Applied Grammer 5

B. Accusative / Objective case

a. He reads a story. b. Ranju plays the ball.
I bought a car.
c. We take food. d. Alisha writes a poem.

e. Reena brings a pen. f.

In the above sentences, the word 'story, ball, food, car, pen, poem' are
the objects of the verb. So, they are in the accusative case.

Anoun/pronoun that is the object of a verb, it is said to be accusative
or objective case.

C. Possessive / Genitive case

The form of noun or pronoun which usually denotes the ownership
or relationship to something else is said to be in possessive or
genitive case.

For example:

a. This is my book. - my

b. These are their chairs. - their

c. These are our bags. - our

d. Which is his cap ? -his

e. That is your umbrella. - your

f. It is her house. - her

g. This is Rita's house - Rita's

Person Nominative Accusative Possessive Possessive case
First I me my, mine shows:
First we us our, ours Possession or
Second you you your, yours ownership
Third she her her, hers Authorship
Third he him his
Third they them their, theirs Origin
Third it it its
Kind

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 51

Listen and speak

• There are three kinds of cases.
• The noun used as the subject of a verb is said to be in subjective or

nominative case. Example: I ate a banana.
• The noun used as the object of a verb is said to be in objective or

accusative case. Example: I ate a banana.
• The noun used to denote ownership or possession is possessive

case. Example: It is Rita's bag.
• Generally, subjective case comes before the verb and objective case

comes after it.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Name the case of highlighted words.

a. He has a book. ............ b. Boys are fighting. ............

c. The cow eats grass. ............ d. This is Kamal's house. ...........

e. The crow flew away. ............ f. I have a book. ............

g. That is his book. ............ h. Mohan gave my pen. ............

2. Circle the possessive case: b. These are the boy’s books.
a. This is Himal’s house. d. That is Dikshya’s school.
c. That is the poet's house. f. Which one is Shanti’s bag?
e. There is a bird's nest. h. The cow’s horns are sharp.
g. The elephant’s trunk is big. j. The baby’s toys are stolen.
i. The man’s clothes are nice. l. The child’s room is dirty.
k. This is the driver ’s license.

52 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

3. Change the nominative case into accusative and possessive case.

Nominative Accusative Possessive

I ..................................... .....................................

we ..................................... .....................................

you ..................................... .....................................

she ..................................... .....................................

he ..................................... .....................................

they ..................................... .....................................

4. Write three sentences each using 'nominative, accusative and
possessive case'.

Nominative
a. .................................................................................................................
b. .................................................................................................................
c. .................................................................................................................

Accusative
a. .................................................................................................................
b. .................................................................................................................
c. .................................................................................................................

Possessive
a. .................................................................................................................
b. .................................................................................................................
c. .................................................................................................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 53

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Identify the nominative case and write in the blanks.

a. I gave him his book. .................................................

b. Children love their parents. .................................................

c. They are playing football. .................................................

d. Krishna is going to Pokhara. .................................................

e. You told her a lie. .................................................

f. She took my cap. .................................................

g. We played with him. .................................................

h. The cat is on the table. .................................................

i. You are a girl. .................................................

j. She has two bags. .................................................

k. I have a ball. .................................................

l. They talked to you. .................................................

m. I throw the dog a biscuit. .................................................

n. They gave their husbands food. .................................................

o. He showed the garden to the child. .................................................

2. Write down the possessive form of the following:

a. The books for children .................................................

b. The dresses of the women .................................................

c. The mobile set of the boy .................................................

d. The addresses of my friends .................................................

e. The seats meant for ladies .................................................

f. The flats in which the teacher lives .................................................

g. The nests of the birds .................................................

h. The blessing of my parents .................................................

i. The wages of the washerwomen .................................................

j. The hostel for men .................................................

k. The novels written by Mohan Koirala. ................................................

l. The uniform worn by his uncle .................................................

m. The head of the house .................................................

54 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

7Lesson Pronoun:
Its Classification

Before you begin

Read and add one similar sentence to each.
 She is my elder sister.

 When did you write it?

 I have a new house where I live.

 Harendra Yadav drove the car himself .

 That red car is yours.

 One of them is singing.

 These are beautiful flowers.
Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 55

Read the following sentences.
Tommy is a dog. It is a nice dog.
Pawan is a boy. He plays well.
The dogs were fighting. They were many in number.
Hari and I are friends. We work together.
Maya is my sister. She goes to school.

In the above sentences, 'It, He, They, We, She' are pronouns because they are
replacing words for 'Tommy, Pawan, dogs, Hari and I and Maya'.

Pronouns are small group of
grammatical words that replace nouns.

Examples: I, we, you, he, she, it, they,
etc. There are seven kinds of pronouns
which are described below:

Kinds of Pronoun 1. Personal pronoun
He is an engineer.
They are talking polietly.
2. Interrogative pronoun
Where is the red car?
How is your health condition?
3. Relative pronoun
Rita has a pen which is red.
I live where I was born.
4. Reflexive or Emphatic pronoun
He wrote himself.
Kumari spoke herself.
5. Possessive pronoun
There is my bicycle.
That books is yours.
6. Districutive pronoun
Each of them is lazy.
Neither of them went home
7. Demonstrative pronou
That is a deer.
These are good mangoes.

56 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

1. Personal pronoun

Read the sentences below:
 I like sweets.
 We like novels.
 You are a gentleman.
 My brother loves them.
 Raju called her.
 No one invited him.

In the above sentences I,we, you, them, her, him are personal pronouns.

Persons are of different types:

i. First person ii. Second person iii. Third person

The personal pronouns have different forms as shown in the following
table.

