BhasaBagaincha 6

af]w / cleJolSt

!= ‘gk] fndf kfOg] h8La'6Lx¿’ lgaGw kfn}kfnf] k9]/ ;g' fpm M
@= lbPsfdWo] l7s pTt/df /]hf -ü_ nufpm M

s= g]kfnsf] s'g efudf w/] } h8La6' L kfOG5 <

c= lxdfnL cf= kxf8L O= t/fO{

v= kfFrcfF}n]sf] sg' efu h8La6' Lsf] ¿kdf ko| fu] x'G5 <

c= kft cf= sf08 O= ufgf]

u= lxGb' ;:+ sf/df kljq dflgg] h8La6' L sg' xf] <

c= lgd cf= t'n;L O= rfkF

3= s8f 9ª' \ufnfO{ l5rfn] ]/ pdg| ] h8La'6L s'g xf] <

c= ofrfu{ D' af cf= 8f9' Rofp O= kfiff0f eb]

ª= lkknf sg' If]qdf kfOG5 <

c= udL{ cf= hf8f] O= g hf8f] g udL{

#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M

s= h8La'6L lsg pkofu] L / dxTTjk0" f{ 5g\ <
v= lxdfnL eu] df, kxf8L e]udf / t/fOd{ f kfOg] h8La6' Lsf] ;"rL agfpm .
u= ofrf{uD' af s:tf] /f]usf] pkrf/df ko| fu] ul/G5 <
3= u'hf]{ / gfuan] L s] s]df pkofu] L dflgG5g\ <
ª= h8La6' L s;/L ;ª\sng ugk{' 5{ <
r= g]kfnn] h8La6' Laf6 s] s] kmfObf lng ;S5 <

$= hf]8f ldnfpm M

kfFrcfF}n] ;Nnf] h:tf ?vx¿df pdg| ]

kfiff0f eb] ;/sf/af6 ;ªs\ ngdf kl| talGwt

8f9' Rofp udL{ Ifq] df kfOg]

lkknf n]sfnL e]usf] 9ª' u\ f 9'ª\uf ePsf] 7fpFdf kfOg]

u'hf{] kxf8L e]udf vfn] f gfnfsf] 5]pdf kfOg]

af]emf] cfFVnfaf6 h/f lg:sg]

tn' ;L ;'ulGwt r66\ fg] nx/f

100 efiff aurF} f – ^

kbdrfn kfrg;DaGwL, 5fnf;DaGwL / d'6;' DaGwL /fu] df pkof]u x'g]
%= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= w/] }h;f] ;do lxpnF ] 9flsg] efu g} h8La6' Lsf] ======================xf] .
v= h8La6' Laf6 agfOPsf cfi} fwLn] z/L/df cGo================ub}g{  .
u= h8La'6L ======================= ;ªs\ ng ugx'{ bF' }g .
3= h8La6' L ;+/If0fsf nflu agfOPsf=================== ;a}n] kfngf ug{k' 5 { .
ª= gk] fndf g=} =========================s]Gb| vf]n] /fHosf] cfDbfgL a95\  .

^= gk] fndf km/s km/s k|sf/sf h8La6' L kfOg'sf sf/0f s] s] x'g\ <
&= ‘g]kfndf kfOg] h8La6' L cfDbfgLsf k|d'v ;|f]t x'g\’ o; egfOnfO{ cfkm\ g} efiffdf j0fg{

u/ .

cfkm\ gf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] 3/jl/kl/ s:tf h8La'6L kfOG5g\ < ltdLnfO{ rf6] k6s nfUbf jf ltdL
la/fdL xF'bf slxNo} h8La6' Lsf] k|of]u u/L pkrf/ ul/Psf] 5 <

?

;f]r / eg M
nfk] xg' nfu]sf h8La'6Lsf] ;/+ If0f ug{ s:tf] pkfo ckgfpg'knf{ <

>'lt nv] g

lbPsf] cg'R5b] ;g' / n]v M
ofrfu{ D' af kt' nLsf] nfefd{ f pdg| ] Rofp xf ] . of] lxdfnL eu] df kfOG5 . of] jiffo{ fddf
jg:klt / lxpbF df ls/fsf] ¿kdf /xG5 . lxpbF ofdsf] ;?' df xl] kno; hftsf kt' nLsf
nfefd{ f sfl8n{ K] ; hftsf] Rofpsf lap 6flF ;G5g \ . tL lxpbF el/ lxpdF f 5fl] kP/ /xG5g \ .
jiff{ ;?' xg' yfnk] l5 nfefs{ f] 6fpsfa] f6 v/} f] /ªsf] Rofp lg:sG5, Tof] g} ofrfu{ D' af

efiff au}Frf – ^ 101

xf ] . o;nfO{ Ifo/fu] , /StcNktf, vfs] L, 38F' f tyf 9f8 bV' g] ;d:of cflbdf cfi} fwLsf] ¿kdf
ko| fu] ul/G5 . To;n} ] of] dxuF f] dN" odf ljbz] lgoft{ xg' ] u/s] f] 5 .

zb' w\ n]vg

lbPsf] cgR' 5]b zb' \w agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
kLknf uld{ 5]qdf kfOg] ;bfaxf/ nx/] ag:ktL xf ] . o:sf nflu al9 aiff{ xg' ] 5q] pkoS' t
xg' 5 . kLknfsf] kmn dznfsf] ¿kdf / vfl] s, sZ' 7/fu] , h;tf cf;} wLsf ¿kdf kof{]u
x'G5 .

