Applied Grammer 5

Use of Some Conjunctions

Use of 'and'
• It is used to join two words, phrases or related statements.
For example: He ate fish and meat. She ate a packet of biscuits and drank

a glass of tea. He completed his homework and went to school.
• It is used to make the meaning stronger. For example: Raghu spends

hours and hours with bad friends.
Use of 'or'
• It is used to link two or more alternatives.
For example: Do you like momo or chowmin?
• It is also used in negative condition.
For example: Study well or you will fail the exam.
Use of 'but'
• It is used to introduce something which contrasts with what has just

been said.
For example: He has failed in the exam but he is happy.
Use of 'although'
• It shows unexpected result. It means despite the fact that.
For example: Although he is very rich, his house is very small. He failed

the exam although he used to read much.
Use of 'because'
• It is used to give reason. So, it is called a reason connective.
For example: He went to market because he had to buy some goods.
Use of 'when'
• It means at the time. For example: I ate food when I was hungry.
Use of 'either............or'
• It is used to describe one of the two or more alternatives when only

one is possible.
For example: I eat either a mango or an apple.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 101

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Underline the conjunctions in these sentences.

a. Jenny, Dev and Jim will be in school or at home.

b. Pukar has either done the job or will do it.

c. The men caught, cooked and ate the fish.

d. Where have Jay and Bina been swimming and hiking?

e. Mom or Dad will have gone by the morning.

f. Oh, neither Mina nor Nisha would return to the hostel.

g. I have not met Rohit since the holidays began.

h. He said that he was sorry for his mistake.

i. A thief entered their house while they were watching television.

j. Wait here until I come back.

k. Although it was dark night he did not feel afraid.

1. You cannot get this job unless you pass a written test.

m. We were tired, still we continued working.

n. The thief stole the watch and ran away.

2. Connect the following sentences using 'and'.
a. Reena has a car. Seema has a car. Rusy has a car.
............................................................................................................ .
b. This table is new. This table is strong. This table is cheap.
............................................................................................................ .
c. She wrote a letter. She wrote a poem.
............................................................................................................ .
d. Mudita is tall. Mudita is beautiful.
............................................................................................................ .
e. I bought a car. I bought a house.
............................................................................................................ .
f. Mina sings a song. Bipin sings a song.
............................................................................................................ .
g. Ajay got a prize. Ritesh got a prize.
............................................................................................................ .

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Exercise-2 Homework

1. Connect the following sentences using 'but'.
a. Sabina can sing. She cannot dance.
...........................................................................................................
b. He goes to school. He learns nothing.
...........................................................................................................
c. You are strong. You have no courage.
...........................................................................................................
d. I warned him. He did not care.
...........................................................................................................
e. I believed him. He betrayed me.
...........................................................................................................
f. Devendra has every comfort. He is not contented.
...........................................................................................................

2. Join each pair of sentences by using 'and' or 'but'.
a. We went to the beach. We enjoyed ourselves.
...........................................................................................................
b. Anu is beautiful. Anu is rich.
...........................................................................................................
c. She is sincere. She lacks experience.
...........................................................................................................

d. I approved all my friends. Nobody helped me.

...........................................................................................................
3. Join the following sentences using the 'conjunctions' given in

brackets.
a. I like to buy a book. I like to buy a pen. (and)

...........................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 103

b. He failed the exam. He was careless. (because)
...........................................................................................................
c. He eats a lot. He will be fat. (if)
...........................................................................................................
d. He cannot run fast. His leg is broken. (because)
...........................................................................................................
e. He bought a jacket. She bought a lottery ticket. (but)
...........................................................................................................

Exercise-3

1. Join the following sentences using 'when'.
a. I left horne. It was 10 o'clock.
...........................................................................................................
b. I met him. He told me about his job.
...........................................................................................................
c. You may go. You finish work.
...........................................................................................................
d. The meeting was over. Everybody went away.
...........................................................................................................
e. People go to hospital. They are sick.
...........................................................................................................

2. Join the following pairs of sentences by using who, whose, which
or where.
a. I know about your brother. Your brother is a doctor.

104 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

b. Bring me the book. The book is on the table.
c. The child is an orphan. The child's parents are dead.
d. I have found the fountain pen. You lost the fountain pen.
e. He has a camera. He used it to take photoes.
f. Do not eat the food. The food is not fresh.
g. Nepal is a country. People live happily here.
h. The floor was cleaned. The meeting was conducted there.
3. Join the sentences by using 'neither......nor'.
a. I did not see Kanchan. I did not see Surya.
..............................................................................................................
b. He is not present. She is not present.
..............................................................................................................
c. I am not old. I am not a child.
..............................................................................................................
d. Sudha has no dolls. Archana has no dolls.
..............................................................................................................
e. I have no pen. I have no book.
..............................................................................................................

4. Join the sentences using 'as well as':
a. Teachers were rewarded. Students were rewarded.
..............................................................................................................
b. I like mangoes. I like bananas.
..............................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 105

c. He wept. She wept.
..............................................................................................................
d. Cows are eating leaves. Goat is eating leaves.
..............................................................................................................
e. He is in the field. She is in the field.
..............................................................................................................
5. Join each pair of sentences with suitable 'conjunctions'.
a. Mohan is rich. He is kind-hearted.
..............................................................................................................
b. We don't work. He forces us to work.
..............................................................................................................
c. Rohit is my friend. He works in an office.
..............................................................................................................
d. He did not answer. He did not know the truth.
..............................................................................................................
e. Suman went to her house. He gave her the news.
..............................................................................................................
f. Sharan was ready to go. She did not take him.
..............................................................................................................

106 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

L1ess2on Prepositions

Before you begin

Read the story below and underline the prepositions.

Don’t Wish for the Impossible

Once upon a time, there was a woman
in a village. She had a only son. The son
died of high fever. She was very sad with
God. She couldn’t console herself, so she
went to Lord Buddha and begged to
bring her son back to life. Lord Buddha
patiently listened to her story and told
her to bring a handful of mustard seeds
from a house where nobody was dead. She went in search of the house
but she couldn’t find any such house. Then she returned to Lord Buddha
being sad. Lord Buddha said that death was inevitable. The woman
realized her folly and went back towards home.

The moral of the story is: One shouldn’t wish for what is impossible.