First person Singular Subjective case Objective case
Second person Plural I me
singular we us
Third person plural you you
masculine you you
feminine he him
neuter she her
plural it it
they them

• The forms 'I, we, you, he, she, it and they' are used as subjects.
They come before the verb.

• The forms 'me, us, you, him, her, it and them' are used as objects.
They come after verbs and prepositions.

• We see that ‘you’ and ‘it’ are used both as subject and object.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 57

2. Interrogative pronoun

The pronouns used to ask questions are called interrogative pronouns.
Read the following sentences.

 Which is your house?
 Whom do you want?
 Whose books are these?
 Who asked this question?

 What are you doing ?

The coloured words which, whom, whose, who and what are interrogative
pronouns.

Look at these examples.
 What is your plan ? (interrogative pronoun)
 Which is the main train? (interrogative pronoun)
 What plan did you follow ? (interrogative pronoun)

3. Relative pronoun

Read the following sentences.
a. I gave him a pen which is yours.
b. Ram is my brother who is a good teacher.
c. Dharan is my birth place where I live.
d. Mina is my friend whose father works in America.
In the above sentences which, who, where, whose are relative pronouns.

4. Reflexive and Emphatic pronoun

Read the following sentences.
 I saw myself in the mirror.
 You help yourself.
 He called himself a hero.
 We asked ourselves.

58 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

In the above sentences myself, yourself, himself, ourselves are reflexive
pronouns.

Note: Reflexive pronouns are formed by adding self and selves.

For example: myself ourselves, yourself yourselves, himself, herself itself,

themselves are reflexive pronouns.

Person Pronouns Reflexive pronouns Reflexive
in Singular pronouns in

Plural

First person I myself ourselves

Second person you yourself yourselves

Third person he/she/it himself/herself/itself themselves

5. Possessive pronoun

A pronoun that shows possession is called a possessive pronoun.

A possessive adjective is placed before a noun. A possessive pronoun
is used in place of the noun.

Learn the form of possessive pronouns.

Person Singular Possessive Plural Possessive
First person Poss. Adj. Poss. Pro. Poss. Adj. Poss.Pro.
my mine our ours

Second person your yours your yours

Third person his, her his, hers their theirs

6. Distributive pronoun

Read the following sentences.

 Each of them spoke to me.  Either of the two should play.

 Neither of the girls sat for the exam.  Each of them is intelligent.

The coloured words 'Each, Either, Neither, refer to one person at a time.
Such pronouns are singular followed by singular verbs. They are called
distributive pronouns.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 59

7. Demonstrative pronoun

Read the following sentences.
 This is my mobile set.
 These are good animals.
 That was my house.
 Those are his friends.

The pronouns that are used to point out the objects to which they refer are
called demonstrative pronouns. In the above sentences, this, that, those,
these are demonstrative pronouns.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Supply the suitable reflexive pronouns from the following list in
the box:

myself ourselves yourself herself

himself themselves itself yourselves

a. I ........................... proposed his name.
b. The player........................... neglected the task.
c. The child hurt ...........................
d. Ram made ........................... a cup of tea.
e. She spoke to ...........................
f. He will do it ...........................
g. We enjoyed ........................... there.
h. She ........................... gave the news.
i. They enjoyed ........................... there.
j. Who would have imagined we ................ chose the wrong course?
k. You ........................... aroused the bad feeling in the group.
l. The picture ........................... was not so attractive.

60 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

2. Join the pairs of sentences with suitable relative pronouns.
Examples: Bikee is my brother. Bikee is helping me. (who)
Bikee is my brother who is helping me.
a. I know the woman. The woman's child was hurt. (whose)
b. He is a man. The man will help you. (who)
c. Can I borrow the book? You are reading the book. (which)
d. The man is deaf. You spoke to the man. (whom)
e. This is the house. My father built the house. (which)
f. He is a poet. The poet's work is widely known. (whose)
g. I got into a bus. The bus was full of passenger. (which)

3. Choose the correct pronoun form the brackets.
a. They are working under ....................... (me, my)
b. Let ....................... do our duty. (we, us, ours, our)
c. Don't laugh at ....................... (he, him, his)
d. She is known to ....................... (me, I, my)
e. The horse ran towards ....................... (we, us, ours)
f. Are you older than .......................? (he, him, his)
g. If I were ......... I would do what they told me. (your, you, yours)

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Identify the type of pronoun and write in the blanks.

a. He called me. ............................................

b. Which is your car? ............................................

c. That is my car. ............................................

d. She cleans the room herself. ............................................

e. This is my house. ............................................

f. I love the man who is kind. ............................................

g. Each of the students speaks English. ...........................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 61

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable relative pronouns who, whose,
whom, what, that, etc.
a. Pick up the pencil......................is lying on the ground.
b. The teacher.........................teaches us English is from England.
c. The girl........................is wearing bangles is an actress.
d. The lesson.......................we learnt yesterday was very difficult.
e. The students.......................you saw yesterday are from my school.
f. He likes the lessons..........................are easy.
g. She was the lady.........................had come to see you.
h. I met Ram............................is my foe.
i. This is the book............................you wanted to read.
j. This is the pen..........................belongs to me.

3. Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns:
a. She helped...................(their/them/they)
b. My name is Neha. What is.......................? (you/your/yours)
c. I met.........................(her/hers) yesterday.
d. Please call.....................(hers/her)
e. He brought.............................a table. (they/them)
f. He likes butter on..................bread. (he/him/his)
g. Ram played with............................(she/her) sister.
h. You are smaller than.........................(he/him)
i. You and...................are friends. (I/me)
j. This book is.........................(my/mine)
k. I know that it was.........................(she/her)
l. He gave.....................a shirt. (me/his)
m. Riya solved this problem.........................(himself/herself)

62 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-3

1. Fill in the blanks with I, me, mine, we, us or ours, you, yours, me,
and them.
a. .....................should obey the laws.
b. When will you give.................my books back?
c. Who is standing behind......................?
d. Give...............food...................are very hungry.
e. This umbrella must be...........................
f. All of ................are going to the market.
g. Some new books are lying in our room. Are they..................?
h. Haven't they invited......................to dinner?
i. Let..................play carom.
j. Somebody is calling...................downstairs.
k. Who works harder............. or.................?

