k|dv' ;Fu ;Dks{ u/L ;d"xdf sfd ug]{ k|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t, u/]sf sfdx¿sf] ;"rL
/ sfd ubf{ b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿af/] 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . 5nkmnaf6 k|fKt ljj/0fx¿nfO{
leQ] klqsfsf nflu ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

60 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

PsfO

#

gful/s r]tgf, st{Jo / clwsf/

l;sfO pknlAw

™ Gfful/ssf] kl/ro lbO{ Gfful/s st{Jo kfng ug{ / clwsf/k|lt ;r]t /xg,
™ Nff]stflGqs dN" odfGotfsf] cg;' /0f ug{,
™ ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf ug{,
™ afnclwsf/ / sTf{Jo klxrfg u/L afnclwsf/sf] pkof]uk|lt ;r]t /xg,
™ cfºgf] JolStut tyf kfl/jfl/s ;/' Iff ;DaGwdf ;hu /xg,
™ 6«flkms lgodsf] kl/ro / kmfObf atfpg Pjd\ o;sf] kfngf ug{ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 61

!kf7 xfdL gful/s xfd|f] stJ{ o

gful/s

gful/s zAb lu|s efiffaf6 cfPsf] xf] . To; a]nf lu|;df gu/ /fHo xG' y] . gu/
/fHodf a:g] JolStx¿nfO{ gful/s eGg yflnof] . kl5 sg' } b]zsf :yfoL afl;GbfnfO{
gful/s eGg yflnof] . sg' } b]zsf] gful/s xg' sf nflu JolSt sg' } lglZrt e–" efudf
jf sg' } /fHosf] l;dfgfleq :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf] x'gk' b{5 . p;n] /fHoaf6 gful/s
xg' ] clwsf/x¿ kfPsf] xg' 'kb{5 . p;n] ;f] /fHok|lt cfkmn" ] kfngf ug'{kg]{ bfloTj klg
kfngf ug{'kb{5 . b]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;a} JolSt gful/s xg' ;Sb}gg\ . ltgLx¿nfO{
afl;Gbf dfq elgG5 . s'g} ljb]zL gful/s s'g} /fHoleq a;]sf] 5 eg] p;nfO{ gful/s
elgFb}g . p;n] sfg'gadf]lhd cfºgf] klxn]sf] b]zsf] gful/stf Tofu]/ a;f]af; u/]s}
b]zsf] gful/stf lnPkl5 dfq pm To; b]zsf] gful/s xg' ;Sb5 .

s'g} /fHosf] l;df leq a:g]

lglZrt eu' f]n ePsf]

gful/s

/fHok|lt stJ{ o ePsf] /fHoaf6 clwsf/ kfPsf]

;a} gful/s c;n x'G5g\ eGg] 5}g . c;n gful/s x'gsf nflu gful/sdf lgDgfg;' f/sf
u0' fx¿ xg' 'kb{5 M
s_ c;n rl/q ePsf] g}ltsjfg\ xg' 'k5{ .
v_ /fli6«otfsf] efjgf x'gk' 5{ .

62 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

u_ b]znfO{ dfof ug]{ jf b]zk|]dL xg' k' 5{ .

3_ /fHosf sfgg' / lgodx¿ kfngf ug]{ x'gk' 5{ .

ª_ cfjZos k/]sf a]nf /fHonfO{ h'g;s' } ;xof]u ug{ tof/ xg' k' 5{ .

r_ /fHok|ltsf] cfºgf] st{Jo ae' m]sf] x'g'k5{ .

5_ b]z ljsf;df of]ubfg lbPsf] x'g'k5{ .

xfdL g]kfnL xf}F . xfd|f] b]z g]kfn xf] . To;}n] xfdL g]kfnL gful/s xf}F . xfd|f] b]zsf
nflu xfdL ;a} g]kfnL hgtf c;n gful/s xg' ;Sg'kb{5 . xfdL v/fa eof}F eg] xfd|f]
b]z ljsf;df kl5 k5{ . b]zdf czflGt / em}emu8f x'G5 . xfd|f] b]z zqs' f] xftdf kg{
;S5 . cfh}b]lv xfdL ;a} g]kfnLn] c;n gful/s x'g] sfo{x¿ u/f}F . cfºg} b]zdf a;]/
b]zsf] ljsf; u/f}F .

gful/s stJ{ o

x/]s gful/sn] cfkm"n] hfg]/ a'em]/ kfngf ug'{kg]{ s/' fx¿nfO{ gful/s st{Jo elgG5 .
gful/s st{JocGtu{t lgDg sfo{x¿ kb{5g\ .

g}lts stJ{ o M g}lts ¿kdf cfkm"n] hfg]/ a'em]/ cfkm"n] c;n afgL Joxf]/f ckgfpg'
g}lts st{Jo xf] . cg'zf;gdf a:g', c¿sf] nf]e gug'{, rf]/L gug'{, c¿sf] enfO x'g]
sfd ug'{, ;dosf] kfngf ug{', ;a};Fu ldn]/ a:g' g}lts st{Jox¿ x'g\ .

sgg' L st{Jo M b]zdf lgod sfgg' cg';f/ ug{ x'g] sfd dfq ug{' / sgg' n] ug'{ xF'b}g eg]sf]
s'/f gug{' sfgg' L st{Jo xf] . xfdLn] sfgg' sf] kfngf u¥of}F eg] kl/jf/df zflGt xG' 5 .
;dfhdf d]nldnfk xG' 5 . b]z ljsf;df ;xof]u k'U5 . sfg'gsf] kfngf gu/] xfdLnfO{
sfg'gadf]lhd ;hfo xG' 5 . a]OHhtL xG' 5 .

gful/s st{Jo M xfdLn] cfºgf] b]zsf] lxtsf nflu ckm"n] ug{'kg]{ sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . b]zsf]
OHht a9\g] sfo{ ug'{, ;dodf g} s/ ltg{', lgjf{rgdf efu lng' cflb gful/s st{Jo
xg' \ . gful/sn] oL st{Jox¿ kfngf u/]gg\ eg] b]z ljsf; xg' ;Sb}g .

To;}n] xfdLn] oL ;a} st{Jox¿ kfngf u¥of}F eg] xfdL c;n gul/s xg' ;Sb5f}F .
xfdLn] cfºgf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«df ;b}j oL st{Jox¿sf] kfng ug'{kb{5 .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 63

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{F s:tf] gful/s xg' x' 'G5 < tnsf] /]vfdf cfkm" sxfFg]/ kl/G5, lrgf] nufpgx' f];\ .

v/fa gful/s c;n gful/s

v= ;d"xdf a;]/ cfkm"n] 3/, ljBfno / ;dfhdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿sf] ;r" L tof/
kfg{'xf];\ .

u= …d Ps c;n gful/sÚ zLif{sdf sljtf n]Vg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= gful/s eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= gful/s x'gsf nflu s] s] x'gk' b{5 <
u= tkfO{Fn] c;n gful/s xg' sf nflu s] s:tf s'/fx¿ kfngf ug{'k5{ <
3= gful/s st{Josf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
ª= tnsf dWo] sg' sg' gful/s u0' f x'g\, lrg]/ gful/s u0' fx¿ sfkLdf ;fg{'xf];\ .
-c_ cfºgf] b]znfO{ dfof ug{' .
-cf_ b]zsf] ljsf;df ;xof]u ug{' .
-O_ c¿nfO{ xf]RofP/ af]Ng' .
-O{_ lgod gdfGg' .
-p_ ljb]z uP/ a:g' .

