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E-mail : [email protected]

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dfWod efiffsf ¿kdf g]kfnL efiff k|ofu] ug{] ljbo\ fyL{x¿sf] eflifs l;k
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ck]Iffn] o;nfO{ tbg's"n agfpg] ko| Tg ul/Psf] 5 . o;df /flvPsf kf7\o
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/ k"j{1fgsf] Vofn /fv/] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} k':tsnfO{ ;s;] Dd ;d;fdlos,
afnf]kofu] L / k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; klg ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ o;n] ljb\ofno
txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f u/fpg cfwf/e"t lzIf0f ;fduL| sf] sfd ug5{] eGg]
xfdLnfO{ k0" f{ ljZjf; 5 .

k|:t't k:' tsdf efiff lzIf0fsf d"n dfGotfnfO{ oyf]lrt cfTd;ft\ ub{}
;s];Dd dgf/] ~hgk"0f{ l;sfO ljm| ofsnfk u/fpg] vfnsf ;fduL| /flvPsf] 5 .
kf7\oj:t'sf] 5gf}6 ubf{ ljwfut / Ifq] ut cGt/ljifofTds ;Gtn' gnfO{ Wofg
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plrt ;'emfp / ;Nnfxsf] ck]Iff ub5{ fF} . oxfFx¿sf] cd"No ;e' mfp xfd|f nflu
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l;sfO cEof; u/fpg ldNg] u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; k:' tssf kf7nfO{ dfWod agfP/
ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿nfO{ eflifs l;k / hLjgfk] ofu] L l;k l;sfpg' xfdf| ] pbb\ Z] o xf ] . oxfF ;dflji6 ljwf,
Ifq] , tyf jm| d cl3Nnf / kl5Nnf sIffdf /flvPsf kf7 / cEof;sf :t/cg;' f/ /flvPsf] 5 tfklg
kf7k5fl8 lbOg] cEof;sf zLifs{ x¿df Ps¿ktf NofOPsf] 5 . kf7df lbOPsf cEof;x¿ gdg' f
dfq xg'  \ . tkfOx+{ ¿n] To:t} vfn] cGo ljm| ofsnfk u/fP/ lzIf0f l;sfO ljm| ofsnfk ug{ ;Sgx' G' 5 .

sIffdf kf7 k9fpg ;'? ug'{cl3 ljb\ofyL{nfO{ kf7kl| t hfu?s agfpg, To; PsfOleqsf kf7df
l;Sgk' g{] s'/fsf] ;"rgf lbg cfFvLe\mofn /flvPsf] xf] . oxfxF ¿n] ToxfF lbOPsf lj|mofsnfk
u/fpbF } To;};uF ;DalGwt To:t} vfn] cGo s'/fsfgL / cEof; klg u/fpg' pkoS' t xG' 5 .

k7g jm| dsf lardf sg' } sg' } kf7df kv,{ ;fr] / eg /flvPsf] 5 . ljbo\ fyLn{ fO{ kf7sf] cfufdL cz+ kl| t
pT;s' tf hufpg / kf7 k9b\ f cN5Lsf] cge' l" t x6fpg o:tf] ljm| ofsnfk /flvPsf] xf ] . …kv,{ ;fr] /
egÚ cGtut{ /flvPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ ljbo\ fyLa{ f6 h] cfP klg To;nfO{ v;' L;fy l:jsfgx{' f;] \ / cGo
pTt/sf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ pTkl]| /t ul//xgx' f;]  \ . ljbo\ fyLn{ ] klxn] g} kf7 kl9;ss] f] /x5] / ;xL hjfkm
lbP5 eg] klg To;nfO{ cGo pTt/ h;/L g} l:jsfgx{' f;] \ / kf7 cufl8 a9fpgx' f;]  \ .

x/s] kf7sf] cEof;df z'b\w pRrf/0fsf nflu sx] L zAb lbOPsf 5g \ . g]kfnL dfte[ fifL
ljbo\ fyLe{ Gbf cGo dft[efifL ljbo\ fyLn{ fO{ z'bw\ pRrf/0f ug{ uf/f] x'g] x'bF f pgLx¿nfO{ af/Daf/
pRrf/0f cEof; u/fpg'xf;] \ . To;an] f ljbo\ fyL{ s'g eflifs ;d'bfosf] xf] To;cg';f/ cEof;
u/fpg'k5 { . h:t} yf? / g]jf/ ;d'bfosf ljbo\ fyL{nfO{ …tÚ sf] pRrf/0fdf, u?' ª, du/ ;d'bfosf
ljb\ofyLn{ fO{ …cÚ sf] pRrf/0fdf a9L Vofn ug{'k5 { . pRrf/0f ug{ uf/f] xg' ] cGo :j/ / Jo~hg
j0f{ kTtf nufpg'xf;] \ . ljb\ofyLn{ fO{ kfnk} fnf] kf7 k9\g nufpgx' f];\ / pRrf/0f ug{ uf/f] ePsf
zAb l6k]/ tTsfn} pRrf/0f cEof; u/fOxfNg'xf]; \ .

af]w / cleJolStsf] v08df klg kf7sf] cy{ nufpbF } hfbF f j:t'ut pTt/ cfpg] / Ps jfSodf
pTt/ cfpg] h:tf 5f]6f k|Zgx¿ ;fW] b} hfg'xf]; \ . o; v08df axj' s} lNks, ;ªl\ IfKt / lj:tt[
pTt/ cfpg] vfnsf k|Zg klg ;dflji6 5g \ . ljbo\ fyLd{ f l;hg{ fTds / cfnf]rgfTds tl/sfn]
;f]Rg ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ugs{ f nflu cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/, ;fr] / eg zLifs{ df k|Zgx¿
/flvPsf 5g \ . cge' j ;f6f;f6 ug]{ kZ| gdf ljbo\ fyL{sf JolStut cge' j Pscsf{nfO{ ;'gfP/
To;c} g;' f/ 5nkmn u/L pTt/ lgsfNg pgLx¿nfO{ kf| ]T;fxg ugx{' f;]  \ . …;fr] / egÚ zLifs{ sf
kZ| gdf kf7sf] ;Gben{ fO{ cfwf/ agfP/ clns km/s tl/sfn] pTt/ lgsfNg kf| T] ;flxt ugx'{ f]; \ .
o:tf k|Zgsf] pTt/ ;a} ljb\ofyLa{ f6 Ps} lsl;dn] cfpbF }g . pgLaf6 hlt km/s km/s vfnsf
pTt/ cfpF5g,\ Tolt g} pgLx¿sf] l;hg{ fTds / cfnf]rgfTds Ifdtf jb[ l\ w x'Fb} hfG5 . To;n} ]
;s];Dd km/s / cfnfr] gfTds pTt/sf nflu k|fT] ;flxt ug{'xf;]  \ .

k:' tsdf ;dx" sfos{ f nflu ljbo\ fyL{ cfkm} nF ] ugk{' g{] ljm| ofsnfk /flvPsf 5g \ . tL ljm| ofsnfk
u/fpbF f ;dx" agfpgb] l] v lgisif{ lgsfNg;] Ddsf ;Dk0" f{ sfo{ pgLnfO{ g} ug{ lbgx' f;]  \ . ;dx" agfpbF f

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cEof; ubf{ lzIfsaf6 ;s;] Dd x:tIfk] gxf;] \ t/ cfjZos 7fpdF f ;xofu] ul/of;]  \ .

Jofs/0fsf cEof;x¿ sfo{dn" s agfOPsf 5g \ . l;b\wfGtdf eGbf Jojxf/df a9L hf8] lbOPsf
sf/0f Jofs/0f lzIf0fdf kf7nfO{ cfwf/ agfpgx' f]; \ . kf7df lbPsf cEof; gdg' f dfq x'g\ .
To;n} ] oxfFx¿ Pp6} kf7af6 Jofs/0fsf cGo kIfx¿sf] klg lzIf0f ug{ :jtGq xg' x' G' 5 .

>l' tnv] gsf] cEof; ;'gfO l;k ljsf; u/fpgsf nflu lbOPsf] xf] . cEof; u/fpFbf lzIfsn]
eGg] / ljb\ofyL{n] gx/] Lsg n]Vg] ug'{k5{ . ljbo\ fyL{n] nv] ]kl5 sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/fO{ k:' ts x/] /]
hfFRg lbg ;lsG5 . o;nfO{ ;d"x cEof;åf/f klg u/fpg ;lsG5 .

z'b\w n]vgsf] cEof; klg ljbo\ fyLn{ fO{ gx]/Lsg nV] g nufO{ kf7 x/] ]/ hfRF g nufpg ;lsG5 .
ljb\ofyL{nfO{ g} hfFRg nufpbF f ql' 6 ug{ ;Sg] :yfgsf] af/d] f pgLx¿nfO{ 1ft x'G5 / pgLx¿
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ldn]sf / ;kmf cIf/ nV] g] afgL a;fpg, ;f]emf] l8sf] lbg / ljzi] ftM kf7df k|of]u ePsf
lrxg\ x¿ ofb u/]/ tbg'¿k lrxg\ k|ofu] ug{ ;Sg] agfpg lbOPsf] xf ] . cg'n]vgsf] bf];f| ]
cEof;df PsfOdf k|:t't kf7x¿sf] dn" efjnfO{ g} ;fg{ lbOPsf] 5 . PsfOdf k|:t't kf7x¿sf]
pb\bZ] o, dn" efj / ;Gbz] af/] ljbo\ fyL{nfO{ ae' mfpg] / efj lj:tf/ ug]{ vfnsf cEof;nfO{ ;xof]u
xf;] \ eGg] x]tn' ] To;f] ul/Psf] xf ] . To;n} ] cg'nv] gsf] ljm| ofsnfk u/fpg lgwf/{ 0f ul/Psf
eGbfafxs] cGo cgR' 5]b jf kf7åf/f klg cEof; u/fpg ;lsg]5 .

;flxTo l;h{gf tyf Jofjxfl/s nv] g sfo{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtf a9fpg l;hg{ fTds nv] gsf] cEof;
/flvPsf] xf] . ljbo\ fyLn{ ] u/s] f ;a} l;hg{ fnfO{ ;sf/fTds ¿kn] lnP/ xf};nf lbg'k5{ . k':tsdf
cGo Jofjxfl/s cEof;sf nflu cfjZostfcg;' f/ yk cEof;x¿ klg /flvPsf 5g \ .

plNnlvtafx]s x/]s PsfOsf] cGTodf vN] bfv]Nb} zLifs{ df ljm| ofsnfk lbOPsf] 5 . l;sfOnfO{
dgf/] ~hgk0" f{ agfpg o:tf] lj|mofsnfk /flvPsf] xf ] . o;n] klg km/s km/s l;sfO Ifdtf
ePsf ljb\ofyL{nfO{ l;Sg kf| ]T;flxt ub{5 .

x/]s ljb\ofyLs{ f] l;Sg] Ifdtf / l;Sg] tl/sf km/s x'G5 eGg] ax' k|ltefsf] l;bw\ fGtnfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ k|:t't k:' tsdf ax' kl| tef a9fpg] vfnsf ljm| ofsnfk /flvPsf 5g \ . tL ljm| ofsnfk
klg ljbo\ fyL{ cfkm} FnfO{ ug{ k|fT] ;flxt ug'{k5 { . o;sf nflu k:| t't k':tssf] cGTodf gdg' f
ljm| ofsnfk lbOPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cGo lj|mofsnfk agfO{ eflifs l;k / efiffsf
cGo kIfx¿ l;sfpg ;lsG| 5 .

