Applied Grammer 5

Bo5ok

Author
Narayan Karki

Editor
Sedunath Dhakal

Tel : +977-1-4313205
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 1

Bo5ok

Publisher:

Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Anamnagar, Kathmandu

Copyright : Publisher

First Edition : 2066
Second Edition : 2067
Third Edition : 2073
Re-print : 2075, 2076
Fourth Edition : 2078 (Thoroughly revised)

Layout:

Oasis Desktop Group

Printed in Nepal

2 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Foreword

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition is a series of Graded
English Grammar Books (I-X) for school students. Although
some people think that grammar teaching and learning is rigid
as well as tasteless, I hope this newly written grammar series will
really quench the deep thirst of learners. During the course of 20
years of my experience in the field of English language teaching,
I have faced practical and actual difficulties because of the lack
of availability of proper teaching learning materials for school
children. This updated series has been designed to inculcate
the real and practicable skills for the young users of English.
‘Learning by doing’ is very effective to get the knowledge
and skill in English. All lessons included in each book of the
series have varieties of interesting, enjoyable, stimulating and
useful illustrations. Selected and situational pictures have been
included for balancing conceptual base. This series is useful to
both students as well as teachers. Inductive method is applied
to prepare each unit which makes the learning easier for not
only the fast tyros but also for slow learners.

I thank Mrs. Laxmi Karki who encouraged me to address the
real demand of the students throughout Nepal. I would like
to thank Oasis Publication Pvt. Ltd. for publishing this series.
I cannot stay without thanking Oasis Desktop Group and Mr.
Ramesh Bhattrai for the computer typing and setting.

Finally, I am grateful to all the personalities who helped to
prepare and publish this new series.

Constructive comments, suggestions and feedback are always
welcome for further development of the series in its upcoming
edition.

Author

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 3

Contents

1. Sentence: Its Kinds. . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

2. Word Formation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

3. Noun: Its Kinds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4. Noun: Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

5. Noun: Gender. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

6. Case: Its Kinds . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

7. Pronoun: Its Classification . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

8. Verb: Kinds and Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

TEST PAPER – I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

9. Adjective: Kinds and Degrees . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

10. Adverb: Its Kinds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

11. Conjunction: Its Kinds. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

12. Prepositions . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... 107

13. Articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

14. Tense: Kinds and Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 117

15. Tag Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

TEST PAPER – II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

16. Active and Passive Voice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138

17. Direct and Indirect Speech. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

18. Subject-Verb Agreement . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

19. The Infinitives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

20. The Gerund (-ing Forms) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

21. If Sentence (Conditional) . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

22. Sentence Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

23. Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

24. Reading Comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

25. Composition Writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . 204

TEST PAPER – III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218

4 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

1Lesson Sentence: Its Kinds

Before you begin

Conversation practice.

Pinky : Hi, Rikky. How are you?

Rikky : I'm, fine. Why are you there? Please
come here.

Pinky : Why did you come late, Rikky?

Rikky : I missed my bus. When did the
class start?

Pinky : It started at 10 o'clock sharp.

Rikky : Did our Grammar teacher teach today?

Pinky : Yes, she taught 'Types of sentences.'

Rikky : Well, how many types of sentences are there?

Pinky : There are four types of sentences.

Rikky : What are they?

Pinky : They are 'statement, imperative, interrogative and
exclamatory.'

Rikky : Do you have an extra pen?

Pinky : Yes, I have. Take it.

Rikky : How helpful you are!

Pinky : It's my pleasure.

Now, write the name of different kinds of sentences.

.................................... ..........................................

.................................... ..........................................

Read the passage:
A parrot is a small colourful bird. It is found in many places. It has a long
tail and short legs. It has a curved hooked beak. It has a long thick tongue.
It eats seeds and fruits. It is a herbivorous bird. The colour of most of its
parts is green. Parrots can imitate human voice and other sounds.

In the above paragraph the separate groups of words have complete
sense. They are called sentences.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 5

What is a sentence?

A group of words that makes
a complete sense is called a
sentence. e.g. You are good.

Subject and predicate Subjects Predicates
I am in your room.
Read the sentences. Barking dogs seldom bite.
Our country is beautiful.
Statements
I am in your room.
Barking dogs seldom bite.
Our country is beautiful.
Conversation practice

What are the parts of a Every sentence has
sentence, sir ? two parts: The subject

and the predicate.

What is the subject ? The name of a person,
place, animal or thing
that we speak about is

called the subject.

What is the predicate ? The words that clarify
the subject are called

predicate.

6 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Have you ever Wow ! What a
touched this flower ? beautiful flower it is !

It is a beautiful flower. Give it to me.
You can take it.

Read the conversation and find out different types of sentences.
Kinds of sentence:

In above sentences:

• Have you ever touched this flower ? - Question

• Wow ! What a beautiful flower it is ! - Exclamation

• It is a beautiful flower. You can take it. - Statement

• Give it to me. - Command

Kinds of Sentence

According to function According to structure

1. Statement Simple Complex Compound
2. Imperative Sentence Sentence Sentence
3. Interrogative
4. Exclamatory

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 7

1. Statement: A statement is also called an assertive sentence. An
assertive sentence expresses assertion, statement, fact, etc. It is a
general sentence. It starts with subject. We put a full stop(.) at the
end of the assertive sentence.

Example:

I have met my friends. (Positive)

I have not met my friends. (Negative)

She will be my best friend. (Positive)

She won't be my best friend. (Negative)

Read and learn. Structures
Examples s + h.v + m.v + o
I am playing ludo. s+m.v+o
She cleans the room. s+m.v+complement
I am a student.