64 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

@kf7 xfdf| clwsf/

:jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, ;"rgfsf] xs Vffg]s/' f vfg kfpg,' sfd ug{ kfpg'
9S' s eO{ k|of]u u/f}F gdfg]/ ws /f]huf/L / sfd u/L b]zd} a:g kfpg'
blnt / afnaflnsf Ho]i7 gful/ssf] Dfft[efiff af]Ng kfpg' n]Vg k9\g kfpg'
dlxnfsf] /Iff u/f}F xs oL ;asf] df}lns xs log} x'g\ ;'/Iff lg kfpg'

lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;DklQsf] xs kfpg'k5{
Hfflt wd{ rf8kj{ dfGg kfpg'k5{
cGofodf kbf{ v]/L Gofo kfpgk' 5{
hGdl;4 clwsf/ ;an] kfpg'k5{

xfdL ;a} hgf gful/s xf}F . xfdL ;a}n] gful/s ePsf sf/0f /fHoaf6 ljleGg k|sf/sf
clwsf/x¿ kfpg'kb{5 . clwsf/ To:tf] zlSt xf], h;nfO{ hgtfn] dfu ub{5g\,
/fHon] k|bfg ub{5 / ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ub{5 . o:tf cfwf/et" clwsf/x¿ /fHon] glbP
hgtfn] dfu ub{5g\ . hgtfn] cfkm" cGofodf k/]sf] 7fGb5g\ . To;}n] hgtfnfO{ cGofo
/ zf]if0faf6 d'St ug{sf nflu klg To:tf clwsf/x¿ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gx¿df Joj:yf
ul/Psf xG' 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg xfdLn] kfpgk' g]{ clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 . csf{nfO{ s'g} lk/, dsf{, afwf gkf/L cfºgf] xssf] pkef]u ug{] tl/sf clwsf/ xf] .
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpFbf xfdL v';L xG' 5f}F . clwsf/ b'O{ k|sf/sf xG' 5g\ M

s_ dfgj clwsf/

dfgj ePsf gftfn] hxfF / hlxn] klg kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/ dfgj clwsf/ xf] . h:t} M

• afFRg kfpg] clwsf/,

• :jtGq ¿kdf af]Ng / lxF88'n ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,

• e]befjlagf afFRg kfpg] clwsf/,

• lxF88n' ug{ / ;DklQ cfh{g ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 65

• cfºg} b]zdf a;f]af; ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,

• dtbfg ug{ kfpg] / lgjf{lrt xg' kfpg] clwsf/,

• ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,

v_ sfgg' L clwsf/

/fHosf] ;l+ jwfg / sfgg' åf/f ;/+ If0f ul/Psf clwsf/x¿ sfgg' L clwsf/ x'g\ . o;nfO{
xfd|f] ;l+ jwfgdf df}lns xs eg]/ JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] #! cf]6f
df}lns xs clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . oL xsx¿ k|of]u ug{ kfOPg jf s;}n]
oL xs k|of]u ug{df afwf k¥' ofof] eg] xfdLn] cbfntdf ph'/L ug'{k5{ . cbfntn] oL
xs lbnfOlbG5 .

xfd|f] ;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePsf s]xL df}lns xsx¿

:jtGqtfsf] xs -s_ ljrf/ / cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf,
;dfgtfsf] xs -v_ ;ª\3 / ;:+ yf vf]Ng] :jtGqtf,
Gofo;DaGwL xs -u_ g]kfnsf] sg' } klg efudf cfjthfjt / a;f]af; ug]{

:jtGqtf,
-3_ g]kfnsf] s'g} klg efudf k];f, /f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf

s;}nfO{ klg wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnª\u, zf/Ll/s cj:yf,
ckfª\utf, :jf:Yo l:ylt, j}jflxs l:ylt, uef{j:yf, cfly{s
cj:yf, efiff jf If]q, j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo sg' }
cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .

sf]xL klg cGofodf kg{' xF'b}g . sfg'gadf]lhd 5fglag u/]/ Gofo
lbg'kb{5 .

uf]kgLotfsf] xs k|To]s JolStnfO{ sfg'gadf]lhd b]vfpgk' g]{ afx]s z/L/, 3/,
;DklQ, sfutkq, rl/q uf]Ko /fVg] xs x'g] 5 .

lzIff;DaGwL xs k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t lzIffdf clgjfo{ / lgMzN' s kx'Frsf]
xs xg' ] 5 .

:jf:Yo;DaGwL xs k|To]s gful/snfO{ cfwf/et" :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns kfpg] xs
xg' ] 5 .

66 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

lqmofsnfk

s= kf7df lbOPsf] uLt ;a}hgf ldn]/ ufpgx' f];\ .

v= sIffdf ePsf ;fyLx¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf cfwf/df sDtLdf Ps hgfn] df}lns xsnfO{
kfgfdf 7n' f cIf/n] n]vL sIffdf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

u= ;dx" df 5nkmn u/L tkfO{Fx¿n] kfPsf, gkfPsf / hlxn] cjZos k5{ Toltv]/
k|of]u ug'{kg]{ xsx¿sf] ;r" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\ M

cfkmn" ] kfPsf xs gkfPsf xs hlxn] cjZos k5{
Toltv/] k|of]u ug{k' g]{ xs

cEof;

s= gful/s clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

v= xfd|f] ;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf sg' } kfFr cf]6f xsx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

cfºgf] ;d'bfosf JolStx¿n] sg' sg' xsx¿sf] k|of]u ul//xge' Psf] 5, cjnf]sg u/L
l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 67

#kf7 nfs] tflGqs d"No / dfGotf

xfd|f] b]z nf]stflGqs b]z xf] . …nf]sÚ eg]sf]
hgtf / …tGqÚ eg]sf] zf;g k|0ffnL xf] .
nf]stGqsf] cy{ hgtfn] zf;g ug]{ k|0ffnL
eGg] al' emG5 . nf]stGq ePsf] b]zdf hgtfn]
lgjf{rgaf6 cfºgf k|ltlglw 5fGb5g\ .
ltg} k|ltlglwn] zf;g u5{g\ . tL 5flgPsf
k|ltlglwx¿sf] lglZrt cjlw x'G5 / cjlw
k'u]kl5 km]l/ lgjf{rgaf6 k|ltlglw 5flgG5g\ .
pgLx¿n] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf /x]5g\ / hgtfnfO{
dg k¥of] eg] km]l/ klg ToxL JolStnfO{
5fGg ;S5g\ . dg k/]g eg] csf]{ JolStnfO{
5fG5g\ . o;/L hgtfn] cfºgf k|ltlglw
5fGg kfpg' nf]stflGqs dN" o xf] . o;/L
5flgPsf k|ltlglwn] hgtfsf] efjgfcg;' f/
sfd ug{'k5{ . hgtf / b]zsf] lxtdf xg' ] sfd
ug'{kb{5 . of] nf]stflGqs dfGotf xf] .

xfd|f] b]z ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs / ax';f:+ s[lts b]z ePsfn] oxfF ;a} hflt, wd{, lnª\u
tyf zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf JolStnfO{ zf;gdf efu lng] clwsf/ x'G5 . pgLx¿n] cfºgf]
ljrf/ JoQm ug{, lg0f{o k|lj|mofdf efu lng, pd]åf/ x'g / dtbfg ug{ ;d]t kfpF5g\ .

xfdLn] ax'dtsf] lg0f{onfO{ dfGgk' b{5 . nf]stGqdf w]/} JolStn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] s/' f g}
dfGo x'G5 . To;}n] x/]s lg0f{o ;j{;Ddt gePdf axd' tsf cfwf/df ul/G5 . To;f] eP
klg cNkdtdf /x]sfx¿sf] efjgfnfO{ klg Vofn ul/G5 . oxL g} nf]stflGqs dN" o
dfGotf xf] . xfdL ;a}n] o;sf] kfngf ug'{k5{ . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f x]/f}F x} .

hofsf] l5d]sdf af6f] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljjfb eof] . s]xL JolStx¿n] æeg] of]
klxnf] jif{ xf], sRrL eP klg af6f] agfcf}F . ufpF;Dd h;/L klg df]6/ k'¥ofcf}F .
kl5 la:tf/} kSsL agfpFb} n}hfcf}Fnf .Æ csf{ y/Ln] km/s ljrf/ /flv/x]sf 5g\,
æhlt af6f] aG5, Tolt kSsL af6f] g} agfcf}F . k6s k6s af6f] agfO/xg' kb}{g .