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lj|mofsnfk ugx'{ g' xflb{s cg/' fw] ub{5fF} / cWofkgsf j|mddf cfpg] kl| tlj|mofnfO{ xfdL;dIf
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l3p ePg eg] vfgs] /' f s;/L ksfpg] lg <Æ

ls;fgn] emfl] SsF b} eGof,] ævt] hf]Tg uf]? g} gePkl5 cGg s;/L pAhG5 < cGg} geP
/f6] L s;/L ksfpg] lg < /f6] L g} gx'ge' Gbf t bw' / l3p gxg' ' g} hftL . o;}n] o;fp] ;f]
geg, ufO{ km' sfOxfn .Æ

kTgLrflxnF ] egL, æltd|f] Ps /TtL dfq ab' l\ w ePsf] eP, of] cfkb\af6 aRg ltdLn]
cs{} hl' St ;f]Rg'kYof{ ] .Æ

ætF} ;f]Rg hl' St,Æ l/;n] cfuf] xbF' } kltrflxFn] eGof ] .

æ;f]R5' t,Æ kTgLrflxFn] hjfkm lbO{, æ;f]Rg] sfd d}n] u/]F eg] ltdLn] d}n] eg]sf] dfGg'k5{
lsgeg] d b'O6} sfd Ps} k6s ug{ ;lStgF . ltdL af3nfO{ eg, ufO{ ltdL;Fu cfpg dfg]
g, kTgLn] NofpbF } 5 ] .Æ

ls;fg ;f/} 8/5?] jf lyof ] . p;nfO{ vfnL xft af3sxfF kms/]{ hfg] s/' f dg k/g] t/ pm c¿
s] ug{ ;SYof] / Û pm kTgLn] h:tf] egL p:t} ug{ lx8F o\ f ] . pm vt] df kU' bf af3 cToGt
ef]sfO;ss] f] lyof ] . cfˆgf] vfgf kfpg ce}m kvg{ 'k5{ eg]sf] ;g' ]/ af3n] eofgs;Fu h'Fuf
3F'u¥' ofpg yfNof ] . of] b]v]/ lar/f] ls;fgsf 3'F8f 8/n] cfk;df 7fl] sg nfu ] .

ptf, ls;fg 3/af6 lxF8k] l5 p;sL kTgLn] cfˆgf] kltsf] ;aeGbf /fdf| ] nu' f nufO { . ;s;] Dd

zAb / c {y dGh'/ – ;xdt 3Fu' ¥' ofpg – a6fg{ 666\ ' – Ps hftsf] ;fgf] 3f8] f

ta]nf – 3f]8f afWF g] 7fpF

sf7L – 3f]8fsf] lk7\oFd' f dfG5] a:gsf nflu agfOPsf] cf;g

10 efiff au}Frf – ^

cUnf] bl] vg] u/L 6fpsfd] f km] 6f afwF L . To;kl5 pm tan] fdf uO{  . p;n] 666\ d' fly sf7L s;L  .

clg pm 66\6d' fly km' Tt r9L / af3 sl' //xs] f] vt] lt/ kv{, ;fr] / eg M ls;fgsL
lxF8L .
kTgL lsg 3f8] f r9/] uPsL xfn] L <
p;n] k'?ifn] h:t} 5ftL k'mnfpbF } 66\6' bf}8fO { . pm vt] lt/

hfg] 58] f]lg/ ku' k] l5 s/fO,{ æd of] v]tdf Pp6f af3 kfpmF . lxhf] laxfg ltg j6f vfP F .

cfh clxn;] Dd Pp6f klg vfg kfPsf] 5}g .Æ

k'mlt;{ fy afN] g] dfG5] 3f8] fdf r9]/ cfkm" lt/ cfPsf] bv] /] af3 cflTtof] / k'R5/ 7f8f]
kf/L an' S{' s pkm| L hª\unleq k:of] . pm olt nfdf] km8s\ f] xfn]/ bf8} o\ f] ls p;n]

:ofnnfO{ k5fg{ kU' of] . hª\undf a:g] ;a} af3sf Ps Ps cf]6f cfˆgf :ofn lyP, h;n]
ltgLx¿n] vfP/ 5f8] s] f xf8v'/x¿ ;kmf uy{] .

p;sf] ;xofu] L :ofn s/fof], ædflns Û dflns Û sxfF bf8} ge' Psf] olt l56f] <Æ

af3n] :jf:F jfF ub}{ eGof,] æefu Û efu ÛÆ Tof] v]tdf Pp6f 3f]8r9L cfPsf] 5, pm laxfgsf]

zAb / c {y 5]8f] – ;fF3/' f] uNnL jf af6f] a'n'{Ss – pk|mg] Ps tl/sf

efiff auFr} f – ^ 11

zAb / c {yvfgf g} ltg ltg j6f af3 vfg] s/' f ub5{  .Æ
of] ;g' /] :ofn kGhfn] dv' 5fk] /] xf:F g yfNof] . :ofnn] eGof], æd/] f] Kof/f] dflns Û 3fdn]
xh/' sf] cfFvf vfP5 Û Tof] sxfF 3f]8r9L xf] / Tof] t k?' ifsf] n'uf nufP/ cfPsL ls;fgsL
kTgL kf] t ÛÆ
æxf] / <Æ bug' { yfdL af3n] ;fW] of ] .
:ofnn] eGof,] ækSsf xf], dflns Û xh'/n] tL dlxnfsf] rN' 7f] kl5lNt/ n6\ls/xs] f]
bV] g'kg]{ lyof] .Æ
To; 8/5]?jf af3n] lhbb\ L u¥of,] ætFnfO{ e|d klg ePsf] xg' ;S5, Tof] 3f]8r9L nf]Ug]
dfG5] g} b]lvGYof] .Æ
:ofnn] hjfkm lbof,] æo:tf] klg 8/fpg] xf] Û Pp6L dlxnfbl] v 8/fP/ cfˆgf] vfgf g5f8] g\ x' f;] \
Û a? xfdL ;Fu} hfcf}F .Æ
af3n] 8/fP/ eGof], ægfOF, d hfGg F . t}Fn] dnfO{ ToxfF nu]/ 5f8] /] efU5;\ ÛÆ .
:ofnn] eGof], æTo;f] eP, xfdL bj' } hgfn] k'R5/ Ps} 7fpFdf afwF fF,} clg d efUg ;lStgF

n6l\ s/xs] f] – em' lG8/x]sf]

12 efiff aurF} f – ^

ls ÛÆ pm af3n] vfgf vfO;sk] l5 cfˆgf] efusf] xf8 g5'6f;] \ eGg] rfxGYof] .

of] s'/f af3n] dfGof ] . bj' }n] cfcfˆgf k'R5/ ufF7f] kf//] afFw ] . pgLx¿ sfwF df sfFw ldnfP/
v]tlt/ uP .

ptf v]tdf ls;fg / p;sL kTgL cfkm" n] af3nfO{ 5ns] f] s/' f ;DembF } bªu\ eP/ al;/xs] f
lyP . crfgs, pgLx¿n] ltgLx¿lt/ af3 / :ofn ;Fu;uF } cfO/xs] f] bv] ] .

ls;fg s/fof], ænf} efu Û efu Û ca eg] latfof,] latfof ] .Æ

kTgLrflxFn] zfg;Fu egL, æs] s6] fs]6L h:tf] s/fPsf] Û xNnf gu/ Û d]/} cfjfh klg d
;'lGbg F .Æ

tL hgfj/x¿ glhs} cfOgk'u;] Dd pgLx¿ r'k nfu]/ a;] . kTgLrflxFn] :j/ 7'nf] kf//]
egL, æx] :ofn Û ltdL t ;flF Rr g} bofn' /x5] f } . oxf;F Dd o:tf] /fdf| ] df6] f] af3 NofOlbof } . d
Ps} l5gdf p;nfO{ vfOxfN5' clg ltdL xf8x¿ vfpnf .Æ

of] ;'g/] af3 8/n] kfun eof] . p;n] cfk\mgf] / :ofnsf] kR' 5/ afFlwPsf] s'/f;dt]
la:of ]{ . pm a's'{;L df/]/ efUof] . p;n] :ofnnfO{ l3;fb}{ nUof] .

af3nfO{ gbf}8 eg/] :ofn slt s/fof,] slt lrRRofof] t/ af3 emg\ emg\ bf}l8of ] .
af3nfO{ :ofnsf] cfjfhn] t;f{pg] l;jfo c¿ s]xL u/g]  . af3 x:ofªkm:ofª ub}{ yfs]/
d/]tN' o geP;Dd bf}8\of] . Tof] :ofnrflxF alh|Psf], 7fl] sPsf] rf]6n] lar}df dl/;ss] f]
lyof] .

To; an] fb]lv ls;fg / p;sL kTgLnfO{ af3n] slxNo} bM' v lbPg .

zAb / c {y a's'{;L dfg'{ – pkm| bF } sb' \g] sfd ug{' .

u/, 3/ -Pl;ofnL nfs] syfaf6_

zb' w\ pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M an] Lla:tf/ lgwS{ s a'n{'Ss
OZ{ j/ alh|Psf] g5f]8\gx' f];\ d/t] N' o x:ofªkm:ofª
a's;{' L n6l\ s/xs] f]

efiff au}Frf – ^ 13

af]w / cleJolSt

!= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] < nv] M

s= ;fyL, ;Gr} 5 ltdLnfO{ <
v= tkfO{Fn] uNtL t ul//xg'ePsf] 5g} <
u= Sof xf] cN5Lsf] lk08 Û d}n] ev{/} sfd yfn F] . ltdL kmls{;Sof} <
3= ltd|f] Ps /TtL dfq ab' l\ w ePsf] eP, of] cfkba\ f6 aRg ltdLn] cs{} hl' St ;fR] gk' Yof {] .
ª= sxfF bf}8g'ePsf] olt l56f] <
r= Tof] v]tdf Pp6f 3f8] r9L cfPsf] 5 .
5= Pp6L dlxnfb]lv 8/fP/ cfˆgf] vfgf g5f]8g\ x' f;] \ .

@= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ n]v M

s= af3n] ls;fgl;t s] eGof] <
v= ls;fgn] af3nfO{ uf]?sf] abnfdf s] lbG5' eGof] <
u= ls;fg rfF8} kmss{] f] b]v]/ p;sL kTgLn] s] egL <
3= ls;fg ufO{ glnO{ v]tdf kms+b{ f lsg 8/fof] <
ª= :ofnn] af3nfO{ s] eg/] km] l/ vt] df lnP/ uof] <
r= bf;] f| ] k6s vt] df k'Ubf af3 lsg 8/fof] <
5= o; syfaf6 s] lzIff kfOG5 <

#= lbPsf jfSo 36gf j|md ldnfP/ nv] M _
s= :ofnn] af3nfO{ km] l/ vt] lt/ hfcf}F eGof ] . - _
v= af3 gyflsGh]n;Dd bf}8\of ] . - _
u= ls;fgn] v]t hfT] g yfNgl] alTts} af3 uf]? vfg cfof] . - _
3= ls;fgsL kTgL kltsf] n'uf nufP/ vt] lt/ uO{ . - _
ª= ls;fgn] 8/fpFb} uf]? gvfg cg/' fw] u¥of] / abnfdf ufO{ NofOlbG5' eGof] . -
r= ls;fgsL kTgLn] ls;fgnfO{ cfkb\af6 aRg hl' St nufpgk' Yof{] egL . - _
5= ls;fgsL kTgLn] :ofnnfO{ ltdL t ;fFRrL g} bofn' /x]5f} egL - _

$= kf7sf] syfnfO{ ;ªI\ fk] df n]v .



