BhasaBagaincha 6

!kf7 jb[ w\

– eLdlglw ltjf/L

slj eLdlglw ltjf/Lsf] hGd lj=;=+ !(^* kmfug' d;fGtdf sf7df8fF} lhNnfsf]
l8NnLahf/df ePsf] xf ] . cªu\ h]| L ljifodf kd| f0fkq tx pTtL0f{ ltjf/Lsf …sljtf gGbÚ, …lj:kmf6] Ú,
…sljtf s~' hÚ nufot emG8} 89] bhg{ sl[ t ks| flzt 5g \ . pgnfO{ …dbg k/' :sf/Ú, …ka| n
uf/] vf blIf0f afxÚ' , …kV| oft lqzlSt k66\ Ú nufot yk' }| kbs tyf k/' :sf/ kb| fg ul/Psf]
5 . pgsf sljtfdf dfgjLo hLjgsf cfzf, lg/fzf, ;fdflhs ljifo, 3ft, kl| t3ft cflbsf]
lrq0f kfOG5 . pgn] ^@ jifs{ f] pd/] df lj=;=+ @)#) ;fn h7] !( ut] o; ;;+ f/af6 ;bfsf nflu labf lnP .

k/fn eFm} b]x 5 hL0f{ hh{/
;d:t jIfM:yn sfD5 yy{/
;dfO n77\ L wg' e}Fm e'msL em' sL
yrSs u} a:t5 ‰ofndf k'uL .

lbGxfF} 6xNYof] slt zn} of jg
eP5 P]n] k/b]z cfuF g Û
5 cu+ 9u'+ f ;l/ xfo Û lgZrn
c3f/] …ti[ 0ffÚ dg dfq r~rn .

u[x:y rNYof] dv' sf] sdfgdf
5 cfh ;Ttf lzz'sf] ;dfgdf
s'/f u¥of] So} k/jfg /fVt5g\
lbdfu g} 5g} eg/] xfF:t5g\ .

zAb / c {y b]x – z/L/ hL0f{ – k/' fgf,] yfq] f]
hh/{ – a9' f], cToGt j[b\w jIf:yn – 5ftL
lgZrn – grNg] kr| 08 – t]lhnf]
cfef – sflGt, rxs c:tfrn – ;o" { / rGb| c:tfpg] 7fpF

50 efiff au}Frf – ^

k|r08 cfef ha ;o" {sf] lyof] g bfFt 5g,\ sfg 5 aGb, cGw 5,
he' mfO cfFvf sg' xg] { ;SbYof] < g;f nn' f 5g,\ ;a /St dGb 5,
k/Gt' c:tfrndf ku' ]kl5 ;dfhdf afe] m uP/ kb{5
pn"s;d+ g\ klg ub{5g\ lv;L . ce}m p afRF g}lt/ cfz ub5{ Û

skfn ;]tf] 5 skf;sf] ;d krf;, ;f7L, clg ;Tt/L k'u"F
km' n] k/n] f, bd rN5 xb{d n ;Tt/L g} kl' uuf], c;L ku' ,F"
z/L/sf] rd{ 5 rfp/L k/L pd]/n] dfq lht/] xG' 5 s] <
n'uf r'gs] f ;l/ cfh a;] /L . ;s' fon{ ] kf] hu lhTgk' 5{ P Û

rd{ – 5fnfzAb / c {y
bd – tfut, zlSt
xb{d – ;w}F

u/, 3/

zb' w\ pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M

hL0f{ jIf:yn lbGxfF} 6xNYof] lgZrn
t[i0ff ux[ :y k|r08 h'emfO c:tfrn

afw] / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf] sljtf no xfnL k9 .
@= sljtf k/' f u/ M
skfn==========================;d
===================================xbd{

efiff auF}rf – ^ 51

z/L/sf]==============================k/L
===================================== a;] /L .
#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv] M
s= jb[ \w ePkl5 z/L/ s:tf] x'G5 <
v= hjfgL 5Fbf pm sxfF 3D' g hfGYof] <
u= jb[ \w cj:yfdf cª\ux¿ s:tf x'G5g\ <
3= hjfg x'Fbf 3/ s;/L rNYof] <
ª= jb[ w\ sf s/' fnfO{ o'jfx¿ s] eg/] xf:F 5g\ <
r= hjfgLdf p;sf] cfef s:tf] lyof] <
5= a9' f] xb'F } uPkl5 c¿ dfG5]n] p;nfO{ s] ub{5g\ <
h= a9' f] ePkl5 z/L/sf] 5fnf s:tf] xG' 5 <
em= a'9f] ePkl5 ;dfhdf lsg afe] m eOG5 <
$= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
lbGxf}F 6xNYof] slt zn} of jg
eP5 P]n] k/b]z cfuF g Û
5 cu+ 9u'+ f;l/ xfo Û lgZrn
c3f]/ …t[i0ffÚ dg dfq r~rn .
%= sljtfdf a'9fkfsfsf s:tf ;d:ofnfO{ bv] fOPsf] 5 < b; jfSodf nv]  .
^= a'9fa9' L ePkl5 kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] pgLx¿k|lt s:tf] b[li6sf0] f /fVG5g\ < n]v .

cfkm\ gf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] 5/l5ds] df jb[ w\ cj:yf ePsf JolSt xg' 'x'G5 xf]nf . pxfxF ¿nfO{ 3/
kl/jf/n] s:tf] Jojxf/ u/]sf 5g\ <

?

;fr] / eg M
s= a9' fkfsfaf6 xfdLn] s:tf 1fg kfpg ;S5fF} <
v= oj' f cj:yfdf s:tf sfd ul/of] eg] a9' ;] sfndf ;Ddfg kfOG5 <

52 efiff au}Frf – ^

>'lt nv] g

lbPsf] Znfs] ;'g / nv] M
g bftF 5g,\ sfg 5 aGb cGw 5,
g;f n'nf 5g,\ ;a /St dGb 5,
;dfhdf af]em uP/ kb{5
cem} p afFRgl} t/ cfz ub5{ Û

zb' \w nv] g

zb' \w agfO{ sfkLdf n]v M
u}, a:t5, Pn] ], c+u, 9+u' f, So,} cns' ;+dg\, xb{d, ;l/, lh0f{, rGrn, cf;, z'sfo,{ cfvf,
zl//, cfug

zAb e08f/

!= kf7af6 p:t} ;'lgg] zAb vfh] /] n]v M

h:t} M hh/{ – yy/{ lgZrn –
k'uL – kb5{ –
sdfgdf – aGb –
/fVt5g\ –

@= kf7af6 lbPsf cy;{ uF ldNg] zAb vf]h]/ nv] M

wfgsf] ;s' ]sf] af6] – 3/ / kl/jf/ –
cfbz] – zf;g –
dx' f/df b]lvg] rds – ljj]s –
xF;L dhfs –

efiff aurF} f – ^ 53

#= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;Fu hf8] f ldnfpm M
alnof] l:y/
j]u n'nf]
v'nf c:tfrn
leGg aGb
pbofrn ;dfg
j[b\w ljb]z
crn oj' s
:jb]z r~rn
$= lbPsf zAb k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
hL0f,{ k/b]z, cfef, c:tfrn, lv;L, g;f, /St
%= kf7af6 x|:j psf/ nfus] f zAb vf]h/] n]v .

nv] g cEof;

cg'n]vg

‘j[b\w’ sljtfsf klxnf] / bf];f| ] Znfs] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

l;hg{ fTds n]vg

s= ldNg] zAb /fvL sljtf k'/f u/ M
cgs] ==========:ynsf=] =======================-;dGjo, tLy{_
kljq cf}==========================b]x============================-kfjg, dlGb/_
======================== lrGtf=============;f;gf=======================-;o, 8/, krf;_
===============cfof] ca======================3/ - /f]usf,] ag/] _
otf 5 ========================ddtf==================-hxfgsf,] dfof_
==================5 sfnf] =================lrofgsf] -ptf, e[s6' L_
h;=} ===================aNb5 bLk====================-e/,] zfdsf]_
========================e=} ===================pm===========/fdsf] -lnG5, xtfz, gfd_
v= ‘;Ddfg’ zLif{sdf sljtf nv] /] sIffdf ;g' fpm .

54 efiff aur}F f – ^

@kf7 a'9fkfsfnfO{ ;Ddfg

– zf/bf/d0f gk] fn

syfsf/ zf/bf/d0f gk] fnsf] hGd lj=;=+ @))@ c;fh] @@ ut] afudtL c~rn, gj' fsf6]
lhNnfsf] ghf{ eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] xf ] . gk] fnL ljifodf :gftsfT] t/ pTtL0f{ u/s] f gk] fn nfdf]
;do;Dd lqej' g ljZj ljbo\ fnodf kf| Wofkg k;] fdf ;n+ Ug /x ] . pgsf …km' naf/Lsf] r/LÚ
…dxfef/tsf syfÚ -efu ! / @_ nufot bO' { bhg{ hlt afn ;flxTosf sl[ t ks| flzt 5g \ .
pgL ;dfhsf oyfy{ 36gf, k/' f0fdf plNnlvt 36gf / kfqnfO{ ljifosf ¿kdf k:| tt' u5g{  \ .

dxfef/t ob' w\ sf] klxnf] lbgsf] s'/f xf] . s'?If]qdf ob' \wsf] eJo tof/L lyof ] . sf}/j /
kf08j b'j} kIfsf of]b\wfx¿ db} fgdf h'l6;s]sf lyP . bj' }tkm{ ;]gfsf /yL, dxf/yL /
k}bn ;}lgsx¿ ;ts{ db' f| df lyP . clxNo} s'g} klg If0f n8fOF ;'? x'g ;Sg] l:ylt lyof ] .
of]4fx¿ xftdf cfcfkm\gf xltof/ phfP/ tDtof/ lyP . o4' cf/Desf] pb\3fi] f0f xg'

sf/} a kIfsf ;]gf Pstkm{ ob' w\ db} fgsf] csf]{tkm{ kf08jsf ;]gf kf08jx¿
3f]8fn] tfg]sf] /ydf si[ 0f ;f/yL eP/ chg{' /ydf plePsf] :ki6 lrq,
o'lwli7/sf] /y vfnL, gs'n ;xbj] / eLd cfˆgf cfˆgf aU] n} a]Un} /ydf
plePsf, o'lwli7/ sf/} a kl66\ /ydf a;s] f eLid lktfdxsf] /ycufl8 k'u]/
3F8' f 6s] L k0| ffd ul//x]sf ol' wli7/sf] uf]8f gfªu\ f] x'gk' g],{ eLidlktfdx cln
kfsf] -bfxL ePsf / skfn km'ns] f_ xg' 'kg]{, eLid lktfdxsf] /ysf] bfofafoF f
w|f]0ffrfo{ / s[kfrfo{sf /y xg' k' g]{ sk[ frfo{eGbf k/ bo' f{w] gsf] /y xg' k' g{] .

zAb / c {y s?' Ifq] – sf/} j / kf08jlar o'bw\ ePsf] 7fpF eJo – cfsif{s

/yL – /ydf r9s] f] ofb] w\ f If0f – ;dosf] Hofb} ;fgf] cz+

pb\3fi] f0f – 7'nf] :j/n] s'g} s'/f ;a}nfO{ ;g' fpg] sfd, ;fj{hlgs 3f]if0ff

efiff auFr} f – ^ 55

dfq afsF L lyof] . o;sf nflu b'j}tkm{sf dxfg\ of]b\wfx¿n] cfcfkm\gf zªv\ df dv'
hfl] t;ss] f lyP . sdfG8/sf] ;ª\s]tsf] kt| LIff dfq lyof] . o:tf] a]nf ol' wli7/ cs:dft\
cfkm\gf] /yaf6 v'q'Ss eO' dF f cfn] {] / sf}/j ;]gf ePtkm{ n'?n?' kb} n} cufl8 a9] . pgsf]
xftdf s'g} xltof/ lyPg . 5ftLdf sjr klg lyPg .

bfh' ol' wli7/ o;/L lxF8s] f b]v/] eLd, ch'{g, gs'n, kv,{ ;fr] / eg M o'lwli7/
;xb]j klg cfcfkmg\ f /yaf6 vq' S' s vq' S' s e'OFdf cf]n] lsg To;/L lxF8s] f xfn] fg\ <
{ . otfplt s]xL gx]/L r'krfk bfhs' f] kl5 nfu] . jf;b' ]

j s[i0f klg kl5 nfu] . ol' wli7/ sxfF kU' g s] ug{ o;/L gfªu\ } v'66\ f Totf nfus] f xg' \ <

s;n} ] v'6\ofpg ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . kf08j kIfsf /yL, dxf/yL / ;l} gsx¿ ;a} cfk;df

6j\ fNn / csdSs lyP . sf}/j ;]gfsf af7f rt'/f ofb] \wfx¿n] ;f]r], æo'lwli7/n] xfd|f]

ljzfn ;g] f b]v] . lar/f Û l;wf;fbf dfG5], bV] b} cflTtP . efOx¿nfO{ lnP/ cfTd ;dk0{ f

ug{ cfpbF }5g \ .Æ

bfhs' f] rfnf bv] ]/ otf eLd / ch{'gnfO{ klg crDd t nfu]s} lyof] . lxF8\bflx8F \b} si[ 0flt/
ss]{ gh/ nufP/ cfFvfs} efiffdf ;f]w] . s[i0fn] xNsf d':sfg d:' s/' fpFb} lrGtf gug{
O;f/f lbPkl5 aNn 9'Ss eP .

b'j}lt/sf ;]gf ;f; /fs] ]/ plePh:t} r'krfk lyP . ;do ToxLF 6Ss /f]lsPh:tf] nfUYof] .
;'g;fg slt;Dd eg] Toqf] ljzfn o'bw\ db} fgdf kfFr kf08j / s[i0f lxF8s] f] kbrfk :ki6
;l' gGYof ] . dWo/ftdf sf7] fleq leTt] 38Lsf] l6s\ l6s\ ;'lgPh:t} .