Can you underline all the prepositions used in the story.

Read and learn.
Prepositions are the words which usually come before noun. Preposition
show the relation of noun with other items. Some prepositions are in, to,
for, out of, on, at, by, with, for, before, up, under, etc.

Types of preposition

Simple prepositions Compound prepositions Other prepositions
made up of single word
e.g: at, in, to, etc. made up of more than Phrasal words e.g. in
one word e.g: into, onto spite of, in search of, etc.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 107

Here is a list of common one-word prepositions:

to in up off below down
over between across beside about by
above since during on after before
at against under from into per
behind within past inside beyond of
below with through for along till
until upon without among outside around

Read these examples of the uses of prepositions:

To From

a. This bus goes to Pokhara. a. He is suffering from fever

b. He acted according to rules b. Sunil is different from his father.

c. She goes to school on foot. c. He is from Kathmandu.

d. Hard work is the key to d. Where are you from?
success.

e. Please listen to me carefully. e. They are getting benefit from him.

On Till

a. Let us go on foot. a. Wait till tomorrow.

b. He should act on the advice b. Don't go anywhere till I arrive.
of elders.,

c. We all agree on this point.

d. My books are on the table.

In Into

a. We read in the morning. a. She fell into the well.

b. We live in Janakpur. b. Come into my house.

c. Believe in God. c. They're going into the room.

d. He is in the house.

e. The money is in my pocket.

108 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Of Up

a. He was accused of theft. a. The boy climbed up the tree.

b. I am not afraid of darkness. b. go up on the first floor.

c. You must take care of your c. The house is made up of bricks.
health.

d. Our family consists of five d. I am feed up with your habits.
members.

e. Hari's father died of malaria. e. The tourists climbed up the
mountains.

After At

a. The cat is running after the a. The train arrived at Agra.
rat.

b. We play after 4 o'clock. b. Somebody is knocking at the door.

c. After his arrival, I will go. c. It is bad to laugh at the poor.

d. Ram will come after some d. He was born at Kalankee.
time.

e. I will go to America after this e. She has a shop at New Road.
year.

Below During

a. She stood below the window. a. During Dashain, we get together.

b. The bus fell below the road. b. I was playing during your exam.

c. The cat is below the table. c. I wash my clothes during the
holiday.

d. Rita has her son below the d. Saroj was ill during Tihar.
tap.

e. Don't go below the hill. e. Maghi festival falls during the first

week of Magh.

Before Between

a. He is standing before me. a. Ram is between Shyam and Sita.

b. Do it before 8 o'clcok. b. Nepal is between India and China.

c. I came here before you. c. This house is beteen two trees.

d. Before you go, listen to one d. Divide the apple between two boys.
thing.

e. Monday comes before e. There is a temple between houses.
Tuesday.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 109

Over Under

a. It's one o'clock. The sun is a. The cat is under the table.
over us

b. The fan is over the boy. b. The boy is sleeping under the roof.

c. The branch of tree is over me. c. There is a basket under the desk.

d. He is under 18 years.

Beside

1. She is sitting beside her dad. 2. He is beside me.
3. The tree is beside the house. 4. Please put the pen beside the basket.

5. Hari goes beside the briddge.

Inside Above

a. He is inside the hosue. a. I am above you.

b. Don't sit inside the temple. b. A bird is flying above the house.

c. He is cooking inside the c. The plane flew above the city.
kitchen.

d. Ram is inside the box.

e. Why is Ram inside hospital?

Behind Among

a. He is behind the house. a. The first boy is standing among his

classmates.

b. The bus is behind its time. b. Share the money among five of you.

c. The gate is behind the tree. c. The dog is among the bushes.

d. The dog is sitting behind the d. We are sitting among the trees.

box.

e. Ramu was behind the bus. e. Ranjana fell among the thorns.

Until Within

a. I will not go until he comes a. You should arrive within ten

minutes.

b. Can you stay until Sunday. b. He can tell within five minutes.

c. Hari won't go until you go c. You should come here within time.

with him.

d. He can't move anywhere until d. Rosy finished her work within time.

you come here.

e. Subigya will return within a month.

110 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
a. He does nothing..................the evening. (at, in)
b. Children are sleeping............................the bedroom. (at, in)
c. Siddhartha is.......................work. (at, in)
d. The new bulletin begins................9:pm. (at, on)
e. The train is...................the station. (in, at)
f. Punishment is sometimes......................our own good. (from, for)
g. The thief jumped.....................the wall. (above, over)
h. There are two salons..................our village. (in, at)
i. Help me...............the time of difficulty. (at, due to)
j. They are playing .................school ground. (in, of)

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions given

on, by, in, for, at, between

a. Today's lesson is....................page 10.
b. What is.................the bag?
c. He is a teacher..................profession.
d. We learnt the trick.................two days.
e. The players are.....................the stadium now.
f. What is...............the wall?
g. The match starts..............four o'clock.
h. I have not seen you...............five days.
i. Return the book............... a week.
j. Subash is...............Binod and Sajan.
k. Please get up early...............6 :00 o'clock.
l. There is a fish.................the river.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 111

L1ess3on Articles

Before you begin

Read and learn.
There was a basket on the dining table. It
was full of apples and oranges. Manisha
took an orange and an apple from the
basket. The orange was juicy and sweet.
Manisha was very happy because she got
juicy and sweet oranges.

Can you circle the articles used in the text above?
The articles (a, an and the)
‘A’, ‘An’ and ‘The’ are called articles. ‘A’ and ‘An’ are indefinite articles.
‘The’ is definite article.

Use of ‘A’ and ‘An'

• ‘A’ and ‘An’ are used before singular countable nouns. ‘A' is used before
a singular noun which begins with a consonant sound.

e.g. a cat, a man, a pen, a donkey, etc.
• ‘An’ is used before a singular noun which begins with a vowel sound,

e.g. an apple, an orange, an umbrella, etc.
• ‘A’ and ‘An’ are used with the names of occupation:
e.g. He is a doctor.
She is an engineer. She is a sales girl.
• ‘A’ and ‘An’ are used in singular exclamatory sentences.
e.g. What a beautiful garden!
What an ugly face she has!

112 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Some examples of 'a' and 'an'.