14 efiff auF}rf – ^

cfk\mgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLnfO{ slxNo} cK7\of/f] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 < To:tf] cj:yf k/s] f] an] f ltdLn]
s] u¥of} <

?

;fr] / eg M
ls;fgsL kTgLn] af3nfO{ t;fp{ g kltsf n'uf nufP/ 3f]8fdfly r9/] v]tlt/
uO{ . olb p;n] kltsf] n'uf gnufPsL eP s] xG' Yof] <

>l' t n]vg

lbPsf cg'R5b] ;'g / nv] M
p;n] k'?ifn] h:t} 5ftL k'mnfpbF } 66\6' bf8} fO{ . pm v]tlt/ hfg] 58] f]lg/ ku' ]kl5
lgw{Ssl;t s/fO,{ æd of] v]tdf Pp6f af3 kfpFm . lxhf] laxfg ltg j6f vfPkl5
clxn];Dd Pp6f klg af3 vfg kfPsf] 5g}  .Æ
km' lt{;fy af]Ng] dfG5] 3f]8fdf r9]/ cfk"mlt/ cfPsf] bv] /] af3 cflTtof] / k'R5/ 7f8f] kf/L
an' S{' s pkm| L hªu\ nleq k:of] . pm olt nfdf] km8s\ f] xfn/] bf}8o\ f] ls p;n] :ofnnfO{
k5fg{ kU' of ] .

zb' \w n]vg

lbPsf jfSo z'b\w agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
lszfg gLs} 8/5]?cf yLof] . p;nfO{ vfnL xft jf3sxfF kms{/] hfg] s/' f dg k/]g t/
c¿ s] u/g ;Syf] / . p klTgn] h:tf] elg t:] t} ug{ lx8of] . p ToxfF kU' bf af3 cToG] t
efs] fosf] yLof] .

efiff auF}rf – ^ 15

zAb e08f/

!= kofo{ jfrL zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M

ls;fg pTt/
dflns v]tLjfn
hjfkm xflsd
cf6F gog
laGtL xNnf
8/5]?jf lxDdt
cfFvf cg'/fw]
cfjfh sfFt/

@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

zflGt a;F] L

cN5L kfgL

cfuf] hfuF l/nf]

n]s gs{

:ju { l9nf ]

ljåfg \ dhf

lgi7'/L dv" {

b'Anf ] bofn '

l56f] df6] f]

gdhf czflGt

#= ‘ar\ ± cfj6’ af6 arfj6 eP h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] gofF zAb nv] M

yfs\ ± cfj6 –
bv] \ ± cfj6 –
ag\ ± cfj6 –
;h\ ± cfj6 –
ld;\ ± cfj6 –

16 efiff aur}F f – ^

$= ldNg] zAb;uF hf8] f ldnfpm M dfg{'
sfDg'
lvl;Ss cfpg'
;/f;/ pk|mg'
y/y/ xfF:g'
Kof6\6 r9g\ '
km' Tt ug{'
a'?Ss xfGg'
a's;'{ L
x:ofªkm:ofª

%= kf7af6 ‘j’ / ‘a’ k|of]u ePsf b; j6f zAb vf]h/] n]v .
^= lbPsf zAb k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
cN5L, emkfg'{, gªu\ |f, 8/5?] jf, zfGt, rN' 7f]

;dx" sfo{

sIffsf ;a} ljbo\ fyL{ rf/ j6f ;dx" df afFl8P/ a; . kT| os] ;d"xn] lbg–
/ft, xf;F f–] /f]bg h:tf b; hf]8L ljk/LtfyL{ zAb n]v . hf]8Laf6 Ps Ps zAb
lems . tL zAb Pp6f sfkLdf n]v . ;d"x ;d"xlar sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . k|To]s
;d"xn] cfkm" n] kfPsf] sfkLsf zAb k9 . ToxfF ePsf zAbsf] ljk/LtfyL{ zAb
nv]  . cfcfk\mgf] ;dx" sf sfkL lkmtf{ dfu . ldn] gldn]sf] hfrF  .

Jofs/0f

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!= s= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
ls;fg, vt] , uf?] , l;of,] af3, zflGt, hjfkm, OZ{ j/, dflns, :ju{ cflb zAbn] j:t'

jf lrhlahnfO{ ae' mfp5F g \ . o;/L JolSt, hflt, j:t,' efj / kbfy{ cflbnfO{ lrgfpg]
zAbnfO{ gfd elgG5 . gfd zAbx¿ sf,] s] / sg' 7fpF eGg] kZ| gsf] pTt/df cfp5F g \ .
v= kf7df ko| fu] ePsf sg' } kfrF j6f gfd zAb l6k / cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf ko| fu] u/ .

@= kf7sf cfwf/df tnsf cgR' 5]bdf ldNg] lrxg\ e/ M

efiff auFr} f – ^ 17

va' eGof} ls;fg klg emfl] Ssof] cGg} geP /f6] L s;/L ksfpg] lg v]t hf]Tg uf]? g}
gePkl5 cGg} s;/L x'g] /f]6L g} gx'ge' Gbf t bw' / l3p gxg' ' g} hftL o;n} ] o;f]
p;f] geg ufO{ k'msfOxfn

ltdL dv" { kTgL rflxnF ] xKsfO{ ltdf| ] 6fpsfdf Ps /TtL dfq a'bl\ w ePsf] eP of]
cfkb\af6 aRg ltdLn] cs}{ h'lSt ;f]Rg'kYof]{

#= kf7sf cfwf/df ldNg] ljelSt e/ M
ls;fg =====kTgL=======cfkm" =====af3 e6] s] f], uf?] arfpg ========= ufO{ lbg] jrg

lbPsf] ;a} s'/f a]nLla:tf/ nufof ] . of] ;g' /] kTgLrflF x Rof6F l\ 7g nfuL æa8f] dhf
=========== s/' f ubf{ /x5] g \ . s] egs] f Tof] < ufO{ lbP/ To:tf ab' w\ ' uf?] arfpg ] . s]6fs]6L
========== bw' sxfF =========== Nofpg] <
$= pbfx/0f x/] L zAbsf] ¿k kl/jtg{ u/ M
pbfx/0f M nfUof] nfU5 nfUg] 5
eGof] ================= =================
================= cfpF5 =================
================= ================= lbg] 5
yfNof] ================= =================
================= vfG5 =================
================= ================= xfGg] 5
u¥of ] ================= =================
================= ;fW] 5 =================
================= ================= ;Sg] 5

n]vg cEof;

cg'n]vg

!= kf7sf] cf7fbF} l] v b;f}F cgR' 5b] ;Dd h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
dflg;sf] hLjgdf an] f an] fdf ;ª\s6 cfp5F  . ;ª\s6sf] an] fdf ;d:ofsf]

;dfwfg ug'{;66\ f csfl{] t/ bfi] f yk' fg]{ sfd ug'{ /fdf| ] x'bF }g . ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{

18 efiff aur}F f – ^

ab' l\ w nufpgk' 5 { . a'b\lw nufP/ sfd ul/of] eg] cfkm" eGbf alnof] zqn' fO{ klg
k5fg{ ;lsG5 .
af3 8/nfUbf] hgfj/ xf ] . dfs} f kfof] eg] af3n] dflg;nfO{ klg vfOlbG5 .
To;n} ] af3 cfof] eg]/ 8/fOxfNge' Gbf To;af6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 eGg] s/' f
;f]Rgk' 5{ . syfdf ls;fgsL kTgLsf] ab' \lwn] ubf{ g} pgLx¿ af3nfO{ lhTg
;kmn eP . dv" { ePsf sf/0f af3n] ls;fgsL kTgLnfO{ 3f]8r9L e"t cfPsf]
7fGof] . g8/fOsg Ps l5g /fd|/L ;f]r/] ljrf/ u/s] f] eP af3n] cfkm\ gf] cfxf/f
5f8] g\ k' b{g} Yof] .

l;h{gfTds nv] g

!= ltdLn] ;g' s] f] Pp6f nf]ssyf nv] ]/ lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpm .

@= lbPsf lrq x]/L syf n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm M

efiff au}rF f – ^ 19

vN] bfv]Nb}

lbPsf r6' l\ snf k9 . ltdL klg To:t} r6' \lsnf n]v/] sIffdf ;g' fpm M
r6' l\ snf – !
a'af M tnF} ] d]/f] OHht df6fd] f ldnfOlbO;\ x}g Û
-efl] nkN6 laxfg p;n] cfkm\ gf] 5f/] fnfO{ df6fdf sx] L vf]lh/xs] f] bV] of ] ._
a'af M afa,' of] df6fdf ltdLn] s] vf]hs] f] <
5f/] f] M lxhf] tkfOF{n] d]/f] OHht df6fd] f ldnfOlbO;\ eGg'ePsf] xf]Og <
To;n} ] tkfO{sF f] OHht df6fa] f6 5'6\ofpg vf]h]sf ] .
xf Û xf Û xf Û
r'6l\ snf – @
Ps lbg u'? sIffdf cfk\mgf ljb\ofyLn{ fO{ g]kfnL ljifo k9fO/x]sf lyP . u?' n]
ljbo\ fyL{nfO{ jfSodf k|of]u ug{ l;sfpg] j|mddf Pp6f ljb\ofyL{nfO{ p7fpbF } eg] M
u'? M ltdL …a/kmÚ zAb /fvL Pp6f jfSo agfpm t Û
ljb\ofyL{ M kfgL lr;f] x'G5 .
u?' M …a/kmÚ sxfF 5 t <
ljb\ofyL{ M kfgLdf 3N' of] u'? .
xf Û xf Û xf Û

20 efiff auF}rf – ^

@PsfO xfd|f] bz]

/ xfdf| ] ;Dkbf

cfFvLemo\ fn

lbPsf lrq x/] / lrqdf xfdf| ] bz] sf sg' sg' s'/fnfO{ bv] fOPsf] 5 < eg M

!kf7 b]z} :ju{ kfg{'k5{

– s[i0fxl/ a/fn

uLtsf/ s[i0fxl/ a/fnsf] hGd lj=;+= @)!) kf}if @! ut] hgsk/' c~rn, l;Gw'nL
lhNnfdf ePsf] xf ] . gk] fnL ljifodf ljb\ofjfl/lw u/s] f pgL lqej' g ljZj ljbo\ fnodf
k|fWofkg k];fdf ;+nUg 5g\ . pgsf …Ps km'n cgs] kqÚ, …slj el" k M ljZni] f0f /
d"Nofªs\ gÚ nufot y'k|} s[lt ks| flzt 5g \ . pgL kl| ;b\w uLtsf/ xg'  \ . pgsf Ps bhg{
uLlt PNad klg cfO;ss] f 5g\ . pgn] …l5Ggntf uLt k'/:sf/Ú nufot y'k|} k/' :sf/ /
;Ddfg kf| Kt u/]sf 5g \ . pgsf uLtdf bz] elSt, dfgjtf, k]|d cflbsf] lrq0f kfOG5 .

kl/>dn] kl;gfsf] uªu\ f oxLF emfg{'k5{
:ju{ 5g} st} klg b]z} :ju{ kfg{k' 5{ .

xTs]nfdf 7]nf p7] ;u/dfyf cem p75\
of] dn] fdf ;f/f h'6] cWF of/f] of] ;f/f 5'65\
;fg' 7'nf] pFrlgrsf] e]b ;a} dfgk{' 5{
:ju{ 5}g st} klg b]z} :ju{ kfg{k' 5 { .