ol' wli7/ ;/f;/ eLid lktfdxsf] /ycufl8 ku'  ] . pgn] lgx'l/P/ clejfbg u/] / eg],
ælktfdx, xh/' nfO{ oyfy{ ;a} yfxf 5, xfdL ob' w\ sf] rfxgf eP/ ob' w\ el" ddf pqs] f xfO] gf F} .
gu/fF} eGbfeGb} klg o'b\w ug{ afWo eofF] +} . xh/' ;Fu ;d]t klg ob' w\ ug{ afWo eofF} . o;
o'bw\ df cfkm\gf] kIfsf] ljhosf nflu xfdL cfzLjf{b lng cfPsf 5f} F . sk[ of cfzLjf{b
kfpmF  .Æ

of] ;'g]/ eLid clt g} v;' L eP . pgn] eg], æclxn] o;/L ltdLx¿sf lj?b\w / sf}/jsf

zAb / c {y sdfG8/ – cfb]z lbg] JolSt k|tLIff – kvfO{ , af6f] x]/fO

sjr – k|lt/Ifs kf];fs, n8fOdF f xltof/sf] k|xf/af6 z/L/nfO{ hfu] fpg nufOg]

wfts' f] klx/g ss{] gh/ – x/] fOsf] Ps tl/sf

cfTd ;dk{0f – cfk"mnfO{ ck{0f ug]{ sfd bfgfkfgL – u'hf/fsf] pkfo, vfga] f6f]

kbrfk – kb lrxg\ , lxF8\bf a;]sf] 5fk

56 efiff auFr} f – ^

kIfdf n8\g d]/f] gl} tstfn] lbg] s'/f lyPg . sf/} jsf] bfgfkfgL vfP/ a; F]+ . olTt sf/0fn]
d sf/} jsf kIfdf pleP/ n8\g afWo ePF . ;Ifd xb'F fxbF' } klg j[b\wfj:yfdf g/fdf| ;] Fu
lrl/Psf] 5 ' . afa' ol' wli7/, ltdL o;/L gcfPsf] eP dnfO{ dgdf stf stf bM' v nfUYof ] .
d ltdLnfO{ ljhosf] cfzLjfb{ lbg ;lSbg lyP F . ltdL cfof} . d k|;Gg eP F . ob' \wdf ltd|f]
lht xf]cf]; \ . ljhoL ejM d ltdLnfO{ cfzLjfb{ lbG5 ' .Æ

ol' wli7/n] kg' M clejfbg u/]/ ;f]w,] ælktfdx, xh'/ ch]o of]bw\ f xg' x' G' 5 . ob' \wdf xh'/nfO{
s;n} ] lhTg ;Sb}g . o; ob' w\ df xfdLn] xh'/nfO{ s;/L lhTg] < s]xL pkfo atfOlbgx' 'G5
ls <Æ

æltdf| ] s/' f 7Ls xf] . xftdf z:q lnP/ o'bw\ d}bfgdf pleFbf;Dd dnfO{ s;n} ] n8/]
x/fpg ;Sbg}  . o;af/] yk s/' f clxn] gu/f }+F . ;fFemsf] o'b\w lj>fdkl5 s'g} ;do ldnfP/
Ps k6s kml] / e6] \g cfpm, x'Gg <Æ eLidn] d':s'/fpbF } eg ] .

o;kl5 ol' wli7/ cfrfo{ b|f0] fsf cufl8 ku'  ] . pgn] ems' /] clejfbg u/] / eg], æu?' j/,
xfdL kf08j xh/' sf lko| rn] f xf F} . xfdLnfO{ lzIffbLIff lbP/ xh/' n] g} xs' fp{ ge' Psf] xf ] .
xfdL /x/n] xfO] g\ cGofosf lj?b\w h'Wgk} g{] l:yltn] afWo eP/ o'b\w d}bfgdf cfOk'u]sf
5f F} . xh'/nfO{ OltjT[ t ;a} yfxf 5 . o'b\wdf ljhosf] cfzLjfb{ kfpmF u'? .Æ

:gx] n] bl| jt x'Fb} cfrfo{ bf| 0] fn] eg], æafa' ol' wli7/, d ltdLx¿sf] u?' x 'F . d sf/} jsf] hflu/
vfPsf] Ps ;}lgs klg x' F . bfgfkfgLsf] bf; eP/ o; n8fOFdf sf}/j kIfaf6 n8\g afWo
ags] f] 5 ' . ltdL cfzLjfb{ dfUg cfof} . o;/L gcfPsf eP d ltdLx¿kl| t ;sf/fTds
x'g g;Sbf] xF' . ljhosf] cfzLjfb{ lbg] t s'/} lyPg . ltdL cfof} . Gofo ltd|f] kIfdf 5 .
d ltdLnfO{ ljhosf] cfzLjfb{ lbG5 ' . ljhoL ejM hfpm d}bfgdf 86/] ob' \w u/ .Æ

æs;/L 86\g] u?' < xh/' zq;' g] fsf cu:| yfgdf x'g'x'G5 . xh/' k/z/' fd lzio ch]o
of]b\wf xg' x' G' 5 . xh'/nfO{ xfdL ob' w\ df s;/L lhTg ;S5fF} < s'g} pkfo 5 eg] s[kof
atfOlbg'xf];\ u'? . Ifdf kfpmF u?' , dn} ] g;f]Wg'kg{] s/' f klg ;f]w F] . u'?nfO{ g;fw] ]/ c¿
s;l;t ;fw] F" <Æ

zAb / c {y cho] – s;n} ] lhTg g;Sg ] z:q – xltof/

o'bw\ lj>fd – ob' \w /f]lsPsf] ;do afWo – ljjz

OltjT[ t – ;Dk"0f{ bl| jt – kuflnPsf,] uflnPsf]

;sf/fTds – s;}sf] egfOnfO{ ;dyg{ ug]{ vfnsf] cu:| yfg – cl3Nnf] 7fp,F k|yd :yfg

Rffto' { – rnfvL, rt'/tf

efiff auF}rf – ^ 57

zAb / c {yb|f]0ffrfo{n] d':s'/fP/ eg,] æol' wli7/, ltdL ;Hhg 5f } . ;dodf rflxg] rfto' { klg ltdLdf
dgUo 5 . ltdLn] oltan] f oxfF ;fW] gk} g{] s/' f ;fW] of } . xf,] db} fgdf xltof/ ;dft/] plebF f;Dd
dnfO{ lhTg s;}n] ;Sb}g . d/] f lko| lzio ;j>{ ]i7 wg'w/{ ch'{gn] klg ;Sb}gg \ . of] ;fFrf]
s'/f xf] .Æ cfrfo{ b|f]0fn] cgfof; uDeL/ aGb} cGtl/Iflt/ x]//] eg,] æd cls~rg afx'gr/L
xF ' . ;+;f/df lgtfGt cfkmg\ f] t d/] f] sf] 5 / < s] 5 / < OHht, uf/} j eljio h] eg] klg
Ps dfq 5f/] f cZjTyfdf 5g\ . d pgs} :g]xdf afrF ]sf] 5' . cGoyf of] hflu/] hLjgaf6
klg d jfSs eO;ss] f] x F' . cZjTyfdfs} af/]df klg sg' } bM' vb ;dfrf/ ;g' ]F eg] Tolt
an] frflxF d ;xg ;lSbg . z:q Tofu ul/lbG5' / z/L/ klg Tofu ul/lbG5 ' .Æ

;'g]/ o'lwli7/sf] cfvF fdf cfF;' el/P/ cfof] . pTt/Lo j:qn] cfF;' k'5\b} ToxfaF f6 labf eP/
ol' wli7/ s'nu'? sk[ frfo{sf cufl8 clejfbg ug{ k'u ] .

æP M ltdL cfof} < ltdL o'b\wsf] cg'dlt dfUg cfPsf xfn} f xg} <Æ sk[ frfo{n] :gx] ;fy
d:' s/' fpbF } eg] .

æxf] s'nu?' , d xh/' af6 o; o'b\wdf ljhosf] cfzLjf{b yfKg cfPsf] xF ' . ;fydf d/] f
efOx¿ 5g \ . xfd|f k/d cfb/0fLo ldq jf;'b]j si[ 0f klg x'g'xG' 5 .Æ ol' wli7/n] eg] .

æn 7Ls 5 . o;/L gcfPsf eP d ltdLnfO{ k/fhosf] ;/fk kf] lbGy]F ls . cfof} . v;' L
eP F . ;To Gofo ;a} ltd|} kIfdf 5 . ltdL ljhoL x'G5f } . d cfzLjfb{ lbG5 ' . ljhoL
ejMÆ pHofnf] cgx' f/ agfPsf s[kfrfo{n] eg ] .

æob' \wdf tkfO{nF fO{ s;/L lhTg ;lsPnf u'?j/ s[kfrfo{ <Æ of] k|ZgrflxF o'lwli7/n]
cfkm\gf sn' u?' ;Fu /fvg] g\Ù /fVg plrt 7fg]gg\ .

kmsbF{ f jf;b' ]j si[ 0fn] ol' wli7/;Fu eg], æcfb/0fLo bfHo', tkfO{Fn] cfh bi[ 6fGt nfos /fd|f]
sfd ug'e{ of] . cfkme" Gbf kfsf / cfb/0fLo JolStTjx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg clejfbg ubf{ cfkm\gf]
rf/ j6f s/' fdf j[lbw\ xG' 5 cfo,' ljbo\ f, sLlt{ / an . cfhsf] tkfOF{sf] of] ;fx;L / ljgd|
Jojxf/n] kf08j kIfdf oL rf/} s/' fsf] jl[ bw\ ePsf] 5 . o'bw\ df tkfOsF{ f] ljho ;l' glZrt
ePsf] 5 . ;don] l56\6} of] kd| fl0ft ug{] 5 . xfdL of] bV] g, ;G' g / cge' j ug{ kfpg]
5f }F . tkfO{nF fO{ xflb{s awfO / wGojfb Û

cgfof; – cs:dft \ cls~rg – c;xfo, a];xf/f
pTt/Lo – cf9] g\ ] vf:6f,] k5\of/} f k|dfl0ft – kd| f0fåf/f k'li6 ul/Psf ]
bi[ 6fGt – pbfx/0f

58 efiff aur}F f – ^

u/, 3/

zb' \w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M

ofb] \wf pb3\ fi] f0f cfTd ;dk{0f j[bw\ fj:yf ob' w\ lj>fd
bf| 0] ffrfo{ cu:| yfg cZjTyfdf b[i6fGt ;'lglZrt

afw] / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf] syf ;an} ] ;'Gg] u/L kfnk} fnf] k9 .
@= kf7sf cfwf/df ldNbf] zAb /fvL jfSo k/' f u/ M
s= o'bw\ cf/Desf] ====================== xg' afsF L lyof] . -;dfkg, lj>fd, pb3\ fi] f0f_
v= kf08jx¿============================== ob' w\ ug{ afWo ePsf lyP . -rfx]/ klg, grfx]/

klg, zlSt bv] fpg klg_
u= bf| 0] ffrfo{nfO{=================== klg lhTg] ;fdYo{ /fVbg} y ] . -eLidn], ch{g' n,] b'ofw]{ gn_]
3= kf08jx¿sf ;fydf==========================klg lyP . -o'lwli7/, eLd, jf;'b]j_
ª= sk[ frfo{ kf08j / sf}/jsf ======================== lyP . -;]gfklt, u'?, s'nu?' _

#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ n]v M
s= syfdf k:| tt' 36gf sxfF ePsf] lyof] <
v= ol' wli7/ sf/} j ;g] f ePlt/ hfFbf sf/} j ;g] fsf ofb] w\ fn] s] ;fr] ] <
u= ;ae} Gbf klxnf ol' wli7/ s;sf] cufl8 k'u] <
3= eLid lktfdx lsg sf/} jsf] kIfdf n8\g afWo lyP <
ª= o'lwli7/n] eLid lktfdxkl5 s;nfO{ clejfbg u/] <
r= cfk"meGbf cfb/0fLo JolStx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ubf{ s] s] s/' fdf j[b\lw xG' 5 <

$= s;n] s;nfO{ eg]sf] xf] < nv] M
s= lktfdx, xh/' nfO{ oyfy{ ;a} yfxf 5 .
v= ;Ifd xFb' fxbF' } klg j[b\wfj:yfdf g/fd|f;] Fu lrl/Psf] 5 ' .

efiff aurF} f – ^ 59

u= u'?j/, xfdL kf08j xh/' sf lko| rn] f xf }F .
3= ;dodf rflxg] rft'o{ klg ltdLdf dgUo 5 .
ª= o;/L gcfPsf eP d ltdLnfO{ k/fhosf] ;/fk kf] lbGyF] ls Û
r= tkfOnF{ ] cfh bi[ 6fGt nfos /fdf| ] sfd uge{' of] .

%= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pTt/ bp] m M
s= o'lwli7/ /yaf6 cfn] {Fbf s'?Ifq] df s:tf] bZ[ o lyof] <
v= ol' wli7/ /yaf6 cfn] Fb{ f pgsf] s:tf] cj:yf lyof] <
u= o'lwli7/n] eLid lktfdxl;t s] eg] <
3= ol' wli7/n] b|f0] ffrfo{nfO{ lhTg] pkfo ;f]Wbf b|f0] ffrfo{n] s] eg] <
ª= o'lwli7/sf lj|mofsnfknfO{ ToxfF ePsf jl/i7 JolStx¿n] s'g b[li6sf0] fn] lnP <
r= ol' wli7/n] cfˆgf lktfdx, u?' , sn' u?' ;dIf uP/ clejfbg ugs{' f] dV' o sf/0f s] xf] <
5= o'lwli7/n] u/]sf lj|mofsnfknfO{ si[ 0fn] s;/L JofVof u/] <
h= ltdLn] syf k9]/ s] lzIff kfof} <
^= JofVof u/ M
s= ;Ifd xFb' fxbF' } klg jb[ w\ fj:yfdf g/fdf| ;] uF lrl/Psf] 5 ' .
v= cfkm" eGbf kfsf / cfb/0fLo JolStTTjx¿nfO{ ;Ddfg clejfbg ubf{ cfˆgf rf/ j6f

s/' fdf jb[ l\ w x'G5, cfo', ljbo\ f, sLlt{ / an .

cfk\mgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLn] s'g} sfd ugc{' l3 cfkm" eGbf 7n' f JolStnfO{ ;fW] g] u/s] f 5f} <

?