2. Imperative (Command/Request): An imperative sentence expresses
order, request, command, offer, etc. It is also called command/request
sentence. It starts with a main verb and ends with full stop (.)

Imperative

Command Request

Positive Negative Positive Negative

8 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Example: (Positive)
Give me your pen. (Negative)
Don’t give me your pen. (Positive)
Please open the window. (Negative)
Please don’t open the window.

Read and learn.

Structures Examples

verb + object Stop the bus.

Clean the room.

Water the flowers.

Note : Imperative sentence begins with the main verb. First person
(I, we)gives order or command to the second person (you).

3. Question : Question is also called the interrogative sentence.

Generally, it starts with wh-words or helping verbs and ends with a
question mark (?). There are two types of questions. (a)Yes/No question
and (b) Wh-question. Yes /No question is called closed question and
Wh-question is called target question. Yes/No question begins with
auxiliary verb and Wh-question begins with Wh-word, eg. how, when,
what, why, etc.

Read and learn:

A.V. + S + Complement -Yes/No question

Example: Are you a teacher? Question

A.V. + S + V + Object? - Yes/No

Example: Is he flying a kite?

wh + A.V. + M.V + Object? - Wh-question

Example: When do you go to school?

Yes/No question Wh-question

• Will you call me? • Where is your bag?

• Won't you call me? • Who do you talk with?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 9

• Is your friend here? • What's your opinion?

• Isn't your friend here? • Who has taken my bike?

• Would you like to play? • How can you say the earth is round?

• Wouldn't you like to play? • Who is your mother?

Note: An interrogative sentence asks questions.

4. Exclamatory: A sentence that expresses sudden feelings like

surprise, happiness, sadness, anger, etc. is called exclamatory sentence.
We put an exclamation mark (!) at the end of the sentence.
Example:

• What a beautiful house that is !

• How wonderful bike it is !

• I am sorry to hear it !

• How brave you are !

Read and learn.
Structure: Exclamatory words + s + v
Example: Alas! He died.

Hurray ! I won the match.

Statement Merina is a student.
Questions She is a good girl.
She does her homework daily.
Order The teachers love her.
Who is Merina?
Is Merina a good girl?
What does she do daily?
Who loves Merina?
Come here, Nisha.
Do your classwork.
Don't make a noise.
Complete your work quickly.

10 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exclamation How happy you are!
Wishes What a lovely doll!
Hurray! I stood first.
Happy Birthday to you Nisha.
Good Evening.
Happy New Year.
May you live long!

For your memory

Kinds of sentence according to structure

Simple Complex Compound

(having only one (Having one principal (Having two or
finite verb) clause and other sub- more principal
ordinate clauses, joined clauses and joined
by co-ordinating
by sub-ordinating conjunctions)
conjunctions)

a. Simple sentence: A simple sentence has one finite verb.
For example: I eat fruits. He believes me.
b. Complex (mixed) sentence: It has one principal clause and one or more

dependent clauses.
For example: They will not succeed if they make enemies.
As the train was late, I was late for the meeting.

What is a complex sentence?
A complex sentence has an independent clause and other dependent

clauses and it is made by using sub-ordinating conjunctions.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 11

Read the following sentences:

It is true. He is innocent.

It is true that he is innocent

Principal clause subordinate clause.

c. Compound sentence: It has two or more principal clauses.

Example: You must drive slowly or you will die.

He ran out and I shut the door behind.

For your memory

• A sentence is a group of words which expresses a thought and
starts with a capital letter when written. It usually consists of a
subject, a verb and an object or a complement. A sentence must
have a subject and verb. A simple sentence is made up of two parts.
They are: subject and predicate.

• The subject of a sentence is a word or a group of words that says
who or what does something. A subject may have one word like a
noun or pronoun or more words added with noun or pronoun.

• A predicate is the part of a sentence which gives information about
the subject. It contains the verb. The predicate may consist of a
verb only or verb with complement/object/adverb/preposition, etc.

• Sentence is of three kinds- (a) simple, (b) compound and (c) complex.
A simple sentence is an independent clause that has a subject and
a predicate. A compound sentence has two independent clauses
joined by a co-ordinator.

A complex sentence has an independent clause joined with one or
more dependent clauses.

After some verbs like 'be, become, remain', etc. come nouns or
adjectives. These nouns or adjectives are called complement.

Example: He is a driver. Kripa becomes a teacher. I became rich.

12 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

There are four kinds of sentences. They are: statement, interrogative,
imperative and exclamatory.

• A statement is one that takes an assertive sentence, structure is sub+
verb + other words.

Example: I bought a car.

• The imperative sentence expresses a command/request/suggestion,
etc. The subject of an imperative sentence is 'you' and generally 'you'
is unexpressed.

Example: Come here. (you come here) Would you like tea? Please
stop, don't smoke.

• An interrogative sentence is one that is used to ask questions.

Example: Do you play? What do you play?

• An exclamatory sentence is one that expresses emotions like sudden
surprise, delight, anger, disgust, etc.

The structure:
i. What + noun + other words + !
Example: What a beautiful flower it is!
ii. How + adjective/adverb + other words + !
Example: How smart you are!
iii. O that + clause + !
Example: O that I were very poor!
iv. Short expressions of emotions
Example: Alas! Oh! Wonderful! Excellent!, etc.