68 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

yf]/} agfcf}F t/ kSsL agfcf}F .Æ j8f
cWoIfsf] g]t[Tjdf a}7s a:of] . a?
sRrL agfcf}F w]/} agfcf}F eGg]x¿sf]
axd' t eof] . ;f]xLcg;' f/ af6f] agfOof] .

y]jfª\sf] j8fsf] lgjf{rgdf j8f
cWoIfn] #(^ dt NofP . pgsf
k|ltåGbLn] #() dt NofP . emG8} emG8}
a/fa/ dt NofP klg #(^ dt Nofpg] JolSt ljhoL eP/ pgL j8f cWoIf eP . pgn]
cfºgf] ljho efif0fdf eg], æd}n] yf]/} dtn] lht] klg d]/f k|ltåGbLn] klg deGbf ^
dt dfq sd NofPsf xg' \ . To;}n] pgn] cl3 ;f/]sf ljsf;sf sfd klg d ug]{ 5' .
xfdL b'j} hgf ldn]/ of] j8fsf] ljsf; ug]{ 5f}F . nf]stGqdf xf/ / lht r'gfjsf a]nf
dfq xg' ] xf] . To;kl5 xfdL ;a} ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ .Æ

lqmofsnfk

s= cfºgf] sIffdf sIff g]tfsf] lgjf{rg ug{'xf];\ . h;n] axd' t k|fKt ub{5g\, pgnfO{
gofF sIff g]tf agfpg'xf];\ .

v= sIffdf rf/ ;d"x agfpgx' f];\ . k|To]s ;d"xdf a;]/ sIffsf] lgod agfpgx' f];\ .
klxn] g} lgod 5 eg] To;sf af/]df 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ . ;a}sf] ;xdltdf k|To]s aF'bf
kfl/t ub}{ hfgx' f];\ . s'g} aF'bfdf ljjfb ePdf axd' taf6 kfl/t ug{'xf];\ . cGtdf
;a} ;dx" sf ;dx" g]tfn] kfn}kfnf] cfºgf] ;d"xn] kfl/t ul/Psf] lgod a'Fbfut
¿kdf k|:t't ub}{ hfg'xf];\ . cGo ;d"x;Fu ldn]df To;nfO{ kfl/t ug{'xf];\ . c¿;Fu
gldn]df rf/ ;d"xsf g]tfx¿sf] ;j{;Ddltaf6 kfl/t ug'{xf];\ . ;xdlt x'g g;s]df
ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= nf]stGq eg]sf] s] xf] <

v= nf]stflGqs dN" o / dfGotfcGtu{t s] s] kb{5g\ <

u= xfdL s;/L nf]stflGqs dN" o / dfGotfsf] kfngf ug{ ;S5f}F <

3= hofsf] l5d]sdf nf]stGqsf] k|of]u s;/L ePsf] 5 <

ª= y]jfª\sf] ;d'bfodf nf]stGq 5 < s;/L <

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 69

$kf7 xfdf| ] afnclwsf/

xfdL afnaflnsf xf}F . c¿ gful/ssf] h:t}
xfdL afnaflnsfsf] klg 56' \6} clwsf/
xG' 5 . xfdL afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ w]/} s'/f
yfxf xF'b}g . 7n' f dflg;x¿nfO{ w]/} s/' f yfxf
xG' 5 . To;}n] pgLx¿n] xfdLnfO{ x]/ljrf/
ug{'k5{ . afnaflnsfx¿ zf/Ll/s tyf
dfgl;s ¿kdf kl/kSj gxg' ] xFb' f xfdLnfO{
ljz]if x]/rfx / ;/' Iffsf] cjZostf k5{ .
xfdLnfO{ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug{', afFRgsf nflu
cfwf/et" s/' fx¿sf] Joj:yf ug{', :jf:Yo ;]jf k¥' ofpg' cleefjssf] st{Jo xf] . v]n,
dgf]/~hg / cf/fd ug{ lbg' / x]nf tyf bJ' o{jxf/ gug{' klg pxfFx¿sf] st{Jo xf] . To;}u/L
zf]if0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg' 7'nf JolStsf] st{Jo xf] . xfdL afnaflnsfx¿n] :j:y eP/
cfºgf] afnfkg latfpg kfpg' xfd|f] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] . o;/L afnaflnsfx¿sf]
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{' jo:sx¿sf] bfloTj xf] . olb xfdL afnaflnsfdfly zf]if0f jf
bJ' o{jxf/ eof] eg] xfdL !)(* df 6]lnkmf]g u/]/ ph'/L ug{ ;S5f}F .

xfdLn] w]/} k|sf/sf clwsf/x¿ kfpgk' b{5 . tL afnclwsf/x¿nfO{ dV' o rf/ ju{df
afF8\g ;lsG5 M

!= afFRg kfpg] clwsf/

• vf]k tyf k|fylds pkrf/sf] clwsf/,

• :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/,

• :j:y jftj/0f / ;kmf vfg]kfgLsf] clwsf/,

• kf]if0fo'Qm vfgfsf] clwsf/,

• kfl/jfl/s ;DaGwsf] clwsf/,

@= ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/

• klxrfg, gfd /fVg], hGdbtf{sf] clwsf/,

• of}g zf]if0faf6 ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/,

70 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

• ckx]ngf, bJ' o{jxf/lj?4sf] clwsf/,
• nfu' kbfy{af6 ;/+ If0f,
• sfgg' L ;/+ If0f, uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/,
• zf]if0flj?4sf] clwsf/,

#= ljsf;sf] clwsf/

• lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/,
• :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] clwsf/,
• ;r" gfsf] kx'Fr,
• dgf]/~hg tyf snf, ;+f:s[lts ultljlwdf ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/,
• v]nsb' , Jofofdsf] clwsf/,
• czQm afnaflnsfn] ljz]if x]/rfx kfpg] clwsf/,

$= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/

• e]nf tyf ;u+ l7t xg' ] clwsf/,
• ljrf/ cleJoQm ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,
• s'g} klg s/' fsf] hfgsf/L /fVg kfpg] clwsf/,
• ;fdflhs k'gM:yfkgfsf] clwsf/,
• lg0f{o ug{ kfpg] clwsf/,
• lagfe]befj ;xefuL xg' kfpg] clwsf/,
• cf:yfcg;' f/sf] wd{df ;n+ Ug x'g] clwsf/,

lqmofsnfk

s= rf/ cf]6f ;d"xdf a;]/ Ps ;d"xn] afnclwsf/ ;DaGwdf ePsf aF'bfx¿ 7'nf
cIf/n] kfgfdf n]vL sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .

v= tkfO{Fn] cfkmn" ] kfPsf / gkfPsf afnclwsf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .

kfPsf clwsf/ gkfPsf clwsf/

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 71

cEof;

s= afnclwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= afnclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f s;/L x'G5 <
u= afnclwsf/ xgg ePdf s] ug'{k5{ <
3= afnclwsf/cGtu{t kg]{ rf/ d'Vo clwsf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

kl/ofh] gf sfo{

cfºgf] ;d'bfodf afnclwsf/ xgg ePsf afnssf] cj:yf cjnf]sg u/L Ps ljj/0f
tof/ kfg'{xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

72 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

%kf7 xfd|f ;fdflhs lgod
;GWof / ljj]s cfFugdf v]Nb} lyP . TolQs}df ;d'bfodf dflg;x¿ 3/cufl8 /x]sf]
rf}tf/fdf e]nf eP/ 5nkmn ug{ yfn] . ;GWof / ljj]s 5nkmnsf] s/' f ;G' g yfn] .
ufpFdf emu8f ldnfpgsf nflu 5nkmn x'Fb} lyof] .

ltdLn] cfkm" eGbf 7n' fsf] kl/jf/sf h]7f]af7f] dfG5]sf]
cfb/ ug{k' Yof]{ . s/' f ;G' g' kb}{g t <

cfºgf] ;+:sf/cg;' f/sf
sfo{ t ug}{ k5{ lg .

ufpF6f]ndf dbf{kbf{
efu lnb}gf} clg
ltdLnfO{ s;n] ;xof]u
u5{ t <

k|:t't 5nkmndf h:t} xfd|f] ufpF6f]ndf klg o:tf 5nkmn xG' 5g\ . ;f] 5nkmndf elgP
h:t} ;f] ;dfhdf a:g] ;a}n] o:tf lgod kfngf ug{'kb{5 . o;/L ;dfhdf rlncfPsf
lgodx¿ ;fdflhs lgod x'g\ . o:tf lgodx¿ lnlvt jf clnlvt x'G5g\ . w]/}h;f]
clnlvt g} xG' 5g\ . afaa' fh]sf kfnfb]lv rlncfPsf o:tf lgodn] ;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt
agfpF5g\ . yk ;fdflhs lgodsf af/]df 5nkmn u/f}F .
;fdflhs lgodx¿

• Pscsf{sf sfddf ;xof]u u/]/ kd{ nufpg',
• ;fdflhs k/Dk/f, rf8kj{ / ;:+ sf/x¿df ;a} hgf ldn]/ sfd ug'{,
• ;fj{hlgs :ynsf] ;/;kmfO / ;/+ If0f ug'{,
• :yfgLo pTkfbgnfO{ hf]8 lbg',
• 5/l5d]sdf sf]xL la/fdL xF'bf jf d[To' x'Fbf hDdf x'g' / ;xof]u ug{',

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 73

;fdlhs lgod kfngf ugfn{ ] x'g] kmfObx¿

;fdflhs lgod kfngf ugf{n] lgDgfg;' f/ kmfObf x'G5 M
• ;dfhdf d]nldnfd / ;b\efj sfod xG' 5 .
• ;dfhdf ;xof]u / ;xsfo{sf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'G5 .
• ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] ;/+ If0f xG' 5 .
• kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf ;lxi0ft' f sfod xG' 5 .
• k/Dk/f / /Lltl/jfhsf] ;+/If0f x'G5 .
• cfly{s kmfObf x'G5 .
xfdL ;a}n] ;dfhdf a;]kl5 o:tf ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf ug{'k5{ .