;fr] / eg M
ol' wli7/n] s[kfrfo{nfO{ lhTg] pkfo g;f]Wgs' f] sf/0f s] xf]nf <

60 efiff auF}rf – ^

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf] cg'R5b] ;'g / nv] M
:g]xn] bl| jt xb' } cfrfo{ b|f0] fn] eg], æafa' o'lwli7/, d ltdLx¿sf] u?' x 'F . d sf}/jsf]
hflu/ vfPsf] Ps ;}lgs klg xF' . bfgfkfgLsf] bf; eP/ o; n8fOFdf sf}/j kIfdf
n8\g afWo ePsf] 5 ' . ltdL cfzLjf{b dfUg cfof} . o;/L gcfPsf eP d ltdLx¿k|lt
;sf/fTds x'g g;Sbf] x'F . ljhosf] cfzLjf{b lbg] t s/' } lyPg . ltdL cfof } . Gofo ltd|f]
kIfdf 5 . d ltdLnfO{ ljhosf] cfzLjfb{ lbG5' . ljhoL ejM hfpm d}bfgdf 86]/ ob' w\
u/ .Æ 

;d"x sfo{

bO' { bO' { hgf Ps 7fpFdf a; . …jl/i7 ;DdfgÚ syfsf] klxnf] cg'R5]bsf kfFr
j6f jfSo Ps hgfn] k9 / csf{n] ] n]v . nl] v;sk] l5 ;dx" ;d"xlar sfkL
;f6f;f6 u/ . k:' ts x]//] uNtL ePsf zAbdf uf]nf] 3/] f nufpm . sfkL hg'
;d"xsf] xf], p;}nfO{ lkmtf{ u/ . cfk\mgf] sfkL kfO;sk] l5 ufn] f] nufPsf zAb
k':ts x/] /] ltg ltg k6s n]v .

z'bw\ n]vg

cfjZos 7fpFdf pkoS' t lrxg\ lbO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M

cfrfo{ bf| 0] fn] cGtl/Iflt/ x/] ]/ eg] d cls~rg afxg' r/L x' ;;f/df lgtfGt cfkm\ gf] eGg]
t d/] f] sf] 5 / s] 5 / OHht, uf/} j, eljio h] eg] klg Ps dfq 5f/] f cZjTyfdf 5g\

zAb e08f/

!= zAb / cy{ hf8] f ldnfpm M 5Ss
u?'
lktfdx
uf}/j

efiff aurF} f – ^ 61

cgd' lt afa'k6l\ 6sf xh/' a'af
;Ddfg oz
sLlt{ :jLs[lt
ljho ljgfko| f;
cgfof; k|lti7f
cfrfo { lht
cfZro { s;}nfO ul/g] ljz]if cfb/

@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb;uF hf]8f ldnfpm M

d]n tR' 5
ufnL u?'
lzio czflGt
b'Mvb kz| +;f
gf]s/ ;v' b
cGTo ob' w\
zflGt k|f/De
dxfg\ x]nf
cfb/ cls~rg
;xf/f dflns

#= kf7af6 pxL cy{ cfpg] zAb vfh] ]/ nv] M

pbfx/0f M ob' \w 3f]if0ff – o'b\w ;'¿
xltof/
;dy{
OHht
dfof
O;f/f

$= hf]8f ldnfpm M kg'{
cfn] {g'
6Ss xf:F g'
n'?n'? lx8F \g'
v'q'Ss
d';S' s

62 efiff auF}rf – ^

csdSs lrg '{
xnSs a9\g'
r/Ss a:g'
yrSs /f]lsg'

%= lbPsf zAb ko| f]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
o'b\w, kt| LIff, cfTd ;dk0{ f, oyfy{, jb[ \wfj:yf, cfzLjfb{ , pkfo

Jofs/0f

sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
– o'lwli7/ /yaf6 v'q'Ss cf]n {] . pgL sf}/j ;g] f ePtk{m uP .
– eLid lktfdxn] eg,] æd cfzLjf{b lbG5' .Æ
– kf08jn] eg], æu?' j/, xfdL ob' w\ lhTg rfxG5fF } .Æ
– sf/} j ;g] fn] kf08jnfO{ bV] of] . pm dgdf s/' f v]nfpg yfNof] .
– kf08j sn' u?' s[kfrfo{nfO{ e6] g\ uP . pgLx¿ ToxfFaf6 kms{ ] .
dflysf jfSodf ko| fu] ePsf pgL, d, xfdL, pm, pgLx¿ ;jg{ fd zAb xg'  \ . logLx¿ gfdsf]
;66\ fdf ko| fu] xG' 5g \ . t,F ltdL, tkfO,F{ of,] oL, logL, ltgL, cfkm" cflb klg ;jg{ fd xg'  \ .

cf= kf7af6 s'g} 5 j6f ;j{gfd zAb l6k / cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|ofu] u/ .

@= kf7sf] klxnf] cgR' 5b] sf ‘s'?Ifq] df ===== tDtof/ lyP .’ ;Ddsf jfSonfO{ jt{dfg
sfndf kl/jtg{ u/ M

pbfx/0f M s¿' If]qdf ob' \wsf] eJo tof/L lyof] .
s'¿ Ifq] df ob' \wsf] eJo tof/L 5 .

#= kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5b] df k|of]u ePsf gfd zAb l6k .

$= pbfx/0fdf lbP h:t} jfSo nv] M
pbfx/0f M ol' wli7/ cfzLjf{b lng uP .
o'lwli7/ cfzLjf{b lnP/ uP .

efiff aur}F f – ^ 63

s= ;f]Wg ;f]w/]
v= x'g eP/
u lbg lbP/
3= n8\g n8/]
ª= lhTg lht]/
r= atfpg atfP/

nv] g cEof;

cgn' v] g

!= kf7sf cf7fF,} gjfF} / b;fF} cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
dflg; hGdk] l5 x'ls{Fb} jo:s x'G5 clg a'9f] xG' 5 . dflg;n] oj' f cj:yfdf zlSt /

;f}Gbo{ kf| Kt u5{ . a'9f] ePkl5 z/L/ sfD5 . a'9];sfndf n77\ L ;dft/] lxF8g\ k' 5{ .
xft v6' 6\ f n'nf / hh{/ xG' 5g \ . lxF8b\ f :ofF :ofF x'G5 . o'jf / jo:sx¿ a9' fkfsfsf]
aj] f:tf u5g{  \ . o;f] ug{' l7s xfO] g . a9' fkfsfn] hLjg lhpg] jm| ddf w/] } s/' f l;ss] f
xG' 5g \ . oj' fx¿n] a9' fkfsfsf] 1fg / cge' jnfO{ ko| f]u ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . dxfef/tsf]
o'bw\ df o'lwli7/n] ob' \w ;'? xg' 'cl3 a9' f eO;s]sf eLid lktfdx, u?' bf]0ffrfo{ /
sk[ frfo{nfO{ clejfbg u/ ] . pgn] pgLx¿;Fu ljhosf] cfzLjf{b dfu] .
ol' wli7/sf] sfoa{ f6 jf;b' j] v';L eP  . pgn] cfb/0fLo JolStTjx¿sf] ;Ddfg ubf{ cfo',
ljbo\ f, sLlt{ / andf jb[ \lw x'g] s'/f atfP . jf:tjdf z/L/ a9' f] x'G5 t/ dflg;sf]
1fg a9' f] xbF' }g . a9' fkfsfsf] kl/kSj 1fgn] oj' fx¿nfO{ dfu{ bzg{ u5 { . To;}n]
cl3Nnf] k':tfdf ePsf] 1fgnfO{ kl5Nnf] k:' tfdf x:tfGt/0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

l;hg{ fTds nv] g

lbPsf aF'bfsf cfwf/df syf tof/ kf/ M
Ps lbg dxfTdf ufGwL sf7] fdf sx] L vfl] h/xs] f===========================, pgsL ;xofu] L

64 efiff auF}rf – ^

dL/fag] n] æsx] L vfH] ge' Psf] xf] afa'hL ÛÆ eg/] ;f]ws] L=================, dxfTdf ufGwLn] xf,]
Pp6f snd x/fof]Ú eg]sf==============, ld/fag] n] slt 7n' f] lyof] < gofF lyof] ls < eg/]
;fw] ]sL====================, pgn] x/fPkl5 s] ug{] < 5f]l8lbgx' f];\ eg]sL =======================,
afa'hLn] …x'Fbg} ToxL rflxof]Ú eg]/ vf]Hg nufPsf====================, To;} sf/0f Ps
hgf dflg;n] pgnfO{ gofF snd lbPsf]====================, pgn] k'/fg} rflxgd] f l9kL
u/s] f====================, clGtddf x/fPsf] snd k]mnf k/s] f=] ==================, ufGwL ;Gti' 6
ePsf=======================, o;af6 ufGwL cToGt dLtJooL JolSt lyP eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 .

yk cEof;

lbPsf] syf k9L ;fl] wPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ n]v M
bf| 0] ffrfo{ sf}/j / kf08j bj' s} f u?' lyP . pgn] cfˆgf lziox¿sf] k/LIff lng ol' wli7/
/ bo' f]{wgnfO{ af]nfP . u'?n] o'lwli7/nfO{ ;ft lbgleq v/fa dfG5] vfh] ]/ Nofpg" eGg]
cfbz] lbP . bo' f]{wgnfO{ ;ft lbgleq c;n dfG5] vf]h/] Nofpg" eGg] cfb]z lbP . u'?sf]
cf1fcg';f/ b'j} a]Unfa]Un} lbzflt/ uP . o'lwli7/n] hlt ubf{ klg v/fa dfG5] e6] fpg
;s]gg\ . ptf bo' f]{wgn] klg c;n dfG5] e6] fpg ;s]gg\ . Ps xKtfkl5 bj' } u?' sf ;fd'
pkl:yt eP . b'j}n] u'?n] eg]cg';f/ dflg; vfH] g g;s]sf] atfP . u'?n] oL bO' n{ ] To:tf
dfG5] kTtf nufpg g;Sgs' f] sf/0f …b[li6Ú xf] eg ] . u'?sf] s/' fkl5 b'jn} ] cfcfˆgf u'0f
yfxf kfP .

k|Zgx¿ M
s= u?' n] ol' wli7/ / b'of]{wgnfO{ lsg af]nfP <
v= o'lwli7/ / b'of]w{ gn] s:tf s:tf dfG5] vf]Hgk' ¥of] <
u= Ps xKtfkl5 pgLx¿ s:tf] cj:yfdf kmlsP{ <
3= u'?n] lsg To:tf dfG5] kTtf nufpg g;Sg'sf] sf/0f …bl[ i6Ú xf] eg] <
ª= ol' wli7/ / bo' f{]wgsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <

efiff auFr} f – ^ 65

v]Nbfv]Nb}

lbPsf ufpF vfg] syfsf] pTt/ nv] M
!= cfdfeGbf 5f]/L afS] ;L s] xf] <
@= eGbf 5 uGbf ;ft s] xf] <
#= ;fgL gfgLsf lhpel/ cfvF f s] xf] <
$= ;fgf] 5bF f n'uf nufpg] 7n' f] ePkl5 nu' f kmfNg] s] xf] <
%= ;fgf] ;fgf] ?v r9\gdf bM' v s] xf] <
^= k]6el/ kfgL aflx/ ;f/f] n'uf nufO{ a:5] ;fgL gfgL s] xf] <
&= yfnel/ slgsf 5/s] f] s] xf] <

66 efiff au}Frf – ^

%PsfO kf| sl[ ts ;G' b/tf

cfFvLem\ofn

lrqdf b]vfPsf] dflg; s] ul//xs] f] 5 <

!kf7 R5f] /f]Nkf

– o'j/fh gof3F /]

lgaGwsf/ o'j/fh gofF3/]sf] hGd lj=;+= @)@^ c;fh] !( ut] dr] L c~rn, Onfd
lhNnfsf] tfD;flnª eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] xf ] . g]kfnL ljifodf :gftsfT] t/;Dd cWoog u/]
sf pgL ;flxTo nv] gdf g} ;dlkt{ eP/ nfus] f 5g \ . pgsf …gLn8fdÚ, …Ps xftsf] tfnLÚ,
…3fdsf] r'DagÚ, …8n/sf] 8fo/LÚ cflb sl[ t k|sflzt 5g\ . pgn] …dbg k'/:sf/Ú, …o'jf
jif{ df]tL k/' :sf/Ú nufot y'k|} k/' :sf/ tyf ;Ddfg k|fKt u/s] f 5g\ . pgsf] n]vgdf 7]6
gk] fnL zAbsf] k|ofu] kfOG5 . pgL lgaGwdf u|fdL0f hg hLjgsf] ;'Gb/ j0fg{ u5g{  \ .

rt} sf nfdf lbgdf kft em//] af6f] lrKnf] ePsf] lyof] . cl3 pSnbF f xfdLnfO{ x}/fgL lyof] .
cfn] bF{ f emg\ dxfd'l:sn eof ] . xfdL t;] f{] af6f] sf6k] l5 3g3f]/ hªu\ ndf l5¥of}F .
nfdau/sf] 3d' n{} f] cfsfz kfgL bsfp{ gnfO{ en] f eO/xs] f] lyof ] . d/] f] ;fydf r/Lsf6] ]
;FuLx¿ pbw\ j nO' 6F n] / sdn sfsL{ lyP  . R5f] /fN] kf hfg prflnPsf xfdf| v6' 6\ f Toltv/] yfss] f
/ cl;gkl;g ePsf lyP . lrlKnP/ vfr]F df vl;Pnf ls eg/] d/] f] dg cTtflnPsf] lyof ] .
d ns] nfu/] kmlsg{ k' g]{ xf] ls eGg] 8/n] ;:' tfO{ ;':tfO{ lx8F s] f] lyP F .