Some positive and negative terms:

some : any/no

too : either

and so : and either

already : yet

once : ever/never
several : any/no

either ... or : neither ... nor

always : never/seldom
none of
some of/most of :

frequently : rarely/hardly

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 13

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Rearrange the following jumbled words to make meaningful
sentences:

a. doesn’t/now a days/she/to/me/talk

b. going/are/to/friend/you/meet/your
c. best/is/my/Kamana/friend
d. ever/you/traveled/train/by/have?
e. male/a/bird/is/cock
f. popular/is/English/language/a
g. there/bed/on/a/cat/my/is

h. friend/on/put/faith/always/your

2. Divide each of the following sentences into its subject and

predicate:

Subject Predicate

a. His new friends are very labourious. ................ ................

b. My best friend remains in my heart. ................ ................

c. I am very keen on music. ................. ................

d. He might pass. ................ ................

e. I can't agree with you. ................ ................

f. The radio is on. . ............... ................

g. I made Kamana laugh. ................ ................

h. The drama was very exciting. ................ ................

i. The earth is round. ................ ................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Name the type of sentence. One has been done for you.

a. Let them do that. ........I..m...p..e.r..a..t.i.v..e........

b. It will not rain today. ................................

14 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

c. Wow! that is wonderful. ................................

d. She is in but I am out. ................................
e. What a beautiful girl! ................................

f. Please pass me that chair. ................................

g. What are you doing there ? ................................

2. Change these sentences into negative.

a. The cat is sleeping on the chair. .....................................

b. They had finished their work. .....................................

c. I am writing a book. .....................................

d. They are doing their homework. .....................................

e. He reads a lot of books. .....................................

f. I have found my bag. .....................................

3. Change the following statements into Yes/No question by adding
‘Do’, ‘Does’ and ‘Did’.

a. We climbed the mountain. .....................................

b. The girls sang beautifully. .....................................

c. They help their parents. .....................................

d. Mohan speaks English. .....................................

e. We cook food ourselves .....................................

f. They take our photographs. .....................................

g. He answered the questions. .....................................

h. Milan collected stamps. .....................................

Exercise-3

1. Change these sentences into Wh-question as given.

a. She told me a story. (What)
...............................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 15

b. Siddartha was cleaning the car. (Who)
...............................................................................................................
c. We have been to a restaurant.(Where)
...............................................................................................................
d. You were playing cards. (What)
...............................................................................................................
e. Alish has drawn a picture. (Who)
...............................................................................................................
f. My sister was feeding the birds. (What)
...............................................................................................................
g. Alisha was looking for her ring. (What)
...............................................................................................................
h. Suman is going to park. (Where)
...............................................................................................................
2. Change these sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. It's very difficult. (negative)
...............................................................................................................
b. Are you fine? (statement)
...............................................................................................................
c. She reads comics. (What question)
...............................................................................................................
d. We play games. (What question)
...............................................................................................................
e. The sun shone brightly. (How question)
...............................................................................................................
f. You were very happy. (negative)
...............................................................................................................
g. Did you go for a walk? (statement)
...............................................................................................................
h. She does not study in grade eight. (affirmative)
...............................................................................................................

16 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

3. Correct the following sentences and rewrite them in your
notebook.
a. Nepalese is brave people.

Nepalese are brave people.

b. The rich exploits the poors.
...............................................................................................................

c. A number of students is going to picnic.
...............................................................................................................

d. The people has made a new building for college.
...............................................................................................................

e. My trousers is torn.
...............................................................................................................

f. Is your spectacles new?
...............................................................................................................

g. The police has caught the thief.
...............................................................................................................

h. The cattle is grazing.
...............................................................................................................

i. The poor always suffers.
...............................................................................................................

j. The injured is taken to hospital.
...............................................................................................................

4. Rewrite the following sentences in imperative form.
a. there/go/sit down/and/./

Go there and sit down.

b. a book/bring/read/it/and/loudly
...............................................................................................................

c. some/money/give me/please
...............................................................................................................

d. enemy/wipe out/the
...............................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 17

e. small/children/don't/beat/the
...............................................................................................................

f. heavy/homework/to the students/don't/give
...............................................................................................................

g. in/proper uniform/come to school
...............................................................................................................

h. others/don't/cheat
...............................................................................................................

i. try/to/speak less/and/listen/more
...............................................................................................................

j. the seniors/the juniors/and/respect/love
...............................................................................................................
5. Identify whether the following sentences are simple, complex or

compound.
a. She worked hard, therefore, she passed.
Compound

b. Having worked hard, she passed.

..............................................................................................................

c. She passed because she worked hard.

..............................................................................................................

d. You must work regularly or you must quit the job.

` ..............................................................................................................

e. Tell me where you have put my book.

..............................................................................................................

f. On hearing the news of the king's illness, some people went to the
palace.

..............................................................................................................

g. He is so poor that he cannot buy his books.

..............................................................................................................

18 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

h. She is ugly as well as ill-tempered.
..............................................................................................................
i. Kohinoor is poor and blind but honest, hence I helped her.
..............................................................................................................
j A cunning boy was weeping near a well.
..............................................................................................................

Exercise-4

1. Combine the following sentences as indicated.
a. A man died in the hospital yesterday. He was sick. (Simple)

b. All the passengers escaped unhurt. It was fortunate. (Simple)

c. You are a good student. It is known to the teachers. (Simple)

d. He is rich. He is unhappy. (Compound, Complex, Simple)

e. Work hard. You will get success. (Simple and Complex)

f. I was reading. My brother was sleeping. (Complex and Compound)

2. Join these expressions with their responses and match them.

a. Here you are. Sorry!

b. How are you? Bye! Take care.

c. You stepped on my toe. Thank you.

d. Thank you for these birthday presents. Fine, thank you.

e. Good bye, Meera. You are welcome.

