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pmcsyftrSwf (1)

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pmcsyftrSwf (2)

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0ifaiGrSzhJíqyfoGm; &ef tcsufw&yfvnf; yg0if\/

,if;tcsuft& wvjynafh jrmufonfhtcgwidk f;
uREkyf f&&SdcJoh nf0h ifaiG\ q,fykHEpS fyHuk dk ,lum ,if;tm; uREfyk ftay:
,HMk unfpwd fcspGm acs;iSm;cJMh uonfh yk*¾Kd vfrsm;odkY tcsKd;us
cG;J a0ay;qyf&rnfjzpf\/ þen;f tm;jzifh tcsdewf efaomf
uREkyf fwif&Sod nfh a<u;NrD;rsm;tm;v;Hk ausvnfrnfjzpf\/

,if;twGuf þae&mü uREyfk ftay: a<u;NrD;wif&Sxd m;olrsm;
trnpf m&if;ESifh wif&Sd aom a<u;NrD;yrmPwYdkudk twdtus

uREkyf fa&;xdk;rSwfom;tyfyg\/
zg;½;l ? ,ufuef;vkyif ef;&Sif? aiG'*Fg; 2? aMu;eDjym; 6?
qif*sm? y&dabm*jyKvkyof l? aiG'*Fg; 1?
tmrm;? oli,fcsif;? aiG 3? aMu; 1?
Zefum;? oli,fcsif;? aiG 4? aMu; 7?
tuf(p)urm;? oli,fcsif;? aiG 1? aMu; 3?
[m&ifqm;? vuf0wf&wemvkyif ef;? aiG 6? aMu; 2?
'D,mabum? zcif\rdwfaqG? aiG 4? aMu; 1?

t,f(v)u[wf? tdryf dik f&Si?f aiG 14?
rmoGe?f aiGw;dk acs;orm;? aiG 9?
bD&,f*spf? v,form;? aiG 1? aMu; 7?

«rSwfcsuf/ / atmufzufykdi;f ü pmcsyfrmS ysufp;D aeonf/
qufzwfír&/»

pmcsyftrSwf (3)

tqydk gNrD;&Sifrsm;xH uREkyf fwif&Sdonfh a<u;NrD;pkpkaygif;rSm aiG'*Fg; 119
jym;ESifh aMu; eDjym; 141 jym;wdwdjzpfygonf/ xakd <u;NrD;yrmPudk
ay;qyf&ef en;f vrf;&Smr&jzpfaeum rduk fraJ omtrIrsm;
uREkyf fusL;vGecf rJh d\/ ZeD;onftm; olYzciftdrfoYdk jyef&ef
uREkyf fcGifhjyKcJhonf/ uREfyk fudk,fwidk fvnf; t&yfwyg;wGif
vG,fulaomenf;vrf;rsm;tm;jzihf "eOpöm &&ESd dik frn[f k ,lqum
ZmwdNrdKU½mG rScGgcJoh nf/ odYkaomf ab;'ku©rsKd;pHMk uHKum olwyg;xH
uReftjzpf a&mifcs cH&onftxd uREkyf f\b0 usqif;oGm;chJ\/

,ckrl rmoGeñf Tejf yojzifh uREkyf f\a<u;NrD;rsm;udk uREkyf f\0ifaiGrS
ten;f i,pf DzJíh qyfjcif;jzifh NyD;ajyEdik faMumif; od&dSchJNyD/ udk,fwdkif
to;Hk tjzKef;BuD;jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:onfh jyóemrsm;rS
wdr;f a&SmifxGufajy;cJhjcif;rSm tvGetf usL;
½;l oGyfrkdufrjJ cif;omjzpfaMumif;vnf; jrifcJNh yD/