68 efiff auF}rf – ^

;fFem kb}{ uPkl5 afbF /, nf]vs]{ / jg la/fnfsf] bf}8fbf8} b]lvof] . r/fx¿ rk' rfk eP .
xfdL l;:g/] L k'Uof} F . ToxfF k'Ubf cFWof/} eof ] . /fN] jflnª kfl/sf 8fF8fx¿ sfnfDd] bl] vP .
uf}/Lzª\s/sf r'r'/f k/ k/ eP .

xfdL lgs} /ft k/k] l5 ;/' d'rd] f k'Uof F} . hª\unsf dfemdf Pp6f 3/ /x]5 . To; 3/df
ltg hgf nfnfafnf lnP/ Pp6L z]lkg{ L a;]sL /lx5 . xfdLn] p;;} Fu af; dfUof F} . p;sf]
bM' vn] xfd|f] d6' ' r'l8Pnf rl' 8Pnf e}mF eof] .

Hff8fn] xfdf| bfFt klg ah]sf lyP . xfdL ltg efO cFug] fsf] 5p] df 8f]/Lsf] em'Ttf] eF}m
a6fl/P/ ;'Tof F} .

xfdLn] Eff]lnkN6 laxfg ^ ah] g} kfOnf cufl8 a9fof}F . xfdLn] ca sN] h]df dfq} vfg
kfOG5 eGg] klg yfxf kfofF } .

dn} ] Aff6f] cK7o\ f/f] 5 eGg] ;g' s] f] lyP F . To;n} ] d d6' s' f] rfndf v6' 6\ f nDsfpbF } lyP F .
af6fdf kmf66\ km' 66\ dfG5] el] 6Gy ] . /fN] jflnª vfn] fsf] rsf{] cfjfh sfgdf kl//xs] f] lyof ] .
xfdL 3g3f/] jg / em/gfx¿ xb] }{ cl3 a9\b} lyof F} . ;fyLx¿n] dnfO{ eg], æoxL tfnn] t
e/] cf8] f/sf] af; xfn] f lg ÛÆ

xfdL 3'dfp/f] 8fF8faf6 lg:sbF }, k:b} ul//x]sf lyof}F . xfdL t];f{] psfnf] r9]/ 7n' f] emgf{
ePsf] vfF]rdf k'UofF} . 8fu] fªdf Pp6f 3/ e]l6of ] . ToxfF vfgnfO{ kmf6\6k'm66\ a6j' f cfpg]
/x]5g\ .

xfdLn] sN] h]df ;fu cfn' vfof }F] . n]s nfUnf eg/] nus] f] crf/ klg yKb} vfof F} . d
R5f] /f]Nkf kl' ugF eg] < eGg] ;fr] n] dnfO{ l5g l5gdf ;tfO/Xof ] .

dnfO{ Tof] lxdfnL tfn gk'uL kms{g dg lyPg . /f]Njflnª t/]kl5 psfnf] cfof] .
u'/fF;3f/L / sfnf kxf8sf] r]kdf kfOnf cufl8 a9fpg ;s; eof] . blIf0flt/ dg
cfglGbt kfg]{ lxdfnL b[Zo b]lvof] . pTt/lt/ uf/} Lzª\s/sf r'r/' f klg nfe] nfUbf lyP .

xfdLnfO{ lxdfnL prfOn] ubf{ v6' \6f k5fl8 tflg/x]sf] h:tf] xg' yfNof] . xfdL
lx8F \b}, yfSb} / la;fpFb} cufl8 al9/x]sf lyof} F . k'Ugk' g{] 7fpnF fO{ cgsG6f/
kxf8, rk] / lxprF 'nLn] emg\ k/ k/ kf/] em}F nfUYof ] . 7fF6L kU' bf ;f;

zAb / c {y sfnfDd] – sfns} fnf] ePsf] cj:yf nfnfafnf – s]6fs6L
;s; – x/} fgL, sl7gfO cgsG6f/ – ljs6 jf lgh{g 7fpF

efiff aurF} f – ^ 69

zAb / c {yk]mg{ xfdLnfO{ uf/f] eof ] .
d nO' 6]nn] lbPsf] sfnf] r:df nufP/ lxFl8/xs] f] lyP F . ev/{ ck]|;g u/]sf] cfvF f /
ds{]sf] 3F'8f] eP klg d]/f] dg eg] alnof] lyof] . dn} ] /f]Njflnªsf] kfgLn] xftdv' wfP] ,F
kfgL lz/df 5s F{] . bfFt} l;l/ª\u kfg]{ kfgLn] k}tfnf;Ddsf g;f emgGg agfof] .
afb} w\ / lxGb'sf] tLy{:yn ;db/ e]l6of] . ToxfF WjhW} jhf / lqz"n}lqz"n /fv]sf /x]5g \ .
ToxfFaf6 t;] f{] lx8F ]kl5 cln cln 6f/af/L bl] vP . 9'ªu\ fsf rk] df cf8] f/] 3/x¿ klg bv] f
kg{ yfn ] . To:tf dg cTofpg] 3/sf e\mofnx¿df klg /ª\uLrªu\ L kbf{ b]lvGy] .
af6fd] f rfF}/Lsf ayfg e]l6P . ToxfsF f afl;Gbfn] rf}F/Lsf xn' n] uf]Aof| Psf af/Lsf kf6fdf
cfn' /fk] s] f /x5] g\ . sf7, bfp/f / 9ª' \uf xfn/] 9f]sf yl' gPsf 3/x¿ lyP . ToxfF
dfG5]eGbf w]/} 8fFkm] / d'gfnsf xn" b]lvP .
ev/{ } lxpF lgs} tn;Dd k/s] f] lyof ] . To;dfly 9ª' u\ g] L pa8vfa8 xg' fn] lx8F g\ } dl' :sn eof ] .
xfd|f] bd km' Nof ] . xfdLnfO{ l;/6] f] / psfnf]sf] cl;gkl;glar tfndn] ldnfpg ;s;
kl//x\of] . xfdL emdSs} ;feF mdf jl] bª kU' of }F .
j/k/sf lxdfnn] lxpFsf] :of7F jl] bªlt/ k7fO/x]sf] lyof] . xfdLn] hf8fa] f6 aRg :j]6/
nufofF } . ;f7L 3/w/' L /x]sf] jl] bªsf w/] h} ;f] dflg; cfn' /f]Kg ufplF t/ uPsf /x5] g\ .
dflyNnf] kfvfaf6 /fN] jflnªsf] blIf0fL au/;Dd j]lbª km} lnPsf] lyof ] . cfuf] tfKbf
lrgfhfgL ePsf bfjfn] eg,] æoxfsF f ;a} 3/sf Ps hgfn] ;u/dfyf r9s] f 5g\ .Æ
xfdL j}zfvsf] Ps ut] laxfg ;a]/} R5f] /f]Nkflt/ nfUof}F . /flt k'm;k'm;fPsf]
lxpFn] af6f] lrKnf] ePsf] lyof] . 6]s]sf] 7fpFdf gcl8P 9'Gd'lgb} lgs} k/
k'luGYof] . To;kl5sf] af6f] t];f]{ / 58\s] psfnf] eP klg pRr lxdfnL
xfjfkfgLsf sf/0f xfdL n:t eof }F . clS;hg gk'u/] 5ftL 8Dd lylrP h:tf] eof ] . af6fdf
kfy] k|} f]yf| el] 6P . bO' { lbgcl3 x/] s] f cUnf cUnf u/' fF;sf af6] xfd|f 3'F8feGbf xfr] f ePsf
h:tf b]lvP .
lxpsF f] srf/} f]h:tf] gf ufpF k'Ubf cfn' /f]lk/x]sf zk] fx{ ¿ e]l6P . htf;s' } e]8f, rfF}/L /

tLy:{ yn – kljq el" d, k0' oe"ld
9'ª\ug] L – 9'ªuf w/] } ePsf]
:of7F – l;/6] f], lr;f] xfjf

70 efiff aurF} f – ^

vRr/ bl] vP . c;fWo} ef]sfPsf xfdLn] cfª lgdfsf] 3/df emf]nfem\ ofD6f yGSofofF } . Ps}
l5gdf ;fu / cfn;' Fu} hAa/] rfdnsf] eft kfSof] . 6Gg vfP/ xfdL k"jl{ t/ lx8F \of}F .

blIf0fk6l\ 6 lxpF g} lxpnF ] 5fl] kPsf] 8f8F f] b]lvof] . pTt/lt/ sfnfDd] kxf8 bl] vof] .
To;b]lv ptf uf}/Lzª\s/sf rn' Lx¿ b]lvP . rf/l} t/ lxpF g} lxpsF f] vft b]lvof ] .
vfF]r / rk] df ;t] fDd] lxpF wn' f] p8] em}F bl] vof] . 6f9f st} u8o\ fd u8\ofd cfjfh ;l' gof] .
lgs}a]/kl5 sGb/fsf] rk] af6 dfl:t/ lxds0fsf] d:' nf] pl56\l6Psf] bl] vof ] . bfjf l5/Ln]
…R5f] /f]Nkf hfbF f lxdklx/f] b]lvG5Ú eg]sf lyP, xf] /x5]  .

xfdLn] 3G6fF} nufP/ R5f] /f]Nkfsf bZ[ ox¿ x¥] ofF} . af6fel/ rf/}F L / e]8fsf ayfg rl//xs] f
lyP . bflxgl] t/ lxdfnsf] n:s/ b]lvGYof] / dflyaf6 PsfPs v;s] f] lxpF clns tn
df]xs em/gf ags] f] klg bl] vGYof] . st} dflylt/ lxpF / tnlt/ kfgL au]sf] klg b]lvof] .

xfdL] R5f] /f]Nkf k'Ubf lbp;F f] ePsf] lyof ] . xfdL ltg lbgsf] c6'6 lx8F fOkl5 tfn 6S] g
k'u]sf lyof F} . tfnsf ltgl} t/ lxpsF f r'nLx¿ lyP . ltg ;'/af6 c66' v;s] f] lxpF kUn/]
R5f] /fN] kf lxdtfn ags] f] /x5]  . xfdL kU' bf tfn st} kUn]sf], st} hds] f] ¿k/ªdf lyof] .
7d7dL lx8F g\ } ldNg] u/L hds] f] tfndf ;fyLx¿n] xfgs] f 9ª' u\ f lrlKnP/ pTt/L leTtfsf] 5p]
ku'  ] . xfdLn] R5f] /f]Nkf 5f8] \bf lbg 5ofªu\ lyof] / cfsfz vn' s] f] lyof] .

zAb / c {y df]xs – cfsifs{ df]lxt kfg]{

u/, 3/ 8fu] fª ;'/d'r]
5o\ fª\u l;l/ªu\
zb' \w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M
R5f] /fN] kf dxfdl' :sn /f]Njflnª
pl56l\ 6Psf] kmf6\6km6' \6 emf]nfe\mofD6f

efiff aur}F f – ^ 71

afw] / cleJolSt

!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ d'v}n] eg M
s= lgaGwsf/ sxfF k'Ubf /ft k/s] f] lyof] <
v= lgaGwsf/sf] dg lsg cflTtof] <
u= lgaGwsf/;uF sf] sf] ;fyL lyP <
3= csf]{ lbg lgaGwsf/x¿ sxfF af; a;] <
ª= /f]Njflnª t/]kl5 s:tf] af6f] cfof] <
r= R5f] /fN] kf tfn s;/L ags] f] /x]5 <
@= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ n]v M
s= lgaGwdf R5f] /fN] kf hfg] af6f]sf] cj:yf s:tf] bv] fOPsf] 5 <
v= ofqfdf /xFbf lgaGwsf/nfO{ s:tf ;d:of cfOk/] <
u= lgaGwsf/n] R5f] /f]Nkf hfg] af6f]df kg]{ s'g s'g 7fpF pNnv] u/]sf 5g\ <
3= lgaGwsf/n] jl] bª kU' g'cl3 af6fd] f s] s] b]v] <
ª= lgaGwsf/n] R5f]/f]Nkfsf] b[ZonfO{ s;/L lrq0f u/]sf 5g\ <
#= ltdLn] kf7 k9/] R5f] /fN] kfsf] af/d] f s] s] s/' f hfGof} < nv]  .
$= R5f] /f]Nkf tfn x]g{ hfbF f s] s] ;d:of cfpg] /x5] < kf7sf cfwf/df nv]  .
%= ljs6 7fpFsf] ofqf u/] s] kmfObf xG' 5 < n]v .
^= g]kfnsf R5f] /f]Nkf h:t} kbofqf u//] hfg'kg{] 7fpFx¿sf] ;r" L agfpm .

cfkm\ gf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdL k}bn} hfg'kg]{ 7fpdF f 3'Dg uPsf 5f} < ToxfF hfbF f ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] <

72 efiff auF}rf – ^

?

;fr] / eg M
R5f] /f]Nkf rf/}lt/ lxpF g} lxpnF ] 5]lsP/ dfemdf kfgL hd]sf] tnfp xf] . o;sf]
kfgL k'm6\of] eg] hgwgsf] Iflt xG' 5 . o;af6 aRg s] s] ug'{knf{ <

>l' t n]vg

lbPsf] cgR' 5b] ;'g / nv] M
afb} \w / lxGbs' f] tLy{:yn ;db/ el] 6of ] . ToxfF WjhW} jhf / lqz"nl} qzn" /fv]sf /x5] g\ .
ToxfaF f6 t];f]{ lxF8]kl5 cln cln 6f/af/L bl] vP / 9'ªu\ fsf rk] df cf8] f/] 3/x¿ klg
bv] f kg{ yfn ] . To:tf dg cTofpg] 7fpdF f ePsf 3/sf ‰ofnx¿df klg /ªu\ Lrªu\ L kbf{
bl] vGy] .