2. Fill in the demonstrative pronouns (this, that, these or those)
a. ........................are stars.
b. .........................is my house.
c. ls....................my bag?
d. ......................are beautiful girls.
e. ......................tree is old.
f. ......................is a new car.
g. ......................pens are mine.
h. This book is better than...................book.
i. .....................are lovely flowers.
j. .......................are some beautiful flowers.
k. ......................book is yours.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 63

3. Fill in the blanks with suitable personal pronouns.
a. Don’t blame us.................have not even seen your purse.
b. I hope our students will do well...................are working hard.
c. You should not distrub.................when.................work.
d. We are going on a picnic today. Would you like to join................?
e. Komal and Sunita are my friends. I know................quite well.

4. Fill in the interrogative pronouns in the blanks.
a. ......................is the book?
b. ......................do they want?
c. .....................is standing there?
d. .....................is your book?
e. .....................is the story you want to hear?
f. .....................did you see?
g. ......................is she dancing with?
h. .....................do you want to give this?
i. ....................was it all about?

64 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

8Lesson
Verb: Kinds and Uses

Before you begin

Can you add a sentence with an object?

He opens the door = ....................................

Can you add a sentence without an object?

She smiled = ....................................

Can you give an example for each of these forms of verbs.

sing sang sung singing sings

................. ................... .................... .................... .....................

Can you give a verb which remains the same in the lst/2nd/3rd form? (read,
read, read) .......................

Can you give past and past participle form of verbs by adding
d, ed or t? ..........................

Read the following sentences.

 I read my book.  I am singing.

 There is my pen.  Perusha has taken my pen.

 He plays cricket.  Tiger roars.

 Will you call me?  She helps them.

 Sima sang beautifully.  You can carry it.

In the above sentences read, is, plays, wilt call, sang, am, singing, has, taken,
roars, helps, can, carry are verbs.

The word that says something Kinds of Verb
about the action done by the
What is subject is called the verb. It is also Transitive Intransitive
a verb? called a doing word. Without a
verb sentence cannot be made.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 65

Transitive verb: The verb that requires an object to give a complete sense is

called a transitive verb.

Example:
 I eat food. (There is object 'food')

 Slesha plays the ball. (There is object 'ball')

 You cook food. (There is object 'food')

 Tirtha teaches English. (There is object 'English')

 Alisha writes a poem. (There is object 'a poem')

 Ring the bell,Sushant. (There is object 'bell')

Intransitive verb: The verb that doesn’t require an object to complete its

sense is called an intransitive verb.

Example:  I danced. (No obj.)
 He sleeps. (No obj.)

 You laugh. (No obj.)  A dog barks. (No obj.)

 Tiger roared. (No obj.)  My younger sister cried. (No obj.)

 Bird flies. (No obj.)  He is running. (No obj.)

• Some verbs can be used both as transitive and intransitive.

For example:

1. The bird flew away. (intransitive) – (No object)

The boy flew a kite. (transitive) – (There is object 'a kite')

2. These plants grow fast. (intransitive) – (No object)

We grow roses in our garden. (transitive) – (There is object 'roses')

There are five forms of verb:

a. ‘V1’ form = first form/base form/plain form - (plural number) = Eg: play

b. ‘V2’ form = second form/ (-’ed’ form) (singular/plural number) = Eg: played

c. ‘V3’ form = third form (- ’ed’ ‘en’ form) (singular/plural number) = Eg: eaten

d. ‘V4’ form = fourth form (- ‘ing’ form) (v1 + ing form) (singular/plural number)

= Eg.: eating
e. ‘V5’ form = fifth form ('s/es' form) (singular number) = Eg.: sings

66 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Verbs are divided into two classes

Strong verbs Weak verbs

1. Strong verbs: They form their past and past participle by changing
the middle vowel of the present form.

Example:

Present Past Past participle

come came come

drink drank drunk

go went gone

2. Weak verbs: They form their past and past participle by adding -d',
-ed' or 'it' to the present form.

Example:

Present Past Past participle
laugh laughed laughed
die died died
spend spent spent

* Verbs having three forms same are also called weak verbs- e.g: cut-
cut- cut, put -put-put, etc.



Modal Verbs

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that are also known as helping
verbs. Can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must,
etc. are modal verbs. They are used to clarify the meaning of the
main verb.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 67

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Make ten sensible sentences from this table.

is

I am write a letter.
We are run
She was sleep.
It were writing a letter.
They has running
have

The dog can sleeping
The boy will slept.
may

could

2. Use the correct form of verbs in the following sentences.
a. Rarn.....................(singing/sang) a song beautifully.
b. The beggar..................down by the side of the road. (sit/sat)
c. The policeman...................his whistle. (blow/blew)
d. No one seemed............(to work/to working) late at night.
e. Her picture was.................(took/taken) with a digital camera.
f. I have.................(finished/finishing) my examination.
g. My uncle..................(given/gave) me a Jackson CD last week.
h. The children...............(eating/ate/eaten) their meal happily.
i. The boys easily.................the heavy load. (lift, lifted)
j. The boy..............his hand with a knife. (cut/cuts)
k. He................the books on the desk. (lay/laid)
l. The tiny bird................under the caves. (live/lived)

68 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

3. Add suitable forms of main verbs to complete these sentences.
a. We are ................................... b. I have .......................................
c. I am ....................................... d. They will..................................
e. He can .................................. f. Sangita could...........................
g. My friend has ...................... h. Sunil may ................................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Use these modal verbs in your own sentences.

a. Can ...........................................................................

b. Must ...........................................................................

c. Might ...........................................................................

d. Should ...........................................................................
e. May ..........................................................................