xYdkaMumifh a<u;&Sifrsm;tm;v;Hk xH uREkyf foGm;a&mufum uREkyf fü
vkytf m;jzifh 0ifaiG&Sm &efrSty tjcm;enf;vrf;r&Sad Mumif;? þen;f jzifh
BuKd ;pm;&SmazG&&Sod nfh 0ifaiG\ q,fykHEpS fyHuk dk a<u;&Sifrsm;tm;vH;k oYdk
rQwcG;J a0um vpOfreS frSef qyfoGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;? onfhxufydkí ay;
acs&efum/ uREykf fwwfEkdirf nfr[kwfojzifh ¤if;wdYktaeESihf pdwf&Snf
onf;cHMuapvkdaMumif;? wcsdewf Giaf wmh a<u;NrD;tm;vH;k
rkcsausvnf&rnjf zpfaMumif; wifjyajymqodk nf/

uREkfyf\ tcifrifqHk;rdwfaqG[k ,lqxm;cJah om tmrm;onf
uREfyk ftm; cg;cg;onf; onf; qJa&jypfwifajymq&dk m uREkyf frSm
olYtdrrf S tvGepf dwfysuf0rf;en;f pGm jyefvmcJ&h \/
v,form;wOD;jzpfol bD&,f*spfurl

olYrmS aiGaMu;Muyfwnf;vGe;f onfjzpfí olYa<u;NrD;rsm;udk
t&ifq;Hk qyfay;&efom xyfwvJvJ yefMum;ajymqdck Joh nf/ tdryf dik f&Sif
t,f(v)u[wfonf vnf; vH;k 0n§dEIid f;&cuaf om
yk*¾Kd vfwOD;jzpfonf/ olYaiGudk tjrefqH;k taustvnfray;vQif
jyóem &SmrnfjzpfaMumif; Burd f;armif;ajymqdok nf/

oYdkaomf usefvlrsm;tm;vHk;um; uREkyf f\ tpDtpOfudk
vdvk dvk m;vm;yif vufcHcJMh u onf/ uREkyf ftaeESifh a<u;udk
a&Smifwdr;f xGufajy;jcif;xuf ausvnfatmifay;qyfjcif;u ydík

oufomao;aMumif; vufawGUo&d NyD;jzpf&m ,ckuJhodYk
a<u;&Sifrsm;xHrS axmufctH m;ay;rIY &&Sod nfth cgürl tpDtpOfudk
NyD;ajrmufatmif taumiftxnfazmfvpdk dwfrsm; ydík jywof m;
cdik frmvmcJ&h onf/ tcsKdUaoma<u;&Sifrsm;\
vwfwavmtvqdk E´rsm;ESifh awmif;qdck sufrsm;udk
uREkfyvf dkufemEidk frnfr[kwfyg/ oYdkaomf tm;v;Hk tay: rQrQww
jzpfatmifum; uREkyf ftm; xkwfaqmif½GufoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/

pmcsyftrSwf (4)

aemufwpfBurd f vjynhfjyefNyD/ vGwfvyfolwOD;\pdwf"mwjf zifh
uREkyf fBuKd ;yrf;vkyfuidk fcJh onf/ uREkyf f\ ZeD;onfuvnf;
a<u;qyfa&;tpDtpOfudk axmufctH m;ay;cJhonf/ NyD;cJoh nfh vtwGi;f
ukeof nfBuD;eDAmwl;twGuf MucHh dik foefrmonfh ukvm;tkwfaumif;rsm;
0,af y;jcif; tvkyrf S aiG'*Fg; q,fhudk;jym;wdwd uREkyf f&&Scd Joh nf/

onfaiGudk rlvtpDtpOftwkdi;f uREkyf fa0yHkcsonf/ q,fykHwpfyHkudk
pkaqmif;aiGtjzpf odr;f qnf;xm;vudk fonf/ q,fykHcEk SpfykHudkum;
tdrpf &dwftjzpf ZeD;onfEiS fth wl o;Hk pGJ;&efcsef onf/ usefESpfyHuk dkrl
aMu;eDjym;rsm;tjzpf zvS,fwGufcsufum a<u;&SiftooD D;odkY tcsKd;us
cG;J a0onf/