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf ePsf ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf af/]df cleefjs;Fu ;f]w]/
n]Vg'xf];\ .

v= ;fdflhs lgodsf kmfObf pNn]v ub}{ bO' { ;fyLlarsf] ;+jfb tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= ;fdflhs lgod eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= ;fdflhs lgodsf] kmfObf pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
u= tkfO{FnfO{ yfxf ePsf sg' } rf/ ;fdflhs lgod ;'gfpgx' f];\ .
3= tnsf lrqx¿n] s'g ;fdflhs lgodnfO{ hgfpF5g\ < n]Vgx' f];\ .

P † ;flxnF f bfO, cfh d ex} fN5 lg, d sfsL clnslt
tkfO{Fsf] kd{ cfPsf] 5' . kl;{ cfpnF f . lrgL k}rF f] lbgx' f];\
d]/f] vt] vGg' 5 cfpg' x} .
d/] f] klg kd{ g.
ltl/G5 .

P † xf] < Ps l5g
x,} d NofOlbG5' .

74 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

^kf7 xfdf| ] ;'/Iff
;lGbksf] kl/jf/ a6' jnaf6 kf]v/f 3D' g uP . hfg]
a]nfdf 3/df em\ofn9f]sf /fd|f];Fu aGb u/] . uf8Ldf
hfFb} ubf{ vfgf vfg] 7fpFdf kmf]6f] lvr] / km];a'sdf
xflnlbP . æ;kl/jf/ tLg lbgsf nflu kf]v/f lxFl8of] .Æ
tLg lbgkl5 3/ kmls{b+ f t pgLx¿ 5Ss k/] . ?jfaf;L
rNof] . 3/ rf]/L ePsf] /x]5 .

k|x/L cg';Gwfgkl5 rf]/x¿ kj|mfp k/] . pgLx¿n]
lbPsf] aofg o:tf] lyof] . æ;lGbksf aa' fn] tLg lbgsf
nflu kf]v/f lxFl8of] eGg] n]v]/ km];as' df xfn]sf]
b]v]kl5 xfdL ;fyLx¿n] 5nkmn u¥of}F . ef]lnkN6
/ftL Tof] 3/df ‰ofn kmf]/]/ leq k:of}F / ;a} ;fdfg rf]/]/ kf]sf] kf/]/ nUof}F .Æ

ljho / pgsL lbbL ahf/ 3'Dg uPsf lyP .
pgLx¿ ;8s lsgf/fdf lxFl8/x]sf lyP . crfgs
Pp6 df]6/;fOsnnfO{ a;n] 7Ss/ lbFbf b3' {6gf
eof] . a;sf rfnsnfO{ k|x/Ln] ;dft]sf] 5 .

;xf/fsf] l5d]sdf cfunfuL eof] . ufpFsf
;a} hgf e]nf eP/ cfuf] lgefP . bdsn
klg cfOk'Uof] . 5 sIffdf k9\g] alxgL sh/Ln]

bdsnnfO{ kmf]g ul/lbPsL lyOg\ .

xfdL ljleGg tl/sfn] c;'/lIft xg' ;S5f}F . To;}n]
xfdLn] hlxn] klg ;/' lIft xg' ] pkfo ckgfpgk' b{5 .
h'g sf/0fn] xfdL c;/' lIft x'G5f}F, Tof] sf/0fnfO{ g}
vf]hL u/]/ x6fpg ;s]df xfdL ;'/lIft x'g ;S5f}F .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 75

lqmofsnfk

s= /]l8of] jf l6eLdf ;dfrf/ ;'Ggx' f];\ . kqklqsf k9] klg x'G5 . sg' } c;'/Iffsf]
36gf;DaGwL ;dfrf/ n]v]/ sIffdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\ .

v= lxhf]cfh ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] k|of]u ug{ ghfGbf dflg;x¿ c;/' lIft xg' ;S5g\ .
To;af6 ;'/lIft xg' ] pkfox¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf egfOx¿dWo] l7s egfOx¿ 5fg/] sfkLdf ;fg'{xf;] \ M
s= ;8sdf tLj| ultdf uf8L rnfpFbf b3' {6gf x'g ;S5 .
v= 3/af6 aflx/ hfFbf em\ofn9f]sf /fd|f];Fu aGb u/]/ tfNrf nufP/ l5d]sLnfO{
eg]/ dfq aflx/ hfg'k5{ .
u= 3/df lahn' Lsf gfª\uf tf/x¿nfO{ olQs} 5fl8lbgk' 5{ .
3= 6]lnkmf]g / ;fdlhs ;~hfnaf6 uf]Ko s'/f ubf{ c¿n] yfxf kfpg ;S5g\ .
ª= h;n] h] lbP klg vfg'k5{ .
r= h;n] hxfF eGof], ToxLF hfg' xF'b}g .
5= PsfGtdf PSn} lxF8\g' x'Fb}g .

@= cfºgf cfleefjs jf l5d]sL;Fu ;f]w]/ JolStut / kfl/jfl/s ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿
n]Vg'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{

cfºgf] ;d'bfodf ljutdf ePsf c;'/Iffsf 36gf ;DaGwdf cleefjs;Fu ;f]w]/ Pp6f
syf tof/ kfg{'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\ .

76 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

&kf7 6f« lkms lgodsf] kfngf

xfdL ;8sdf lxF8\5f}F . ;8sdf ;jf/L 6«flkms kx| /Lsf] cg/' fw]
;fwgx¿ h:t}M ;fOsn, df]6/;fOsn,
6]Dkf], sf/, 6\ofS;L, a;, 6«s / n/Lx¿ • af6f] sf6\bf hlxn] klg h]a|fqm;sf]
klg u'8\5g\ . xfdLnfO{ cf]xf]/bf]x/ ug{ k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .
/ ;fdfg cf];f/k;f/ ug{sf nflu
k|of]u ul/g] hlt klg u'8\g] ;fwgx¿ • a; r9\g] :yfgdf ;doeGbf cufl8 g}
x'G5g\, ltgnfO{ ;jf/L ;fwg elgG5 . kU' g] afgL a;fNg'xf];\ .
;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ cª\u|]hLdf traffic
elgG5 . To;}n] 6«flkms;DaGwL lgod • nfOg nfu]/ a; r9\g] / cf]n{g] afgL
cyf{t ;8s k|of]usf nflu agfOPsf] a;fNgx' f];\ .
lgodnfO{ 6«flkms lgod elgG5 . 6«flkms
lgod kfngf ul/of] eg] ;jf/L b'3{6gfx¿ • a; /fd|f];Fu /f]ls;s]kl5 dfq a;df
x'Fb}gg\ . olb xfdLn] 6«flkms lgodsf] r9\g] / cf]n{g] afgL a;fNg'xf];\ .
kfngf u/]gf}F eg] ;8sdf b'3{6gfdf kg{
;lsG5 . xfdLnfO{ 6«flkms lgod ;xL • a;df ofqf ubf{ z/L/sf s'g} klg
tl/sfn] k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu cª\u aflx/ glgsfNgx' f];\ .
6«flkms k|x/Lx¿ vl6Psf xG' 5g\ . 6«flkms
k|x/Ln] ;8sdf ;jf/Lx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt • ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 cf]n{g]lalQs} xtf/df
9ª\uaf6 ;~rfng ug{ ;xof]u ub{5g\ . af6f] gsf6\gx' f];\ .
6«flkms lgod pNnª\3g ug]{ JolSt jf
;jf/L rfnsnfO{ sf/afxL klg ub{5g\ . • ;fgf afnaflnsfx¿n] cleefjssf]
pgLx¿n] 6«flkms lgod s;/L kfngf xft ;dft]/ af6f] sf6\g'xf];\ .
ug]{ eg]/ l;sfpg] / hgr]tfgf hufpg]
sfd klg ub{5g\ . • af6fdf v]Ng] sfd gug{x' f];\ .
• af6fdf ;fOsn, df]6/;fOsn l;Sg]
6«flkms lgod kfngf ug{ ;xof]u xf];\
eg]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf 6«flkms ;ª\s]t sfd gug{'xf];\ .
jf lrGxx¿ n]lvPsf af]8{x¿ ;8s