2. Write 'T' for the transitive and 'I' for the intransitive verbs in the
boxes.

a. Everybody slept soundly. ()

b. The kite is flying high. ()

c. He paid his bill. ()

d. I can open the door. ()

e. The sun shines brightly. ()

f. I won a scholarship. ()

g. Sita laughed sweetly. ()

h. Jim teaches English. ()

i. She read a book. ()

j. Cocks crow in the morning. ()

k. He kicked the ball. ()

l. We fly kites. ()

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 69

Exercise-3

1. Fill in the blanks with correct helping verbs given.

is, am, are, was, were

a. Asha......................absent today.
b. There...............many peaks in the Himalayas.
c. Vegetables................... very cheap last month.
d. Birthday..................a happy day.
e. She...................very anxious yesterday.
f. Apples................good for health, so says the doctor.

g. ...................you at the party last night?

2. Fill in the suitable forms of verbs in the blanks.

V5 form V4 form V3 form V2 form V1 form
arise
............. arising arisen ...............
.............
bears ............. borne ............... ..............
become
beats ............. beaten ...............
begin
............. ............. become ............... bind
bite
.............. ............. begun ............... break
blow
.............. ............. bound ............... choose
.............
.............. .............. bit/bitten ............... .............
............
.............. .............. broken ............... .............
.............
.............. .............. blown .............. drive
eat
.............. choosing chosen ............... fall

.............. coming ........... came

.............. digging ............ dug

............... doing ............ did

............... drawing ............. drew

............... drinking drunk drank

............... driving driven .............

............... eating eaten .............

............... falling fallen .............

70 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

3. Pick out the transitive or intransitive verbs in the following
sentences and write them in correct column.

a. I usually call my friends. Transitive Intransitive

b. He passed his exam.

c. She did not open the box.

d. I can unlock the door.

e. All the girls dance well.

f. Do you recognize me?

g. Let your body relax.

h. The shadow disappeared.

i. Follow me to the airport.

j. The kite is flying high.

k. Everybody slept soundly.

1. The pilot is flying the plane.

m. You tell the truth.

n. I can move this machine.
4. Write 'T' for true and 'F' for false statement.

a. Without verb sentence is possible but without object impossible.
b. The word that says something about the object is called verb.
c. The verb that takes object is transitive verb.
d. 'Tiger roars' is the example of intransitive verb.
e. 'Sing-sang-sung' is the example of strong verb.
f. There are 24 auxiliary verbs in English.
g. Transitive verbs take no object and intransitive verbs take object.
h. Have verbs are of three kinds.
5. Answer the following questions.
a. Define verb with suitable examples.
b. Differentiate between transitive and intransitive verbs with

examples.
c. Define strong and weak verbs with examples.
d. What are auxiliary verbs? How many auxiliary verbs are there

in English? What are they?

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 71

First Term Exam

Test Paper-I

Subject : English Grammar F.M. :
Class : Five P.M. :

1. Break down each of the following sentences into subject and
predicate.

Sentence Subject Predicate

a. The drama was very exciting. ........................ ..........................

b. He is reading his book. ........................ ..........................

c. You are late today. ........................ ..........................

d. He made me laugh. ........................ ..........................

e. He found his bicycle. ........................ ..........................

2. Change the given nouns into adjectives and use in the blanks.

a. When I was ....................... . I was humorous. (youth)

b. The USA is a ....................... country. (wealth)

c. We are .......................to make it. (ability)

d. We have to drink ....................... water. (purify)

e. A ....................... man came here. (kindness)
3. Name the following in one word.

a. An insect that makes honey .................................. .

b. A person who composes music .................................. .

c. A person who writes book .................................. .

d. A person who treats sick people .................................. .

e. A group of sheep .................................. .

72 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

4. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the brackets.
a. Babita wrote a few ....................... (story, stories, storys)
b. These are........................ (sheep, sheeps, sheepes)
c. We bought two .......................pens. (dozen, dozens)
d. This news ....................... true. (is, are, am)
e. These .......................are white. (ox, oxen, oxes)

5. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the brackets.
a. Kishor is my ....................... (uncle, aunt)
b. Alisha is .......................of Arun. (brother, sister)
c. She is an ........................ (hero, actress)
d. Kamala is her ........................ (nephew, aunt)
e. A ....................... gives birth to a cub. (tiger, lioness)

6. Change the following nominative cases into accusative and
possessive cases.
I ................. ................. we................ ............... you .............. ...............
she................. ................. he................ ............... they .............. ...............

7. Supply the suitable reflexive pronouns in the following sentences.
a. The picture .......................was not attractive.
b. I ....................... did my work.
c. You have to do your work ........................
d. Boys, complete ........................
e. She can solve her problem....................... .

8. Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns.
a. You know that ....................... (we, us, our) don't disturb
....................... (you, your, yours)
b. Do ....................... work. (yourself, your, yours)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 73

c. I met ....................... last year. (she, her, he)
d. He lost ....................... book. (him, his, he)
e. They may stay with ....................... (I, me, our, mine)
9. Fill in the suitable interrogative pronouns in the blanks.
a. ....................... is your bicycle?

b. .......................wrote this essay book?

c. ....................... did they say?

d. .......................do you live?

e. .......................are your pens?
10. Answer the following questions.

a. What are subjects and predicates? Give suitable examples.
...............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
b. What are the differences between suffix and prefix?
...............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
c. Define countable and uncountable nouns with examples.
...............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
d. What is case? Give examples.
...............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................
11. Define pronoun and state its types with examples.
12. Write a paragraph about what you did in your holiday and how
you enjoyed it.