a<u;rsm;udvk dkufqyfonfth cg tmrm;urdk awUG &/ olYZeD;xH
ay;xm;cJ&h onf/ bD&,f *spfum; 0rf;ajrmufvGe;f ojzifh
uREkyf f\vufuydk if erf;½yI fonf/ t,f(v)u[wfBuD;wOD; wnf;om
jrefjrefaMuatmifqyf&ef jrnfwGeaf wmufwD;ajymqdok nf/ uREkyf fvnf;
pdwftaESmuf t,Sufuif;pGm vkyfudik f&SmazGcGifh&rnqf dkum
,ckxufjrefjref ay;qyfEdik frnjf zpfaMumif; wkeYf jyefajymqdck Joh nf/
tjcm;aomolrsm;u uREkyf fudk aus;Zl;wifMuNyD; uREkyf f\ tm;xkwfrYI
twGufvnf; csD;usL;pum; qMdk uonf/

odYkESifh yxrwpfvtukerf Smyif uREkyf f\a<u;NrD;rsm;xJ;rS aiG'*Fg;
av;jym;eD;yg; avsmh oGm;chJNyD;? uREkyf f\
oD;jcm;udk,fykdif0ifaiGtjzpfvnf; aiG'*Fg;ESpfjym;eD;yg;rQ
pkaqmif;rdcJoh nf/ ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtwGi;f yxrqkH;tBurd ftjzpf
aygyh g;½iT fvef;rIYt&omudk uREfyk f0rf;ajrmufMun EI;pGm
cHpm;vduk f&onf/

0dik f;0dik f;pupf ufvrif; xGe;f vif;vmjyefygNyD/ onfvvnf; uREfkyf
tvkyuf sKd;pm;cJh onf/ odYkaomf atmifjrifrIYr&c/Jh ukvm;tkwf
rsm;rsm;pm;pm; 0,íf r&Eidk fcJ/h xdYkaMumifh vkytf m;ctjzpf aiG'*Fg;
wq,fhwjym;om&onf/ oYdkaomf uREkyf f\ ZeD;onfvnf; MuUH MuUH
cH&Smygonf/ rlvtpDtpOftwkdi;f yif uREkyf fwdYk BuKd ;pm;&yfwnfonf/
t0wtf xnfopf vH;k 0 r0,f? tom;rpm; [if;oD;[if;½uG fom
0,jf crf;pm;onf/ aiG'*Fg; q,wfh jym;\ q,fykH ckESpyf Hjk zifyh if
avmufatmifaeonf/ q,fykHwpfyHkudk pkonf/ q,fykHEpS fyHkudk
a<u;qyfonf/

uREkyf f\ qyfaiaG v; en;f yg;vSaomfvnf; tmrm;u
csD;usL;pum;ajymq&dk m uREykf ftHtm;yif oifoh Gm;r&d onf/
bD&,f*spfuvnf; xedk nf;wlyif/ t,f(v)f u[wfuawmh en;f oGm;&
aumif;vm;[k a'goxGufum jypfwifarmifrJ ajymqodk nf/
en;f vGef;í r,cl sifvQifvnf; jyefay;vkdufyg[k ajymontfh cgürl
EIwfqdwfoGm;onf/ tjcm;yk*¾Kd vf rsm;uawmh at;at; aq;aq;yif/

,ckvjynfrh Smawmh uREkyf f tBu;D tus,f0rf;ajrmuf&NyD/ tvGef
xGm;BudKif;vSyonfh ukvm;tkwfBuD;wtkyfawGU&NyD; onftxJrS
aumif;ayh ñGeYfayhqodk nfrsm;udk a½G;0,Ef dik fcJ&h m aiG'*Fg;
av;q,fEh Spfjym;yif uREkyf ftwGuf&cJhonf/ uREkyf fwYdkZeD;armifEStH wGuf
txl;vtkd yfae onfh zdeyfEiS fh t0wtf xnfrsm; 0,Ef dik fcJoh nf/
Muufom; trJom; ig;rsm;vnf; pm; aomufEkdiMf uonf/ aiG'*Fg;
&Spfjym;ausmfrQ a<u;qyfEdik f&m cgwdkif; ylnHynl Hvkyfonfh
t,f(v)u[wfyif onfwpfBudrf bmrQrajymawmh/

tpDtpOfu aumif;vSonf/ onftpDtpOfaMumifh uREkfywf Ydk
a<u;NrD;awGvnf; ukef
atmifqyfEdik frn/f wpfzuuf vnf; jznf;jznf;csif;
pkaqmif;rdvmonf/