• The P.M. makes Nepal a Switzerland. • An old man is going.

• He has gone for a walk. • She gave me an apple.

• Are you in a hurry? • I walk two km an hour.

• You are a B.A. student. • She is an M.A. student.

• She is a chemist. • Rima is an inspector.

• Ramu is a captain.

Use of 'The'

1. 'The' is used to show a class or kind of anything.
e.g. The lion is the king of animals.
2. 'The' is used before a particular noun or repeated noun (singular or

plural).
e.g. I saw a cat. The cat was black.
3. 'The' is used with the name of seas.
e.g. The Red Sea, The Indian Ocean, etc.
4. 'The' is used before the name of only one thing of its kind.
e.g. The sun gives us heat. The earth is round.
5. 'The' is used with the name of big rivers.
e.g. The Karnali, The Mechi, The Ganga, etc.
6. 'The' is used with the names of holy books.
e.g. The Mahabharat, The Ramayan, The Quaran, The Bible, etc.
7 'The' is used with the name of famous buildings.
e.g. The Narayanhiti Palace, The Taj Mahal, The White House, etc.
8. 'The' is used before the names of historic events.
e.g. The Martyrs' Day, The Independence Day, etc.
9. 'The' is used with the name of inventions.
e.g. The radio, The computer, etc.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 113

10. 'The' is used before the names of political parties, buildings, periods
of history, canals, mountain ranges, deserts, newspapers, museums,
libraries, hotels and restaurants, ships, groups of islands, etc.

11. 'The' is used with ordinal numbers and 'only'.
April is the fourth month of the year. Bikram is the only hope of his

poor mother.
12. 'The'is used before the adjectives in the superlative degree.
He is the best student in his class.
13. 'The' is used before a singular countable noun to represent a class.
The dog is a domestic animal.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Fill in the blanks with ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary.
a. I met him………………year ago.
b. Iron is……………..strong metal.
c. She is………..intelligent woman.
d. ……………..cat has…………….tail.
e. She is……………….untidy woman.
f. I have………………stick in my hand.
g. There is…………….Oxford University in London.
h. Honest people seldom tell………..lie.
i. What………………lucky lady !
j. She is………..honourable woman.

2. Fill in the blanks with 'a' or 'an'.
a. There is .............beautiful building in my school.
b. He reads in.............college far from his house.

114 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

c. She likes................music very much.
d. What is...........knife for?
e. He gave me .................mango.
f. Our English teacher is.................European.
g. . ...............ant is..........very hard working insect.
h. There is..................school in my village.
1. The cow is.................gentle animal.
3. Tick () the correct sentences.
a. A Taj Mahal is a finest tomb.
The Taj Mahal is the finest tomb.
b. The January is first month of year.
January is the first month of the year.
c. Painting is an art.
Painting is a art.
d. Rich are always happy.
The rich are always happy.
e. A lion is the king of beasts.

The lion is the king of beasts.

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Fill in the blanks with a, an or the where necessary.
a. ................dog is.............faithful animal.
b. Who is.................best student in your class?
c. Honest people speak. ...............truth.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 115

d. They had their dinner in ............nice hotel.
e. Aladdin had ................wonderful lamp.
f. Call............... man standing at ............ door.
2. Fill in the blanks with articles (a, an, the).
a. Kathmandu is………….capital of Nepal.
b. This is………………book which I was looking for.
c. She needs………….pen that you have.
d. I like………egg with……….slice of bread in breakfast.
e. He is……………..tallest boy in………..class.
f. …………British defeated…………….French.
g. She is wearing…………..ring made of gold.
h. If you want to play, you must ask………….captain.
3. Fill in the blanks with articles where necessary.
a. Nepal is…………….country which has many high mountains.
b. Have you seen………….leopard caught last week?
c. His dog bit…………..postman and…………..stranger.
d. He asked me…………difficult question.
e. I saw………..boy………..boy was intelligent.
4. Read the text and put a, an, the.
I finished my homework and I watched .......... movie last night. ..........
movie was about .......... soldier and .......... beautiful woman. ..........
soldier was in love with .......... woman, but .......... woman was in love
with .......... inspector (police officer). So, .......... soldier could not marry
.......... woman. In this way .......... story ended.

116 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

14Lesson
Tense: Kinds and Uses

Before you begin

Answer these questions.

• Do you study well?
............................................................................................................ .
• What are you doing now?
............................................................................................................ .
• Have you been to Pokhara?
............................................................................................................ .
• How long have you been studying in this school?
............................................................................................................ .
• Did you do your homework?
............................................................................................................ .
• Had your brother got a car?
............................................................................................................ .
• Were you sweeping the floor yesterday morning?
............................................................................................................ .
• What will you be in the future?
............................................................................................................ .

I was a baby. I am young. I will be old.
Past Tense Present Tense Future Tense

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 117

Past tense Tense Future tense

Present tense

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect
continuous continuous

Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect

continuous

Write 'present, past or future' in the blanks.

We are late today. ...................................

We were late yesterday. ...................................

The stars are shining now. ...................................

The stars were shining at night yesterday. ...................................

The stars will be shining at full moon night. ...................................

We shall be late tomorrow. ...................................

The form of the verb that is used to show the time of an action is called tense.
Forms of tense with patterns and examples:

Present Tense

Forms of present Patterns/Structures Sentences
tense

1. Present simple 1. S + V1 1. I play/We work.

(S+V1/V5) 2. S + V5 2. He plays

1. S + am + V4 1. I am working
2. Present continuous 2. He is playing
3. We are playing
2. S + is + V4
(S+is/am/are+V4)

3. S + are + V4

3. Present perfect 1. S + has + V3 1. He has worked.

(S+has/have+V3) 2. S + have + V3 2. We have worked

4. Present perfect 1. S + has+been+V4 1. He has been working
2. We have been working.
continuous (S+have/ 2. S + have+been+V4
has+been+V4+Obj.)

118 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Past Tense

Forms of past tense Patterns/ Sentences
Structures

1. Past simple - S + V2 1. S + V2 1. We worked hard.

2. Past continuous 2. S + was + V4 2. He was working hard.

(S+was/were+V4) 3. S + were+V4 3. They were working
hard.