3. Write the types of the following sentences.
(statement, imperative,interrogative or exclamatory).

a. What a lovely butterfly it is! .......................................

b. Why don't you come early? .......................................

c. Close the window. .......................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 19

d. We live in Australia. .......................................

e. Do you live in the USA? .......................................

f. Do your work, Ramu. .......................................

g. Komal, sing a song or dance. .......................................

4. State whether the following sentences are simple, compound or
complex.

a. My best friend wrote a letter. ....................................

b. My best friend wrote a letter and posted it. ....................................

c. My best friend didn't send the letter because he had forgotten to

write the address on the envelope. .......................................

5. Write short answer.

a. What is a sentence? Give any two examples.

b. Define subject and predicate with an example each.

c. Name the kinds of sentence (Functional) and give an example each
of them.

d. Give one example each of structural kinds of sentence (simple,
complex and compound).

e. Give two examples each of command and request.

20 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

2Lesson Word Formation

Before you begin

Sometimes two words are joined together to make a new word.
For example:
any + thing = anything
Now, identify and write the words that make the following words.

• Somewhere = ........................................ + ......................................

• Anybody = ........................................ + ......................................

• Outside = ........................................ + ......................................

• Myself = ........................................ + ......................................

• Headmaster = ........................................ + ......................................

Do you know the process of word formation?

Word formation: It is the process by which new words are formed.
There are many ways of forming words. Some of them are listed below.
Prefix, Suffix, Noun from Adjective, Antonyms, Synonyms, etc. are
ways of forming words.

A. Use of prefix: A prefix is a syllable added to the beginning of a
word.

Prefix+ base word = New word

Un+happy = unhappy

Dis+ honest = dishonest

Un + countable = uncountable

Un +controlled = uncontrolled

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 21

Dis + agree = disagree

Dis + advantage = disadvantage

Dis + qualified = disqualified

Un + known = unknown

Un + able = unable

B. Use of suffix: A suffix is a syllable added to the end of a word.

Base word + suffix = New word

help + full = helpful

count + less = countless

hard + ship = hardship

fight + er = fighter

light + er = lighter

tall + er = taller

great + er = greater

great + ness = greatness

C. Formation of nouns from adjectives

Adjective Noun Adjective Noun
absence
able ability absent bravery
patience
accurate accuracy brave business
cheapness
bold boldness patient cruelty
depth
young youth busy dryness
equality
calm calmness cheap fertility
greatness
clean cleanliness cruel height
kindness
casual casualty deep loyalty

different difference dry

eager eagerness equal

false falsehood fertile

free freedom great

important importance high

intelligent intelligence kind

long length loyal

22 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

merry merriment noble nobility
obedient obedience poor poverty
proud pride present presence

real reality rich richness
red redness safe safety
secret secrecy short shortage
silent silence strong strength
true truth warm warmth

violent violence weak weakness
wide width wise wisdom

D. Word formation: Antonyms
Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings.

Word Antonym Word Antonym

above below go come

add subtract grief joy

appear disappear hard soft

artificial natural heaven hell

attract repel high low

barren fertile ignorant educated/wise

best worst increase decrease

blame praise bottom top

internal external build destroy

certain uncertain knowledge ignorance

correct incorrect marry divorce

maximum minimum cruel kind

near distant/far odd even

difficult easy partial impartial

domestic foreign permanent temporary

early late emerge disappear

plentiful scarce entrance exit

precious cheap fair unfair

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 23

real unreal/fake flexible rigid
remember informal
safe forget formal narrow
stand cool
friend dangerous/unsafe wide foolish
funny loss/lose
generous sit warm dead
accept decay
glad enemy/foe wise hate
arrest light
assemble serious gain dishonest
awake real
beautiful greedy alive superior
birth outside
bold reject growth sorrow
brave tragic
capable sad/unhappy love minority
kill famous
confess release heavy please
continue general
deep disperse honest rude
delete ugly
direct asleep imaginary old
full smooth
equal ugly inferior close
export slow
failure death inside initial
familiar wise
stay timid joy latter
tiny shame
coward comic

incapable majority

save notorious

deny offend

discontinue particular

shallow polite

insert pretty

indirect recent/new

empty rough

unequal open

import fast

success final

strange/unfamiliar fool

go former

large glory

24 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

weak strong grant refuse
host
active inactive/passive guest unhealthy/ill
doubt
all none healthy sweet
lend
arrival departure believe dull
neglect
attack defend bitter stupid
expand
hide show borrow weak
unhappy/sad
human inhuman bright disobey
war
inhale exhale care bad
pain
intelligent dull clever modern
loosen
junior senior contract unspoken
rise
common rare strong old
cold
cover uncover happy
furious
crude refined obey naked
talk
definite indefinite peace support
huge
do undo good trick

dress undress pleasure

efficient inefficient primitive

encourage discourage fasten

regular irregular spoken

slavery freedom fall

forgive blame young

win lose hot

E. Word formation: Synonyms
Synonyms are words that similar meanings.

able competent angry

answer reply bare

blank empty chat

close near aid

about nearly big

below under cheat

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 25

disturb annoy destroy ruin
ago before eat devour
beautiful pretty area region
describe explain dawn morning
end finish drag pull
fortune fate/luck error mistake
imitate copy hot warm
many several large big
pair couple old ancient
house home illness sickness
listen hear intelligent bright
happen occur sacred holy
type kind tiny small
start begin roam wander
rely depend wash clean
teach train accuse blame
arrive come correct right
energy power calamity disaster
cost price disease illness
annual yearly blame accuse
divide split enjoy delight
hate dislike lad boy
neat clean famous renowned
pain ache student pupil
wealthy rich wet soaked
thin lean wicked evil