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 77

lsgf/fdf /flvPsf xG' 5g\ . 6«flkms aQLx¿ klg /flvPsf x'G5g\ . ltg} 6«flkms aQLx¿
x]/]/ ;jf/L rfns / k}bnofqLn] ;8ssf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . 6«flkms lrGxx¿ tLg
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ .

cfb]zd"ns lrGxx¿

o:tf lrGx cfb]zd"ns xG' 5g\ . o;sf] kfngf ul/Pg eg] Psftkm{ b'3{6gfdf kl/G5
eg] csf]{tkm{ k|x/L sf/afxLdf kl/G5 . o:tf lrGxx¿ ;8s lsgf/fdf uf]nfsf/ af]8{df
/flvPsf x'G5g\ .

cfbz] dn" s lrGx cy{ cfb]zd"ns lrGx cy{

o; 7fpFdf xg{ oxfF ;jf/L ;fwg
gahfpg'xf];\ . kfls{ª gug{'xf];\ .

oxfFaf6 dfG5] oxfF uf8L /f]Sg
lxF8\g kfOFb}g kfOFb}g

o;eGbf cufl8 uf8L oxfFaf6 cufl8
n}hfg kfOFb}g hfg'xf];\

;rt] u/fpg] lrGxx¿

lqsf]0f cfsf/sf af]8{df /flvPsf lrx\gx¿ ;r]t u/fpg] lrx\g x'g\ . xfdLn] o:tf
lrGxx¿sf] kfngf u/]gf}F eg] b'3{6gfdf kg{ ;S5f}F . ;jf/L ;fwg / ofqn' fO{ b'3{6gfdf
kg{af6 arfpgsf nflu o:tf] lqsf]0f cfsf/sf] af]8{df ;ª\s]tx¿ ;8s lsgf/fdf
/flvPsf x'G5g\ .

;rt] u/fpg] lrGx cy{ ;r]t u/fpg] lrGx cy{

of] klx/f] hfg] 7fpF k}bnofqLn] af6f]
xf] . xf]; k'¥ofP/ sf6\g] 7fpF .
hfgx' f];\ .

78 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

cufl8 6«flkms nfO6 k}bnofqL lxF8\g] af6f]
5 . To;sf] kfngf xf] . xf]; k'¥ofP/
ug'{xf];\ . uf8L xfFSgx' f];\ .

cufl8 vt/f 5, cufl8 afnaflnsf
xf]l;of/ xg' 'xf];\ . x'g ;S5g\ jf
ljBfno 5 . xf];
u/]/ xfFSgx' f];\ .

hfgsf/Ldn" s lrGxx¿

hfgsf/Ld"ns lrx\gx¿ rf/kf6] af]8{df /flvPsf xG' 5g\ . o:tf lrGxx¿ ;jf/Lrfns
/ ofqx' ¿sf hfgsf/Lsf nflu ;8s lsgf/sf af]8{df /flvPsf x'G5g\ . o:tf lrGxsf]
kfngf ugf{n] ofq' / ;jf/LrfnsnfO{ ;xh xG' 5 .

hfgsf/Ld"ns cy{ hfgsf/Ld"ns cy{
lrGx lrGx

;jf/L ;fwg kfls{ª k}bnofqLsf nflu
ug]{ 7fpF af6f]

a; /f]Sg] 7fpF bO' { lsnf]ld6/ cufl8
pkrf/ ug]{ 7fpF 5 .

rf}af6fdf ;8ssf] lbzf b]vfpg] af]8{

;8sdf 6«flkms aQLsf] k|of]u klg ul/Psf] x'G5 . 6«flkms aQL /ftf] an]df ;jf/L ;fwg
/f]lsG5g\, k}bnofqLn] af6f] sf6\g kfpF5g\ . kx]Fnf] an]df ;jf/L ;fwg u'8\gsf nflu
tof/ xG' 5g\ . xl/of] an]kl5 ;jf/L ;fwg u8' \g yfN5g\, To;a]nf k}bnofqn' ] af6f] sf6\g'
xF'b}g .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 79

af6f] sf6\g] h]a|f qm; glhs /ftf] / xl/of] dfq aQL ePsf] 6«flkms nfO6 /flvPsf] xG' 5 .
/ftf] aQLdf dflg; plePsf] lrq xG' 5 eg] xl/of] aQLdf dflg; lxF8\b} u/]sf] lrq xG' 5 .
of] a6j' fsf] nflu /flvPsf] lrq xf] . ;jf/Lsf] nflu /ftf] aQL aNbf a6'jfsf] nflu xl/of]
aQL aN5 . To;a]nf af6f] sf6\gk' 5{ . To:t} ;jf/Lsf] nflu xl/of] aQL aNbf a6j' fsf
nflu /ftf] aQL aN5 . To; a]nf af6f] sf6\g' x'Fb}g .

lqmofsnfk

s= sg' aQLn] s] ;ª\s]t ub{5, lrGgx' f];\ .

v= 6«flkms ;ª\s]tx¿sf] gdg' f agfP/ sIffdf k|bz{g
ug'{xf];\ .

u= ljBfyL{n] kfngf ug{'kg]{ 6«flkms lgodsf Kn]sf8{x¿
agfP/ ;fj{hlgs :yndf k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ .

cEof;

s= tnsf] lrqn] s] ;ª\s]t ub{5 <

s v u

v= ;r]t u/fpg], cfb]zd"ns / hfgsf/Ldn" s 6«flkms ;ª\s]tx¿sf] cy{ atfpgx' f];\ .

u= 6«flkms lgod kfngf u/]g eg] s] xG' 5 <

3= 6«flkms Pkm= Pd= ;g' ]/ cfkmn" ] l;s]sf s/' f sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

ª= tkfO{Fn] hfg]sf 6«flkms lgodx¿ s] s] x'g\ <

r= 6«flkms lgodsf] kmfObf pNn]v u/L ;fyLnfO{ lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ .

80 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

PsfO

$

;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg

l;sfO pknlAw

™ ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{,
™ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf JolSt, kl/jf/ / :yfgLo ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] el" dsf vf]hL ug{,
™ kl/jf/ / sIffsf]7fdf xg' ] åGåsf] klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfgdf ;xefuL xg' .

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 81

!kf7 ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t

;dfhdf ljleGg vfnsf ultljlwx¿ xg' ] ub{5g\ . ;fdflhs dN" o / dfGotfx¿nfO{
hf]ufpgsf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf /fd|f ultljlwx¿n] ;dfhdf /fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf
xG' 5g\ . ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotfx¿nfO{ eTsfpgsf nflu ;~rfng ul/Psf g/fd|f
ultljlwx¿n] ;dfhdf g/fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf xG' 5g\ . ;dfwfg ug{}kg{] t/ ;dfwfg ug{
g;lsPsf ;dfhsf d"No / dfGotf ljk/Lt dflg;n] ckgfPsf ultljlwnfO{ ;fdflhs
;d:of elgG5 . nfu' kbfy{ bJ' o{;g, afn ljjfx, afn>d, rf]/L, 8s}tL, 3/]n' lx;+ f,
w"dkfg, dBkfg, bfOhf] k|yf, b]psL k|yf, wfdLemfFqmL cflb xfd|f] ;dfhsf ;fdflhs
;d:of tyf ljs[ltx¿ x'g\ . clzIff, ul/aL / r]tgfsf] cefj cflb sf/0fn] ubf{
;dfhdf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf
ljs[ltx¿;Fu ;DaGwLt s]xL 36gfx¿sf] cWoog u/f}F M

36gfM !