;d"x sfo{
rf/ j6f ;dx" df a; . …ki' kf a:g]tÚ kf7 ePsf] k[i7 kN6fpm . kf7sf] rf}yf]
cgR' 5b] bO' { k6s k9 . …zÚ, …ifÚ k|of]u ePsf zAb ePsf kfFr j6f jfSo vfh]
/ l;;f sndn] /]vfª\sg u/ . cfkm\ gf] ;d"xsf] kl| tlglw 5fg . kl| tlglwn] pSt
jfSo eg . c¿n] n]v . cfkm\ gf] ;d"xsf] ;fyLl;t sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . lstfa
x/] ]/ hfrF  . zb' w\ zAbdf -_ lrxg\ / czb' w\ zAbdf -_ lrxg\ nufpm . cfkm\ gf]
sfkL lkmtf{ dfu . k':ts x/] ]/ -_ lrxg\ nufPsf zAb ;Rofpm .

zAb e08f/

!= zAb / cy{sf] hf]8f ldnfpm M
clwsfz+ lxdfndf x'g] jf kfOg]
h}ljs rf6] k6s nfu]sf]
lxdfnL w]/h} ;f]
3fOt ] PseGbf a9L ztfAbLsf]
;lbof}F hLj ;DaGwL
pkof]uL rlncfPsf]

102 efiff au}Frf – ^

kr| ng sfd nfUg]
nx/ ] k|lj|mof
xb[ o /f]u nx/fdf kmNg]
kbw\ lt d6' ' /f]u

@= pN6f] cy{ cfpg] zAb;Fu hf8] f agfO{ n]v M
ljkGg, /f;folgs, c;fdfGo, cgfjZos, cfoft, ;'ne, k'ms'jf, cg'koS' t,
hl} js, ;fdfGo, cfjZos, lgof{t, bn' {e, kl| taGw, pko'St, ;DkGg
pbfx/0fM ljkGg – ;DkGg
#= pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
s= ;f/, ¿k, ;/0f, dlt, dfg, zf;g, kft, jfb, ej
pbfx/0f M cg' ± ;f/ – cg;' f/
v= rf/, sf/, bz] , ux| , xf/, bfg, ;u{, efu] , ef]Stf, of]u, zªs\ f
pbfx/0f M pk ± rf/ – pkrf/
$= lbPsf zAb /fv/] jfSo agfpm M
e08f/, ;~hLjgL, /f;folgs, ke| fjsf/L, lgoft{ , b'ne{ , kl| taGw

%= kf7af6 rGb|ljGb' - F_ nfu]sf b; j6f zAb l6k . tL dWo] s'g} kfrF j6f zAb /fvL
jfSo agfpm .

pbfx/0f M ufpF – d]/f] ufpdF f ax'd"No h8La6' L kfOG5g\ .
^= kf7af6 cfwf cIf/ ePsf b; j6f zAb vfh] ]/ nv] M
pbfx/0f M ;Dej, Rofp

Jofs/0f

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!= c= kf7af6 jt{dfg sfnsf lj|mofkb ko| fu] ePsf cf7j6f jfSo vf]h]/ nv] M
pbfx/0f M 8f9' Rofp ;Nnf, lrnfpg] h:tf ?vx¿df pd|G5 .

cf= lbPsf ljm| ofkb /fv/] jfSo agfpm M
xG' 5, x'G5g,\ hfG5, hfG5], kfpg'x'G5, kfOG5

efiff auFr} f – ^ 103

@= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] ljelSt e/ M
g]kfn ====== kfOg] clwsf+z h8La6' L lxdfnL Ifq] ====== kfOG5g \ . oxfF k|foM af/}

dlxgf lxpF ====== 9fSb5 . lxpF ====== 9flsg] lxdfnL k|b]z h8La'6L ====== e08f/ g}
xf ] . h8La6' L ====== cf}ifwL ====== ¿k ====== k|of]u ug]{ rng ;lbof}F cl3 ====== s} xf] .
/fd ====== efO nId0f af0f nfu]/ 3fOt] x'Fbf xg'dfg\ ====== ;~hLjgL NofO{ pg ======
arfPsf] syf ltdLx¿ ;a} ====== ;'gs] f g} 5f} xfn] f . xfdf| ufpF3/ ====== bftF bV' bf,
emf8f kvfnf nfUbf h8La6' L vfh] /] 3/ ====== g} pkrf/ ug{] k|rng 5 .
#= lbPsf ljelSt /fvL dg kg{] ;fyLsf] af/]df kfFr jfSo nv] M
n], nfO,{ af6, b]lv, sf], df