3. Past perfect - S+had+V3 4. S + had + V3 3. She had worked hard.

4. Past perfect 5.S+had+been+V4 4. He had been working
continuous hard.

S+had been+V4

Future Tense

Forms of future tense Patterns/Structures Sentences

1. Future simple 1. S+shall+V1 1. I shall work.

(S+shall/will+V1) 2. S+will+V1 2. They will work.

2. Future continuous 1. S+shall/be+V4 1. We shall be working.

(S+shall/will+be+V4) 2. S+will+be+V4 2. He will be working.

3. Future perfect 1. S+shall+have+V3 1. I shall have worked.

(S+shall/will+have+V3) 2. S+will+have+V3 2. He will have worked.

4. Future perfect con. 1. S + shall + have + 1. I shall have been

S+shall/ been + V4 working.
will+have+been+V4
2. S+will+have+been+V4 2. We will have been
working.

Verb forms of 12 tenses

Tense Present Past Future
1. Simple Shall/will + V1
2. Continous V1/V5 V2 Shall/will+be+V4
3. Perfect Shall/will+have V3
4. Perfect cont. is/am/are+V4 was/were+V4 Shall/will+ have +
been + V4
has/have+V3 Had + V3

has/have/been+V4 had+been+V4

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 119

Affirmative (Positive)

Tense Simple Continous Perfect Perfect Con.
Present
He dances He is He has He has been
Past well
dancing well. danced well. dacing well.
He danced
well. He was He had He had been

dancing well. danced well. dancing well.

Future He will He will be He will have He will have
dance well. dancing well. danced well. been dancing
well.

Negative

Tense Simple Continous Perfect Perfect Con.
Present
He doesn't He isn't He hasnot' He hasn't been
Past dance well.
dancing well. danced well. dancing well.
He didn't
dance well. He wasn't He hadn't He hadn't been
dancing well. danced well. dancing well.

He will not He will not He will not He will not
dance well. be dancing
Future well. have danced have been

well. dancing well.

Interrogative : Yes / No Questions

Tense Simple Continous Perfect Perfect Con.
Present
Past Does he Is he dancing Has he Has he been

Future dance well? well? danced well? dancing well?

Did he dance Was he Had he Had he been

well? dancing danced well? dancing well?

well?

Will he Will he be Will he have Will he have
dance well? dancing danced well? been dancing
well?
well?

120 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

For your memory

Tense is a form of verbs which show the time at which an action happened.
Verbs have three times: Present, past and future. So a verb has three tenses.
Each tense can be subdivided into four forms: Simple/Continuous/Perfect/
Perfect Continuous. Various forms of verb express different tenses. All the
perfect tenses have past participle forms (V3 of verbs and the continuous
tenses have the present participle forms (V4) of verbs.

Present, Past and Participle Form

Present (V1) Past (V2) Past Participle (V3)
dance
cry danced danced
creep
cried cried
copy
compare crept crept
choose
catch copied copied
carry
buy compared compared
burn
bring chose chosen
blow
bite caught caught
become
awake carried carried
appear
deal bought bought
dig
draw burnt burnt

brought brought

blew blown

bit bitten

became become

awoke awaken

appeared appeared

dealt dealt

dug dug

drew drawn

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 121

eat ate eaten
feed fed fed
fight fought fought
fit fit fit
fly flew flown
let let let
forgive forgave forgiven
get got got
go went gone
hang hanged hung
hear heard heard
hit hit hit
hope hoped hoped
keep kept kept
lay laid laid
agree agreed agreed
beat beat beaten
begin began begun
bind bound bound
burst burst burst
care cared cared
cast cast cast
change changed changed
come came come
dance danced danced
die died died
do did done

122 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

drink drank drunk
drown drowned drowned
feel felt felt
freeze froze frozen
give gave given
have had had
hide hid hidden
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
know knew known
lead led led
smell smelt smelt
sink sank sunk
sing sang sung
show showed shown
shut shut shut
shrink shrank shrunk
shoot shot shot
say said said
see saw seen
send sent sent
run ran run
rang rang rung
ride rode ridden
put put put
meet met met
mean meant meant

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 123

marry married married
live lived lived
light lighted lit
pay paid paid
sell sold sold
shake shook shaken
sleep slept slept
wear wore worn
wind wound wound
use used used
think thought thought
teach taught taught
swim swam swum
strike struck struck
steal stole stolen
spend spent spent
stick stuck stuck
take took taken
throw threw thrown
tie tied tied
tell told told
win won won
write wrote written
weave wove woven

124 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Name the tense of these verbs. One has been done for you.

a. He will leave tomorrow .......s..i.m....p..l.e...f.u..t..u..r..e..........

b. She will be leaving tomorrow. .......................................

c. She bought a pet last month. .......................................

d. She has been sick. .......................................

e. I’ll have done that job. .......................................

f. They are doing some work. .......................................

g. He was riding a horse. .......................................

h. He had fought in the class. .......................................

2. Change the following sentences into simple present tense from

the simple past tense.

a. We ate dinner. ..........W....e...e..a..t..d...i.n..n..e..r.......

b. I took your photo. .......................................
c. He gave me some advice. .......................................
d. The rain stopped. .......................................
e. They went home. .......................................
f. They answered. .......................................
g. Usha drank milk. .......................................
h. You wasted the money. .......................................
i. The parrot flew away. .......................................

j. He allowed me to go. .......................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 125

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Change these sentences into simple past. One has been done for

you

a. She seems to be terrible. S..h..e...s.e..e..m...e.d....t.o...b..e..t..e.r..r..i.b..l.e.

b. I want a purse. .......................................

c. They love fishing. .......................................

d. He types a letter. .......................................

e. My mother thinks good of all. .......................................

f. I collect some fund for help. .......................................