74 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

9Lesson
Adjective: Kinds and Degrees

Before you begin

Conversation practice.

Silu : Is your dad taller than your
mom?

Menu : Oh! no. My mom is slightly
taller than my dad.

Silu : That's interesting. My mom is
shorter than my dad.

Menu : Oh really? You know my
brother is taller than me.

Read the following setneces.

He is a tall boy Hari is a short boy. You are intelligent.

Kripa is fat. Kamana is a thin girl. Which is your book?

Mrs. Marry is an American lady. Subigya has a red dress.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 75

In the above sentences coloured words are adjectives.

An adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a noun or
pronoun.

There are six kinds of adjectives. They are mentioned below:

Adjectives Possessive Interrogative
of Quantity Adjectives Adjectives

Kinds of Demonstration
Adjective Adjectives

Adjectives Adjectives
of Number of Quality

1. Adjectives of Quality

An adjective of quality describes the quality of a person or thing.
For example:
 I bought a funny story book.
 Parash Khada is a popular cricketer.
 The teacher asked a difficult question.
An adjective of quality answers the question: What kind of ?

2. Adjectives of Number

An adjective of number tells how many persons or things are:
For example:
 Five passengers got into the bus.
 She made several mistakes.
 Two friends helped him.

76 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

An adjective of number answers the question: How many?
Some adjectives denote a number as one boy, two boys, etc.

There are two kinds of adjectives of number.

Cardinals Ordinals

Cardinal Adjectives Ordinal Adjectives
Cardinals denote 'how many'. Ordinals denote the order of things in series.

There is only one cow. The first man is playing.

There are two boxes. I want the second book.

A dog has four legs.

A week has seven days.

Here is a list of cardinals and ordinals:

Cardinals Ordinals

One First

Two Second

Three Third

Four Fourth

Five Fifth

Six Sixth

Seven Seventh

Eight Eighth

Nine Ninth

Ten etc. Tenth etc.

3. Adjectives of Quantity

An adjective of quantity specifies the quantity of a thing.

For example:
 We have enough food for a month.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 77

 The car gave me much trouble.
 We need some water also.
An adjective of quantity answers the question: How much?

4. Possessive Adjectives

A possessive adjective shows possession or belonging.
For example:
 Your books are old.
 We went to his house.
 Our car needs repairing.
A possessive adjective answers the question: Whose?

5. Interrogative Adjectives

An adjective which is used with a noun and asks a question is called
interrogative adjective.
For example:
 Whose painting has won the prize?
 What question did the teacher ask?
 Which umbrella is yours?
An interrogative adjective asks questions.

6. Demonstrative Adjectives

An adjective which is used to point out some person or thing is called
demonstrative adjective.
For example:
 These walls need white washing.
 Such students never succeed.
 Those boys were from Ilahabad.

This, these, that, those, such and certain are demonstrative adjectives.

78 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Proper Adjectives

Some adjectives are formed from proper nouns which are proper adjectives.
A list of proper adjectives are given below.

Name of a country Adjectives

Africa African

America American

Bhutan Bhutanese

Brazil Brazilian

China Chinese

Nepal Nepalese

Degree of Comparison

There are three degrees of comparison.

Raju is a tall boy.

Mohan is taller than Raju.

Kapil is the tallest among the three.

• The positive degree is normally used for
describing a person or thing.

For example; Alisha is a fat girl. Raju Mohan Kapil

• The comparative degree is used for

comparing two persons, animals or objects.

For example;

Anupama is fatter than Alisha.

• The superlative degree is used to compare more than two persons or
things.

For example;

 Kajol is the fattest girl.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 79

1. Positive adjective: When we name the simple quality of a person or
thing, we use the positive degree of adjective.

2. Comparative adjective: When we compare two persons or things
with different degrees of quality, we use the comparative degree of
adjective.

3. Superlative adjective: When we compare more than two persons
or things with different degrees of qualities, we use the superlative
degree of the adjective.

Remember that only adjectives of quality and quantity have comparative and
superlative degrees.

For your memory

• Positive degree: The form of adjective that qualifies a single noun
is known as positive degree of adjective.

• Comparative degree: The form of adjective that is used to compare
two persons or things is known as comparative degree of adjective.

• Superlative degree: The form of adjective that is used to compare
more than two persons or things is known as superlative degree of
adjective.

• ‘than’ is used after the comparative degree.
• ‘the’ is used before the superlative degree.

80 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Formation of the degrees of adjective

By adding ‘er’ and ‘est’ to the positive degree

Positive Comparative Superlative
(for one) (for two) (for more than two)

strong stronger strongest

fast faster fastest

tall taller tallest

cool cooler coolest

black blacker blackest

few fewer fewest

high higher highest

long longer longest

rich richer richest

deep deeper deepest

young younger youngest

dark darker darkest

By adding 'r' or 'st' to the positive degree

Positive Comparative (+r) Superlative (st)

white whiter whitest

fine finer finest

wise wiser wisest

large larger largest

able abler ablest

brave braver bravest

By doubling the last consonant if a vowel comes before it and adding
'er' and 'e'.