þpmcsyfü qufvufra&;om;rdonfrSm oHk;vcefYyif&SdoGm;NyD/
,if;umvtwGif; vpOfyif q,fykHwpfyHk pkaqmif;jcif;?
q,fykHcEk Spyf Huk dk pm;oH;k jcif;? q,fykHEpS fyHkudk a<u;qyfjcif; rsm;
wdwdusus rSerf Sefuefuefyif qufvufvkyfaqmifjzpfcJoh nf/

,ckqdkvQif uREkyf f\ tojymtdwfü aiG'*Fg; ESpfq,wfh jym;rQ&Scd JNh yD/
¤if;wYdktm;vHk;yif uREkyf fydik faiG ppfppfjzpfonf/ tdwfxJwGif
onfaiG&Sdxm;ojzifh vrf;avQmufonfhtcg acgif; rwrf wf
xm;Edik fonf/ rdwfaqG o*F[trsm;Mum; &J&0J H0h Hh
jzwfoef;oGm;vmEdik fonf/ uREkyf f

\ZeD;onf aetdruf dk wwfEkdiforQoyf&yfatmif xde;f odr;f jyKjyifonf/

oludk,fwdik fvnf; vSy

wifwh ,fpmG 0wpf m;qif,ifEdik fvmonf/ uREkyf fwdYktdrfaxmifa&;b0

om,mcsrf;ajrUvmonf/

tpDtpOfum; tbd;k rjzwEf dik favmufatmif
tusKd;aus;Zl;BuD;rm;vSonf[k q&dk ayrnf/ uREkyf fuJhodkY aus;uRefb0
usa&mufchJNyD;olwOD;udkyif vtl rsm;todtrSwfjyKonfh tqifah &muf
atmif jyefvnfjr§ihfwif ay;Edkicf Joh nfr[kwfvm;/

pmcsyftrSwf (5)

aemufwpfBurd f v0ef;½eT f;yjyefygNyD/ ½HTUpmcsyfrsm;rSm
a&;xk;d rSwfwrf;wifrIY rjyKchJrwd m umvMumcJNh yD/ wdwdususq&dk aomf

q,fEh SpfvrQyif ausmfvGecf JNh yD[k qkd&vdrrfh nf/ onfuaeY
wGiaf wmh rSwfwrf;udk ra&;írjzpfawmh/ taMumif;rl onfuaeYonf
uREkyf f\ aemufqH;k vuf

usef a<u;NrD;rsm; tNyD;owf ay;qyfvdkufEdkiof nfah eY
jzpfaomaMumifwh nf;/ uREkyf f\ ESpfoufz,G faumif;vSaom
ZeD;onfEiS fh rdrdudk,fwidk ftay: txl;ESpfNcdKuftm;&aerdaom uREfyk f
wdYkESpfOD;om;onf uREkyf fwdYk\t"dXmefBu;D NyD;ajrmufatmifjrifonfh
txdr;f trSwftjzpf trSwf

w.npmpm;yGwJ pfck twlwuG ,aeYqifETMJ uonf/

aemufqH;k tacguftjzpf a<u;&Sifrsm;xH oGm;a&muf&müvnf;
xl;xl;jcm;jcm; ajymp rSwfjyKp&mrsm; uREkyf fMuKH cJh\/ tmrm;u
uREkyf ftm; Murf;wrf;aompum;rsm; qdck Jrh djcif; twGuf awmif;yefNyD;?
uREkyf fonf olEpS foufvdkvm;qHk; rdwfaqGwOD;jzpfygaMumif; zGifh[
ajymqdk\/

t,f(v)u[wfBuD;vnf; ,ckrqdk;awmhNyD/ olu ]]wpfcsdewf ke;f u
rif;[m½HTUap;aysmh yJ? zdvkud f&if jym;oGm;w,f? xkp&maxmif;p&m

rvdkbl;? vlwumvufeJY tomav;yHok Gi;f vdYk
&w,f? tck rif;[m aMu;0gwHk;wpfw;Hk vdk rmaMumomG ;NyD? xufwJ&h SwJh

aZmif;&Sod Gm;NyD?