;a} ldn] cGofosf] hu ;f/f 8udufpF5
cfO] nL em5{g\ sfF8fx¿ km' n dfq dudufp5F
dlGb/sf bp] tfx¿ Dfflg;d} ;fgk{' 5{
:ju{ 5}g st} klg b]z} :ju{ kfg'{k5 { .

kl/>d – ldlxg]t, ysfO nfUg] u/L ul/g] sfd

zAb / c {y uªu\ f – ef/tdf kg{] Ps k|l;bw\ gbL d]nf – vt] Lsf] sfd, dn] f]

7n] f – sfd ubf{ xftuf8] fdf p7\g] 5fnfsf] ;f/f] 8Nnf]

prF lgr – dflyNnf] / tNnf]

eb] – km/s, leGgtf cGofo – cg'lrt sfd, cTofrf/

sf8F f – xfuF f, 8f7F , kft cflbdf knfpg] l;ofsf] 6K' kf] h:tf] 3fR] g] j:t'

22 efiff auFr} f – ^

u/, 3/

zb' \w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M

uªu\ f :ju{ cGofo 8udufp5F dudufp5F
kl/>d emfgk{' 5{ kfg'k{ 5{
;fg'k{ 5{ xTsn] f

af]w / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf] uLt no xfnL ufpm .
@= sljtfsf kª\lSt k'/f u/ M
;a}======================== 8udufp5F
================================= dudufpF5 .
dlGb/sf==========================================
:ju{===========================================kfg{'k5{ ..

#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv] M
s= kl;gfsf] uª\uf eGgfn] s] al' emG5 <
v= s] eP ;u/dfyf p75\ <
u= s'g dn] fdf ;f/f h'6] cWF of/f] 5'6\5 <
3= xfdLn] s:tf] eb] ug{x' F'bg} <
ª= …;a} ldn] cGofosf] hu ;f/f 8udufp5F Ú eGg'sf] cy{ s] xf] <

$= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
dlGb/sf bp] tfx¿ dflg;d} ;fg{'k5{
:ju{ 5}g st} klg b]z} :ju{ kfgk'{ 5{ .

%= sljtfsf] d"nefj jf ;Gbz] n]v M

?

;fr] / eg M

s:tf s:tf sfd ul/of] eg] bz] nfO{ :ju{ kfg{ ;lsG5 <

efiff auFr} f – ^ 23

cfkm\ gf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M

ltdf| ] 6fn] l5ds] df eb] efjdf k/s] f dflg; xfn] fg \ . ltgLx¿nfO{ e6]  . pgLx¿;uF
s/' fsfgL u/ . To;sf] cge' j ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpm .

>l' t n]vg

lbPsf x/km ;'g / nv] M

kl/>dn] kl;gfsf] uª\uf oxLF emfgk{' 5{
:ju{ 5g} st} klg b]z} :ju{ kfg{k' 5 { .

zb' w\ nv] g

lbPsf zAb zb' w\ agfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
u+uf, oxL, emf/g'k5{, ;f]u,{ ;fg," 7n" f,] k"mn, kf/gk' 5{, b;] }, ;f/gk' 5{

zAb e08f/

!= ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf] hf]8f agfO{ nv] M

prF /fIf;
cGofo lgr
bp] tf Gofo
hu cN5L
kl/>dL w/' L

@= c ± Gofo – cGofo eP h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] zAb nv] M

24 efiff auFr} f – ^

wd{, 1fg, 1ft, v08, ;Gtf]if, ljZjf;, vfb\o, dg, sfn 25
#= kf7af6 p:t} ;'lgg] zAb vfh] /] n]v M
pbfx/0f M p7] M h6' ]
emfg{', p75\ , kfg{', 8udufp5F
$= kf7af6 ‘;’ k|ofu] ePsf cf7 j6f zAb vf]h/] n]v M
%= lbPsf zAb ko| f]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
kl;gf, uª\uf, 7n] f, xTs]nf, dn] f,] :ju{

n]vg cEof;

cgn' ]vg

lbPsf Znfs] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
;fg' 7n' f] pFrlgrsf] eb] ;a} dfgk'{ 5{
:ju{ 5g} st} klg b]z} :ju{ kfg'{k5{
;a} ldn] cGofosf] hu ;f/f 8udufpF5
cf]OnL em5g{ \ sf8F fx¿ k'mn dfq dudufp5F  ..

l;h{gfTds n]vg

‘df6f]sf] dfof’ zLifs{ df sljtf n]v/] sIffdf ;g' fpm .

yk cEof;

lbPsf] Znfs] k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ nv] M
u?' xg' \ sfon{ ] dfemL 8ª' u\ f tf5{g\ lg/Gt/

efiff au}Frf – ^

5f]8b\ 5g\ kl;gf wf/f ofqL pbw\ f/ vflt/
dfemL xf] jb[ w\ e} 9N5, 8'ªu\ f 8'A5 sg' } lbg
;lDemgk} 5{ ofqLn] lbof] ;'Gb/ hLjg .
k|Zgx¿ M
s= o; sljtfdf u'?nfO{ sfl] ;t tn' gf ul/Psf] 5 <
v= ofqLn] dfemLnfO{ lsg ;Demgk' b{5 <
u= u?' lsg dfemL h:t} xg' \ <
3= dfemLn] lsg kl;gf wf/f rx' fp5F g\ <
ª= dfemL jb[ w\ eP/ 9nk] l5 s] xG' 5 <

26 efiff au}rF f – ^

@kf7 xfdf| hn;f| t] ;Dkbf

– Clif/fd zdf{

lgaGsf/ Clif/fd zdf{sf] hGd lj=;+= @)!& h]7 @* ut] n'lDagL c~rn, uN' dL lhNnfsf]
cfkF rf/} eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . gk] fnL ljifodf :gftsfT] t/ pTtL0f{ u/s] f zdf{ nfdf]
;dobl] v lzIf0f k;] fdf ;n+ Ug 5g \ . pgsf …cfw'lgs g]kfnL lgaGwdfnfÚ, …dfWolds g]kfnL
lgaGwdfnfÚ h:tf sl[ tx¿ k|sflzt 5g \ . pgL ;/n efiffdf sljtf / lgaGw nV] 5g\ .

sg' } klg gbL, tnfp cflbsf d"naf6 aUg] kfgLsf] wf/f jf kj| fxnfO{ …hn;f| t] Ú elgG5 .
JolStut ;DklTt, kf| sl[ ts ;DklTt, kf| sl[ ts ;fwg tyf kf| sl[ ts bg] nfO{ …;DkbfÚ elgG5 .
g]kfnsf] ue{ / 5ftLdf cgGt hnfzo / hn k|jfx ljb\odfg 5g \ . tnfp / gbLx¿ 5gÙ\
5fuF f / 5x/fx¿ 5gÙ\ vf]N;f / vfn] fx¿ 5g\ . k|s[ltn] j/bfgsf ¿kdf lbPsf cg'kd
b]gsf ¿kdf /xs] f To:tf hnfzo, tnfp / gbL, 5fFuf / 5x/f Pjd\ vfN] ;f /
vfn] fsf] ;dli6 g} gk] fnsf] hn;f| t] ;Dkbf xf ] . hnaf6 ljbo\ t' \ pTkfbg / l;rF fOsf] Joj:yf

zAb / c {y kj| fx – kfgLsf] axfj ljbo\ dfg – rfn' /x]sf]

cgk' d – pkdf gePsf,] t'ngf ug{ gldNg] ;dli6 – ;du|tf, w]/} j:ts' f] ;d"x

efiff au}rF f – ^ 27

zAb / c {yxG' 5 . ljbo\ t' a\ f6 pbo\ fu] wGbf, snsf/vfgf vfN] g ;lsG5 . l;FrfOaf6 rflxF s[lifIf]qdf
ce"tkj" { j|mflGt ug{ ;lsG5 . hn;|f]tnfO{ cIfo /fli6o« ;Dkbfsf ¿kdf / kfgLnfO{ ;]tf]
;g' sf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{] k|rng 5 . hn;|ft] sf bl[ i6n] ;db[ w\ bz] ePsfn] gk] fnnfO{
hn;|f]tsf] wgL bz] dflgG5  . hn;|f]t gk] fnsf] k|d'v k|fs[lts ;Dkbf xf ] . hn;|ft] ;Dkbfn]
g]kfnnfO{ ;dG' gt agfpg ;S5 .
kfgL ;Dk0" f{ hLj / jg:kltx¿sf] kf| 0f xf ] . hnnfO{ hLjgsf] kofo{ sf ¿kdf lnOG5 .
gk] fnsf] 5ftLleq kfgLsf] cyfx ;|f]t eP klg oxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿ vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:ofn]
u|:t 5g \ . g]kfnsf w/] } hgtfn] cem} zb' w\ vfgk] fgL lkpg kfPsf 5g} g\ .
gk] fndf *# xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljbo\ 't\ pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg] hn ;Dkbf 5 t/ oxfsF f
ax;' ª\Vos hgtf 6s' L o'udf afFlr/x]sf 5g\ . oxfF ePsf] ckf/ hn ;Dkbfsf] pkof]u
u/L hnljb\o't\ pTkfbg ug{ ;s] hgtfx¿ cGwsf/af6 dS' t x'g] lyP . gk] fnn] bl/b|tfsf]
jtd{ fg cj:yfaf6 /fxt kfpg] lyof ] . xfn oxfF ljleGg asF} x¿sf] C0f ;xof]udf ;;fgf
hn ljbo\ t' \ cfofh] gfx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g \ . JolStut / ;fdl" xs ko| f;af6 s'6fgL
lk;fgL ug]{ vfnsf 3/n] ' pb\of]u ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ljZj aF}ssf] C0f ;xof]uaf6
s'n]vfgL hn ljb\ot' \ of]hgf / d:of{ªb\ L hn ljb\o't\ of]hgf h:tf 7'nf of]hgfx¿ ;DkGg

cet" kj" { – cbe\ "t, klxn] slxNo} gePsf] ;db[ \w – wgjfg\, wg a9L ePsf]