Positive Comparative (+r) Superlative (st)

thin thinner thinnest

hot hotter hottest

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 81

sad sadder saddest

fat fatter fattest

big bigger biggest

By changing last 'y' into 'i' if a constant comes before it and then
adding 'er' and 'est'

Positive Comparative (+er) Superlative (est)

heavy heavier heaviest

dry drier driest

lucky luckier luckiest

busy busier busiest

happy happier happiest

easy easier easiest

By changing the whole word

Positive Comparative Superlative
bad/badly worse worst
up upper uppermost
old older/elder oldest/eldest
little less least
in inner innermost
far farther/further farthest
good/well better best
late later/latter latest
many/much more most
out outer outermost

By putting ‘more’ and ‘most’ before the positive degree

Positive Comparative (more) Superlative (most)
useful
intelligent more useful most useful

more intelligent most intelligent

82 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

difficult more difficult most difficult
active more active most active
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
foolish more foolish most foolish
obedient more obedient most obedient

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Read the story below and underline the adjectives.

Bad Company Ruins All

Once upon a time, a woman lived with her son in a house. The son
had his friends. They were very bad. When the son fell into a bad
company, the mother asked him to leave the company. But the son
did not obey her. He continued to involve in the bad works with his
friends. His mother made a plan to separate him from the company.
She gave him some good apples and also a rotten one. The boy kept all
the apples into a basket. After some days, the boy found all the apples
rotten. Then the boy realized that bad company was harmful. He left
the company and improved himself. Then he obeyed his mother.

2. Match the following adjectives and nouns.

Noun Adjectives Noun Adjectives

forest white income brave

tooth dense police yearly

blood honest journey lovable

building red tiger comfortable

farmer historical child strong

3. Give the comparative and superlative degree of these adjectives.

Positive Comparative Superlative

lucky

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 83

wide
dirty
little
strange
high
costly
lovely
busy
sad
bright
pretty
long
fine
hot
ugly
far
beautiful
hard

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Write the opposite of the following adjectives.
fat .......................... cheap......................... good ...........................
tall .......................... true ........................... high ..............................
unhappy.................. thin ......................... weak.............................
large......................... dark........................ slow...............................
honest....................... white....................... dull..............................

84 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

2. Fill in the blanks with proper adjectives. The proper nouns are
given in brackets.
a. Have you seen .......................coins? (Japan)
b. Many.......................countries are developed. (Europe)
c. ....................soldiers are brave. (Nepal)
d. ...................movies are popular in Nepal. (England)
e. Alexander was a......................king. (Greece)
f. We like.....................dresses. (Nepal)
g. Ram always wears an......................hat. (America)
h. Raju likes.......................food. (China)
i. Hitler was a ....................... (Germany)
j. Yen is......................currency. (Japan)

3. Fill in the blanks with correct forms of adjectives given in the
brackets.
a. Rajiv is a.........................boy. (young/younger/youngest)
b. Tom is the......................of all. (good/better/best)
c. Prevention is..................than cure. (good/better/best)
d. You are the..................student in school. (lazy/lazier/laziest)
e. Who is the....................living poet ? (great/greater/greatest)
f. That is the...................pen in this shop. (cheap/cheaper/cheapest)
g. Honey is..................than milk. (sweet/sweeter/sweatiest)
h. English is....................than Nepali. (easy/easier/easiest)
i. He is..................than me. (old/older/oldest)
j. She is...........to Richa in beauty. (inferior/more inferior/most inferior)

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 85

Exercise-3

1. Use the correct forms of adjectives from the brackets:
a. Honesty is................to him than life. (dear)
b. She is...............than her brother. (friendly)
c. Bipana is the...............singer among our friends. (famous)
d. Sapana is...............than Lalita. (healthy)
e. Sharmila is......................than Sakriya. (weak)
f. Bibek is more .....................than Cruss. (jolly)
g. Mt. Everest is the................peak in the world. (high)
h. He is the...................friend in my class. (luck)
1. Sabita is the.................person in this society. (wealthy)

2. Select the suitable adjectives to complete the following:
bad, beautiful, comfortable, small, interesting, clear, helpful, blue

a. My arm chair is.........................
b. Mr. Jha is a.................man.
c. Can you see the.....................outline of the valley?
d. The result was not so...................after all.
e. The sky looks...............in the winter.
f. Our house is..................in size.
g. A.......................girl lost her way in the town.

h. The child was pleased by listening to her......................story.

3. Construct sentences as given in the example.

Example: Radha fat Bina
Kamala
Radha is fatter than Bina.

Rita beautiful

Rita is more beautiful than Kamala.

a. Sudheer old Mahesh

86 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

b. The bee active the ant

c. This street wide that street

d. Gold expensive silver

e. This place dirty that place

f. Iron heavy wood
g. Ritesh wise Santosh

h. A bus fast a bicycle

i. Kathmandu large Bhaktapur

j. The Himalayas high the Mahabharat

4. Fill in the blanks with much, many, a little, a few, some, any:
a. I brought..................apples.

b. He has.....................enemies.

c. Ramesh has........................money.

d. I have.......................time to waste.

e. He has.....................work today.

f. They have read......................books.

g. He read.................books that he had.

h. There is....................money left.

i. He has.......................sense.

j. She lost....................money she had.

k. I am in need of.........................milk.

l. I want.................bread.

m. I have only....................friends.

n. He has..................enemies.

o. Can you spare..................money?

p. Raju has.......................food.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 87

Exercise-4

1. Choose the correct word.
a. Sworup is ............................. . boy (tall/taller)
b. Ram is ............................. than she is (tall/taller)
c. My father is ............................. (old/older)
d. My father isnot so ............................. than your father. (old/older)
e. Iron is ............................. than cotton. (heavy/heavier)
f. This sum is ............................. (difficult/more difficult)
g. I'm ............................. than you. (happy/happier)

2. Complete the sentences using comparative form of the given
adjectives.
a. A car is (small) than a truck.
b. A buffalo is (big) than a goat.
c. A road is (wide) than a street.
d. Arjun has secured (good) marks than Rima.
e. A pencil is (cheap) than a pen.