/fdhgdsL l5d]sL la/fdL eOg\ . /fdhgdn]
la/fdLnfO{ c:ktfn n}hfg] ;Nnfx lbP . l5d]sLn]
c:ktfn gnfg] a? wfdLsf]df nfg] eg]/ 3dG8
u/] . wfdLn] af]S;Lsf] sf/0f la/fdL ePsf] egL
emf/kms' u/] . la/fdLnfO{ lgsf] xg' 'sf] ;6\6f
emg\ emg\ Joyf a9\b} uof] . o:tf 36gfx¿ cfh
klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf /x]sf 5g\ . lzIffsf] cefj,

82 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

ul/aL / r]tgfsf] sdL h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ o:tf 36gfx¿sf] cGTo gePsf] xf] . o;sf]
cGTosf nflu xfdL ;a}n] hgr]tgf km}Nffpg'kb{5 .

36gfM @

8f]Ndfsf] 3/g]/ 7n' f] xf]6]n 5 . 8f]NdfnfO{ dMdM
dgk5{ . dMdM vfgsf nflu 8f]Ndf cfdf;Fu
xf]6]ndf uOg\ . 8f]Ndfn] xf]6]ndf cfkm"eGbf
;fgf afnaflnsfx¿n] 7'nf7n' f efF8f dfem\b}
u/]sf] b]lvg\ . Tof] b]v]/ 8f]NdfnfO{ dMdM vfg
dg nfu]g . ToxL a]nf k|x/Lsf] e]g cfof] .
k|x/Ln] xf]6]n ;~rfnsnfO{ afnaflnsf sfddf
nufpg] eg]/ e]gdf xfn]/ nUof] . 8f]Ndf v';L
eOg\ .

36gfM #

/dfsL ;fyL sdnfsf] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx
eof] . k9\g] pd]/sL ;fyLsf] ljjfxn] /df bM' vL
eOg\ . Pslbg sdnf / /dfsf] e]6 eof] . e]6df
sdnfn] /dfnfO{ bfOhf] sd nu]sf sf/0f
cfkm"nfO{ nf]Ug]n] s'6lk6 ug{], ;f;;" ;/' fn]
dfgl;s oftgf lbg] u/]sf] s'/f ;g' fOg\ .
sdnfsf] s'/fn] /dfsf] dgdf g/dfOnf] nfUof] .

36gfM $

/fds[i0fsf afaf /S;L ;]jg ug{x'G5 . /S;L
;]jgsf sf/0f /fds[i0fsf] 3/df lbgxF'
emu8f k5{ . /fds[i0fsf cfdf afafsf]
emu8fsf sf/0f l5d]sLx¿;d]t cfj|mf]lzt
5g\ . o:tf 36gfn] /fds[i0fsf] k9fOdf
c;/ k/]sf] 5 .

ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿ xf] Û xfdLn] dfly cWoog

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 83

u/]sf 36gfx¿ ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[ltx¿ x'g\ . oLafx]s 5j' f5t' k|yf, r]nLa]6L
a]rlavg, dfgj a]rljvg, 3/]n' lx+;f, 3'D6f] k|yf, 5fpk8L k|yf cflb h:tf ;fdflhs
;d:of klg ;dfhdf xG' 5 . ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f / ;:+ s[lt, lje]b, cfly{s c;dfgtf klg
;fdflhs ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿ xg' \ . k|ljlwsf] b¿' kof]u, ul/aL, r]tgfsf] cefj cflb
klg ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/s tŒjx¿ xg' \ .

lqmofsnfk

s= ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljsl[ tsf] ;DaGwdf /l] 8of] jf 6]lnlehgdf cfPsf ;dfrf/sf]
;ª\sng ug{'xf];\ . pSt ;r" gfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/sf] tflnsfdf k|:tt' u/L 5nkmn ug'x{ f;] \ M
;dfrf/sf] ldlt 36gf ePsf] ;do s] 36gfsf] ePsf] 36gfsf] sf/0f
lyof]

v= sIffsf ;ah} gf ldn/] tn lbOPsf] bfOhf] ky| f lj?4sf] uLt ufpgx' f];\ . tkfOn{F ] klg
3/]n' lx+;fsf] lj?4df uLt jf sljtf tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| t't ug{'xf];\ .

P afaf, cfdf, P bfh' efph" -@_
d]/f] s'/fnfO{ ;'gL lng'xf];\
dnfO{ bfOhf] xf]Og lzIff lbgx' f];\ .
bfOhf] lng] lbg] b'j}
of] b]zsf 3ftL
bfOhf] lbPsf] eGbf dnfO{
lzIff lbPsf] hftL
P afaf, cfdf, P bfh' efph" -@_
d]/f] s/' fnfO{ ;g' L lng'xf];\
dnfO{ bfOhf] xf]Og lzIff lbg'xf];\

84 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^

#= sIffsf ;fyLx¿ tLg ;d"xdf ljefhg x'gx' f;] \ . Ps ;d"xn] bfOhf] k|yf lj?4 hgrt] gf
hufpg,] bf;] f| ] ;d"xn] 3/n] ' lx;+ faf6 dlxnfx¿df k/]sf] c;/ / t];f| ] ;dx" n] nfu'kbfy{
;j] g u//] xNnf ug]{ JolQmnfO{ ;dfhn] u/]sf] ckdfg b]vfpg] e"ldsfdf clego u//]
sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k|bzg{ ug'x{ f;] \ .

cEof;

s= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt eg]sf] s] xf] .
v= 3/]n' lx+;fn] ;dfhdf kfg]{ sg' } Ps c;/ n]Vgx' f];\ .
u= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgsf sg' } rf/ pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
3= tkfO{Fsf] ;dfhdf ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[ltx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .
ª= bfOhf] k|yf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;n] ;dfhdf kfg{] bO' { cf]6f c;/x¿ n]Vgx' f];\ .
r= ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf sf/0fx¿ pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

tkfO{Fsf] cfºgf] ;db' fodf ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[ltx¿sf] gfd / ltgsf
sf/0fx¿sf af/]df ;db' fosf ljleGg JolStx¿nfO{ ;f]wL sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 85

@kf7 ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ tsf] ;dfwfg

rt] gfsf] sdL cGwljZjf;

;fdflhs ;d:of
/ ljsl[ tsf
sf/0fx¿

a/] fh] uf/L ul/aL

ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿ † ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;a}eGbf klxn]
;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] klxrfg ug{'kb{5 . ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] klxrfg
ePkl5 dfq} xfdL ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ug{ ;S5f}F . o;eGbf cufl8sf] kf7df
xfdLn] ;fdflhs ;d:of tyf ljs[ltsf af/]df hfgsf/L lnof}F . ;fdflhs ;d:of /
ljs[ltsf sf/0f / o;sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf af/]df ljBfnosf lzIfs / ljBfyL{lar
ePsf] s'/fsfgLnfO{ cWoog u/f}F .

ljBfyL { M ;/ gd:sf/ .

lzIfs M gd:sf/ afa' . stf lxF8\of} <

ljBfyL{ M ;/ lxhf] tkfO{Fn] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/0f / o;sf] ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿sf af/]df k9fpg'ePsf] /x]5 . lxhf] d ljBfno cfpg ;lsg . s]xL
atfOlbgx' f];\ g ;/ .

lzIfs M P Û /fd|f] s/' f ;f]Wof}F . a;, eOxfN5 lg .

ljBfyL{ M ;/ tkfO{Fn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of b]lvg] sf/0fx¿dWo]
r]tgfsf] sdL, cGwljZjf;, ul/aL / a]/f]huf/ k|d'v sf/0fx¿ xg' \ eGg'
ePsf] lyof] /] . r]tgf eg]sf] s] xf] <

lzIfs M r]tgf eg]sf] k|f0fLdf /xg] leqL 1fg xf] . r]tgfn] s] ug{ xG' 5 / s] ug{
xF'b}g eGg] s'/f 56' \ofpF5 . r]tgfsf] sdL eof] eg] s] l7s / s] a]l7s eGg]

86 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

s'/f 56' \ofpg ;lsFb}g . ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] klxrfg ug{sf nflu
klg r]tgfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . r]tgfsf] sdLn] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt
df}nfpF5 .