28 efiff auFr} f – ^

ePsf 5g \ . ToxfaF f6 ljbo\ t' \ pTkfbg eO/xs] f] 5 . hn ljb\o'tafx]s k]6«fl] nod kbfy{ /
kf| s[lts ;f| ]taf6 ljbo\ 't\ pTkfbg sfo{ a9L vlr{nf] x'G5 . t;y,{ gk] fndf hn ljb\o't\sf]
pTkfbgtkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'kg{] bl] vG5 .

hn ljbo\ 't\ pTkfbgaf6 OGwg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'G5Ù jgljgfz /fl] sG5 . jftfj/0fdf
;sf/fTds ke| fj k5 { . g]kfnsf] lahn' L ljZj ahf/df lajm| L ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 k|z:t
;DklTt cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfsF f] hn;|ft] pkofu] ug{ ;s] g]kfnn] tn] , / Uof;F h:tf
j:tx' ¿sf nflu ljbz] L db' |f vr{ ugk'{ g]{ lyPg . u|fdL0f Ifq] df OGwgsf] nflu jg km8F fgL
ug{'kg{] lyPg . Uof;F , tn] , bfp/f cflbsf ;Dk"0f{ OGwgsf ljsNkdf ljbo\ 't\sf] pkof]u ug{
;lsGYof] . To;}n] hn;f| ]tsf] dxTTjk0" f{ kIfsf ¿kdf /xs] f] ljbo\ t' s\ f] pTkfbgdf Wofg
lbg'kg{] b]lvG5 .

hn;|f]tsf] csf{] dxTTjk"0f{ pkofu] l;rF fO xf] . gk] fn hn;|f]tsf b[li6n] ljZjdf
af| lhnkl5sf] bf];|f] / Pl;ofdf klxnf] wgL bz] xf ] . hn;f| t] sf] b[li6n] wgL eP klg gk] fndf
kfgLsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5g}   . vt] sf 5]p5p] af6 7'nf 7n' f gbL aus] f 5g\ t/ vt]
eg] kfgL gkfP/ k6k6 km6' ]sf 5g \ . oxfFsf ls;fgn] v]tL ug]{ an] f cfsfz] kfgL s'g{'kg]{ afWotf

5  . o;sf] dn" sf/0f d'n'sn] l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg' g} xf]  . gk] fnsf] hn;|ft] ;DkbfnfO{
v]tLkftLsf nflu rflxg] l;rF fOsf ¿kdf pkofu] ug{ ;Sg'k5{ clg dfq dn' 'sn]
ljsf;sf] ultdf cu|tf lng ;S5 .

hn;|ft] sf] pkofu] ug{ kF"hLsf] cfjZostf k5{ . k"hF Lsf] cefjsf sf/0f g]kfnn] xfn;Dd
klg ljbo\ 't\ pTkfbg / l;rF fOsf] /fdf| ] Joj:yf ug{ ;s]sf] 5g}  . ljbz] L bft;[ :+ yfn] jb} l] zs

efiff aurF} f – ^ 29

cg'bfg lbP/ hn;|f]tsf] Ifq] tkm{ xft xfNg vfh] s] f 5g\, t/ To;sf] klg ;d'lrt k|of]u
xg' ;s]sf] 5}g . ljbz] L C0f / cg'bfg ;b'kof]u ub}{ gk] fndf hn;|f]tsf] ljsf; ug{k' g{]
b]lvG5 . ljbz] Lx¿ gk] fnsf] ;'Gb/tfaf6 k|efljt 5g\ ltgLx¿n] oxfsF f] efl} ts ljsf;df
rf;f] bv] fPsf 5g \ . /fi6s« f] cg'xf/ kmg] { ljbz] L ;xofu] leqo\ fpg'k5{ . :jb]zL dfgj
;;+ fwgsf] k|of]u ub}{ hn;f| t] ;Dkbfsf] pkof]udf h6' g\ ' cfhsf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf xf ] .

/fli6o« ljsf;sf nflu ;;fgf :jfy{ la;]/{ pbfGt b[li6sf]0f /fVgk' 5 { . hn;f| t] sf] ;dl' rt
ljsf; gxg' 'df /fli6«o ljsf;df nflu cfd ;xdlteGbf klg x/]s s/' fdf ljdlt hgfpg]
afgL g} 7n' f] sf/s ags] f] 5 . ljbz] Lx¿n] gk] fnsf] dfq :jfy{ x/] /] ofh] gf NofPsf xbF' g} g \ .
pgLx¿sf] uK' t :jfy{ klg To;df ns' s] f] xg' ;S5 . To;nfO{ sn] fP/ clu a9g\ k' 5{ clg dfq
d'ns' df hn;f| t] ;Dkbfsf] ljsf; jf pkefu] x'g ;S5 .

hn;f| t] sf] ljsf;af6} dn' s' sf] ;jfª{ u\ L0f / ;jt{ fd] v' L ;dG' glt xG' 5 . t;y{ hg;xeflutf
/ ljb]zL ;xofu] lnP/ eP klg ;u/dfyfsf] b]z g]kfndf ef}lts pGgltsf] csf{]
;u/dfyf pEofpgt] km{ nfUgk' b{5 . o;sf nflu ;a} g]kfnLx¿df sfdkl| tsf] lgi7f /
kl| tabw\ tf Pjd\ /fi6« / ;dfhkl| tsf] Odfgbfl/tf x'g' jf~5gLo 5 . To;kl5 dfq g]kfn
cfdfsf ;a} ;Gtfgx¿ hn ;DkbfnfO{ vfgk] fgL, l;rF fO, lahn' L pTkfbg cflbdf pkofu] u/L
;DkGg / PZ] jo{zfnL aGg ;S5g \ . o;f] ePdf gk] fnsf] hn;f| ]t ;fFrf] cyd{ f gk] fnLx¿sf]
;Dkbfdf kl/0ft x'g] bl] vG5 .

zAb / c {y ;jfª{ \uL0f – ;Dk"0f{ kIfl;t ;DalGwt, rf}tkmL{
;j{tfd] v' L – s'g} s/' fdf klg kl5 gkg{]
jf~5gLo – rflxg] vfnsf], cfjZos

u/, 3/

z'b\w pRrf/0f

!= lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M b[li6sf]0f k|f0f kof{o ;jI]{ f0f
;sf/fTds uf| dL0f P]Zjo{zfnL ;;+ fwg
cIfo ;db[ w\
ax;' ªV\ os d:of{ª\bL

30 efiff aur}F f – ^

af]w / cleJolSt

!= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ldNbf] pTt/ 5fgL -ü_ lrx\g nufpm M

s= gk] fndf ljb\o't\ pTkfbg ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <

c= j}b]lzs C0f kf| Kt gePsfn] cf= kFh" Lsf] cefjn] O= ;xdlt gePsfn]

v= hn;f| ]tsf] ljsf;n] b]zdf s] ub5{ <

c= ljb\o't\sf] ljsf; cf= l;rF fOsf] ljsf; O= dn' s' sf] pGglt

@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ n]v M

s= hn;f| ]t eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= hnaf6 xg' ] d'Vo b'O{ j6f sfdx¿ s] s] x'g\ <
u= gk] fnsf] hn;|ft] af6 slt lahn' L lgsfNg ;lsg] cgd' fg ul/Psf] 5 <
3= g]kfnn] ljbo\ t' \ pTkfbg / l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf lsg ug{ ;sg] <
ª= hnnfO{ s]sf] kofo{ sf ¿kdf lnOG5 <

#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ n]v M

s= hn;f| t] ;Dkbf eg]sf] s] xf] <
v= s] gk] fnn] ljbo\ t' \ lgsfn]/ bl/b|tfaf6 dl' St kfpg ;Dej 5 < sf/0f b]pm .
u= hn ljbo\ 't\ pTkfbgn] s;/L jftfj/0fdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf5{ <
3= gk] fndf l;rF fOsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
ª= gk] fndf hn;|ft] sf] pkof]u xg' g;Sgfsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
$= gk] fndf hn;|f]tsf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s] ug'{knf{ < cfŠg} efiffdf nv]  .

%= ltd|f] ufp3F /df aUg] gbL jf vfn] fsf] kfgL s] ss] f nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 / kfgL
c¿ ss] ]df ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 < n]v .

cfk\mgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] j/k/ kfgLsf] ;b'kofu] sg' sg' sfo{df ul/Psf] 5 <

efiff aurF} f – ^ 31

?

;f]r / eg M
s= ljb\o't\ / l;FrfOafx]s gk] fnn] hn;|f]taf6 s] s] nfe lng ;S5 <
v= gk] fndf hn;f| t] sf] ljsf;df bv] f k/s] f ;d:ofnfO{ x6fpg s] ugk'{ nf{ <

>'lt nv] g

lbPsf jfSo ;g' / n]v M
g]kfn hn;f| t] sf bl[ i6n] ljZjdf af| lhnkl5sf] bf;] f| ] / Pl;ofdf klxnf] bz] xf ] . hn;f| t] sf]
b[li6n] wgL eP klg g]kfnn] kfgLsf] ;bk' ofu] ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . oxfFsf ls;fgn] vt] L
ug{]an] f cfsfz] kfgL s'g'k{ g{] afWotf 5 .

zb' \w n]vg

lbPsf jfSonfO{ z'bw\ agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M

hn>ft] sf] c/sf] dxTtfk] 0" f{ pkof]u l;~rfO xf ] . gk] fn hn>f]tsf lbl| Z6n] lj:;fd] f
a|flhnkl5 bf>] f] / olzofdf k}nf] wlg b;] xf] .

zAb e08f/

!= kof{ojfrL zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M

k|jfx ;DklTt
;Dkbf wf/f
hnfzo d'Vo
kd| 'v kfgL3f6

32 efiff auF}rf – ^

k|f0f Ond
OGwg vt/f
hf]lvd ljZj;gLo
dx;;' pmhf{

Odfgbf/ hLjg

pb\of]u cge' "lt

@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M

efl} ts cg'lrt
lxt lg:jfy{
:jfy{ clxt
;xdlt cg'Tkfbg
pTkfbg ljdlt
ljz]if kZrtf
cu|tf ;fdfGo
uf| dL0f b'?kof]u
;b'kofu] ;xl/of
plrt cefl} ts

#= lbPsf cy;{ Fu ldNg] zAb afs;af6 vfh] ]/ nv] M
;db[ w\ , wgjfg,\ c;xdlt, ns' s] f,] JoªU\ o, cet" kj" ,{ lsnfj] f6, khF" L, ckf/, 56' sf/f

pbfx/0fM PZ] joz{ fnL – wgjfg\ kf/ kfOg;Sg' –
pGglt ePsf] – nufgL ul/Psf] wg –
ljdlt – d'lSt –
xhf/ jf6 a/fa/sf] – 3'dfp/f] kf/fn] elgPsf] s/' f] –
ufK] o –
klxn] slxNo} gePsf] –

$= pbfx/0f x]/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= afWo, cfjZos, ;G' b/, ;DefJo, Odfgbf/L, kl| tabw\
pbfx/0f M bl/b| ± tf – bl/bt| f

efiff auFr} f – ^ 33

v= d'St, ul/a, lgot, ls;fg, vt] , pkof]u, g]kfn, ljbz] , :jb]z, :jfy,{ wg
pbfx/0f M dS' t ± O{ – dl' St
%= kf7af6 ;, z, if, a, j ko| fu] ePsf kfFr kfrF j6f zAb vfh] /] nv]  .