aemifudk rif;tv&dk S&d ifvmyg? a½Tvodk vm; aiGvdok vm;

igulnDbdYktoifyh J}} [kqodk nf/

uREkyf ftm; txifBuD;av;pm;oGm;olrmS olwOD;wnf;omr[wk fay/
vltrsm;tjym;yif uREkyf ftm; ta&;w,l qufqHajymqdkvmMuonf/

ZeD;onf\tMunfhu awmufy½Tivf ef;
vmonf/ cifyeG f;onftm; wefb;dk xm;onfh ESpfvzdk G,f tMunrfh sKd;/

onftMunfhrsKd;onf

cifyeG f;onfwOD;tm; rdrdu,dk fudk ,kHMunfrYI pdwf"mwrf sm;

jyn0fh vmapNrJjzpfonf/

csKyfíqkd&vQifrl uREkyf f,ckuJhodYk atmifjrifrIY&&Scd Jjh cif;onf uREfyk f
wdwdusus vduk fem aqmif½GufchJaom ]tpDtpOf}
aMumiofh mjzpfonf[k tav;teuqf d&k ayrnf/ onftpDtpOf aMumifh
a<u;NrD;tm;vHk; ausatmifqyfEdik fcJhonf/ tdwfxJwGif vIyvf udk fwdkif;

toHjrnof nfh a½pT aiGprsm; jynhfwif;atmif xnofh Gif;Edik fcJhonf/
xdYkaMumifh Bu;D yGm;csrf;omvdok l rdrdb0 wd;k wufjrifrh m;vdkolwidk f;tm;

uREfyk f\ tpD tpOftwkdi;f vdkufemusifMh uMH uyg[k axmucf H
tMujH yKvdyk gonf/ uREkyf fuJhodYk aiG0,fuRef

a[mif; wpfa,mufudkyif a<u;ausatmif qyfEdik fol?
yduk fqHtdwfxJwGif a½T'*Fg;tjynfh
xnfEh dkiof lwOD;jzpfatmif ajymif;vJay;Edkiof nfqdku
wu,fpdwftm;xufoefaom rnof nfh
yk*¾Kd vfudrk qdk BuD;yGm;wdk;wufatmif jr§ihfwifay;Edik frnrf Sm rkcsrvJGay/

uREkyf fudk,fwdkivf nf; onfatmifjrifrIYESifh wif;wdrrf nf r[kwfyg/
þtpDtpOf\ wefcd;k pGrf;tm;udk udk,fawGU od&dSxm;NyD;jzpf&m
a&SYodYkqufí vlcsrf;omrsm;tMum; atmifjrif xif&mS ;aom
yk*¾Kd vfwOD;jzpfatmif rrwSd frokH tm;xkwf BudK;yrf;oGm;O;D rnf
jzpfygonf/

pdefYqGpof if;aumvdyf
aemhwif*rfwuúodvk f
eD 0yf-tGe-f x&if/h /

7 Ed0k ifbm 1936// ygarmu©z&efuvifaumh'0Jvf

wqif^h NAdwdoQodyHÜavhvma&;tzUGJ
[Dvm? ruqf dyk dkaw;rD;,m;

ygarmu©BuD;cifAsm;

abbDvHNk rdKUa[mif;udk qufvufwl;azmfwJhae&mrSm tu,fírsm;
tJ'rD Sm [;dk a&S;a&S;u aexkdicf Jhbl;wJh 'gAmqm;qwdk Jh ukvm;tkwf
ukeof nfBuD;wOD;&JY wapäeJYawGUcJrh dr,fqdk&if wck avmuf
aus;Zl;jyKNyD; ajymay;prf;yg/ a&S;ya0oPDumvu ola&;cJhwJh
½HTUap;pmcsyfawGtwGuf udk 'DuaeY t*FvefjynfrmS aewJh
wuúovdk fq&m vifr,m;u tpOfxm0& ausZl;wifaeyg
w,fqwdk Jh taMumif;yg/