ljBfyL { M ;/, cGwljZjf; eg]sf] s] xf] <

lzIfs M ;'g afa,' xfd|f] ;dfhdf klxNo}b]lv rNb} cfPsf s'g} ts{ / cf}lrTo gePsf
rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fx¿ klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . o:tf rfnrng,
/Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fx¿sf] Psfx] f/] f] ljZjf; ugn'{ fO{ cGwljZjf; elgG5 .

ljBfyL{ M cGwljZjf;sf sf/0f dflg;sf clwsf/ xgg x'gs' f ;fy} ;dfhsf] zflGtdf
afwf pTkGg x'G5 . To;}n] xfdLn] /fd|f rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/fx¿sf]
;+/If0f / ;Ddfg xg' ] s'/fdf ljZjf; ug{'k5{ xf]Og t ;/ .

lzIfs M xf] ltdLn] l7s eGof} .

ljBfyL { M ;/, ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of b]lvg] sf/0fdWo]sf] ul/aL klg Ps xf] lg
xlu <

lzIfs M xf] . ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of b]lvg] sf/0fdWo]sf] ul/aL klg Ps xf] .
ul/aLsf sf/0fn] ubf{ JolQmdf r]tgfsf] :t/ sd x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ rf]/L,
8s}tL, xTof, 3/]n' lx;+ f, afnljjfx, cgd]n ljjfx h:tf 36gfx¿ 36\g]
ub{5g\ .

ljBfyL{ M ;/, dnfO{ t a]/f]huf/Lsf sf/0faf6 klg ;fdflhs ;d:of pTkGg xG' 5 h:tf]
nfUof] Û

lzIfs M xf], a]/f]huf/Lsf sf/0f klg ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of pTkGg xG' 5 . a]/f]huf/
dflg;x¿ laxfg p7]b]lv sxfF hfg] / s] ug{] eGg] s/' fdf cGof]ndf xG' 5g\ .
o:tf JolQmx¿ ;dfhsf] lxt xg' ] sfddf eGbf ;dfhdf czflGt km}nfpg]
sfddf ;l/s x'g ;Sb5g\ . To;}n] ;fdflhs ;d:of l;h{gf x'G5 .

ljBfyL { M ca d hfG5' . olt w/] } s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbge' Psfdf xflbs{ wGojfb Û

lzIfs M xG' 5, afan' fO{ ghfg]sf] s'/f ;f]Wgsf nflu ;w}F :jfut 5 .

ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx¿, xfdLn] lzIfs / ljBfyL{sf lardf ePsf s/' fsfgLaf6 ;fdflhs

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 87

;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/0fx¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L lnof}F . ;d:of Tolt a]nf;Dd /xG5g\,
hlta]nf;Dd ;dfwfg xF'b}g . ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] ;dfwfg ug{] pkfox¿sf]
af/]df Dof;]Gh/dfkm{t hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu /fds'df/Ln] cfºgL ;fyL ;g' sd' f/LnfO{
;Gb]z k7fPsL lyOg\ . ca xfdLn] ;g' sd' f/Ln] /fds'df/LnfO{ k7fPsf] ;Gb]zsf] hjfkm
x]/f}F M

lk|o ;fyL /fds'df/L,

ld7f] ;Demgf Û

cf/fdsf ;fy cf/fdsf] sfdgf ub{5' .

tkfO{Fn] k7fpg'ePsf] Dof;]Gh/sf] ;Gb]z ev{/ dfq k|fKt u/F] . va/ k9\bf Hofb}
v';L nfUof] . Dof;]Gh/df tkfO{Fn] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{]
pkfox¿sf af/]df ;f]Wg'ePsf] /x]5 . d}n] o;sf af/]df tkfO{FnfO{ w]/} s'/fsf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|of; ub{}5' . cfzf 5 k9]/ v';L x'g'x'g]5 . ;fdflhs ;d:of /
ljs[ltx¿n] c;n ;dfh lgdf{0fdf cj/f]w u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;d:ofx¿sf] lg/fs/0f
ug{sf nflu tkfO{F xfdL ;a} ;r]t x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu ;dfhdf hgr]tf
km}nfpg], /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{], sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{] / cfk;L d]nldnfksf] ;+:sf/
ljsf; ug'{k5{ . hgr]tgf hufpgsf nflu uLt, sljtf, gf6s, ¥ofnL h:tf
sfo{qmdx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsG5 eg] ;dfhdf /x]sf a]/f]huf/ o'jfx¿nfO{
:j/f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng u/]/ pgLx¿n] ;dfhdf ug{] c;fGble{s,
c;fdflhs / cdof{lbt sfo{x¿df sdL Nofpg ;lsG5 . To;}u/L sfg'gsf]
kfngf / d]nldnfksf] ;+:sf/ ljsf; u/L ;dfhdf x'g] 5'jf5't, bfOhf] k|yf,
nfu' kbfy{ b'Jo{;gL, 3/]n' lx+;f, r]nLa]6L a]rlavg, rf]/L, 8s}tL h:tf ;d:of
/ ljs[ltx¿ sd ug{ ;lsG5 . /fds'df/L, kq k9]/ tkfO{F klg ;fdflhs ;d:of
/ ljs[lt cGTo ug{sf nflu ;r]t x'g'x'g] 5 eGg] cfzf lnPsL 5' . w]/} s'/f
e]6df g} u/f}Fnf . clxn]nfO{ olt g} n]Vb5' .

pxL tkfO{FsL ;fyL
;'gsd' f/L

88 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

lqmofsnfk

s= tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fonfO{ kmfObf k¥' ofpg] / gk¥' ofpg] k/Dk/f / k|rngx¿sf ;DaGwdf
;fyLx¿lardf 5nkmn u/L aF'bfx¿ tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

v= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] ;dfwfg zLif{sdf Ps jSt[Tj snf k|ltof]lutfsf]
cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ . pb\3f]ifs, lg0ff{os d08n, ;do kfns / ;efklt klg
cfkm"x¿dWo]af6 g} 5fGgx' f];\ .

u= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf ;DaGwdf syf, sljtf, uLt jf jSt[Tjsnf tof/
kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= sfg'gsf] kfngf ubf{ s;/L ;fdflhs ;d:of lg/fs/0fdf ;xof]u k'U5 <
v= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgsf s'g} rf/ pkfox¿ n]Vg'xf];\ .
u= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/0f / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿nfO{ tflnsfdf

b]vfpg'xf];\ .

;fdb' flos sfo{

tkfO{F a:g] ;db' fodf /x]sf j[4j[4fx¿k|lt s:tf] vfnsf] bJ' o{jxf/ xg' ] u/]sf] 5 < cfºgf]
;db' fosf Ho]i7 gful/s;Fu ;f]w]/ ljj/0f tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj d"No lzIff – ^ 89

#kf7 JolQm, kl/jf/ / ;ª3\ ;:+ yfsf] e"ldsf

sflnsf dfWolds ljBfnosf] sIff ^
df cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{x¿ tLg ;d"xdf
ljeflht eP . uf]nfk|yf ubf{ ;dx" …sÚ
nfO{ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTosf
nflu JolStsf] e"ldsf, ;dx" …vÚ nfO{
kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf / ;d"x …uÚ nfO{
;ª\3;:yfsf] e"ldsf k¥of] . ljBfyL{x¿n]
cf–cfºgf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/L tof/
kf/]sf] ;"rL kfn}kfnf] k|:tt' u/] .

;dx" M …sÚ

xfdf| ] ;d"xn] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t cGTosf nflu JolStsf] el" dsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn
u/s] f lyofF} . xf|f] ;dx" n] tof/ kf/s] f a'Fbfx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

!= ;fdflhs d"No / dfGotf ljk/Ltsf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;l/s gxg' ] .

@= v/fa JolStsf] ;ª\utdf gnfUg] .

#= c;n afgLJojxf/sf] ljsf; ug{] .

$= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg] .

%= cGwljZjf;df gnfUg] .

^= wd' kfg tyf dBkfg h:tf ;dfh / :jf:YonfO{ xflg k¥' ofpg] ultljlwb]lv 6f9f
/xg] . o:tf s/' fdf nfu]sf JolStx¿nfO{ ;DemfO ae' mfO ug{] .

&= ;fdflhs ;d:ofaf6 JolSt cfkm" hf]lug] / c¿nfO{ klg hf]ufpgsf nflu k|of;
ug{] .

;d"xM …vÚ

xfdf| ] ;d"xn] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTosf nflu kl/jf/sf] e"ldsf eGg] ljifodf
5nmn u/s] f lyof}F . 5nkmnaf6 tof/ ePsf aF'bfx¿ o;ks| f/ 5g\ M

!= 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ljBfno k7fpg] .

@= ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug{] .

90 cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

#= 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿sf] cfgLafgL, /xg;xg, rfnrng, Jojxf/ / ;ª\utsf af/]df hfgsf/L
/fVg] .

$= 5f]/f5f]/Ln] ug{] v/fa cfr/0fsf] 9fs5f]k gug{] .
%= j[4j[4f tyf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿k|lt b'Jo{jxf/ gug{] .
^= hj' ftf;, wd" kfg, dBkfg h:tf lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg gxg' ] .
&= ;dfhdf c¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{] / kl/jf/df ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{] .
*= ;dfhdf ljs[lt km}lng] / kl/jf/df gsf/fTds k|efj kg{] lqmofsnfkb]lv kl/jf/sf

;a} ;b:ox¿ ;r]t /xg] .

;dx" M …uÚ

xfdf| ] ;dx" n] ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljsl[ t cGTosf nflu ;ª3\ ;:yfsf] el" dsfsf af/d] f
5nkmn u/]sf lyofF} . xfdf| ] 5nkmnaf6 lg:s]sf] lgisif{ o;ks| f/ 5 M

!= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] klxrfg ug{] / c;/x¿sf af/]df atfpg] .

@= ;dfhdf hgr]tgf hufpg] sfo{qmdx¿ h:t}M ¥ofnL, ;8s gf6s, uf]i7L ;~rfng
ug{] .

#= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltdf k/]sf JolStx¿sf] p4f/ ug{] .

$= ;dfhdf k|rlnt ;d:of / ljs[lt lj?4df lgdf{0f ePsf sfg'gsf af/]df ;d'bfonfO{
hfgsf/L lbg] .

%= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf lj?4df pTs[i6 sfd ug{] JolSt / kl/jf/sf] 5gf]6
u/L ;Ddfg ug{] .

tLg cf]6} ;dx" n] k|:t't u/]sf ;"rLx¿sf] cWoogaf6 ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTosf
nflu JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] s/' fsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfof}F .
;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTosf nflu xfdL ;a}n] ldn]/ sfd ug'{k5{ . ;fdl" xs
Pstfaf6 dfq} ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] cGTo ug{ ;lsG5 .

lqmofsnfk

s= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTosf nflu JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;ª\3;:yfn] v]Ng]
e"ldsfsf ;DaGwdf ;a}n] jSt[tf tof/ kfg'{xf];\ . uf]nf k|yfåf/f # hgf 5fgL

cfP] l;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 91

jSt[Tjsnf k|ltof]lutfsf] cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ .
v= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf :yfgLo ;ª\3;:+ yfsf] e"ldsf ;DaGwdf cfkmn" ] ;'g]sf

/ cge' j u/]sf s/' fx¿nfO{ sIffsf]7fdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
u= tkfO{Fsf] :yfgLo txdf /x]sf ;ª\3;+:yfsf k|ltlglw;Fu e]6 u/L pgLx¿sf] ;:+ yfn]

;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf v]n]sf] el" dsfsf ;DaGwdf vf]hL u/L l6kf]6 ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

s= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf JolStsf] s] s] el" dsf xG' 5 <
v= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf tkfO{Fn] v]Ng ;Sg] sg' } b'O{ cf]6f el" dsf n]Vg'xf];\ .
u= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;n+ Ug tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf :yfgLo

;ª\3;:+ yfsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
3= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt cGTosf nflu kl/jf/sf] el" dsf pNn]v ub}{ ;fyLnfO{

lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ .
ª= ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgdf ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿n] s] s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng

;S5g\ pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

;fd'bflos sfo{

s= tkfO{F a:g] ;db' fodf /x]sf] sg' } ;ª\3;:yfdf hfg'xf];\ . To; ;+:yfn] ;fdflhs
;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgsf nflu v]n]sf e"ldsfsf af/]df ;f]Wg'xf];\ . lgDgfg';f/sf
a'Fbfx¿df cfwfl/t /xL cWoog e|d0f k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg{'xf];\ M
-s_ zLif{s
-v_ ;:+ yfdf hfg'sf] p2]Zo
-u_ ;:+ yfsf] gfd 7]ufgf
-3_ kQf nufPsf s/' f
-ª_ lgisif{

v= tn lbOPsf] ;dfrf/ cWoog ug'{xf];\ . ;+:yfn] s] s] sfd u/]sf] /x]5 5nkmn
ug{'xf];\ .

92 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^

ljsl[ t lj?4 dlxnf h'6]

;+jfbbftf
c;f/—!, /fp;] cf]8f/ ufpF
/fp;] cf]8f/ ufpFdf /x]sf] k|ultzLn cfdf ;dx" sf dlxnfx¿n] dfbs kbfy{ /
hj' ftf; lj?4 cleofg ;'? u/]sf 5g\ . cleofgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg /fp;] cf]8f/
If]qnfO{ dfbs kbfy{ / h'jftf;/lxt If]q agfpg] nIo k|ultzLn cfdf ;d"xn]
/fv]sf] 5 . ufpFsf o'jf s'ntdf kmF:g uO{ ufpFdf ljs[lt a9]kl5 pSt ;+:yfn]
o:tf] cleofg ;'? u/]sf] xf] . pgLx¿n] cleofgcGtu{t bO' { cf]6f xf]6ndf
/flvPsf dfbs kbfy{ kf]lv;s]sf 5g\ eg] rf}la;} 306f h'jftf; v]nfpg] 3/df
k|x/L k|zf;g af]nfP/ hj' ftf; lgif]w u/]sf 5g\ . sg' } JolSt cleofgsf] lj?4df
nfu]df To;sf] ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug{] / dfkmL dfUg nufpg] k|ultzLn cfdf ;d"x
/fp;] cf]8f/n] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .

cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^ 93

$kf7 ljjfb

s'g} ljifodf JolSt, ;dx" , ju{ cflbsf aLrsf] km/s dt jf ljrf/nfO{ ljjfb elgG5 .
ljjfbn] åGåsf] l;h{gf u5{ . ljjfb a9\b} uPdf åGå x'G5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf JolSt jf
;d"xn] cfºgf] :jfy{, cfjZostf / p2]Zo k/" f ug{] qmddf csf{nfO{ c;lhnf] kfbf{
ljjfb l;h{gf x'G5 . ljjfb ljrf/ jf ae' mfOdf cfPsf] leGgtfaf6 ;'? x'G5 . åGå
km/s km/s ;f]rfO / c;xdltaf6 pTkGg x'G5 . ljrf/ gldNg,' e]befjk0" f{ Jojxf/ x'g,'
lt/:sf/ ug{,' sfd gkfpg,' unt ;"rgf kfpg,' ;Lldt ;|f]t ;fwg xg' ' ljjfbsf sf/0fx¿
xg' \ . ljjfb JolSt JolStlar, ;dx" ;dx" lar, ;dfhx¿sf lar / ;ª\3;:+ yfx¿sf
lardf xG' 5 . kl/jf/ / sIffsf]7fdf klg ljjfb xG' 5 . ljjfb eg]sf] JolQm, ;dx" , ju{
cflbsf larsf] km/s dt jf ljrf/ xf] . tnsf b'O{ pbfx/0fx¿sf] cWoog u/f}FM
pbfx/0fM !
e"ld/fh / hLjg sIff ^ df cWoog ug{] ljBfyL{ x'g\ . e"ld/fh prfOdf hLjgeGbf xf]rf
5g\ . e"ld/fhsf] cufl8 hLjg al;lbP . hLjgsf] prfOn] el" d/fhnfO{ 5]lsof] . o;n]
hLjg / e"ld/fhsf lardf dgd'6fa eof] . pgLx¿sf] aLrsf] ljjfbdf sIffsf ;fyLx¿
b'O{ ;dx" df ljeflht eO{ emu8f u/] .
pbfx/0fM @
/dfsf afaf lzIfs x'g'xG' 5 . afaf ljBfno uPsf] df}sf kf/]/ /dfsL cfdf dfdf3/
hfg'eof] . cfkm"nfO{ Ps k6s klg hfgsf/L glbO{ dfdf3/ uPsf] s'/fn] /dfsf afafnfO{

94 cf]Pl;; ;fdflhs cWoog tyf dfgj dN" o lzIff – ^