26 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Change the nouns given in brackets into adjectives to fill in the
blanks.

a. This...................land of Buddha stands in high esteem. (glory)

b. The USA is a .....................country. (wealth)

c. There are..................people all around this street. (wisdom)

d. I love to maintain a ...................status. (height)

e. You are quite.......................in nature. (child)

f. He’d better turn...................for safety. (slowly)

g. Are you....................... in the game? (presence)

h. When I was......................I was humorous. (youth)
2. Use suitable form of the words given in the brackets.

a. His.......................made him rich. (popular)

b. We......................as the dog walks. (watch)

c. The talking style of Ram is highly..................... . (impress)

d. Stale food is not.......................(eat).

e. The...................of her sister was not by accident. (die)

f. I’m in ..................whether you enjoyed the party or not. (doubt)

g. Do you do your work..................? (honest)

h. His.....................was satisfactory. (judge)

i. Check your..................behavior. (morality)

j. She showed her...................on her face. (angry)

k. Hari was...........................in driving test. (success)

l. They have seen.................light in the empty house. (colour)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 27

3. Match the following words to make new words.

New words

a. milk flower a. sunflower

b. class board b. ......................................

c. play maid c. ......................................

d. sun copy d. ......................................

e. black room e. ......................................

g. photo path f. ......................................

h. foot ground h. ......................................

4. Choose a word and complete the list.
game party photo stop book office
tennis room master centre holder card

a. a family ...........p..h..o.t..o................
b. a computer ....................................
c. a story ....................................
d. a post ....................................
e. a head ...................................
f. a birthday ....................................
g. a bus ....................................
h. job ....................................
i. table ...................................
j. a living ...................................
k. identify ...................................
l. shoe ...................................

28 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Make any ten new words using the prefix 'Un' and 'Dis'.
Un Dis

2. Make five new words each using 'full', 'less', ship, 'est', 'ness'- in
your note copy.

helpful countless hardship biggest greatness

Exercise-3

1. Answer the following questions.
a. What are the differences between suffix and prefix?
b. Do you have 'English Reader Book' of your class? If you have, collect
ten words and write their synonyms and anotonyms in your note
book.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 29

3Lesson Noun: Its Kinds

Before you begin

Add any four similar words.
Dancer ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
Anita ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
Bundle ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
Petrol ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................
Ability ...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

Look, read and learn.

What are nouns?
What are the kinds of noun?

Nouns are naming words.

There are five kinds of nouns. They are:

Proper noun Collective noun

Abstract noun Common noun

Material noun

1. Proper noun
Proper noun is the name of a particular place, person or thing.
Read the following sentences.
i. Swastika is the name of an intelligent person.
ii. Tansen is the name of a particular town.

30 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

iii. Bagmati is the name of a particular river.

iv. Monday is the name of a particular day.

v. Mahabharat is the name of a particular holy book.

2. Common noun
A common noun is the name that can be used for any member of a

class or kind of persons, places or things.
e.g. i. Siddhartha is a farmer.
ii. Ram is a carpenter.
iii. Birgunj is a town.
iv. I bought a thing called gift.
3. Collective noun
A noun denoting a group of individuals or things is called a collective
noun.
Read the following sentences.
i. A team is a group of players.
ii. A crowd is a group of people.
iii. A flock is a group of sheep.
iv. A family is a group of people living together under the same roof.
4. Material noun
A material noun is the name of material or substance from which
things are made.
e.g. i. My ring is made of gold.

ii. Iron is a useful metal.

iii. I buy wood to make doors.

iv. He always drinks water.
5. Abstract noun

A noun denoting quality, action or state is called an abstract noun.

e.g. i. Bravery is the quality of a brave man.

ii. Kindness is the feeling of a kind man.

iii. Laughter is the act of laughing.

iv. Poverty is the state of being poor.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 31

For your memory

• Nouns are the names of persons, places, animals, things, groups
and abstract notions. Nouns are of different categories. They are:

Categories Types Description Examples
Noun Proper special name Kishor
Common common name boy
Collective refers to group crowd
Material name of the material gold

Abstract cannot be seen or touched poverty

Gender Masculine refers to the male father

Fenminine refers to the female mother

Common refers to both male and teacher
female

Counting Neuter refers to the non-living book
Number things
Countable that can be counted pen
Uncountable that cannot be counted water
Singular refers to one apple
Plural refers to more than one cows

• A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place or thing.
• A common noun is the name common to all persons, animals,

places and things.
• A word which is the name of a group or collection of persons,

animals, places or things is called collective noun.
• A material noun is the name of a material from which things are

made.
• The name of a feeling, state, quality or action is called an abstract

noun.
• Names of people, places, animals and things which can be

counted are countable nouns.
• Names of things which cannot be counted are called uncountable

nouns.