2. Complete the following sentences by using the past form of verbs
given in the brackets.
a. They ............................... married in 2001. (get)

They got married in 2001.

b. Water ............................... in the taps. (freeze)

c. The eagle ............................... high in the sky. (fly)

d. A river ............................... near our house. (flow)

e. Ravi ............................... his leg in an accident. (hurt)

f. The stranger ............................... only French. (speak)

g. The match ............................... at 10:00 am. (begin)

3 Fill in the blanks with the verbs in present continuous tense:

a. It..................now. (rain)
It is raining now.

b. We..............the flute. (play)

c. They............................their time which is not good. (waste)

d. She.................a tree. (climb up)

e. The hens....................eggs. (lay)

126 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

f. The child..................soundly. (sleep)
g. She................................a noise. (make)
h. He....................for money. (ask)
i. She...............a sweater. (knit)
j. People..................at him. (laugh)

Exercise-3

1. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in past continuous tense.
a. Our teacher.....................................us. (teach)
Our teaches was teaching us.
b. ......................... it .........................yesterday ? (rain)
c. They.................................their parents. (obey)
d. She........................ not ........................food.(cook)
e. I.......................................you. (help)
f. I............................not........................my meal. (take)
g. They................................for you. (wait)
h. They................................the match yesterday. (play)

2. Fill in the blanks using the verbs in future continuous tense.
a. It................................. (rain)
It will be raining.
b. The baby...................... (sleep)
c. We....................this book. (read)
d. My Mom............................tomorrow. (come)
e. .........................the teacher ..................? (teach)
f. They.....................lunch. (have)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 127

g. We..................cricket. (play)

h. I .............................a letter in the evening. (write)

3. Rewrite the following sentences using “used to”

a. We are lazy. We used to be lazy.

b. He talks much. ..................................................

c. Life is difficult. ..................................................

d. Meera doesn’t sing well. ..................................................

4. Make sentences as given in the example.

Example: He/polish/shoes.

He polishes his shoes.

a. She/wash/dishes.

Ans: ........................................................................................................

b. The children/play/hide and seek.

Ans: ........................................................................................................

c. Rajesh/go/to market everyday.

Ans: ........................................................................................................

d. Tom and Jerry/watch/television.

Ans: ........................................................................................................

e. Shreechan/talk/on the telephone.

Ans: ........................................................................................................

f. Susmita/crack/jokes.

Ans: ........................................................................................................

128 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

L1ess5on Tag Questions

Before you begin

Conversation practice.
Sakriya : Sandhya, you went to the library, didn't

you?
Sandhya : Yes, I did.
Sakriya : You have brought a story book for me,

haven't you?
Sandhya : Yes, I have.
Sakriya : It has many pictures, doesn't it?
Sandhya : Yes, it does.
Sakriya : Our teacher asked us to read it, didn't he?
Sandhya : Yes, he did.
Sakriya : I can take the book for a few days, can't I?
Sandhya : Yes, you can.

Read and learn.

A tag question is a phrase added to the end of a statement
to confirm it. It is a common way of making a statement
in a conversation by asking the listener to confirm it.

Full form Contracted form Note: Auxiliary
will not won’t verbs and not of
do not don’t question tag are
did not didn’t always written in
would not contracted form.
must not wouldn’t
is not mustn’t
was not isn’t
does not wasn’t
shall not doesn’t
are not shan’t
could not aren’t
can not couldn’t
were not can’t
weren’t

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 129

If the statement is positive, question tag should be negative.

• Ram sings, doesn't he?
• Sita is a teacher, isn't she?

If the statement is negative, question tag should be positive.

• Hari does not help them, does he?
• Sita is not a teacher, is she?

If the statement is with an auxiliary verb, tag question is made using
the same auxiliary verb.
• I can go, can't I?
• We are here, aren't we?
• He hadn't gone there, had he?

Auxiliary verbs are: is, am, are, was, were, have, has, had, shalt wilt
can, could, may, might must, need, ought to, dare, used to.

If the statement is without auxiliary verb, the tag question will be
made using the do verb. (do, does, did)

Statement Question tag Example

S+V5+Obj. doesn’t He goes to school, doesn’t he ?

S+V1+Obj. don’t They play football, don’t they ?

S+V2+Obj. didn’t He cut the tree, didn’t he ?

If have verbs (have, has, had) are used as main verb, they take don't,
doesn't, didn't in tag version.

Statement Question tag Example

S + have + Obj. don't They have their food, don't they?

S + has + Obj. doesn't He has a bath everyday, doesn't
he?

S+had+Obj. didn't He had a rest, didn't he?

We use 'am' if we have to make a positive tag and 'aren't' to make a
negative tag.

I am + obj/ aren't I am late, aren't I?
complement

I am not + am I am not a teacher, am I?
Complement

130 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

We generally add 'will you?' as the tag to imperative sentences. But
we use 'shall we?' if the sentence starts with Let's ......

Statement Question tag Example

V1 + Obj. will you? Close the door, will you?

don't + V1 + Obj will you? Don't open the door, will you?

never + V1+Obj. will you? Never talk in class, will you?

let me/her/him will you? Let me go out, will you?
+ V1

Please + V1 will you Please call her, will you?

let's + V1 shall we? Let's play football, shall we?

Note: Let's = shall we?, Let me, Let us, Let them, Let him, Let her, Let it
= will you?

Imperative sentence (positive, negative)= will you?
Verb 'am' becomes aren't I? and 'am not' becomes 'am I?' in the tag.

Example: I am good, aren't I?
I am not happy, am I?
If the subject of the statement is a noun, you have to use its pronoun in
the tag.
Example: Ram sits here, doesn't he?
If any of these words - none, no one, nobody, someone, somebody,
anybody, everyone, each of them, all, these, those - is used as the subject
of a sentence, 'they' should be used in question tag.
Example: Everybody is going, aren't they?

Nobody has a book, do they?
We can use 'it' in the tag question if nothing, everything, something,
this, that, all (followed by a singular verb) is used in the statement.
Example: Nothing is wrong, is it? All is well, isn't it? Something is better
than nothing, isn't it?
We can use 'had' in had better and 'would' in would rather.
Example: He'd better play the ball, hadn't he?
You'd rather stop walking, wouldn't you?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 131

For your memory

• Positive statement- Negative tag- He was singing, wasn't he?
• Negative statement- Positive tag- He was not singing, was he?
• First letter of question tag is written in small letters. -You are

good, aren't you?
• There must be a comma C) in between the statement and the tag

and a question mark (?) at the end.
• The negative auxiliary should always be in contracted form.
• Auxiliary verbs are used to make question tags.
• In the absence of auxiliary verb, tag must be in the form of do.
• Subject should agree with auxiliary verbs.
• Always use only nine pronouns in tag questions. (I, we, you, he,

she, it, they, there, one)
• Imperative sentences take a tag will you/shall we.
• Sentences with never, no, none, hardly, barely, scarcely,

seldom, neither.........nor, rarely, etc. are negative sentences. So
the tag will be positive.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Supply the correct question tags to the following:

a. He is coming here, .................. h. She was singing,.....................

b. She can't play the ball,............. i. I don't buy a bicycle,...............

c. We will invite them,............... j. He doesn't go out,...................

d. You have bought a car,............ k. She called me,..........................

e. They had passed the exam,............ l. Meena's father worked..........

f. My sister cannot walk,............ m. Her mother cooks food,..........

g. It will rain today,............ n. We didn't write,......................