;dx" sfo{
rf/ rf/ hgfsf] ;dx" agfpm . ;d"xsf] Ps hgfn] lstfasf] ;'?df /flvPsf]
sljtfsf rf/ x/km no xfn/] k9 . c¿ ltg hgfn] kf7 x/]  . ca k:' ts aGb u/ .
kT| os] ;dx" sf] Ps hgfn] sljtf k9 . c¿n] nv]  . sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . k':ts
x]//] zb' w\ zAbdf -ü_ lrxg\ nufpm . czb' w\ zAbdf -û_ lrxg\ nufpm . cfkm\ gf]
sfkL lkmtf{ dfu . lstfa x/] /] -û_ lrxg\ nufPsf zAb ;Rofpm .

zb' \w n]vg

lbPsf] cg'R5]b z'bw\ kf/L sfkLdf ;f/ M
dnfO{ tf] xLdfnL tfn k'ug gkfO kmsg{ dg lyo]g . /fN] jfnLª t/k] l5 pmsfnf] cfof ] .
u/' fFz 3f/L / sfnf kfxf8sf] rk] df kfO{nf cuf8L a9fpg zsz eof] .

efiff aur}F f – ^ 73

zAb e08f/

!= zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M

x/} fgL kl;gfn] lgy'S| s lehs] f]
3g3f]/ lbSbf/L
3'dn{} f ] afSnf] / 7'nf]
cl;gkl;g rf/}lt/ sfnf] ePsf]
sfnfDd ] a6fl/Psf]
;s; xNsf afbn nfu]sf]
ds]{sf] sfd ubf{ kg]{ sl7gfO

@= kf7sf cfwf/df ldNg] zAb /fvL vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s= d lrlKnP/ vfFr] df v:5' ls eGg] 8/n]=========================lxFl8/x]sf] 5' . -;:' t/L,
km6fkm6_

v= af6fd] f =============== dfG5] e]l6Gy] . -;':t/L, kmf66\ k'm6\6_
u= dnfO{ lxdfnL kv]/f xg] { ================== lyof ] . -kmf66\ km' 66\ , EofOgEofO{_
3= 6f9faf6 ==================== cfjfh ;'lgof] . -x\jf/xj\ f/, u8o\ fDd_
ª= hf8f]n] bftF ====================== ahs] f lyP . -x\jf/xj\ f/, lsl6Ss_
r= lxdfnsf] :ofF7 ====================== cfO/x]sf] lyof ] . -xj\ f/x\jf/, lsl6Ss_

#= 6'Ssf / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M 5Sofpg'
OHht /fVg '
lbg 9Ng' v';L xg' '
sDd/ s:g' /ft kg{'
cfvF f nfUg ' cGbfh ug{'
dVv kg '{ c;kmn x'g '
cfFvf 5Ng ' lgbfpg'
gfs /fVg '
cfn' vfg'

c8s\ n sf6\g' cfF6 ug'{

$= Wjhf ± Wjhf – WjhW} jhf eP e}mF lbPsf zAb bfx] fl] /P/ aGg] zAb nv]  M

74 efiff au}Frf – ^

s= 9ª' \uf ± 9ª' \uf – v= kf]yf| ± kfy] f| –
u= kfvf ± kfvf – 3= em\ ofn ± e\mofn –
ª= r:df ± r:df – r= lxdfn ± lxdfn –

%= kf7af6 cGTodf bL3{ Osf/ nfus] f kGw| j6f zAb vfh] ]/ n]v M
pbfx/0f M rfF}/L, xfjfkfgL

Jofs/0f

sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
s= uf}/Lzª\s/sf] r'r'/f] klg nf]enfUbf] lyof ] .
v= af6fg] lhs} kfrF ;ft j6f rf}/F L rl//x]sf bl] vGy ] .
u= ev{/} lgs} tn;Dd lxpF k/]sf] lyof ] .
3= af6fdf ;fgf ;fgf kfy] |fx¿ lyP .
ª= rf}/F Lsf l;ª nfdf lyP .

dflysf jfSodf cfPsf …nfe] nfUbf]Ú, …kfrF ;ftÚ, …lgsÚ} , …;fgf ;fgfÚ, …nfdfÚ h:tf zAb
ljzi] f0f x'g\ . ljz]if0f zAbn] gfd / ;jg{ fdsf] ljzi] ftf hgfp5F g\ . ljz]if0f zAbx¿
s:tf], sqf,] slt, s'g, eGg] k|Zgsf] pTt/df cfpF5g \ .

cf= kf7af6 ljzi] f0f zAb k|ofu] ePsf kfrF j6f jfSo l6k .

O= ltdLn] l6ks] f jfSodf ePsf ljz]if0f zAb /fvL kfrF j6f gofF jfSo agfpm .

@= lbPsf jfSonfO{ pbfx/0fdf b]vfP h:t} u/L bO' { lsl;dn] kl/jtg{ u/ M
pbfx/0f M
sdn R5f] /f]Nkf hfbF } lyof ] .
sdn R5f] /fN] kf hfFb} lyP .
sdn R5f] /fN] kf hfFb} x'g'x'GYof] .
s= n]vs /f]Njflnª kfl/sf 8fF8fx¿ xb] }{ lyof ] .
v= pbw\ j ;fu / cfn' vfbF } lyof ] .
u= a6'jf cK7o\ f/f] af6f] lxF8\b} lyof]  .
3= z]kf{ vt] df cfn' /f]Kb} lyof] .

efiff au}rF f – ^ 75

ª= zl] kg{ L nfnfafnf :ofxfb{} lyO { .
$= lbPsf wfta' f6 eljiot\ sfnsf lj|mofkb agfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
b]v\, ;'t,\ ku' \, vf, x', lx8F ,\ w', ag\
%= kf7af6 et" sfnsf ljm| ofkb k|of]u ePsf cf7 j6f jfSo vf]h/] n]v .

n]vg cEof;

cg'n]vg

!= kf7sf] t/] f}F, rfw} fF} / kGw|f}F cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
gk] fn k|fsl[ ts ;'Gb/tfdf wgL b]z xf ] . gk] fnsf] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fOs{ f] k|sl[ t

km/s km/s vfnsf] 5 . To;}n] gk] fndf leGg leGg k|fsl[ ts b[Zox¿ bV] g ;lsG5 .
gk] fnsf lxdfnL 6fs/' fsf k]mbLdf cg]sf}F lxdgbL, lxdtfn / 3f;F ] db} fgx¿
/xs] f 5g\ . tL cToGt ;G' b/ / dgdf]xs 5g \ . b'Ol{ tg lbg nufP/ k}bn} ToxfF;Dd
k'Ug ufx|f] x'G5 tfklg pSt :yfgdf k'lu;sk] l5 ToxfFsf b[Zon] af6fdf ePsf ;a}
b'Mv la;f{p5F g\ . g]kfndf kbofqf u//] kU' gk' g{] ;G' b/ :yfg w]/} 5g \ . d:' tfªsf]
ltlnrf] tfn, bfn] vfsf] R5f] /fN] kf, du' 'sf] /f/f tfn, c5fdsf] /fdf/f]zg, ndhª' sf]
b'wkfv] /L, afh/' fsf] a8Ldflnsf / vKt8 Ifq] kbofqf u/]/ k'Ug'kg]{ 7fpF x'g \ . xfdLn]
To:tf 7fpFaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ugk{' 5 { . tL 7fpFsf] af/]df kr| f/ ugk'{ 5{ . To;n]
ko6{ g Joj;fodf 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 . xfdL cfkm\ g} b]zsf /dfOnf 7fpdF f 3D' g uO{
cfGtl/s ko6{ gnfO{ ;d[b\w agfpg ;S5f }F .

l;hg{ fTds n]vg

!= ltdLn] ofqf u/s] f] s'g} gofF 7fpFsf] b[Zo / cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;d]6L lgaGw tof/ kf/ .

76 efiff au}rF f – ^

v]Nbfv]Nb}

lbPsf] sf]7k] b k/' f u/ M

t];f{]

!= csfs{ f] lxt jf enfO{ ug]{ -$_

#= kbfys{ f] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] 6j' m| ofpg g;lsg] c+z -@_

$= bu' l{ t -#_

&= k/' f0fcg';f/ bg'af6 hGd]sf ;Gtfg -#_

*= pkl:yt x'g' -#_

(= 7fpF -@_

!)= dfgj -@_

7f8f]

! @ @= k'mnleq xg' ] af:gfbf/ wn' f] -#_

# #= ef]hg pknAw u/fpg] JolSt -$_

$ % ^ $= kl/l:ylt -#_

& * %= lxGbx' ¿sf] bf;] |f] 7'nf] rf8 -#_

( !) ^= jL/ x'g'sf] efj -#_
*= 3f6F Ldf nufpg] Ps k|sf/sf] uxgf -@_

!)= gzf kb} f ug]{ kbfy{ -#_

ufpvF fg] syfsf] pTt/
v;' f{gL, s v u 3 sf] 5, eO' sF 6x/, af;F , l;:gf,] gl/jn, tf/f

efiff aurF} f – ^ 77

^PsfO gl} tstfaf/] ae' m\ g'k5{

cfFvLem\ofn

lbPsf lrqaf6 s] s] b]vfpg vf]lhPsf] 5 <

!kf7 pHofnfs] f] vfh] L

– bj] L gk] fn

slj b]jL g]kfnsf] hGd lj=;=+ @)#) ;fn j}zfv !* ut] dr] L c~rn, emfkf lhNnfsf]
ufN] wfk eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] xf] . ;+:s[t / gk] fnL ;flxTodf :gftsf]Tt/ u/s] f
gk] fn kf| Wofkg k;] fdf ;n+ Ug 5g\ . gk] fnsf …df6f] / d6' Ú' -sljtf ;ª\ux| _, …sv' /' Lsf]
lax]Ú -afnsfJo_ nufot 8]9 bhg{ eGbf a9L sl[ t k|sflzt 5g \ . gk] fnn] …oj' f jif{
dft] L k/' :sf/Ú, …z'e ke| ft sfJo ;DdfgÚ, h:tf bhg{ fF} k/' :sf/ tyf ;Ddfg k|fKt ul/;s]
sf 5g \ . pgsf] nv] gdf b]zelSt, ;dfhsf] oyfy{ / dfgj hLjgsf b'Mv ;v' sf] lrq0f kfOG5 .

yfs]/ Tof] efg' g em5{ s}No}
kfs]/ 9ª' u\ f g t uN5 sN} o}
ofqf sxfF xf] e'lnFb}g sf];L
cf:yf eP ;To x'bF }g bf]ifL .

rNb} 5 xfjf g t x'G5 cN5L
dfGb}g afwf d[u gf£5 uN5L
km}lnG5 of}6f nx/f] ckf/
ofqf oxL hLjgsf] 5 ;f/ .

kmf6]/ sN} o} ;lsbF }g d]3
afwF ]/ /fv] cl8bF }g j]u
;f]emf] egL x]Kb5 lgTo cfO{
xfGg5] nfTtL ;xbF }g ufO{ .

zAb / c {y ofqf – Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpFdf hfg] sfd

cf:yf – lbnb]lv hfu]sf] >bw\ f, ;Ddfg

uN5L – Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpF;Dd cf]ng{ ] jf pSng] ufF}8f]

ckf/ – kf/ kfOg;Sg ' ;f/ – sg' } j:t' jf kbfys{ f] d'Vo efu

ju] – ult

efiff au}Frf – ^ 79

6fNb}g Tof] Kjfn r'x'G5 dfq
xfNbg} Tof] 3fF; bx' 'G5 dfq
vGb} 5 vfN8f] lsg b]zeSt
bf]P cljlR5Gg axG5 /St .

df}/Lljgf s] dxsf] ld7f;
x]g]{ ge} Joy{ 5 Tof] u'/fF;
cUnf] / xf]rf] hu b]VgnfO{
rflxG5 gfn} f 5lj nV] gnfO{ .

vf]h]/ kfP hgsf] pHofnf]
/f]h]/ Nofcf}F dgsf] pHofnf]
Joy{} 5 sfnf] wgsf] pHofnf]
vf]hf}F snf hLjgsf] pHofnf] .

zAb / c {y cljlR5Gg – nuftf/, lar lardf g6'6]sf]

hu – e"ld, ;;+ f/ 5lj – ;o" s{ f] ls/0f, zfe] f

sfnf] wg – cjw} lsl;dn] sdfPsf] wg

u/, 3/

z'b\w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M Kjfn cljlR5Gg vfN8f]
x6fcfF} 6fNbg} xfNb}g
d[u nfTtL
Joy{ rflxG5

af]w / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 .

80 efiff au}Frf – ^

@= sljtf k'/f u/ M

rNb} 5 ===============================cN5L
====================================uN5L
km} lnG5==================================
ofqf======================================;f/ .

#= l7s egfO dfq sfkLdf ;f/ M

s= ju] nfO{ afWF g ;lsbF }g .
v= cfhef]ln bz] eStx¿ vfN8f k'b5}{ g \ .
u= cUnf] / xfr] f] ;;+ f/ b]Vg gofF b[li6sf]0f rflxFbg}  .
3= xfdLn] hLjg¿kL snfsf] pHofnf] vfH] gk' 5 { .
ª= x]g{] dfG5] geP klg u'/f;F sf] ;f}Gbo{sf] rrf{ x'G5 .