32 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Match the following nouns to make them compound nouns.

a. rain line

b. house quake

c. life scale

d. room table

e. earth mate

f. white fly

g. guide bow

h. office board

2. Match group 'A' with group 'B'.

Group A Group B

players flock

soldiers crowd

cards army

robbers pack

trees bundle

sticks gang

people grove

geese team

3. Some nouns are given in the box. Copy the nouns under the right
column:

Bagmati country desert island boy
river Nepal star wind girl
college Tribhuvan chair Bobby park
Hongkong Gandaki book telephone car
Pushpa Neelam Dashain flower Christ

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 33

Common Proper Collective Material Abstract

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Separate the nouns in the following table.

gang, group, man, Falgun, deer, Nile, boy, mat, Simon, choir, fleet,
nurse, fan, Phidim, Paris, man, September, herd, troop, Monday,
bed, bundle.

Collective noun Common noun Proper noun


2. Make abstract nouns from the words given in the brackets and

fill in the blanks.
a. I express.....................in your success. (happy)

b. Our class teacher has the ...........to make all students happy. (able)

c. He got rid of the disease but................remained. (weak)

d. Don't show....................to anybody. (cruel)

e. Basic level...................is free in our country. (educate)

f. There is....................between Alisha and Perusha. (friend)

g. Always speak the ......................... .(true)

h. His..................pleased everybody. (polite)
3. Complete the following sentences with the phrases given below.

pinch of a cup of a little a drop of

a slice of a sheet of a piece of

34 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

a. I want..................paper.
b. Cut......................wood to mend the table.
c. He has not a single ...........................oil
d. I had............................coffee this morning.
e. Add another.............................salt in the soup.
f. Will you give me.............................cheese?
g. The boy left..........................milk in the cup.

Exercise-3

1. Name the following in one word.
a. Son of a king..........................................................................................
b. A person who climb up the mountains ...................................................
c. An insect that makes honey..................................................................
d. A place where goods are produced on a large scale...........................
e. The place where you go to study........................................................
f. A place you visit for health check up.................................................
g. A clever animal that howls at night.....................................................
h. A person who writes books.................................................................
i. A person who treats sick people..........................................................

2. Think and guess the correct answer.
a. I can take you where you want,
Not a single step I walk,
My legs press and my hands wind,
Can you tell me who I am?...................................................................
(Guess: driver, doctor, farmer, singer)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 35

b. I am coming; close the door,
Keep your things in proper lock,
Don't tell the police, he is my foe,
Tell my name and a rupee I owe. I am a..........................................
(policeman, thief, teacher, postman)
5. Give any five examples for each of them.

Categories Types Descriptions Examples
Noun Proper
Common
Gender Collective
Counting Material
Number Abstract
Masculine
Feminine
Common
Neuter
Countable
Uncountable
Singular
Plural

Exercise-4

1. Answer the following questions:
a. What is a noun? Write its kinds with five examples for each of them
in your exercise book.
b. What is the difference between proper and common noun? Write
with examples.

36 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

4Lesson Noun: Number

Before you begin

Read the words below and add two in each row.

Denoting one thing Denoting more than one thing

temple, ....................... .................. temples, ..................... ..................

teacher, ..................... .................. teachers, ..................... ..................

mango, ..................... .................. mangoes, ..................... ..................

story, ..................... .................. stories, ....................... ...................

cow, ..................... .................. cows, ..................... ..................

foot, ..................... .................. feet, ..................... ..................

chair, ..................... .................. chairs, ..................... ..................

book, ..................... .................. books, ..................... ..................

Kinds of number

Number

Singular Plural
(map, pen, rat, etc.) (cows, calves, etc.)

• You have already learnt that nouns can be singular and plural. If it is
a single noun, we call it singular. If the noun indicates more than one,
we call it plural. It means only one in counting is singular, e.g. a cow, a
goat, etc. Similarly, more than one is called plural, e.g. cows, goats, etc.

• Countable nouns stand for things that can be counted. Uncountable
nouns stand for things that cannot be counted. Uncountable nouns
are always singular. We should not make them plural. We can't write
'meats' or 'bloods'.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 37

Formation of Plural Number

1. By adding - 's'

Singular Plural Singular Plural

path paths duck ducks

cup cups panda pandas

book books window windows

table tables cow cows

plant plants pen pens

2. Singular nouns ending in 's, sh, ch or x, ss, z' are formed plural by

adding - 'es'.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

box boxes inch inches

bench benches class classes

bush bushes brush brushes

fox foxes bus buses

glass glasses buzz buzzes

But if the final 'ch' is pronounced- 'k', the plural is formed by
adding -'s' only.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

monarch monarchs stomach stomachs
3. Most nouns ending in 'o' take - 'es' in plural.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

buffalo buffaloes Negro Negroes

mango mangoes hero heroes

potato potatoes mosquito mosquitoes

However, some nouns that end in – 'o' form their plural by adding
only 's'.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

bamboo bamboos dynamo dynamos

photo photos piano pianos

stereo stereos

38 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

4. By changing 'y' into 'i' and then adding 'es' to the singular
(army + ies) = armies

Singular Plural Singular Plural

cry cries reply replies

story stories lady ladies

pony ponies fly flies

city cities body bodies

baby babies duty duties

5. By adding 's' to the singular if 'y' has a vowel before it
(boy + s) = boys

Singular Plural Singular Plural

donkey donkeys key keys

way ways joy joys

monkeys monkeys toy toys

journey journeys day days

valley valleys ray rays

6. By adding 's' to the singular nouns ending in 'f'

Singular Plural Singular Plural

leaf leaves loaf loaves

thief thieves shelf shelves

knife knives calf calves

However, some nouns that end in 'f' only take 's' in plural.