132 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

2. Complete the following sentences using correct question tag.

i. It looks like snow..............................................................?

a. don’t it b. did it c. doesn't it

ii. You got my letter,..............................................................?

a. don’t you b. did you c. didn’t you

iii. I mustn’t be late, ...............................................................?

a. needn’t I b. must I c. don’t I

iv. I’m not as fast as you, .....................................................?

a. am I b. aren’t I c. don’t I

v. Come and see me tomorrow, .........................................?

a. will you b. won’t you c. don’t you

vi. He didn’t come to school, ....................................?

a. did he b. does he c. didn’t he

vii. My teacher won't come here, ......................................?

a. shall we b. won't he c. will he

viii. you'd better go home, ..................................................?.

a. hadn't you b. wouldn't you c. didn't you

ix. Ram helps me, ...............................................?

a. doesn't he b. does he c. will you

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct answer from
the brackets.
a. Everything is perishable, ................? (isn’t there/isn’t it/aren’t they)
b. I’m all right, ...................................? (aren’t I/hasn’t I/am I)
c. Gopal and Krishna will finish the work, ...............................?
(won’t he/ won’t they/ don’t they)
d. No one solved the problems, .............? (did they/didn’t they/ did he)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 133

e. Let me open the door, ......? (shall we/shan’t we/will you )

f. Sheela, bring me your pen,........? (will you/won’t you/ don’t she )

g. Please sit down, .......................? (will you/will he/shall we)

h. Someone is waiting for you, .................................? (isn’t someone/ is
he/ aren’t they )

i. I’m tired and hungry................................(isn’t I / aren’t I/ am I )

j. Let’s go out, ...................................? (shall we/ will you/ shan’t we)

2. Add suitable tags to the following sentences.

a. Ranjana is a good teacher, ............................................?

b. We needn’t get up early, ............................................?

c. We would like oranges, ............................................?

d. The people are terrified, ............................................?

e. I will complete this exercise, ............................................?

f. Antari won't help him, ............................................?

g. He couldn't continue the job, ............................................?

3. Add suitable question tags to the following.

a. I am well, ............................................?

b. I am not a politician, ............................................?

c. Everything is good, ............................................?

d. Water flows downward, ............................................?

e. Some of us broke the table, ............................................?

f. One should play a vital role, ............................................?

g. It never happened, ............................................?

h. One can't do it, ............................................?

i. Rita and Mira went there, ............................................?

j You'd better sell it, ............................................?

k. I had a bicycle, ............................................?

1. All are well, ............................................?

m. He'd rather go, ............................................?

n. None of them are good, ............................................?

134 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Second Term Exam

Test Paper-II

Subject : English Grammar F.M. :
Class : Five P.M. :

1. Use the correct verbs in the following sentences.
a. We................... flowers in our garden. (grow, grows, growing)
b. We shall...................a mobile. (buy, bought, buying)
c. He ...................in Pokhara. (live, lives)
d. Children................... their meal. (eating, ate, eaten)
e. I have ...................my work. (finished, finish, finishing)

2. Write any five sentences using the following intransitive verbs.
Laugh : ...........................................................................................................
Dance : ...........................................................................................................
Sleep : ...........................................................................................................
Fly : ...........................................................................................................
Cry : ...........................................................................................................
Fight : ...........................................................................................................

3. Fill up the suitable verb forms in the blanks.

V1 V1 V1 V1 V1

Arise ................... ................... ................... ...................

Fight ................... ................... ................... ...................

Fly ................... ................... ................... ...................

Forbid ................... ................... ................... ...................

Begin ................... ................... ................... ...................
4. Match the following adjectives and nouns then use the pairs in

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 135

sentences of your own. Noun
Adjective income
red building
historical journey
wide road
countable blood
dense police
brave child
honest forest
yearly

Example: Red blood: Most of the animals have red blood.

5. Write the opposite of the following adjectives.

dull........................ fresh.............................. honest.........................
large ..................... famous ........................ ugly ..........................
sharp..................... unhappy...................... thin..............................

6. Fill in the blanks with correct form of adjectives given in the
brackets.

a. Rabin is an ................ boy in the class. (intelligent/more intelligent)

b. Bimal is ................than Mohan. (rich/richer/richest)

c. Today is ................ than yesterday. (hot/hotter/hottest)

d. Ravi is the ................ of all. (good/better/best)

e. He is as ................ as me. (old/older/oldest)

7. Change these adjectives into adverbs. ...........................
sweet .............................. proud

clear .............................. happy ...........................

careful .............................. easy ...........................

8. Give three examples for each of the following:

a. Adverb of time ..................... .......................... .......................

b. Adverb of manner ..................... .......................... .......................

c. Adverb of number ..................... .......................... .......................

d. Adverb of place ..................... .......................... .......................

136 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

9. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions.
a. He arrived home .................... Friday. (in at, on)
b. He said that the book was.............the table (on, in, at)
c. I visited many temples of Kathmandu valley ...........................
Dashain. (on, at, during)
d. He eats food .......... his hands. (with, by)
e. She is .......... me. (with, by)

10. Answer the following questions.
a. What is a conjunction? Give examples:
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
b. What is adverb? Give examples:
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
c. What is adjective? Give five/five examples each of positive,
comparative and superlative forms of adjectives:
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 137

16Lesson
Active and Passive Voice

Before you begin

Give the answer.

What do you eat? What is eaten by you?

........................................................... ......................................................

What do you play? What is played by you?

........................................................... ......................................................

What do you drive? What is driven by you?

........................................................... ......................................................

Who helps you? By whom are you helped?