'Dyk*¾dKvf&YJ tpDtpOftwidk f; a<u;EGxH J;u vGwfatmif ½ek f;bYdk?
wpfcsdewf nf;rSm yduk fqH tdwfxJrmS vnf; a½ToHaiGoH jrnfapbkdY
uRefawmfwYdk ZeD;armifESH BuKd ;pm;Mur,qf dkwtJh aMumif;
t&ifwESpfua&;wJh uRefawmfph mxJrmS azmfjycJhwm ygarmu©BuD;
trSwf&aumif;&ygvdrhfr,/f rdwfaqGawGudk zGifrh ajymcJhayr,fh
uRefawmfwdYkrSm tawmfav; aiGaMu;tMuyftwnf; MuKH aewJh
taMumif; ygarmu©BuD;vnf; &dyfrdcJrh Smyg/

uRefawmfwYdkudk a<u;ESdyfpuaf ecwJh m ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumcyJh gNyD/
a<u;a[mif;awGu wjznf;jznf;wufvmawmh tu,fí
rauseyfwJh a<u;&Sifwa,mufa,mufursm; widk fvm;
awmvm;vky&f if [;dk av;waMumfaMumfjzpfNyD;
wuúovdk fuxGuf&wJhtxd jyóemwufrmS vnf; uRefawmfwYdk
tNrJaMumuaf ec&Jh w,f/ &whJ0ifaiGxJu wwfEkdiof avmufawmh
zJzh JNh yD;qyfae wmyJ/ 'gayr,hf t0ifeYJtxGufrrQbl;/
aemufxyfvdktyfwyJh pönf;usawmh rvGJra&Smifom ta<u;eJYyJ

xyf,l&w,f/ tJ'tD cg vufiif;xufykdukefusawmh rvkdtyfbJ
wpfzuuf ESyd fpufcH ae&jyefw,f/
BuKd ;pm;yrf;pm; ajz&Sif;wMJh um;u jyóemu avsmhyg;romG ;bl;/
a<u;oHo&mxJ ywf csmvnfNyD; tajctaeomqkd;oxuf
q;dk vmw,f/ tdr&f SifqDrmS a<u;wifaeawmh olYxufaps;
oufomwtJh cef;udkvnf; ajymif;vdYkr&bl;/ wjcm;vJ 'Dvdyk J
oufom&m oufomaMumif;

vkyvf Ydk&wuJh dpö &Smr&ovdk jzpfaew,f/ uRefawmfwdYktaetxm;u
xGufaygufr&Swd Jh a<u; axmifacsmufxJ ydwfrdaeovrkd sKd;/

tJ'tD csderf Sm ygarmu©BuD;eJY qufpyfoduRrf;&whJ a&S;acwf
abbDvHok m; ukvm;tkwf ukeof nfBuD;u uRefawmfwYdktwGuf
v;Hk 0tH0if*Gifusjzpfr,hf tpDtpOfwck ay;vmw,f/ olY en;f pepfudk
uRefawmfwdYk t&rf;oabmusNyD; tJ'tD wdik f;vdkufvkyfzkdY
qH;k jzwfMuw,f/ uRefawmf wdYk wifaewhJa<u;awGudk wdwdusus
pm&if;csa&;w,f/ NyD;awmh a<u;&SifawGqDvnfNyD; 'Dpm&if;udjk yw,f/
olwdkYeYJ aqG;aEG;w,f/

tck 'DykHptH wdik f;qufpcef;oGm;ae&if 'Da<u;awG uRefawmfwdYk
b,fenf;eJYrSausatmif qyfEdik frSm r[wk fawmhbl;qdwk m ajymjyw,f/
pm&if;udkMunfh,HkeYJ olwYdkvnf; oabmayguf w,f/ tJ'aD emuf
olwdkYa<u;awGudk ausatmifqyfay;Edik fr,fh
wckwnf;aomen;f vrf;u uRef awmfhtaeeJY vpOf0ifaiG&JY
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