chief chiefs gulf gulfs

roof roofs hoof hoofs

proof proofs

7. Changing 'f' or 'fe' into 'ves'

Singular Plural Singular Plural

leaf leaves calf calves

knife knives thief thieves

loaf loaves half halves

wife wives shelf shelves

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 39

8. By changing the middle vowel
Singular Plural Singular Plural

foot feet chairman chairmen

goose geese fisherman fishermen

woman women louse lice

mouse mice tooth teeth
9. By changing word

Singular Plural Singular Plural

ox oxen child children

man men woman women

10. In plural of compound words by adding 's'

Singular Plural Singular Plural

sister-in-law sisters-in-law brother-in-law brothers-in-law

passer by passers by mother-in-law mothers-in-law

maid-servant maid-servants girl friend girl friends

11. Singular and plural alike (same form)

Singular Plural Singular Plural

deer deer dozen dozen

sheep sheep score score

fish fish

12. Plural of abbreviations

Singular Plural Singular Plural

I.A I.As B.A B.As

M.A M.As M.D M.Ds

M.P M.Ps VIP VIPs

Listen and speak

'f' is silent .............. scoff, stiff, cuff, off (the second 'f')
'g' is silent .............. gnome, gnaw, straight, phlegm
'h' is silent .............. hour honour, ghost, night
'i' is silent .............. fashion, business

40 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Write the plural forms of the following words:
pig .................. bus...................... foot.................. mouse....................
girl.................. church................ book............... man........................
piano............. goose.................. potato............. ox............................
bush............... mug................... sheep............... deer........................
hero............... class................... tree.................. language................
bird................ cock.................. egg.................. insect......................

2. Change these words into singular:

children knives parrots

........................... ........................... ...............................
men
........................... brushes babies

........................... ...............................

wives keys leaves

........................... ........................... ...............................

oxen bushes teeth

........................... ........................... ...............................

wolves rays sheep

........................... ........................... ...............................

3. Choose the correct answer for each blank space.
a. There is too much ...................... in that tea. (sugar, sugars)

b. My brothers don't eat much ...................... (bread, breads)

c. One of his ......................lives in U.K. (son, sons)

d. Every ...................... in the school is cared. (child, children)

e. The water is only a few ...................... deep. (inch, inches)

f. Have you read these ancient ......................?(story, stories)

g. Cows and bulls are called ...................... (cattle, cattle)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 41

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Change the names of these sentences into plural and rewrite the

sentences correctly. .T..h..e..s..e..a..r..e..p..o..t..a.t..o..e.s..........
a. That is a potato.

b. A cow gives us milk. ......................................

c. My sister went to Pokhara. .......................................

d. That is an ant. ......................................

e. A cat kills a rat. ......................................

f. A mouse was killed by a cat. ......................................

g. An apple grows on a tree. ......................................

h. This is an apple. ......................................

i. A baby is weeping somewhere. ......................................

j. A wolf can kill a sheep. ......................................

k. A camera has a lens. ......................................

l. A goat has a short tail. ......................................

m. Her daughter has come. ......................................

n. An elephant has a trunk. ......................................

o. Our friend should work for us. ......................................

p. A cow has a tail. ......................................

q. That is a sheep. ......................................

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

a. What ....................you doing? (is, are)

b. There....................no mice in the house. (is, are)

c. There................three dozen eggs in the basket. (was, were)

d. Binod's trousers....................blue. (is, are)

e. The furniture in my room.......................quite new. (is, are)

f. My spectacles................left in the office. (was, were)

g. What................the latest news? (is, are)

h. The cattle..............going to the field. (is, are)

i. Mathematics...............very hard work. (need, needs)

42 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-3

1. Fill in the blanks with correct words from brackets:
a. Chairs are made of ......................(wood, wooden, woods)
b. She wrote a few.........................(story, storys, stories)
c. This news....................true. (is, am, are)
d. He has tamed two.......................(deer, deers, deeres)
e. Ten.....................are working. (worker, workers, workeres)
f. He doesn't brush his...........................(tooth, teeth, tooths)
g. These......................are very good. (ox, oxes, oxen)
h. Some...................are white. (sheep, sheepes, sheeps)
i. We bought two......................pens. (dozen, dozens)
j. Kajal...................invitation card of her marriage. (give, gives)

2. Find and circle the plural words in the following puzzle.
t e e t h em1 c e h k
b 1 c 1 b a a n ews p
sea i l i i lhero
f a l vor sae t h t
ovveos edr l ah
r eesdea i oen l
ys sksds e egde
t nennpps s s s o

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 43

5Lesson Noun : Gender

Before you begin

Write any five words for each of the following.
Male names : .................... ................... ................... ................... ..................
Female names :.................... ................... ................... ................... ..................
Professional persons :................ ................. ................ ................ ................
Things surrounding your school :................ ................. ................. ................

Conversation practice.

My name is Ram. My name is Mina.
I am masculine. I am feminine.

I respect my parents, I have a book, a
teachers, friends and pen, a bag, etc.
relatives. Parents, teachers, Book, pen, bag are
friends and relatives are neuter gender.
common nouns. So they are
common gender. The grammatical
classification of sex
What is gender? is called gender.

Kinds of gender

Gender

masculine feminine common neuter

44 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

A noun that denotes a A noun that denotes a
male is called masculine female is called feminine
gender. Nouns like boy, gender. Nouns like girl,
man, brother, father, woman, sister, mother,
king, nephew, dog, etc. queen, niece, bitch, etc. are
are masculine gender. feminine gender.