........................................................... ......................................................

What does she cook? What is cooked by her?

........................................................... ......................................................

What do you write? What is written by you?

........................................................... ......................................................

Read and learn.

Something can be said in two
ways, by focusing on subject or
object. It is called voice.

138 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

1. A teacher teaches 2. Students are taught
students. by a teacher.

In above sentences No 1 is active and No 2 is passive voice.
Voice

Active Passive

Active voice: The voice in which
action is done by the subject is
called active voice,

e.g. Mr. Karki wrote Applied
English Grammar.

Passive Voice: The voice in which action
itself is more important than the subject
(doer) is called passive voice.

e.g. Applied English Grammar was
written by Mr. Karki.

How to change active voice into passive.

Ram killed Ravan

Subject Verb Object

Ravan was killed by Ram

Object Aux. Verb Main verb (V3) Subject

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 139

• The object of active voice comes as a subject in passive voice.
• Subject of active voice goes at the end after by in passive voice.
• Suitable helping verb should be used in passive voice.
• The main verb of active voice is changed into past participle (V3).
• After the V3 'by' is added before the subject.
• Subjective pronoun changes into objective pronoun.

Subjective I We You He She It They
case me us you him her it them

Objective
case

Structures and examples

1. Simple Present Tense

Active voice (Sub.+V1/V5+Obj.) Passive voice (Obj.+is/am/areV3+by+Sub.)
Examples:

Ram helps me. (Active) I am helped by Ram. (Passive)

They play cricket. (Active) Cricket is played by them. (Passive)

2. Simple Past Tense

Structure

Active Voice: Sub.+V2+Obj.

Passive Voice: Obj. +was/were+ V3 +by+ Sub.
Examples:

Rima wrote a letter. (Active)

A letter was written by Rima. (Passive)

You ate some mangoes. (Active)

Some mangoes were eaten by you. (Passive)

3. Simple Future Tense

Structure

Active Voice: Sub.+shall/will + V1 + Obj.

Passive Voice: Obj + shall/will + be + V3 + by + Sub.

140 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Examples:
He will make a chair. (Active voice)
A chair will be made by him. (Passive voice)
You'll help her. (Active voice)
She'll be helped by you. (Passive voice)

4. Present Continuous Tense

Structure
Active Voice: Sub.+is/am/are+V4+Obj.
Passive Voice: Obj.+is/am/are+being+V3+by+Sub.
Examples:
I am practising Maths. (Active)
Maths is being practised by me. (Passive)
You are eating mangoes. (Active)
Mangoes are being eaten by you. (Passive)
He is teaching us. (Active)
We are being taught by him. (Passive)

5. Past Continuous Tense

Structure
Active Voice: Sub. + was/were +V4 + Obj.
Passive Voice: Obj. + was/were + being + V3 + by + Sub.
Examples:
I was closing the windows. (Active)
The windows were being closed by me. (Passive)
They were playing football. (Active)
Football was being played by them. (Passive)

6. Present Perfect Tense

Structure
Active Voice : Sub.+have/has+V3+Obj.
Passive Voice : Obj.+have/has+been+V3+by+Sub.
Examples:
We have done our works. (Active)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 141

Our works have been done by us. (Passive)
They have spent money. (Active)
Money has been spent by them. (Passive)

7. Past Perfect Tense

Structure
Active Voice: Sub. + had + V3 + Obj.
Passive Voice: (Obj.) + had been + V3 + by + (Sub.)
Examples:
She had drunk coffee. (Active)
Coffee had been drunk by her. (Passive)
The student had finished his work. (Active voice)
His work had been finished by the student. (Passive)

8. Future Perfect Tense

Structure
Active Voice: Sub.+shall/will+have+V3+Obj.
Passive Voice: Obj.+shall/will+have been+V3+by+Sub.
Examples:
We shall have broken glasses. (Active)
Glasses will have been broken by us. (Passive)
She'll have seen him. (Active)
He'll have been seen by her. (Passive)

Note: There aren't passive forms of present perfect continuous, past perfect
continuous, future continuous and future perfect continuous tense,

 If there is must, or might, should, would, could+have+V3, we use
must, might, should, would, could+have+been+V3 in the passive.

Ram could have helped me. (Active)
I could have been helped by Ram. (Passive)
If there is have/has/had+to+V1, we use have/has/had+to+be+V3
in the passive.
He has to help us. (Active)
We have to be helped by him. (Passive)

142 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Going to Future
Sub. + is / am / are + going to + V1 + Obj.
Obj. + is / am / are + going to be + V3 + by + Sub.
I am going to buy a pen. (Active)
A pen is going to be bought by me. (Passive)

Verb forms in Active and Passive

Active Passive
V1/V2/V5
They write letters. is/am/are/was/were+V3
She repairs the roof
They repair the roof Simple Letters are written by them.
He writes a letter. Tense The roof is repaired by her.
Somebody wrote a letter. The roof is repaired by them.
He repaired the roof.
A letter is written by him.

A letter was written.

The roof was repaired by him

Active Passive

is/am/re/was/were+V4 is/am/are/was/were|being+V3
We are helping them. Continuous They are being helped.
She is repairing the roof.
Tense

The roof is being repaired by her.

They are repairing the roof. The roof is being repaired by them

He was writing a letter. A letter was being written by him.

We were repairing the roof. The roof was being repaired by us.

Active Perfect Passive
has/have/had+V3 Tense
They have written letters. has/have/had+been+V3
He has written a letter. Letters have been written by them.
She has repaired the roof. A letter has been written by him.
They had repaired the roof. The roof has been repaired by her.

We have repaired the roof. The roof had been repqired by
He had written a letter them.

The roof has been repaired by us.
A letter had been written by him.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 143

Active Passive
Modal Verb + V1 Modal verbs + be + V3
They will repair the roof.
He can write a letter. The roof will be repaired by them.
We would repair the roof.
They will write a letter. Modals A letter can be written by him.
He can repair the roof.
He could write a letter. The roof would be repaired by us.
A letter will be written by them.
The roof can be repaired by him.
A letter could be written by him.