$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M

s= hLjgsf] ;f/ ofqf xf] eGg] s/' f s] sa] f6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 <
v= ;f]emf] eg/] ;w}F xK] of] eg] s] x'G5 <
u= xfdLn] s:tf] pHofnf] vfH] g'k5{ <
3= sa] f6 cfPsf] pHofnf] Joy{ 5 <
ª= …df}/Lljgf s] dxsf] ld7f;Ú eGgs' f] cy{ s] xf] <
r= ;o" { / 9ª' u\ faf6 xfdLn] s] l;Sg ;S5fF} <
5= xfjf / du[ af6 xfdLn] s] l;Sg ;S5fF} <

%= lbPsf kªl\ StnfO{ ub\odf n]v M
pbfx/0fM yfs]/ Tof] efg' g em5{ s}No} – Tof] efg' yfs/] slxNo} emb}{g .

s= kfs/] 9'ª\uf g t uN5 sN} o}
v= km} lnG5 of6} f nx/f] ckf/
u= vGb5} vfN8f] lsg b]zeSt
3= x]g]{ ge} Joy{ 5 Tof] u/' fF;
ª= rflxG5 gfn} f 5lj n]VgnfO{

efiff auF}rf – ^ 81

^= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
kmf6]/ sN} o} ;lsbF }g d3]
afFw/] /fv] cl8b}g j]u
;f]emf] egL xK] b5 lgTo cfO{
xfGg]5 nfTtL ;xbF }g ufO { .

cfkm\ gf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLnfO{ cfk\mgf] hLjgdf ;a}eGbf dxTTjk0" f{ nfus] f] s/' f s] xf] <

?

;fr] / eg M
dflg; wg ;DklTt sdfpg tF5f8 d5f8 ul//xs] f 5g\ . w/] } ;DklTt ePsf
dflg; klg ;v' L b]lvbF }gg\ . dflg;nfO{ s:tf] s/' fn] ;'v lbG5 xfn] f <

>'lt nv] g

lbPsf kªl\ St ;g' / n]v M
yfs/] Tof] efg' g em5{ s}No}
kfs]/ 9'ª\uf g t uN5 sN} o}
ofqf sxfF xf] e'lnFbg} sf];L
cf:yf eP ;To x'Fbg} bfi] fL .

z'bw\ n]vg

lbPsf zAb z'bw\ agfP/ n]v M
sN} o}, sf]ifL, bfz] L, nflTt, clN5, df}l/, ge}, of6} f, 5jL, dL7f;

82 efiff aurF} f – ^

zAb e08f/

!= kf7af6 p:t} cy{ cfpg] zAb vf]h/] nv] M

pbfx/0f M ;o" { – efg' ;w}F –
kjg –

ult – afbn –

;+;f/ – /ut –
5fof – rds –
lg/Gt/ – lhGbuL –
@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAb hf]8f ldnfpm M

ljlR5Gg b]zb|f]xL

dxfg\ lg/fzf

cf:yf clgTo
;To lgbf{]if
bfi] f c;To

b]zeSt cljlR5Gg

hLjg lg:;f/
;f/ d/0f
lgTo cgf:yf

cfzf gLr

#= kf7af6 p:t} ;'lgg] zAb vf]h]/ nv] M

yfs]/ – kfs/]

sf];L – cN5L –
d3] – cfO{ –
r'x'G5 – 6fNb}g –

eSt – bV] gnfO{ –

vfh] /] – cl8bF }g –

%= kf7af6 rGb|ljGb' - _F nfus] f zAb vf]h/] n]v .

$= lbPsf zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm M
5lj, Joy,{ snf, ofqf, afwf, vfN8f,] pHofnf]

efiff aurF} f – ^ 83

n]vg cEof;
cg'n]vg

lbPsf kª\lSt h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
vGb}5 5 vfN8f] lsg bz] eSt
bf]P cljlR5Gg axG5 /St
df}/Lljgf s] dxsf] ld7f;
x]g]{ ge} Joy{ 5 Tof] u'/fF;

l;h{gfTds nv] g

!= ‘;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/’ ljifodf Pp6f sljtf nv] ]/ lzIfsnfO{ ;'gfpm .
@= lbPsf] sljtf k/' f u/ M
xfFuf========= x¿ ;a em/] =================== bfofF / afofF -lauF f, ˆofSF 5'_
;fgf================tn em/] hfG5' v]nfO={ ======================-5fof, tf/fx¿_
3'Dbf 8f8F f jl/kl/ 8'nL===================aG5'====================-dfnf, df]ltsf_]
=============gfRb} tnlt/ auL=====================eF}m u5'{ rfnf -emgf{, ;k{_

84 efiff auFr} f – ^

@kf7 uªu\ bTt

s'g} s'jfdf uªu\ bTt gfpF u/s] f] Eofut' fsf] /fhf a:Yof] . Ps k6s pm cfˆgf aGw'
Eofu'tfx¿;Fu l/;fP/ s'jfaf6 aflx/ lg:Sof ] . p;sf] dgdf cfkm";Fu c;xdt
aGwx' ¿nfO{ ;tfpg] OR5f kb} f eof] . To;} a]nf p;n] b'nf]df k:g nfu]sf] ;kn{ fO{ bV] of ] .
p;n] ToxL ;k{sf] db\bt lnP/ sj' fsf Eofut' fx¿;Fu k|ltzfw] lng] ljrf/ u¥of] .

uªu\ bTt ;ks{ f] b'nfg] lhs} uof] . p;n] eGof], æbfh,' tkfO{F aflx/ lg:sg'xf;]  \ .Æ

b'nfaflx/af6 cfPsf] gfn} f] cfjfh ;g' /] ;k{ 5Ss k¥of] . To; 7fpdF f p;nfO{ lrGg] /
af]nfpg] sfx] L lyPgg \ . To;n} ] Tof] ;k{n] cfˆg} ;'/lIft lgjf;df a;/] s'/f a'‰g] ljrf/
u¥of ] . ;k{n] bn' f]leqa} f6 ;fW] of], ætkfOF{ sf] x'gx' 'G5 <Æ

uªu\ bTtn] pTt/ lbof], æd Eofu'tfsf] /fhf uªu\ bTt x F' . d tkfOF{;Fu ldqtf ufF:g
rfxG5' .Æ

zAb / c {y kl| tzf]w – abnfsf] efjgf lgjf; – jf;:yfg, 3/

efiff aur}F f – ^ 85

;kn{ ] l6Kk0fL u¥of], ætkfO{F / d larsf] ldqtf cfuf] / ;s' s] f] k/fnsf] h:tf] x'G5 .Æ

uªu\ bTtn] Tof] ;kn{ fO{ cfb/kj" {s eGof], æbfh', tkfOF{ / d hftn} ] ;xh j/} L xfF} . dnfO{
d]/f cfˆg} hfltsf zq'x¿n] w/] } lt/:sf/ u/]sf 5g \ . ltgLx¿;Fu abnf lngsf nflu d
tkfO{F;uF ;xofu] dfUg cfPsf] x' F . gLltdf klg zq';fwg ug{ zq'sf] ;xof]u lng' plrt
g} xG' 5 elgPsf] 5 .Æ

To;kl5 bn' faf6 aflx/ lg:s/] ;k{n] ;fW] of], æefO, ltdLnfO{ ckdfg ugx{] ¿sf] af;:yfg
sxfF 5 <Æ

uª\ubTtn] eGof,] æltgLx¿ 9ª' \ufsf 6j' |mfx¿ ePsf] kfv] /Ldf a:5g\ .Æ

uªu\ bTtsf] cfux| df ;k{n] b'nfsf] dv' af6} kfv] /Lsf] lg/LIf0f u¥of] . p;n]
uª\ubTtnfO{ eGof,] æd/] f] :yfoL a;f]af;sf] nflu Tof] kfv] /L /fd|f] 7fpF xfO] g . d ToxfF
a;]/ ltdf| zqx' ¿ gfz ug{ ;lStg F .Æ

uªu\ bTtn] ;kn{ fO{ kmsfpFb} eGof,] ætkfOF{ Tof] kf]v/Lleqs} ?vsf] 6f8] \sfdf a:gx' f]; \ .
ToxfF a;/] klg kf]v/Lsf Eofu'tf vfg ;'ud g} xG' 5 .Æ

uªu\ bTtsf] k|:tfjdf ;k{ nfl] eof ] . pm a:g] u/]sf] b'nfd] f obfsbf d;' fdfq kfOGy ] .
To; kfv] /Ldf eg] k|z:t Eofu'tf lyP . pm cfkm" a9' f] klg lyof] . p;n] cfkm\ gf] kf| 0f
;lhn} wfGg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f ae' m\ of ] . Eofu'tfsf] ef]hg ;x'lnotk0" f{ x'g] ae' m]/ ;k{n]
uªu\ bTtsf] cfux| 6fg{ plrt 7fgg]  . pm uª\ubTt;Fu hfg tTk/ eof ] . uª\ubTtn] eGof,]
ætkfO{Fn] d/] f gft]bf/x¿nfO{ rflxF vfg'x'bF g} lg ÛÆ

uª\ubTt cfˆgf zqx' ¿nfO{ dfq ;ks{ f] cfxf/f agfpg rfxGYof ] . ;k{n] klg uª\ubTtsf]
efjgfsf] sb/ ug{] kl| tab\wtf hfx/] u¥of ] .

To;kl5 ;k{ k;| Gg xF'b} bn' faf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] . p;n] cfTdLotf hfx]/ ug{ uª\ubTtnfO{
cªs\ dfn u¥of] . bj' } k|f0fL kfv] /Llt/ uP . uª\ubTtn] ;k{nfO{ l;FrfO oGqsf] ;xf/fn]

l6Kk0fL – dV' o cy{sf] JofVof ;xh – ;/n, :jfefljs

zAb / c {y j/} L – zq,' b:' dg lt/:sf/ – x]nf, cgfb/

ckdfg – lt/:sf/, cgfb/, s;}nfO{ ul/g] xn] f

lg/LIf0f – sg' } sfo{ jf ultljlwsf] /]vb]v x]/ ljrf/

k:| tfj – ljrf/fy{ k:| tt' s/' f, sg' } ;ef, ufi] 7L cflbdf 5nkmnsf nflu k:| tt' ul/Psf] ljifo

;xl' not – s'g} ljifodf lbOg] ljz]if ;'ljwf

sb/ – s;}nfO{ ul/g] cfb/ ;Ddfg÷kz| +;f, ;/fxgf

k|ltab\wtf – jrg abw\ tf, k|ltabw\ xFb' fsf] l:ylt

86 efiff auF}rf – ^

kfv] /Lleq k¥' ofof] . p;n] ;kn{ fO{ ?vsf] 6f8] \sf] klg b]vfOlbof] .

uªu\ bTtn] ;kn{ fO{ cfkm\ gf zq' ePsf] 7fpdF f nUof ] . ;k{n] To; kfv] /Ldf ePsf
uª\ubTtsf zqn' fO{ s]xL lbgleqdf g} ;vfk kf¥of] . To;kl5 p;n] uª\ubTt;uF
vfg]s'/fsf] Joj:yf ldnfOlbg] cfu|x u¥of] . uª\ubTtn] g} kmsfP/ NofPsf] x'Fbf pm
;kn{ fO{ efh] g h'6fpg afWo lyof]  . To;}n] p;n] ljgd| eP/ eGof], æbfh', oxfFsf d]/f zq'x¿
l;b\lwP . ca tkfO{+ oGqsf] dbb\ tn] aflx/ lg:sgx' f;] \ .Æ

;k{ uª\ubTtsf] ;'emfpcg;' f/ kfv] /Laf6 aflx/ lg:sg tTk/ ePg . p;nfO{ ToxfF ;lhn}

ef]hg k|fKt xG' Yof ] . p;n] uª\ubTtnfO{ eGof], æd a:g] u/]sf] b'nf] csn}{ ] cfu] l6;Sof]

xfn] f . d ToxfF kms/{] hfbF f cnkq k5' { . ltdLn] g} dnfO{ kmsfP/ oxfF NofPsf xf} .

d]/f] efh] gsf] Joj:yf t ltdLn] g} ldnfpg'k5 { . ltdL dnfO{ lbgsf] Pp6fsf b/n]

cfkm\ gf z'e]R5s' , cfk\mgf gftb] f/ Eofu'tf vfg] kv{, ;f]r / eg M ;k{n]
cgd' lt bp] m gq d tL ;a} Eofu'tfnfO{ Ps} uªu\ bQnfO{ s] eG5 xf]nf <
rf]l6 dfl/lbG5' .Æ

;ks{ f] sk6k0" f{ cfzo a'em] / uª\ubTt lvGg eof ] . Tof] bi' 6 ;kn{ fO{ cfkm" n] kf]v/Ldf
NofPsf]df p;nfO{ 7n' f] kZrftfk eof] . p;n] zqn' fO{ ldq agfpbF f cfˆg} xflg x'g] /x]5
eGg] s/' f a'em\ of ] . p;n] lg/Lx ag]/ Tof] ;k{nfO{ lbgsf] Pp6fsf b/n] cfˆgf gft]bf/x¿
vfg] cgd' lt k|bfg u¥of] . p;n] zqn' fO{ kmsfpg sx] L s/' f u'dfpgk' g{] /x]5 eGg] s/' f
klg yfxf kfof ] .

s'jfsf ;a} Eofut' f vfO;s]kl5 ;kn{ ] uªu\ bTtsf] 5f/] f] odg' fbTtnfO{ klg vfof] .
uª\ubTt kq' zf]sn] ljx\jn eof] . cfk"mn] ss' d{ u/]sfd] f p;n] cfk}FmnfO{ lwSsf¥of ] .
p;sL :jf:gLn] klg nfU] gs] f] unt sfdsf] l6Kk0fL ub{} egL, æca /fP] / s] u5f{} < a?
oxfFaf6 lg:sg] pkfo u/ . o; ;k{nfO{ dfg{] ljifodf klg ;fr]  . of] ;ª\s6 ltdLn] g}
lgDTofPsf xf } . k/fOsf] e/ k/]/ cfkmGtnfO{ ;tfpgs] f] xfnt ltd|} h:tf] xG' 5 . ca
ltdLnfO{ kbf{ ;xof]u ug{ sf] cfpF5 <Æ pm kf]v/L aflx/af6 c¿ Eofut' f lnP/ cfpg]
jfrf u/L oGqdfk{mt\ kf]v/Laf6 pDSof ] .

zAb / c {y cfTdLotf – cfˆgfk] g, 3lgi7tf
ze' R] 5's – enf] rfxg] JolSt, lxti} fL cfzo – eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/f, clek|fo
sk6k"0f{ – bfi] fk0" f,{ 5nk"0f{ kq' zfs] – 5f/] fsf] d[Tod' f xg' ] b'Mv
ljxj\ n – lrGtfn] ubf{ dg czfGt ePsf],
Jofs'n

efiff auFr} f – ^ 87

u/, 3/

z'b\w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M

k|ltzf]w ;'/lIft lt/:sf/ ljxj\ n lg/LIf0f
k:| tfj l;FrfO oGq z'eR] 5s' kZrftfk wd{ ;ª\s6

afw] / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf] syf kfn}kfnf] jfrg u/]/ sIffdf ;'gfpm .

@= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] <
s= d tkfO;{F Fu ldqtf uf:F g rfxG5' .
v= efO, ltdLnfO{ ckdfg ugx{] ¿sf] af;:yfg sxfF 5 <
u= ca /fP] / s] u5f}{ < a? oxfFaf6 lg:sg] pkfo u/ .
#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ nv] M
s= uª\ubTtnfO{ s] ug{] OR5f eof] <
v= ;k{ ;'?df lsg bn' fleqaf6 af]Nof] <
u= gLltdf zq' ;fwg ug{ s] rflxG5 elgPsf] 5 <
3= uªu\ bTtsf] ;t{ s] lyof] <
ª= tf]lsPsf Eofu'tfx¿ vfO;s]kl5 ;k{n] uª\ubTtnfO{ s] eGof] <
r= uª\ubTtnfO{ lsg kZrftfk eof] <
5= uªu\ bTt s;/L kf]v/Laf6 aflx/ cfof] <

$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv] M
s= uªu\ bTtsf] k:| tfj ;kn{ ] dfGg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
v= ;kn{ ] uªu\ bTtsf zq'x¿ df/k] l5 s] ;ªs\ 6 cfof] <
u= cGTodf uª\ubTt s;/L ;ka{ f6 hfl] uof] <
3= …uª\ubTtÚ syfn] lbg vf]hs] f] lzIff s] xf] <
ª= kf7df s'g sg' 36gf ;Gbed{ f gLltsf s'/f cfPsf 5g\ <

88 efiff aur}F f – ^

%= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
s= zq' ;fwg ug{ zq'sf] ;xofu] lng' g} plrt xG' 5 .
v= k/fOsf] e/ k/]/ cfkmGtnfO{ ;tfpg]sf] xfnt ltd|} h:tf] x'G5 .
u= k/fj|mdL zq'nfO{ ldq agfpFbf cfˆg} Hofg hfG5 .

cfkm\ gf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLn] s;s} f bfhe' fO emu8f u/s] f] bv] s] f 5f} < Tof] emu8fn] s] kl/0ffd Nofof] <

?

;f]r / eg M
s= cfkmGtx¿n] g} cfˆgf] enf] rfxg] g\ eg] ltgLx¿;uF s:tf] Jojxf/ ugk{' nf{ <
v= cfkmGt;Fu abnf lng] ;f]rn] s;/L cfkF}mnfO{ 8a' fpF5 <

>l' t n]vg

lbPsf] cg'R5]b ;'g / n]v M
uªu\ bTtsf] k:| tfjdf ;k{ nf]leof ] . pm a:g] u/s] f] b'nf]df obfsbf d';f dfq kfOGy ] .
To; kf]v/Ldf eg] kz| :t Eofut' f lyP . pm cfkm" a'9f] klg lyof] . p;n] cfk\mgf] kf| 0f
;lhn} wfGg ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f a'em\ of ] . Eofu'tfsf] efh] g ;x'lnotk"0f{ xg' ] a'e]m/ ;k{n] uª\
ubTtsf] cfu|x 6fg{ plrt 7fg]g . pm uª\ubTt;uF hfg tTk/ eof ] . uªu\ bTtn] eGof,]
ætkfO{Fn] d]/f gft]bf/x¿nfO{ rflxF vfg'xF'bg} lg Û

efiff aur}F f – ^ 89

zb' \w nv] g

lbPsf jfSonfO{ zb' \w agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
u+ubQn] lagd| eo]/ bfh' oxfsf d/] f ;q' l;lb\bP . ca tkF} oGqsf] dbtn] afxL/
lg:sgx' f;] \ . dOn] hg" sfdsf nfuL tkF}nfO oxf cfpg cg/" f]w u¥of lyPF, Tof] sfd ;Dkg
eof] eGof ] .

;dx" sfo{
rf/ j6f ;d"xdf a; . kf7af6 …aÚ / …jÚ k|ofu] ePsf zAb vfh]  . tL zAbdf
ufn] f] 3/] f nufpm . cfkm\ gf] ;dx" sf] k|ltlglw 5fg . kl| tlglwn] tL zAb eg .
c¿n] nv]  . cfk\mgf] ;d"xsf ;fyLlar sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . lstfa x/] /] hfFr .
cz'b\w zAbs} 5p] df zb' \w zAb nv]  . hg' ;dx" n] oL ;a} sfo{ l56f] ;S5, Tof]
;dx" nfO{ afFsL ;d"xn] awfO{ b]pm .

zAb e08f/

!= kof{ojfrL zAb;Fu hf]8f ldnfpm M
lgjf; cg/' fw]
cfu|x jf;:yfg
lt/:sf/ ;lhnf]
;u' d x]nf
cfxf/f k5'tf]
kZrftfk ef]hg
xfnt ;fx;L
k/fjm| dL cj:yf
ckI] ff tof/
tTk/ cfzf

90 efiff au}Frf – ^

@= kf7af6 ljk/LtfyL{ cy{ cfpg] zAb vf]h/] n]v M
;xdt, c;/' lIft, zq'tf, lj5f8] , dfg, b'ud{ , cgl} ts
pbfx/0f M ;xdt – c;xdt

#= lg ± jf; – lgjf; eP e}mF lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] zAb nv] M
kft, wg, aGw, bfg, k"0f{, of]hg, s'~h, of]u, ud
$= lbPsf zAbnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
aGw', k|ltzfw] , l6Kk0fL, j}/L, ck]Iff, cfu|x, ljgd|

%= k|f0fL, kfv] /L h:tf cGTodf bL3{ Osf/ -L_ nfus] f 5 j6f zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] nv]  .

Jofs/0f

sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f

!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
– Eofut' f] kl| tzfw] lng rfxGYof ] .
Eofu'tfx¿ kl| tzfw] lng rfxGy] .
– pm l/;fP/ s'jfaf6 aflx/ lg:Sof ] .
pgLx¿ l/;fP/ s'jfaf6 aflx/ lg:s] .

gfd, ;jg{ fd, ljz]if0f / lj|mofkbsf] ;ªV\ of a'emfpg] zAbnfO{ jrg elgG5 . jrg bO' {
k|sf/sf 5g\ M Ps jrg / ax'jrg . Pp6fnfO{ a'emfpFbf Ps jrg / PseGbf w]/n} fO{
a'emfpFbf ax' jrg xG' 5 . dflysf] klxnf] jfSon] Ps jrgnfO{ a'emfp5F  . bf];|f] jfSon]
rflxF ax' jrgnfO{ a'emfpF5 .

cf= kf7af6 Ps jrg / ax' jrg a'emfpg] kfrF kfFr j6f jfSo vf]h/] nv]  .

@= pbfx/0f x/] L jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
pbfx/0f M kfv] /Ldf k|z:t Eofu'tf lyP .
kf]v/Ldf k|z:t Eofu'tf lyPgg\ .
uªu\ bTtn] ;kn{ fO{ kf]v/Lleq k¥' ofPg .
uª\ubTtn] ;k{nfO{ kfv] /Lleq k¥' ofof ] .
s= uªu\ bTt s'jfaf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] .

efiff aurF} f – ^ 91

v= ;k{n] b'nfleq} a;]/ kfv] /Lsf] lg/LIf0f u/]g .
u= uªu\ bTtn] ;kn{ fO{ kmsfof] .
3= ;k{ uªu\ bTt;Fu hfg tTk/ eof] .
ª= uªu\ bTtn] ;kn{ fO{ ljgd| cg/' f]w u¥of] .
r= ;k{ k;| Gg xFb' } bn' faf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] .
#= vfnL 7fpdF f ldNg] zAb e/ M
-cg;' f/, eGbf, ;Fu, leq, dfk{mt, l;t_
s= ;k{ a:g] bn' f] ======= d';f klg kfOGy ] .
v= Eofut' f] ;k{ =============== ldqtf uf:F g rfxGYof ] .
u= ;k{ uª\ubTt =============== uof ] .
3= ;k{ uª\ubTt =============== b'i6 lyof] .
ª= ;k{ uª\ubTtsf] ;'emfp =============== kfv] /Laf6 aflx/ uPg .
r= Eofut' f] oGq =============== kf]v/Laf6 aflx/ lg:Sof] .
ltdLn] vfnL 7fpFdf n]vs] f zAbx¿ …gfdofu] LÚ x'g\ . o:tf zAb gfd, ;jg{ fd, ljz]if0f
/ cJoo;uF hfl] 8P/ cfp5F g\ .
$= Ps jrg ae' mfpg] ;j{gfdnfO{ ax' jrgdf kl/jt{g u/ M
d, ltdL, tkfOF{, pm, of], Tof]

nv] g cEof;

cg'n]vg

!= kf7sf clGtd bO' { cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
;+;f/df hGd]sf ;a} dflg;n] cfk\mgf ;fdflhs dofb{ f / lgodx¿sf] kfngf ug'k{ 5{ .

ks| [ltn] slxNo} cfkm\ gf] stJ{ o en' s] f] 5g}  . dflg;n] klg lg/Gt/ st{Jo¿kL ofqfdf
nflu/xg'k5 { . cfkm\ g} :jfy{sf nflu dfq sfd ugx'{ F'b}g . xfdLdf hLjg afFRg] snf
x'g'k5{ . s]jn wg sdfpgs} nflu cg'lrt sfd ug{'xb'F g}  . wgn] dfq hLjg
;v' L agfpg ;Sbg}  . cfkm\ gf cfkmGt, bfh,' efO / aGw'x¿k|lt ;be\ fj /fVg'k5{ .

92 efiff auF}rf – ^

slxns] flxF emu8f eof] eGbd} f pgLx¿sf] g/fd|f] ;fR] g'xb'F }g . cfkm\ gf bfhe' fOnfO{
g/fd|f] ug{ zqs' f] ;xof]u lngx' b'F g}  . To;f] ubf{ Ps lbg cfkm} FnfO{ cK7\of/f] k5 { .
cfk"mnfO{ cK7o\ f/f] k/]sf] a]nfdf cfk"mnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] sfx] L xF'bg}  . k/fjm| dL zq'nfO{
ldq agfpFbf cfkm\ g} xflg x'G5 . xfdL ;o" {n] lg/Gt/ ks| fz lbO/xs] f] s'/faf6 sfd
ubf{ xg' 'kg{] lg/Gt/tf l;Sg ;S5f}F . xfjf cN5L gdfgL lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . k|s[ltdf
ePsf ;a}sf cfcfkm\ g} stJ{ o / gl} ts lgodx¿ 5g\ . tL ;an} ] cfk\mgf] sfd
ul//xs] f 5g \ . dflg; klg b|f]xL, emu8fn' / sfd gug{] x'gx' 'Fb}g .

l;hg{ fTds nv] g

s= lbPsf a'bF faf6 syf tof/ kf/ M
c/]laofsf Ps hgf ;'NtfgnfO{ Odfgbf/ sdr{ f/Lsf] vfrF f]==================,

;a} Odfgbf/ ePsf] gf6s bv] fpg] x'gfn] yfxf kfpg ufx|f] ================,
b/af/df sfd ug{] alh/ a'b\lwdfg\ / Jojxfl/s==================, /fhf / alh/lar
s/' fsfgL==================, alh/n] pkfo lgsfns] f==============, klxn] …of]Uo
sdr{ f/Lsf] cfjZostfÚ eg/] ;r" gf==================, rfxgf xg' n] ] tfl] sPsf] lbgdf pkl:yt
xg' k' g={] =======================, /fhfn] PSnfPSn} gfRg] cf1f lbgk' g{]=============================,
9f]n lkl6Psf]======================, tf]lsPsf] lbg ;a} pkl:yt=======================, pkl:ytn]
nfdf] a/G8f kf/ u//] cfO{ /fhfsf] cufl8 gfRgk' g{]===========================, cfPsfdWo] b'O{
hgfn] dfq gfr b]vfPsf====================, cGTodf alh/n] ;N' tfgnfO{ Odfgbf/sf] gfd
;'gfPsf====================, ;N' tfgn] alh/nfO{ ltgLx¿ Odfgbf/ 5g\ eg]/ kd| f0f lbg
nufPsf=====================, alh/n] tL dfG5] /fhf ePsf] 7fpFdf hfg] a/G8fdf kmnfdsf
l;Ssfdf ;g' sf] hnk nufP/ y}nf] v'Nnf kf/L /fvs] f] s/' f atfPsf ========================,
h; h;sf] vNtLdf l;Ssf lyof], gfRbf aHnf / /fhfn] yfxf kfpnfg\ eg/]
ggfrs] f / h;n] l;Ssf l6k]gg\ pgLx¿ gfr]sf egL atfPsf======================,
ToxfFaf6 Odfgbf/ kTtf nfu]sf]=========================, /fhfn] alh/nfO{ wGojfb lbP .

v= sg' } Pp6f syf vf]h/] NofO{ sIffdf ;g' fpm .

efiff au}Frf – ^ 93

v]NbfvN] b}

lbPsf lrq x]/L syf agfpm M

94 efiff auFr} f – ^

&PsfO h8La'6Laf/] hfgL

/fvf“}

cfFvLemo\ fn tkfO{Fn] h8La6' L
nufOlbg] lalTts}
lrqdf s] b]vfOPsf] 5 < dnfO{ cf/fd eof] .
ca t d lx8F \g klg

;S5 ' .