A noun that can denote A noun that denotes a
both a male and a female non­living thing is called
is said to be of common neuter gender. Nouns
gender. Nouns like baby like book, pen, chair, car,
child, parent, teacher, pupil, wood, gold, school, etc.
student, person, doctor, are neuter gender.
friend, neighbour, bird, etc.
are common gender.

Ways of forming: Masculine - Feminine

1. By a change of word

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

dog bitch papa mama

bachelor maid son daughter

man woman brother sister

king queen husband wife

milk-man milk-maid horse mare

Mr. Mrs. grandfather grandmother

gentleman lady uncle aunt

cock hen nephew niece

boy girl lad lass

drake duck master mistress

he-goat she-goat son-in-low daughter-in-law

landlord landlady brother-in-law sister-in-law

hero heroine father mother

stag hind bride groom

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 45

2. By adding a suffix (-ess, -ine, -tris, a)

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

host hostess lion lioness

poet poetess giant gaintess

heir heiress prince princess

emperor empress master mistress

actor actress master mistress

conductor conductress hero heroine

hunter huntress sultan sultana

3. By placing a word before or after the masculine.

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine

he-goat she-goat washer-man washer-woman

land-lord land-lady man-servant maid servant

bull-calf cow-calf grandpa grandma

For your memory

• Masculine Gender : A noun that denotes male is called masculine
gender.

Example: king, father, boy, man, dog, etc.
• Feminine Gender : A noun that denotes female is called feminine

gender.
Example: queen, mother, girl, woman, bitch, etc.
• Common Gender : A noun that denotes both male and female is

called the common gender.
Example: baby, friend, student, doctor, etc.
• Neuter Gender : A noun that denotes a non-living thing is called

neuter gender.
Example: book, house, watch, table, pen, computer, etc.
• For 'male' we use 'he', for 'female' we use 'she' and for 'neuter' we

use 'it'.

46 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Here is a list of nouns. Write them out in the appropriate columns
given below.

sister thief niece van child

parents fox bird tiger bull

house friend horse cousin widow

table daughter God madam desk

tigress shopkeeper actor vixen kite

lady fly princess wizard lioness

Masculine Feminine Common Neuter

...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

...................... ...................... ...................... ......................

2. Write the masculine gender of these nouns

Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
mare cow
bitch wife
queen
she-goat
madam aunt
peahen
vixen milkmaid
daughter

3. Change the gender of the underlined nouns and rewrite the

sentences in your note book.

a. My friend is an actor. e. A hero is the male charater.
b. My uncle is a poet. f. I want to marry with a prince.
c. Good morning to you, maam. g. My niece passed the SEE.
d. I saw a bride on the way. h. Did you see the tiger?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 47

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Write the feminine gender of these nouns.

a. milkman b. bull c. tiger d. poet

........................ ....................... ....................... ..........................

e. master f. cock g. waiter h. actor

........................ ....................... ....................... ..........................

i. stag j. step-father k. duck l. governor

........................ ....................... ....................... ..........................

m. he-bear n. man o. peacock p. gentleman

........................ ....................... ....................... ..........................

2. Change the gender from masculine into feminine and feminine
into masculine.

a. bull ............... b. fox ............. c. tiger ...............

d. girl................ e. lady............... f. mare ...............

g. heroine............ h. niece............. i. milkman.............

j. man............... k. dog ............... l. man servant.............

m. cock............. n. gentleman............ o. hostess .............
3. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the bracket.

a. She is an....................... .(hero, actress)

b. A..........................gives birth to a cub. (tiger, lioness)

c. Elizabeth is the.....................of England. (king, queen)

d. Anita was married to Bina's.................... .(sister, brother)

e. Sita is her....................... . (nephew, aunt)

f. His........................is a lazy man. (uncle, aunt)

g. He is a.....................(woman servant, gentleman)

h. A.........................is a woman (prince, queen)

i. Ram is a good..................... .(boy, girl)

j. Usha is my ........................wife. (aunt's, uncle's)

k. Alisha is............................of Alish. (brother, sister)

l. Sabin is my....................... .(uncle, aunt)

48 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

6Lesson Case : Its Kinds

Before you begin

Read and learn.

• Ishu wrote a letter.
• Silu broke the door.
• A man killed a dog.
• He caught the thief.

Who wrote a letter?
- Ishu.
Who broke the door?
- Silu
Who killed a dog?
-a man
Who caught the thief?
-he
What did Ishu write?
-a letter
What did Sillu break?
-the door
What did a man kill?
-a dog
What did he catch?
-the thief
This is sister's pen. That is Sweta's watch. Whose pen is this?
-sister's
Whose watch is that?
- Sweta's

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 49

Conversation practice.

The form of a noun or pronoun which
shows the relation to other words in a
sentence is known as case.

Kinds of case:

Case

Nominative Accusative Possessive
case case case

Example:
• The hunter killed the deer.

the hunter - subject - (nominative case)
- (accusative case)
the deer - object
- (possessive case)
• There is the deer's dead body.

deer's - ownership

A. Nominative/Subjective case
When a noun is used as the subject of a verb, it is said to be in
nominative case.

For example:

1. Neelu ate ice-cream.

2. The question is wrong.

'Neelu' is the subject of the verb 'ate'. 'Question' is the subject of the verb
'is'. The nouns 'Neelu' and 'Question' are in the nominative case.

In sentence 1, Who ate ice-cream? Neelu
So, Neelu is the subject.
In sentence 2, What is wrong? question. So, question is the subject.

Note: Subject of the sentence is nominative case.

50 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5