For your memory

Structures of Active and Passive

Tense Active/Structure Passive/Structure

Simple Present S+ V1/V5 + O O +is/am/are+ V3 + by+ S

Simple past S + V2 + O O + was/were+V3 + by + S

Present continuous S+is/am/are+v-ing+O O +is/am/are+ being+ V3+ by+ S

Past continuous S+was/were +v-ing+O O +were/was + being + V3 +by+ S

Present perfect S + has/have + V3 + O O + has/have + been + V3 + by + S

Past perfect S+had + V3+ O O + had + been + V3 + by + s

Simple Future S + will/shall + V1+ O O +will/shall+ be+ V3 + by+ S

Other modals S + modal + V1+ O O + modal + be + V3 + by + S

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Write A for active and P for passive voice.

a. She was bitten by a snake. .....................................

b. She takes exercise. .....................................

c. The cows eat grass. .....................................

d. He cooks rice. .....................................

e. I don’t like her. . .....................................

144 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

2. Change into passive. .....................................
a. You were ploughing the field. .....................................
b. They were building a house. .....................................
c. They are fixing banners everywhere. .....................................
d. A young girl was picking flowers. .....................................
e. Dipti was buying new furniture. .....................................
f. They were doing good work. .....................................
g. We are waiting for the train. .....................................
h. They are cutting down the trees.
.....................................
3. Change into passive. .....................................
a. They will have closed the shop. .....................................
b. I had expected better marks. .....................................
c. My brother has taken this photograph. .....................................
d. Himal had eaten two apples. .....................................
e. Dolma had bought a bag. .....................................
f. She will have prepared dinner. .....................................
g. The cat will have killed a rat. .....................................
h. I'll have taken the bag. .....................................
i. They had declared the result.
j. The snake will have killed the frog.

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Change these sentences (simple future tense) into passive voice.

a. We will play football match. .....................................

b He will score high marks in exam. .....................................

c. The army will celebrate the victory. .....................................

d. We shall grow apples. .....................................

e. I shall set up a new factory. .....................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 145

f. The teacher will not explain all the questions. .................................

g. The farmers will plough the fields. .....................................

h. They will start the work. .....................................

i. Students will take the bus. .....................................

j. I will do my homework. .....................................

2. Change these sentence (simple past tense) into passive voice.

a. He killed a bird. .............................................................

b. The cat killed a mouse. .............................................................

c. She cooked the food. .............................................................

d. They played a match. . .............................................................

e. The dog chased the cat. .............................................................

f. We drank coffee. .............................................................

g. I remembered him. .............................................................

h. She drew a beautiful figure. .............................................................

i. His teacher liked his essay. .............................................................

j. He scored seventy runs. .............................................................

3. Change these sentences (simple present tense) into passive voice.

a. We expect good news. ..................................................

b. My servant obeys me. ..................................................

c. The sun gives heat and light. ..................................................

d. A gardener waters these plants. ..................................................

e. Everyone respects an honest person. ..................................................

f. He plays tennis. ..................................................

g. I like mangoes. ..................................................

h. They sing pop songs. ..................................................

i. She brings a bag. ..................................................

146 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-3

1. Make five sentences in active voice.
a. ....................................................................................................... .
b. ....................................................................................................... .
c. ....................................................................................................... .
d. ....................................................................................................... .
e. ....................................................................................................... .

2. Make five sentences in passive voice.
a. ....................................................................................................... .
b. ....................................................................................................... .
c. ....................................................................................................... .
d. ....................................................................................................... .
e. ....................................................................................................... .

3. Change the following sentences into active voice.
a. English is taught by Miss Radha.
....................................................................................................... .
b. The story was told by a famous writer.
....................................................................................................... .
c. The beggar was helped by a lady.
....................................................................................................... .
d. The cart was pulled by the oxen.
....................................................................................................... .
e. It will be done by me.
....................................................................................................... .
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 147

f. A long snake will be killed by him.

....................................................................................................... .

g. A sewing machine will be bought by you.

....................................................................................................... .

h. The child was cared by her.

....................................................................................................... .
4. Change the following sentences into passive.

a. I told a story.

....................................................................................................... .

b. You were mending the watch.

....................................................................................................... .

c. She had received a letter.

....................................................................................................... .

d. Goats eat grass. .

....................................................................................................... .

e. They were making tables.

....................................................................................................... .

f. Dikshya had killed a small rat.

....................................................................................................... .

g. Mainali had torn the paper.

....................................................................................................... .

h. This horse was carrying load. .

....................................................................................................... .

5. Change into passive voice.

a. You drink water. b. They have done it.

................................................... ...................................................

c. We are selling goats. d. Kripa will draw a picture.

................................................... ...................................................

e. She kills a rat. f. I had not got any money.

................................................... ...................................................

148 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

17Lesson
Direct and Indirect Speech

Before you begin

Conversation practice.
Mother : "Kaji, I'm going to the market.
You have to stay at home.
Kaji : "Okay, mum. Don't worry.
I'll stay home."
Mother : "Don't be naughty.
Kaji : "I won't mum."
Mother told Kaji that she was going to the market. He had to stay at home.
Kaji told mum not to worry. He would stay home. Mother told him not to
be naughty. Kaji told mum that he wouldn't.

Read the following sentences.

Direct Speech Indirect speech

He said, "I am singing." He said that he was singing.

I said to him, "You can play." I told him that he could play.

I say, "I eat." I say that I eat.

He said to me, "Help me." He requested me to help him.

" She said to me, "Don't stop." She told me not to stop.

She said to me, "Are you reading?" She asked me if I was reading.

Rita said to Birnat "Where is your Rita asked Bimal where his book

book?" was.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 149

Conversation Practice

Please tell me Speech is a sentence
the definition of spoken by speaker
speech. or retold by others.

How many ways There are two ways
are there to express to express one's
one's speech ? speech.

What are they ? Direct speech and
indirect speech.

Give one example Direct speech is
of direct speech. actual words spoken
by the speaker. She
Give the example of said, "You are good."
indirect speech.
She said that I was
Some Changes in Indirect Speech good.

A. Change of person
B. Change of tense
C. Change of adverbials

A. Change of persons

Person Subjective Case Objective Possessive Case
Case
1st Singular I me my, mine
us our, ours
Plural we you your, yours
you your, yours
2nd Singular you his, her, hers, its
him, her, it their, theirs
Plural you them

3rd Singular he, she, it

Plural they

150 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5