;d"x sfo{
kfrF j6f ;dx" agfpm . ;o" {–efg,' rGb|df–zlz h:tf b; hf8] L kofo{ jfrL zAb
n]v . hf8] Laf6 Ps Ps zAb lems . tL zAb sfkLsf ;fgf ;fgf 6j' m| fdf nv]  .
zAb n]v]sf sfuhsf 6j' m| f kf]sf] kf/L ufn] f agfpm . ;a} uf]nf Pp6f efF8fdf
xfn . sIffdf ePsf ;fyLdWo]af6 Ps hgf k|ltlglw 5fg . k|ltlglwn] ufn] f
/fd|/L rnfpm . k|To]snfO{ Pp6f Pp6f ufn] f] tfGg nufpm . k|Tos] n] cfkm" nfO{
k/]sf] zAbsf] kofoj{ frL zAb eg .

Jofs/0f

sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f

!= kf7af6 sg' } kGw| j6f gfd zAb vf]h]/ nv] M
pbfx/0f M gbL, tnfp, dn" , kfgL
@= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= g]kfn hn;|f]tsf] bf];f| ] ================= bz] xf] . -wgL, ul/a_
v= kfgLnfO{ ========== ;g' sf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug]{ k|rng 5 . -;]tf,] kx]nF f]_
u= ljZj a}s+ sf] ;xof]un] ========== hnljbo\ 't\ cfof]hgfx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g \ .
-cUnf cUnf, 7n' f 7n' f_
3= gk] fndf ========== gbL, tnfp, 5fFuf, 5x/fx¿ 5g\ . -kz| :t, cln cln_
ª= hn;|ft] ;Dkbfn] g]kfnnfO{ ========== agfpF5 . -;dG' gt, ;G' b/_
r= Ifq] kmnsf] lx;fan] gk] fn ========== dn' s' xf ] . -7n' f], ;fgf_]
ltdLn] vfnL 7fpdF f e/]sf zAb ljz]if0f x'g\ . o:tf zAbn] gfd / ;j{gfdsf]

ljz]iftf hgfp5F g \ .

34 efiff au}Frf – ^

#= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M

s= g]kfnsf ls;fgx¿ v]tLkftL u5g{  \ .
v= gk] fnn] hnljb\ot' \ pTkfbgtkm{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ b]lvG5 .
u= hnaf6 ljb\ot' \ pTkfbg / l;FrfOsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
3= hn;|f]tsf] ljsf;af6 d'n'ssf] pGglt xG' 5 .
dflysf jfSodf u5g{ \, bl] vG5, ;lsG5, x'G5 h:tf lj|mofkb ko| f]u ePsf 5g \ .

o:tf lj|mofkbn] jt{dfg ;dodf sfd x'G5 eGg] s/' fnfO{ hgfpF5g \ . clxn]sf]
;donfO{ jtd{ fg sfn elgG5 . clxns] f] ;dodf sfd ePsf] hgfpg] ljm| ofkbnfO{
jtd{ fg sfnsf] lj|mofkb elgG5 .
cf= kf7af6 jtd{ fg sfnsf lj|mofkb k|of]u ePsf 5 j6f jfSo vf]h]/ nv]  .

$= pbfx/0fdf x]/]/ jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

pbfx/0f M ;a} g]kfnLn] zb' w\ vfg]kfgL kfPsf 5}gg\ .
;a} gk] fnLn] zb' \w vfg]kfgL kfPsf 5g\ .
hnljb\o't\ pTkfbg u//] gk] fnnfO{ emndNn kfg{ ;lsG5 .
hnljb\ot' \ pTkfbg u/]/ gk] fnnfO{ emndNn kfg{ ;lsbg}  .

s= gbLsf] 5p] df ePsf v]t kfgL gkfP/ k6k6 km' 6]sf 5g} g \ .
v= gk] fnsf] lahn' L ljZj ahf/df laj|mL u/]/ ;DklTt cfhg{ ug{ ;lsG5 .
u= ljb]zLn] g]kfnsf] :jfy{ x]//] of]hgf NofPsf xF'bg} g \ .
3= ljb]zLn] g]kfnsf] ljsf;df rf;f] bv] fPsf 5g \ .
ª= gk] fnLx¿ hn;f| ]t pkof]udf h6' ]sf 5}gg\ .

%= pbfx/0f x]/L zAbsf] ¿k kl/jtg{ u/ M
pbfx/0f M kfPsf lyP kfPsf 5g\ kfPsf x'g] 5g\
ePsf] lyof] =============== ===============
=============== uPsf 5g\ ===============
=============== =============== l/;fPsf x'g] 5g\
vf]h]sf lyP =============== ===============
=============== b]lvPsf] 5 ===============
=============== =============== dfn} fPsf] xg' ] 5
a;]sL lyOg\ =============== ===============
=============== au]sf 5g\ ===============

efiff au}rF f – ^ 35

nv] g cEof;
cg'nv] g

!= kf7sf clGtd b'O{ cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
xfdL hg' b]zdf hlGdofF} / xl' so{ f,F} To; b]zk|lt >b\wf ug,'{ To;nfO{ ;d[b\w kfg{'

xfd|f] stJ{ o xf] . dflg;n] ;'v ;l' jwf xg' ] 7fpsF f] ¿kdf :ju{sf] sNkgf u/s] f] 5
/ bM' v kfOg] 7fpFsf] ¿kdf g/ssf] sNkgf u/s] f] 5 . s;}n] klg sNkgfsf] kl5
nfUg'x'Fbg}  . kl/>d u//] cfk\mgf] bz] nfO{ x/fe/f kfg{k' 5 { . xfdLn] ;dfhdf ePsf]
eb] efj / cGofo x6fpgk' 5{ . cfkm\ gf] bz] nfO{ :ju{h:t} agfpg'k5 { .
xfdf| ] bz] kf| sl[ ts ;Dkbfdf wgL 5 . oxfF kz| :t hn;f| t] ;Dkbf 5 . To;sf] pkofu]
ug{ ;lsof] eg] oxfsF f] jftfj/0f hf]luG5 . ljb\ot' \ ar] ]/ cfDbfgL klg ug{ ;lsG5 .
hn;f| t] sf] pkofu] n] vfg]kfgL / l;FrfOsf ;d:of klg ;dfKt xG' 5g\ . o;n] bz] nfO{
;fRF r} g} :ju{ agfp5F  .

l;hg{ fTds n]vg

g]kfnsf] jg;Dkbfsf af/]df Ps ;o zAb;Ddsf] lgaGw nv]  .

36 efiff aurF} f – ^

vN] bfvN] b}

lbPsf] nfs] efsfsf] uLt ufpm M
!= /dfcfF} cfk\mg} efiff / e]ifdf
efiff / ei] fdf
>d u/fF} o} cfk\mg} b]zdf
g]kfn} /fdf| ] 5,
hf]ufcf}F x} snf / ;+:s[lt df}lns / /fd|f] 5 .

@= a9fcfF} x} sl[ ifdf nufgL
To;a} f6 kfOG5 cfDbfgL
g]kfn} /fd|f] 5 ========

#= sfd ubf{ xFb' }g ;fgf] sfx] L
:j:Yo xg' vfg;' \ x} bw' / dfx] L
gk] fn} /fdf| ] 5 ==========
$= sfd ug{ l;sfF} x} sfObf
h}ljs v]tL :jf:YonfO{ kmfObf
g]kfn} /fd|f] 5 ============

efiff aurF} f – ^ 37

#PsfO j}1flgs JolStTj

cfvF Lemo\ fn

lrqdf s] s] b]vfOPsf] 5 < tL j:t' s] sfddf k|ofu] xG' 5g\ <

!kf7 dfOsn kmf/f8]

8fOgfdf]sf cfljisf/s dfOsn kmf/f8]
;]K6]Da/ @@ ;g\ !&(! Dff nG8gglhs} Gol' jªU6gdf
hGd]sf lyP . pgL /;fog zf:qL / efl} ts zf:qL
xg' \ . pgL lktf h]D; kmf/f8] / dftf dfu{/6] xf:6]
an] sf t];f| ;Gtfg x'g\ . logL afac' fdfsf rf/
;GtfgdWo] ljb\ofno uP/ cfwf/et" lzIff lng]
efUodfgL ;Gtfg lyP . logsf afa' nf]xf/ lyP .
3/sf] cflys{ cj:yf lgs} sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f
logn] dfWolds txsf] ljb\ofnosf] lzIff k/' f ug{
kfPgg \ . rfw} jif{ ku' k] l5 pgL Pp6f k':ts k;ns] xfF
;fgfltgf sfd ug{ yfn] . ToxfF pgn] :jfWoog ug]{
df}sf kfP  . pgn] ToxfF k9g\ ] afgLsf] ljsf; u/]  . pgnfO{ lj1fgsf lstfa k9g\ df / j1} flgssf]
hLjgL k9\gdf ?lr lyof] . pgL lh1f;' kj| l[ Ttsf lyP / gofF gofF vfh] L ug{ ?rfpyF ] .
pgn] ToxfF ;ft jif;{ Dd sfd u/] .

PSsfO; jifs{ f ePkl5 kmf/f8] ljleGg /;fog zf:qLx¿sf kf| Wofkg sIffdf hfg yfn ] .
pgnfO{ lj1fgaf/] c¿ a9L ;}b\wflGts 1fg lng' lyof] . pgn] /;fog zf:qL xfkm| ] 8]eLsf
rf/ j6f sIff lnP . pgn] k|s[ltdf ePsf cg]s lsl;dsf zlStsf] af/d] f ?lrkj" {s
cWoog u/] . pgn] zfxL ;+:yfgdf hflu/sf nflu cg/' fw] u/] . ;g\ !*!# df pgnfO{
8e] Lsf ;xof]uLsf] ¿kdf zfxL ;:+ yfgdf hflu/ lbOof ] . To;sf] Ps jifk{ l5 8e] L /

8fOgfdf] – lahn' L lgsfNg] oGq /;fog zf:qL – /;fog zf:qsf 1ftf

zAb / c {y efl} ts zf:qL – ef}lts lj1fgsf 1ftf efUodfgL – efUo kz| :t ePsf]

nfx] f/ – kmnfdsf] sfd ug{] hflt

:jfWoog – s;}sf] ;xofu] lagf 3/df ul/g] cWoog

/;fog – wftn' fO{ ufn/] csf]{ j:t'df kl/0ft ug{] lj1fg

;}bw\ flGts – l;bw\ fGt;uF ;DalGwt

efiff aur}F f – ^ 39

zAb / c {ypgsL kTgLn] pgnfO{ cfk"m ;Fu;Fu} o'/f]ksf] ed| 0f u/fP . o; jm| ddf pgn] km| fG;,
l:j6\h/NofG8, O6fnL / a]lNhodsf] ed| 0f u/]  . ToxfsF f 7'nf j}1flgsx¿;Fu 5nkmn, e]63f6 /
s'/fsfgL ug{] df}sf kfP  . zfxL ;:+ yfgdf pgn] 8]eL / cGo j1} flgssf cg;' Gwfgdf ;xofu]
u/ ] . ;g\ !*@! Dff pgn] ljb\o'tLo df]6/sf] l;bw\ fGt ljsf; u/ ] . ;g\ !*## df
kf| k] ]m;/ xfkm| ] 8]eLsf] cjsfz ePkl5 8e] Lsf] 7fpdF f pgnfO{ k|fWofkssf] ¿kdf lgoS' t
ul/of ] . ToxfF pgn] 8e] Ln] u/s] f Uof; / cGo /;fog;DaGwL cg;' Gwfgx¿ ks| flzt u/ ] .
log} lbgx¿df kmf/f8n] ] sfa{gsf b'O6f gofF Snf/] fO8 kTtf nufP . pgL 8]gdfss{ f
ef}ltszf:qL tyf /;fogzf:qL xfG; ljm| lZrogaf6 k|efljt eP . pgn] ljbo\ t' \ r'DasLo
u0' fsf] k|of]u ;'? u/] .