3. Fill in the blanks with many or much.
a. A baby can't drink ............................. milk.
b. There aren't ............................. girls in the room.
c. She hasn't got ............................. money.
d. There are ............................. new words in this lesson.
e. She hasn't got ............................. friends.
f. There wasn't ............................. food.

88 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

10Lesson
Adverb: Its Kinds

Before you begin

Read the story below.

One day a king and his minister were walking secretly through a market-
place of a city. The people were moving about the market-place. Some
of them were shouting loudly and some of them were speaking to one
another quietly.
The king was there to see whether his people could know him easily or not.
The king thought that his people would find him out and greet him
respectfully. But he was sad because nobody looked at him carefully.
Instead, some people were smiling sweetly at his minister. The king then
turned to the minister well and asked him why they were smiling. The
minister looked at the king silently for some time. Then, the minister said
thoughtfully that he didn't know the people. The people smiled at him
because he had smiled at them.

Find out the adverbs in the story above?

Now, read the following sentences.
 Vivek is very handsome.
 Honest people are respected everywhere.
 This child runs quite fast.
 They worked silently.
 The test began yesterday.
In the above sentences very, everywhere, fast, silently, yesterday are adverbs.
• Adverbs are words that modify the meaning of a verb and adjective or

sentence. Words like very, everywhere, fast, silently, yesterday, never,
carefully, happily, actively, sometimes, often, soon, perhaps, always
etc. are adverbs.
• An adverb is a word that adds something to the meaning of a verb and
adjective or another adverb.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 89

Read the conversation. The word that adds
something to the
What is an adverb, sir? meaning of a verb is
known as adverb.
How many kinds of
adverbs are there? There are eight kinds
of adverbs
Please tell me their
names.

They are: i. Adverb of time, ii. Adverb of
place, iii. Adverb of number, iv. Adverb of
quantity, v. Adverb of manner, vi. Adverb
of certainty, vii. Interrogative adverb and
viii. Relative adverb.

Kinds of Adverb

1. Adverb of Time 2. Adverb of Place 3. Adverb of Number

4. Adverb of Quantity 5. Adverb of Manner 6. Adverb of Certainty

7. Interrogative Adverb 8. Relative Adverb

1. Adverb of Time
It shows the time of an action. It answers the question: 'When'.
Sentence Adverb
I will go tomorrow. tomorrow
She writes today. today
I have already eaten. already
• In the above sentences, 'tomorrow, today, already' are adverbs of time.

• The words, since, early, now, tomorrow, ago, today, then, daily, yet,
already, late, before, etc. are adverbs of time.

90 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

2. Adverb of Place
It shows the place of an action. It answers the question ‘Where’.

Sentence Adverb

I met him there. there

Don’t go outside. outside

The sunlight is everywhere. everywhere

Please go up. up

In the sentences above, 'there, outside, everywhere, up' are adverbs of place.

• The words here, up, in, below, down, outside, there, above,
everywhere, away, near, etc. are adverbs of place.

3. Adverb of Number
It shows the number of an action. It answers the question of ‘how often’.

Sentence Adverb

Use the medicine twice a day. twice

Never smoke, Minu. never

He often watches TV. often

I always go to school. always

'Twice, never, often and always' are used as adverbs of number in above
sentences.

• Always, often, never, twice, again, occasionally, once and sometimes

are adverbs of number or frequency.

4. Adverb of Quantity

It shows the quantity or extent of an action. It answers the question of
‘in what degree’ or ‘how much’.

Sentence Adverb

I made a great mistake. I am very sorry. very

The bottle is nearly half. nearly

You’re extremely tired. extremely

Here, 'nearly, extremely' are adverbs of quantity.

• The words quite, nearly, very, fully, almost, extremely, enough, too,
fairly are adverbs of quantity or degree or extent.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 91

5. Adverb of Manner
It shows the manner of an action. It answers the question 'how or in

what manner'.

Sentence Adverb

Ram was beaten badly. badly

I speak softly. softly

Please walk slowly. slowly

He carne happily. happily

Here, 'softly, slowly, badly, happily' are adverbs of manner.

• The words happily, slowly, softly, badly, fast, so, thus, quickly,
neatly, surely, certainly, probably, bravely, etc. are adverbs of manner.

6. Adverb of Certainty
It shows the degree of certainty of an action. It answers yes or no type

of question in affirmative or negative.

Sentence Adverb

You will certainly go. certainly

I will surely help you. surely

Here the words 'certainly, surely' are adverbs of certainty.

• The words surely, certainly, definitely, obviously, etc. are adverbs
of certainty or affirmation or negation.

7. Interrogative Adverbs
An interrogative adverb is used to ask a question.

Sentences Adverb

When did the bell ring? when

How are you today? how

Where did you place the tray? where

Why are you angry? why

Here when, how, where, why are interrogative adverbs.

92 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

8. Relative Adverb

The word that modifies the verb, adjective or another adverb as well as

joins the antecedent sentence is known as the relative adverb.

Sentence Adverb

I don’t know when I was born. (when - time)

This is the place where I live. (where - place)

That is the reason why she said so. (why - reason)

• The words 'why, where, when' are relative adverbs because they come
together with their antecedents and qualify them.