!kf7 g]kfndf kfOg] h8La'6Lx¿

g]kfn k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn]
;DkGg dn' s' xf] . oxfFsf]
t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfnsf] xfjfkfgL
aU] nfa]Un} k|sf/sf] 5 . oxfsF f
sltko lhNnfsf kj" L{, klZrdL,
pTt/L / blIf0fL efudf
;d]t km/s km/s k|sf/sf]
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . xfjfkfgL /
w/ftndf ePsf] hl} js
ljljwtfsf sf/0f oxfF km/s
km/s k|sf/sf cToGt dxTTjk0" f{
h8La6' Lx¿ kfOG5g\ .

g]kfndf kfOg] h8La'6LdWo]
clwsfz+ h8La6' L lxdfnL Ifq] df kfOG5g\ . lr;f] xfjfkfgLdf kfOg] o:tf h8La6' Laf6
;fdfGobl] v ca'{b /f]u;Dd lgsf] kfg]{ cfi} fwL agfOG5 . dfgj a:tL a:g sl7g x'g]
/ kf| oM lxpFn] 9flsg] lxdfnL kb| ]z h8La6' Lsf] e08f/ xf] . h8La6' LnfO{ cf}ifwLsf]
¿kdf ko| f]u ug{] rng ;lbofF} cl3bl] v g} rns] f] kfOG5 . /fdfo0fdf /fdsf efO
nId0f af0f nfu]/ 3fOt] xFb' f xg'dfgn\ ] ;~hLjgL NofO{ pgnfO{ arfPsf] syf xfdL
;a}n] ;g' s] f g} 5fF } . xfdf| ufpF3/df cem} klg ljleGg lsl;dsf 3fp rf6] nfUbf, bfFt
b'Vbf, emf8f kvfnf h:tf /f]u nfUbf h8La6' L vfh] ]/ 3/d} f pkrf/ ug]{ k|rng 5 .
/f;folgs cfi} fwL agfpbF f h8La6' Laf6 cf}ifwLsf nflu cfjZos tTTj lgsfn]/ ko| f]u
ul/G5 . h8La6' Laf6 agfOPsf cf}ifwLn] dfgj z/L/df cGo vfnsf c;/ gug]{ xg' fn] tL

zAb / c {y ;Dkbf – ;DklTt, wg bf}nt h}ljs – k|f0fL;uF ;DalGwt
clwsfz+ – w/] }h;f] cab{' /fu] – lgsf] gx'g] /fu] , SofG;/ /fu]
;~hLjgL – d/]sf] k|f0fLnfO{ AoFe' mfpg] a6' L

96 efiff auF}rf – ^

zAb / c {ycToGt ke| fjsf/L / nfebfos x'G5g\ .
gk] fndf kfOg] cToGt dxTTjk"0f{ h8La'6LdWo] sx] L h8La6' Lsf af/d] f xfdL o; kf7df
cWoog ug{] 5f}F .

ofrf{uD' af k'tnLsf] nfef{df pd|g] Rofp xf ] . of] lxdfnL eu] df kfOG5 . of] jiffo{ fddf
jg:klt / lxpbF df ls/fsf] ¿kdf /xG5 . lxpbF ofdsf] ;'?df x]lkno; hftsf kt' nLsf
nfef{df sfl8n{ ]K; hftsf Rofpsf lap 6flF ;G5g \ . tL lxpFbel/ lxpFdf 5fl] kP/ /xG5g\ .
jiff{ ;?' x'g yfnk] l5 nfefs{ f] 6fpsfdf v}/f] Rofp lg:sG5 . Tof] g} ofrfu{ D' af xf] . o;nfO{
Ifo/fu] , /StcNktf, vf]sL, 3F8' f tyf 9f8 b'Vg] ;d:of cflbdf cfi} fwLsf] ¿kdf k|ofu]
ul/G5 . To;}n] of] dxuF f] dN" odf ljbz] lgof{t x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

kfrF cfFn} ] pRr kxf8L / lxdfnL e]udf kfOg] b'ne{ h8La6' L xf ] . o;sf]
ufgf] xTsn] f h:tf] kfrF j6f efudf 5'6\l6Psf] x'G5 . To;n} ] o;sf] gfd
kfrF cf}Fn] /flvPsf] xf] . of] pRr kxf8L / lxdfnL e]udf kfOG5 . of] b'ne{ vfnsf]
h8La'6L ePsfn] ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ ;ª\sng, lajm| L ljt/0fdf ;dt] k|ltaGw
nufPsf] 5 . of] zlStaw{s h8La6' L xf] . o;sf] h/f 3f]6]/ 3fpdf nufpbF f /ut /f]lsG5
/ l566\ } lgsf] x'G5 .

kfiff0f eb] n]sfnL eu] sf] 9ª' u\ 9} 'ªu\ f ePsf] le/fnf] / cf]l;nf] 7fpFdf kfOG5 . of] s8f
kTy/dfly pldP| sf] x'G5 . of] hldgd'lg kmNg] cb'jf h:t} xG' 5 . of] ax'jifL{o nx/f xf ] .
o;sf] h/f Hj/f,] emf8f kvfnf, skm cflb h:tf /f]usf] pkrf/sf nflu kmfObfhgs
xG' 5 .
of] ;'l/nf] / cUnf] ?v x'g] h8La6' L xf] . o;sf] km'naf6 agfOg] t]n cfvF f / afy /fu] sf
nflu pkof]uL xG' 5 . o;sf] kmnrfFlx zlStjws{ cf}ifwLsf] ¿kdf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 .

8f9' Rofp gk] fnsf] t/fOb{ l] v lxdfnL e"efu;Dd kfOg] h8La'6L xf] . of] ;Nnf,] lrnfpg]
h:tf ?vdf pldg| ] ub{5 . o;df w/] } k|sf/sf lrgL kfOG5 . To;n} ] of] SofG;/, /Strfk,

k|efjsf/L – c¿dfly cfˆgf] ke| fj kfg{ ;Sg]
Nffef{ – dfx'/L cflbsf k'mnaf6 lg:sg] ls/f]
bn' e{ – kfpg sl7g xg' ,] ;lhn} kfpg g;lsg]
zlStjws{ – tfut a9fpg] k|ltaGw – /f]stfs] , aGbh]
kTy/ – 9ª' \uf,] lznf ;l' /nf] – xfuF f gePsf] ;fe] mf] / cUnf]

efiff aur}F f – ^ 97

Uofl:6s« / k|;"lt h:tf /fu] x¿sf] pkrf/df pkof]uL dflgG5 .

lkknf udL{ If]qdf kfOg] ;bfjxf/ nx/] jg:klt xf ] . o;sf nflu a9L jiff{
xg' ] If]q pko'St x'G5 . lkknfsf] kmn d;nfsf ¿kdf / si' 7/fu] , skm,
vfs] L, bd h:tf /f]u lgsf] kfg{] cfi} fwLsf ¿kdf ko| fu] x'G5 .

uh' f{] gk] fnsf] t/fO{ / kxf8L efudf k|z:t kfOG5 . of] klg nx/]bf/ jg:klt xf ] .
o;sf] nx/f] df6] f] xG' 5 . o;sf] cfFVnfaf6 h/fx¿ lg:ss] f xG' 5g \ . o;sf] 8fF7df kftnf]
af]jm| f] x'G5 . o;sf] 8fF7 k/' fgf] Hj/f,] sdnlkTt, bd, vf]sL, dwd' ]x h:tf /f]ux¿ lgsf]
kfg]{ cfi} fwLsf ¿kdf ko| fu] x'G5 . ufOa{ :tn' fO{ nx' 'dt' ] /fu] nfUbf o;sf] 8f7F lyr/]
vj' fpg] rng 5 .

kbdrfn ;u' lGwt axj' ifLo{ r66\ fg] nx/f xf ] . of] g]kfnsf] pRr kxf8L eu] df kfOG5 .
o;sf] ufgfn] fO{ s6' ]/ ufOs{ f] upFtdf ld;fO{ ;l' GgPsf,] efFlrPsf], dls{Psf] 7fpdF f nufpbF f
;Grf] xG' 5 . o;nfO{ zlStjws{ kfrssf ¿kdf klg ko| fu] ul/G5 .

tn' ;L ax'jifLo{ jg:klt xf] . o;sf] kftdf ljzi] f lsl;dsf] u'0f x'g] x'gfn] t'n;L /f]k]sf]
:yfg jl/kl/ sL6f0f' x'bF }gg\ . o;nfO{ lxGb' ;:+ sf/df lji0f'sf] ¿k dfg/] kh" f ug]{ kr| ng
5 . of] dxTTjk"0f{ h8La'6L xf] . /ut ;kmf ug,{ kfrg kl| jm| of ;ljm| o kfg,{ k]6sf] ljsf/
x6fpg, 5fnf;DaGwL /f]u / x[bo /f]usf] pkrf/df o;sf] ko| f]u ul/G5 .
afe] mf] hldgdl' g /x]sf] sf08af6 knfpg] jg:klt xf ] . afe] mf] pRr kxf8L e]udf
vfn] fgfnfsf] 5]p / cfl] ;nf] 7fpdF f kfOG5 . afe] mfs] f] sf08 afy, Hj/f], skm cflbsf]
pkrf/df k|of]u ul/G5 . ef]s hufpg / cfjfh /fd|f];Fu v'nfpgsf nflu klg ;'ss] f]
afe] mf] dv' df /fVg] rng 5 .
gfua]nL ax'jifLo{ nx/] emf/ xf ] . of] vn' f rf/} jf db} fgdf km}lnP/ /x]sf] x'G5 .

zAb / c {y ;bfjxf/ – ;wF} xl/of] xg' ] ufgf] – lkF8fn' cflbsf] ufF7f] jf 8Nnf]
d;nf – t/sf/L cflb ld7f] kfg{ k|ofu] ax'jifL{o – w/] } jif{ afFRg]
kfrg kl| j|mof – vfgs] '/f krfpg] tl/sf
ul/g] kbfy{
cfVF nf – afF;, gs6{ cflbsf hfg] L{df x'g]

uf7F f

98 efiff auFr} f – ^

zAb / c {ygfuan] L emf/nfO{ chL0f,{ k6] ;DaGwL ljsf/, /St ljsf/ / ;lGgkft h:tf /fu] nfUbf k|of]u
ug{] rng 5 .

oLafx]s g]kfndf x/f],{ a/f{], lr/fOtf], r'qf], lkkn, c;/' f,] h6fd;L, cdnf, s6' \sL, lgd,
th] kft h:tf cgs] f}F h8La6' Lx¿ kfOG5g\ . h8La6' L hyfefjL ;ªs\ ng ugx{' Fb' g}  .
xfdLn] k:' tfkF} :' tf;Dd cfDbfgL x'g] u/L h8La6' LnfO{ s;/L hfu] fpg ;lsG5 eGg] klg
;fR] g'k5 { . sltko la?jfsf h/f h8La6' Lsf] ¿kdf ko| f]u xg' ] xg' fn] tL la?jfsf h/}
pvN] g'kg]{ x'G5 . To;/L h/;} d]t pvN] bf tL nfk] x'bF } hfG5g \ . ltgnfO{ hfu] fpg 5fg]/
dfq pv]Ngk' 5{ / sx] L la?jf lapsf ¿kdf 5f]8\gk' b5{  . sltko h8La'6Lsf] v]tL x'G5 t/
v]tL ug]{ tl/sfsf] af/d] f kof{Kt tflnd glbOPsf sf/0f v]tL u/]sf] kfO+{b}g . v]tL ug{
;Dej gxg' ] h8La'6Lx¿nfO{ kl5;Dd hfu] fpg of]hgf agfP/ sfd ugk'{ 5{ . h8La'6Lsf]
;/+ If0fsf nflu /fHon] agfPsf sfg'g / lgodsf] x/]s gful/sn] kfngf ug'k{ 5 { . Ps}
k6s ;a} h8La'6L ;ª\sng u/]/ gfkmf kfOG5 eGg] ;f]Rg' unt xf ] . sltko h8La6' L
;ª\snsx¿n] /fHosf] s/ ltgk'{ 5{ eg/] u}/sfg'gL tl/sfn] n'sfO{ l5kfO{ h8La6' LnfO{
csf{] bz] sf dflg;;Dd k'¥ofp5F g\ . To:tf] sfo{ ugfn{ ] bz] sf] cfDbfgL 365\ / bz] emg\
ul/a xG' 5 . To;}n] tfs] ]sf] hlt s/ lt/]/ sfgg' L tl/sfn] h8La6' Lsf] lgoft{ ug{'k5 { .
gk] fnd} h8La'6L kz| f]wg sG] b| vf]Ng ;s] t cem ;'gdf ;u' Gw g} x'g] lyof ] . h8La6' L
k|zfw] g sG] b| :yfkgf ug{] ;s] a/] f]huf/Lsf sf/0f ljbl] ;g] oj' f>d / kl;gf gk] fnd}
pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] lyof ] . To;}n] o:tf kz| f]wg s]Gb| :jb]zdf g} vfN] g' h?/L b]lvG5 .

chL0f{ – ckr, gkRg] /fu]
/St ljsf/ – /utdf bv] f kg{] v/faL
lap – laofF

u/, 3/

z'b\w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M

clwsf+z ca{'b ;~hLjgL k|efjsf/L sfl8{n]K;
xl] kno; zlStaws{ ;lGgkft k|ltaGw Uofl:6s«

efiff au}Frf – ^ 99