;g\ !*#! Dff kmf/f8n] ] ljbo\ t' \ kj| fx xg' ] tfdfsf] tf/sf] uh' N' 6f] kmnfdsf] rSsfdf a/]  ] .
To; rSsfdf skf;sf] wfufn] ] aflx/af6 5fl] kg] u/L kg' M a/]  ] . o:tf] rSsf agfpg pgnfO{
b; lbghlt nfu]sf] lyof ] . o:tf] rSsfn] ljbo\ t' \ k;| f/0fsf j|mddf To;sf] dfqfnfO{
kl/jtg{ ug{ ;xofu] u¥of ] . of] sfd xb] f{ ;fdfGo h:tf] nfu] klg cfwl' gs ljZjsf]
ljsf;df dxTTjk"0f{ cfljisf/ dflgG5 . kmf/f8n] ] Pp6f tf/af6 csf{] tf/df ljbo\ 't\
s;/L kj| fx ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf cg;' Gwfg ubfu{ b{} of] kTtf nufPsf lyP . kmf/f8n] ]
ljbo\ t' \ rD' asLo If]qsf] af/]df klg kTtf nufP . ljb\ot' \ k|jfx u/]kl5 aNn kmnfdn]
cfsif0{ f zlSt kf| Kt u5{ / rD' as aG5 . To;/L ag]sf] r'Dasn] cfsif{0f ug{ ;Sg] hlt
Ifq] nfO{ ljb\o't\ r'DasLo Ifq] elgG5 . To:tf] r'Das agfpg kmnfdsf] rSsfdf w/] }
kmGsf tfdfsf] tf/ a/] s] f] xg' 'k5 { . To;df ljbo\ 't\ kj| fx gug{] xf] eg] To;df cfsif{0f ug{
;Sg] hlt u0' f x/fp5F  . To;n} ] o:tf] rD' asnfO{ c:yfoL eGg] ul/G5 . ;g\ !*#! Dff kmf/f8n] ]
ljbo\ t' \ rD' asLo k;| f/0f kTtf nufP . of] ljbo\ t' \ k;| f/0f nfOg agfpg] ;DaGwL l;bw\ fGt xf ] .
pgn] 56' 6\ f56' 6\ } bO' 6f kmnfdsf rSsfdf tfdfsf tf/x¿ a]/] . pgn] Pp6f rSsfdf
ePsf] tf/df ljb\ot' \ ;~rfng u/ ] . To;af6 ljbo\ t' \ r'DasLo u'0f pTkGg eof] / To;sf]
k|efjn] csf]{ tf/df ljk/Lt lbzfaf6 ljb\ot' \ kj| fx xg' yfNof] . ljbo\ t' \sf] o; :jefjnfO{
ljbo\ 't\ r'DasLo k;| f/0f eGb5g\ . o; cfljisf/n] ljbo\ 't\nfO{ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{df ljt/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;fr] nfO{ k|fljlws :j¿k k|bfg u¥of] . o;} jif{ pgn] 8fOgfdfs] f] klg
cfljisf/ u/] . 8fOgfdfs] f] cfljisf/n] kfgLaf6 lah'nL lgsfNg ;Dej eof] . 8fOgfdf]

ljb\ot' \ rD' asLo If]q – ljbo\ t' \ k|jfx u/]/ agfOPsf] rD' asn] cfsif0{ f ug{ ;Sg] hlt 7fpF
k;| f/0f – ;~rf/, km} nfpg] sfd
kf| ljlws – kl| jlw;Fu ;DalGwt

40 efiff aurF} f – ^

agfpg] l;bw\ fGtsf cfwf/df ljb\o'tLo kDk, kª\vf, df]6/ cflb agfpg] sfddf ;xof]u
ldNof] .

kmf/f8n] fO{ ljbo\ t' \ OlGhlgol/ªsf lktf elgG5 . kmf/f8e] Gbf cl3 g} ljbo\ t' \ kTtf
nflu;ss] f] lyof] t/ of] dflg;sf] b}lgs hLjgsf nflu pkof]uL aGg ;ss] f] lyPg . pgn]
ljbo\ t' \nfO{ vN' b'nLsf] ljifoaf6 bl} gs hLjgdf ko| f]u xg' ] j:t'sf] ¿kdf kl/j{tg ul/lbP .
kmf/f8]n] ljbo\ t' \;DaGwL cgs] pks/0f kTtf nufP/ cfw'lgs ljZjsf] lgdf0{ fdf dxTTjk0" f{
of]ubfg lbP . kmf/f8]sf cfljisf/n] ljb\ot' \af6 ;~rfng xg' ] cGo dl] ;g agfpg
;xofu] ldNof] .

;g\ !*$) sf] bzssf] ;?' b]lv kmf/f8s] f] :jf:Yodf ;d:of b]lvg yfNof ] . o;kl5 pgL
cg';Gwfg sfo{ sd ug{ yfn] . pgsf] ljåtfsf] sb/ ub}{ a]nfotL ;/sf/n] pgnfO{
cfhGd cfjf; / lgjl[ Tte/0fsf] Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] lyof] . pgL cS;kmf8] { ljZj
ljbo\ fnoaf6 gful/s sfg'g ljifosf] ljbo\ fjfl/lw pkflwaf6 ;Ddflgt eP .

pgL cfh xfd|f ;fd' 5}gg\ t/ pgsf] gfd / sfd cd/ ePsf] 5 . pgn] xfdLnfO{
af/Daf/ ;Demg} kg{] u'0f nufPsf 5g\ .

ljb\ofnosf] cfwf/et" lzIffdfq lnPsf kmf/f8n] fO{ kf| ]k]m;/sf] ¿kdf zfxL
;:+ yfgdf kf| Wofkg ug{] cj;/ k|fKt eof] . pgn] cfˆgf] j1} flgs 1fg w]/}nfO{ afF8g\ ]
df}sf kfP . pgn] cfk"meGbf kl5sf j}1flgsx¿nfO{ dfu{ lgb]{zg u/] . pgL o;
If]qdf nfUg] j1} flgssf ;|ft] klg ag] . cfwl' gs ljZjsf] lgdf0{ fdf ct'ngLo of]ubfg ug{]
kmf/f8] @% cu:6 ;g\ !*^& sf lbg o; ;+;f/af6 labf eP .

zAb / c {y ljåtf – ljåfgd\ f x'g] u'0f
lgjl[ Tte/0f – kG] ;g, gfs] /Laf6 cjsfz lnPkl5 hLjg lgjfx{sf nflu kfOg] ;'ljwf
pkflw – ofU] otf jf kbj\ L hgfpg] zAb dfu{ lgbz{] g – af6f] b]vfpg] sfd
ct'ngLo – t'ngf ug}{ g;lsg]

u/, 3/

z'b\w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M

Go'ljª\U6g dfu/{ ]6 xf:6a] ]n /;fog zf:qL Snf]/fO8
xfG; ljm| lZrog r'DasLo k|;f/0f k|fljlws ljb\ofjfl/lw

efiff auFr} f – ^ 41

;d"x sfo{
bO' { b'O{ hgf a]Unfa]Un} 7fpdF f a; . kf7sf] bf];|f] cgR' 5]b Psn] csf]n{ fO{ k9]/
;g' fpm . ;fyLn] k9\bf uNtL u/]sf zAb /v] fª\sg u/ . tL zAb sfkLdf n]v .
km] l/ rf/ rf/ hgfsf] ;dx" agfpm . cfkm" n] l6ks] f zAb kfnk} fnf] cfkm\ gf] ;dx" sf
;fyLnfO{ ;g' fpm . ;fyLx¿n] pRrf/0fdf uNtL u/]sf zAb sfkLdf l6k . l6ks] f
zAb lzIfsnfO{ b]pm . lzIfsnfO{ tL zAb elglbg cg/' f]w u/ .

af]w / cleJolSt

!= dflysf] klxnf] cgR' 5]b kfn}kfnf] k9/] sIffdf ;'gfpm .
@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ eg M
s= dfOsn kmf/f8]sf afa' s] sfd uy]{ <
v= kmf/f8]sf] ?lr sd] f lyof] <
u= kmf/f8] lsg SofDk; uP <
3= kmf/f8] sfa] f6 k|efljt lyP <
ª= ljb\ot' \ r'Dasn] cfsif0{ f ug]{ zlSt s]af6 kf| Kt u5{ <
r= kmf/f8]sf] d[To' slxn] eof] <
#= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= kmf/f8n] ] ks| [ltdf ePsf cg]s lsl;dsf =============== af/]df cWoog u/ ] .
v= ljb\ot' \ k|jfx eOGh]n dfq rD' asLo u0' f /xg] r'DasnfO{ ===================== elgG5 .
u= ;g\ !*#! df kmf/f8n] ] ========================= kTtf nufP .
3= kmf/f8n] ] ljbo\ t' \ ;DaGwL cg]s==================== kTtf nufP .
ª= kmf/f8]n] ============================= ljZjsf] lgdf0{ fdf ct'ngLo of]ubfg lbP .

42 efiff auFr} f – ^

$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ nv] M
s= kmf/f8]sf] afNosfn s;/L lats] f] lyof] <
v= kmf/f8]n] u/s] f d'Vo sfdx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
u= ljb\o't\ r'DasLo If]q eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
3= ljb\ot' \ r'DasLo If]q kTtf nfUgfn] ss] f] cfljisf/df ;xofu] k'Uof] <
ª= kmf/f8n] ] ljbo\ 't\nfO{ s;/L b}lgs hLjgsf nflu pkof]uL agfOlbP <
r= kmf/f8s] f] hLjgL k9]/ s] s'/f l;Sof} <

%= dfOsn kmf/f8]nfO{ ljb\ot' \ OlGhlgol/ªsf lktf dfGgk' g]{ sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
^= 5nkmn u/ / n]v M
kmf/f8]n] 8fOgfdfs] f] cfljisf/ u/ ] . o;n] kfgLaf6 lahn' L lgsfNg ;Dej eof ] . pgn]
8fOgfdfs] f] cfljisf/ gu/]sf] eP s] xG' Yof] <

cfk\mgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLn] csfs{ f] 3/df sfd u/]/ klg k9fOdf ;kmntf kf| Kt ug{] JolStsf] af/]df
;'gs] f 5fF} < pgLx¿ s'g sg' If]qdf ;kmn eP < ;fyLnfO{ atfpm .

?