Exercise-1 Class Activity

1. Match the following adverbs.

a. Adverb of time • • boldly

b. Adverb of place • • very

c. Adverb of number • • there

d. Adverb of quantity • • surely

e. Adverb of manner • • tomorrow

f. Adverb of certainty • • why

g. Interrogative adverb • • twice

2. Change these adjectives into adverbs.
slow ...........s..l.o.w...l.y........ happy .................................
magical .......................... clear .................................
strong ........................... aimless .................................
natural ......................... safe .................................
dangerous .......................... careful .................................
light ............................ sweet .................................
rich .............................. proud .................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 93

3. Identify the adverbs in the following sentences and write in the
blanks.

a. Walk slowly or withdraw your name. = ..................................

b. May I know when you arrive? = ..................................

c. I speak English well. = ..................................

d. He didn't meet her anywhere. = ..................................

e. Speak gently with your friends. = ..................................

f. I met your brother yesterday. = ..................................

g. They have quarrelled twice in school. = ..................................

h. He was working inside. = ..................................

i. Mr. Shrestha is quite intelligent. = ..................................

j. Her bag was lying there. = ..................................

Exercise-2 Homework

1. Find out and write the adverbs or adjectives in the following
sentences.
a. You have a slow movement. Slow - adjective
b. You are a kind man. ......................................
c. It can be done simply. ......................................
d. The wall is beautifully painted. ......................................
e. She puts on simple dresses. ......................................
f. I went home straight. ......................................
g. The car was running very fast. ......................................
h. He telephoned me late. ......................................
1. She spoke in a loud voice. ......................................
J. He goes for a walk daily. ......................................
k. He is still working. ......................................
1. She talks very loudly. ......................................
m. I'm passing my life happily. ......................................

94 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

2. Put each of the adverbs below into the right column.

seldom usually most when thrice after slowly

again now well outside today strongly often

thus wholly where clearly twice never too

why wisely down in here up once

out so late there yet easily near

badly rather enough very

Manner Place Adverbs of Time
Number Degree Question

Exercise-3

1. Read the sentences given below and write in the boxes whether
the highlighted adverbs are the adverbs of time, place, manner,
frequency, degree, interrogative adverbs.
a. She always reaches office in time .
b. The milkman brings milk regularly.
c. Do not throw rubbish everywhere.
d. Why did you let him go?
e. It is raining outside.
f. I shall come back soon.
g. The police searched for the thief everywhere.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 95

h. Why is the child crying?

i. Move forward.

j. I shall do it gladly.

k. When did you visit Pokhara?

l. The boy was not found anywhere.

m. Work carefully.

n. You arrived late.

o. Bina runs quickly.

2. Match the adverbs in column A with their opposites in column B.

ColumnA Column B

happily • out

politely • never

kindly • foolishly

in • joyfully

forward • rudely

carefully • sadly

sadly • cruelly

inside • backward

wisely • outside

always • carelessly

96 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

Exercise-4

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable adverb.
a. She recites poetry very............................ .(fast, fastly)
b. This train.......................goes to Delhi. (direct, directly)
c. He guessed the answer........................ . (right, rightly)
d. I have seen him.......................... . (late, lately)
e. Open your mouth ............................ . (wide, widely)
f. Hold your head........................... . (high, highly)
g. It is.........................hot today. (too, very)

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable adverbs.
a. They were playing...................in the garden.

b. He.................fell from the roof.

c. I am feeling...................cold.

d. The teacher explained everything.....................

e. The old man...................goes for a walk.

f. Ram is.....................late.

g. You hit me......................... .

h. My father is.......................... .

i. Do not write................. .
3. Use an adverb in the remarks as shown below.

a. He is a good teacher. He teaches well.

b. She is a wonderful speaker. .......................................

c. My brother is a gentle worker. .......................................

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 97

d. He was a skillful player. .......................................

e. We are noisy painters. .......................................

f. She was not a rude talker. .......................................

4. Complete these sentences with correct adverbs from the box.

hard tomorrow never there
everywhere sometimes neatly carefully

a. Read the passage ............................. before you answer.

b. They ............................. quarrel in the class.

c. I searched the book .............................

d. Hemanta ............................. pays attention to his parents.

e. Who is standing .............................?

f. She always writes .............................

g. Arjun is working ............................. for the examination.

h. She will meet you at the bus park .............................
5. Answer the following questions.

a. What do you mean by adverb?
..............................................................................................................
b. How many kinds of adverbs are there? Write their names with

examples.
..............................................................................................................

98 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5

11Lesson
Conjunction: Its Kinds

Before you begin

Conversation practice.

Kapil : Why were you absent
yesterday?

Madhav : I was absent yesterday
because I was suffering from
common cold.

Kapil : Didn't you go to hospital?

Madhav : I did but I didn't meet the
doctor.

Kapil : Haven't you taken any
medicine?

Madhav : No, I haven't. I am taking hot water and steam bath.

Kapil : Do you want to stay or go for a rest?

Madhav : I will go to the doctor after second period.

Read the following sentences.
a. You cannot go home unless you have completed your work.
b. She said that she would never deceive her friends.
c. He fell off a horse and hurt his leg.
d. I respect him although he is very strict.
e. Do not switch off the lights until everybody has gone away.
f. Make hay while the sun shines.
g. I punished him because he did not obey my orders.
h. Her writing is good but her spelling is bad.

Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5 99

Would you please define and give examples of
conjunction, Maam?

A conjunction is a word used to join words, group of
words and sentences.
For example:
 Ann and Lucy are sisters.
 Ann is simple but Lucy is clever.
 Ann gets punishment although the mischief is done by
Lucy.

In these sentences the words 'and', 'but' and 'although' have
been used as conjunctions.
Conjunctions are linking words that connect words, phrases
and sentences. Some of the conjunctions or linking words
are 'and', 'but', 'or', 'if', 'because', 'when', etc.

What are the kinds of conjunctions, Maam?

Kinds of Conjunctions

Co-ordinating conjunction Sub-ordinating conjuction

It joins two independent It joins one independent
clauses and one dependent clause.

Roshan is an intelligent boy Sharad can succeed if he wants
but his brother is foolish.

100 Oasis Applied Grammar and Composition Book-5