;fr] / eg M
8fOgfdf] kfgLaf6 lahn' L lgsfNg] oGq xf], o;n] s;/L sfd u5{ <

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf] cg'R5]b ;'g / n]v M
PSsfO; jifs{ f] pd]/df kmf/f8] ljleGg /;fog zf:qLx¿sf k|fWofkg sIffdf hfg yfn] .
pgnfO{ lj1fgaf/] c¿ ;b} \wflGts 1fg lng' lyof ] . pgn] k|sl[ tdf ePsf cgs] lsl;dsf
zlStsf] af/d] f ?lrkj" {s cWoog u/] .

efiff aurF} f – ^ 43

z'b\w nv] g

zb' \w agfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
cfla:sf/s, ;f:qL, j1} fgLs, ;xofl] u, cfw'gLs, ljwt' ,\ pkof]lu, ljbo\ fjf/LwL,
cfk} rf/Ls, gLdf0{ f

zAb e08f/

!= zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M ljbo\ fno guOsg 3/d} a;/] k9\g] sfd
kmnfdsf] sfd ug]{
nfx] f/ ljr/0f
:jfWoog afFr~' r]n
lgoS' t afF8g\ ] sfo{
e|d0f ljZj ljbo\ fnodf k9fpg] sfd
kf| Wofkg df}sf
cj;/ tna ;l' jwf lbO{ vf; sfddf egf{ ul/Psf]
ljt/0f
cfhGd

@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb afs;af6 vfh] /] n]v M

cefuL, cj/fw] , alnof,] ckdflgt, ;Dej, cg'kof]uL, :yfoL, cgfk} rfl/s, k|frLg,
ljsif0{ f
sdhf]/ – efUodfgL –
;Ddflgt – kj| fx –
c:yfoL – c;Dej –
pkofu] L – cfwl' gs –
cfsif0{ f – cfk} rfl/s –

#= pbfx/0f x]/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= cy{, lj1fg, ljb]z, et" , ljsNk, kl| jlw, gLlt, Oltxf;, ts{, lbg, l;b\wfGt

pbfx/0f M cy{ ± Os – cfly{s

44 efiff aurF} f – ^

v= tn' gf, /v] f, ljb\ot' \, zf:q, rD' as, :yfg, clj:d/0f

pbfx/0f M tn' gf ± O{o – t'ngLo
$= lbPsf zAb ko| f]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
lh1f;', zlSt, ed| 0f, lgoS' t, cjsfz, k;| f/0f, pks/0f

Jofs/0f

sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f

!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
s= kmf/f8] lh1f;' k|jl[ Ttsf lyP .
v= kmf/f8]n] ljb\o'tLo df]6/sf] l;b\wfGt ljsf; u/] .
u= pgn] ljb\o't\ r'DasLo Ifq] kTtf nufP .
3= 8fOgfdfs] f] cfljisf/n] kfgLaf6 lah'nL lgsfNg ;Dej eof] .
dflysf jfSodf lyP, u/,] nufP, eof,] h:tf ljm| ofkb ko| fu] ePsf 5g \ . oL ljm| ofkbn]

lats] f] ;dodf sfd ePsf] s/' fnfO{ hgfPsf 5g \ . lats] f] ;donfO{ et" sfn elgG5 .
lats] f] ;dodf sfd ePsf] hgfpg] ljm| ofkbnfO{ et" sfnsf] ljm| ofkb elgG5 .

cf= kf7af6 e"tsfn hgfpg] 5 j6f jfSo vf]h]/ nv]  .
@= lbPsf jfSonfO{ pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} b'O{ lsl;dn] kl/jtg{ u/ M
pbfx/0f M pgn] k|s[ltdf ePsf zlStsf] cWoog u/ ] .
p;n] ks| [ltdf ePsf zlStsf] cWoog u¥of] .
pxfFn] ks| [ltdf ePsf zlStsf] cWoog ug'e{ of ] .
s= pgn] j1} flgsx¿;Fu 5nkmn u/ ] .
v= pgn] kmnfdsf rSsfdf tfdfsf tf/x¿ a]/ ] .
u= pgn] ljb\o't\nfO{ cfwf/e"t ;|f]tsf ¿kdf kl/jtg{ u/] .
3= pgn] cfkm\ gf] 1fg w/] }nfO{ af8F  ] .
ª= pgn] k:' ts k;ndf ;fgfltgf sfd u/ ] .
r= pgn] zfxL ;:+ yfgdf hflu/sf nflu cg'/f]w u/ ] .

#= pbfx/0f x]/L lbPsf wfta' f6 et" sfnsf lj|mofkb agfpm M

efiff au}Frf – ^ 45

pbfx/0f M vf ± PF – vfPF vf ± ofF} – vfofF}
vf ± O;\ – vfO;\ vf ± of} – vfof}
vf ± g'eof] – vfg'eof] vf ± of] – vfof]
vf ± O{ – vfO{ vf ± P – vfP
wft' M k9\, u/,\ lxF8\

$= lbPsf ;+ofh] s /fvL jfSo hf8] M
pbfx/0f M kmf/f8] lh1f;' k|j[lTtsf lyP . pgn] gofgF ofF s/' fsf] vfh] L u/ ] . -To;n} _]
kmf/f8] lh1f;' k|jl[ Ttsf lyP To;}n] pgn] gofFgofF s'/fsf] vfh] L u/] .
s= kmf/f8n] ljb\ofnosf] lzIff k'/f ug{ kfPgg\ . pgsf] kl/jf/sf] cflys{ cj:yf

sdhf]/ lyof ] . -lsgeg]_
v= kmf/f8n] fO{ lj1fgaf/] ;b} w\ flGts 1fg lng' lyof] . pgn] xk|mL 8]eLsf] sIff lnP .

-To;n} ]_
u= kmf/f8]n] sfa{gsf b'O{ j6f gofF Snf]/fO8 kTtf nufP . pgn] ljbo\ 't\ r'DasLo u'0fsf]

k|ofu] ;?' u/] . -clg_
3= kmf/f8s] f] ofu] bfgn] ;;+ f/ pHofnf] eof] . xfdL cGwsf/df afRF g'kYof ]{ . -gq_
ª= xfdL kmf/f8n] fO{ ;DemG5f}F . pgn] xfdLnfO{ 7n' f] u'g nufPsf 5g \ . -lsgls_

nv] g cEof;

cgn' ]vg

!= kf7sf] t;] |f] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

@= lbPsf] cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
ljZjsf] ;EotfnfO{ cfw'lgs agfpg ljbo\ t' s\ f] dxTTjk"0f{ xft 5 . xfdL

ljb\ot' s\ f] ;xf/fn] 7n' f / ux|fF} ;fdfg prfNg ;S5fF } . 7'nf 7'nf kfª\uf| 3'dfpg ;S5f}F  .
dflg;n] ug{ g;Sg] sfd d]l;gaf6 ug{ lah'nLsf] ;xof]u rflxG5 . lahn' Laf6
kªv\ f / kmnfdsf 7N' 7n' f rSsf;d]t 3'dfpg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f dfOsn
kmf/f8n] ] kTtf nufPsf x'g\ . pgsf] cfljisf/n] cGo ljb\o'tLo dl] ;gsf] lgdf{0f ug{
;xofu] k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

46 efiff auFr} f – ^

dfOsn kmf/f8n] ] afNosfndf lgs} bM' v kfP . 3/sf] cflys{ cj:yf sdhf/] ePsfn]

pgn] ljb\ofnosf] lzIff k/' f ug{ kfPgg\ . pgsf] :jfWoogdf ?lr hfUof ] . To;af6
pgn] gofF gofF 1fg k|fKt u/]/ lg/Gt/ k|ofu] klg u/ ] . pgn] kmnfdsf rSsfdf
lahn' L kj| fx u/k] l5 Tof] kmnfdn] rD' asLo u0' f kf| Kt u5{ eGg] s/' f kTtf nufP .
kmf/f8s] f] cfljisf/n] ubf{ lahn' L b}lgs pkof]usf] j:t' aGg ;ss] f] xf ] . pgsf]
o;} of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub{} pgnfO{ ljbo\ t' \ OlGhlgol/ªsf lktf elgPsf] xf] . pgsf]
;a}eGbf dxTTjk0" f{ cfljisf/ 8fOgfdf] xf ] . 8fOgfdfs] f] cfljisf/n] kfgLaf6 lahn' L
lgsfNg ;Dej eof] . To;kl5 aNn lah'nL ;an} ] ko| fu] ug{ ;Sg] j:t' aGof ] .
o;}n] kmf/f8] lj1fgsf] If]qdf la;g{ g;lsg] JolSt ag] .

l;h{gfTds nv] g

lbPsf aF'bfsf] cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL tof/ kf/ M

Gffd – nO' kf:r/

hGd:yfg – km| fG;sf] bfn] eGg] ufpF

hGdldlt – @& l8;]Da/ ;g\ !*@@

k|efj – afa'sf] ;l} gs JolStTjsf] ke| fj k/s] f]

?lr tyf sfo{ – ;fg}b]lv zflGtlk|o xg' fn] k/f]ksf/df ;ljm| o

– kf| sl[ ts b[Zo x]g{ / lrq sf]g{ dg k/fpg]

– ljZj ljb\ofnodf /;fog zf:qsf k|fWofks

– nfdf] ;do sL6f0f' / hLjf0fs' f] cWoog

k|dv' cfljisf/x¿ – vfg]s'/f /fvs] f] 7fpFdf xfjf, kfgL jf cGo ;|f]taf6 hLjf0f' kj| ]z

x'gfn] lau|G5g\ eGg] kTtf nufPsf

– bw' nfO{ z'bw\ kfg]{ ljlw kTtf nufPsf

– af}nfxf ss' '/n] 6fs] ]sf] a]nfdf nufpg] ;'O kTtf nufPsf

– lr/]sf 3fp kfSg] / lgsf] gx'g] sf/0f sL6f0f' ePsf] kTtf nufPsf

of]ubfg – pgsf] cfljisf/n] dfgj :jf:Yodf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg u/]sf]

d[To' – @& ;]K6D] a/, ;g\ !*(%

efiff au}rF f – ^ 47

yk cEof;

ltdLn] o; zª[ v\ nfsf kf7o\ k:' tsdf lbPsfeGbf afxs] cGo j1} flgssf] af/d] f k9s] f 5f} <
o; kf7sf] l;hg{ fTds nv] gdf lbP h:t} u/L pgsf] af/]df abF' f tof/ kf/ .

vN] bfvN] b}

zAbhfnaf6 kf7df k|ofu] ePsf bz j6f zAb kTtf nufpm / ltgsf] cy{ klg nv] M
Snf] z d p km p nf
/f ;f lSt k nf z sf
O r' Da s d km a{
8 df] 6 / ;f o g
k| ;f / 0f /f Snf] Da
lb jf Uof 8f O gf df]
lw O x ; 8 lSt k

48 efiff au}rF f – ^

$PsfO a9' fkfsfnfO{

cfb/ ug'{k5{

cfvF Lemo\ fn af, xh'/afnfO{ kmfn] klg 8f]sfr] flxF
gkmfNg" x} Û ef]ln kl;{ dn} ] tkfO{FnfO{
ltdLn] lrqdf s] s] bV] of} < eg M
s]df xfn/] kmfNg] lg <