n]vg cEof;

cg'n]vg

!= kf7sf rf}yF f] / kfrf}F cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
h8La'6Lsf] ko| fu] u/L pkrf/ ug{] kbw\ lt k'/fgf] xf ] . gk] fndf oftfoft, ;~rf/ /

cGo cfwl' gs k|ljlwn] 5'g g;s]sf 7fpFdf :jf:Yo ;j] f k¥' ofpg lgs} ufxf| ] ePsf]
5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf sfx] L la/fdL eof] eg] h8La6' Lsf] cf}ifwL agfP/ v'jfpg] rng
cem} sfod 5 . gk] fnsf] xfjfkfgL ljifd vfnsf] 5 . Pp6} lhNnfdf klg km/s
km/s xfjfkfgL kfOg] xg' fn] g]kfndf km/s km/s af6] la?jf kfOG5g \ . tLdWo]
sltko h8La6' Lsf] ¿kdf k|ofu] xG' 5g\ . gk] fnsf] lxdfnL k|b]zdf ;a}eGbf
w]/} k|sf/sf h8La6' L kfOG5g\ . kxf8df / t/fO{df klg h8La6' Lx¿ kfOG5g \ .
gk] fn h8La6' Lsf] e08f/ eP klg oxfFsf h8La'6LnfO{ xfdLn] ;bk' ofu] ug{ ;s]sf
5g} f}F . xfdLn] ltgdf x'g] cf}ifwLhGo tTTjsf] cWoog cg;' Gwfg klg ug{ ;ss] f
5g} f }F . To;}n] gk] fnsf h8La'6Lsf] plrt ;bk' of]u ePsf] 5g}  . tL cGo cfi} fwLsf]
sRrf kbfy{sf] ¿kdf ljb]z lgof{t\ x'G5g \ . ltg}af6 pTkfbg ePsf dxFuf cf}ifwL
xfdLn] lsGg'kg]{ afWotf 5 . To;n} ] oxfsF f h8La'6Lsf] af/d] f cWoog cg;' Gwfg u/L
oxLF k|zfw] g sG] b| vfN] g ;s] /fh] uf/Lsf cj;/ / cfDbfgL b'j} a9g\ ] lyP .

104 efiff aur}F f – ^

l;hg{ fTds nv] g

s= kf7df pNnv] ul/PsfeGbf afxs] ltdLn] hfgs] f 5 j6f h8La'6Lsf] gfd, tL kfOg]
:yfg / k|ofu] xg' ] If]qsf] af/d] f nv]  .

v= ltd|f] ufp3F /df ltdLn] h8La6' Lsf] ko| fu] u/L pkrf/ u/s] f] b]v]sf 5f} < 5f} eg] tL
s;/L sd] f k|ofu] ul/G5 < b; jfSodf nv]  .

v]NbfvN] b}

lbPsf] zAbhfnaf6 h8La'6Lsf gfd kTtf nufpm M

lk k nf x kfF lgodM
k b a /f]{ r zAb dfly, tn, 58s\ ,] afofF bfofF h;/L klg
lg d l6 d' cfF} vf]Hg ;lsG5 .
s' rf af| d' n] – rf}wbl] v ;q j6f gfd kTtf nufpg] pTtd
6 n x\dL j / – af/b]lv rf}w j6f kTtf nufpg] dWod
– af/eGbf sd kTtf nufpg] lgDg

sL h 6f d ;L

c d nf a] t'

;' l/ u' n a]

/f] r ;L hf{] nL

efiff auF}rf – ^ 105

*PsfO afn aflnsfsf ;d:of
/ ;dfwfgsf] ko| f;

cfvF Lemo\ fn

lrqdf bv] fPsf afn aflnsfn] clwsf/ kfPsf 5g\ t <

zAb / c {y!kf7 s'df/

– xl/k;| fb kf08o]

syfsf/ xl/k;| fb kf08o] sf] hGd lj=;=+ @))& ;fn h7] !( ut] afudtL c~rn g'jfsf]6
lhNnfsf] ;g' vfgL eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf ] . cyz{ f:q ljifodf :gftsf]Tt/ / sfgg' df
:gfts tx pTtL0f{ u/]sf kf08o] sf …c~hfgÚ, …b}jsf] nLnfÚ nufot y'k|} sl[ t k|sflzt
5g\ . pgn] …lzIff k/' :sf/Ú nufot cfwf bhg{ k'/:sf/ tyf ;Ddfg k|fKt u/]sf 5g \ .
pgsf syfdf ;fdflhs ljs[lt, lj;ªu\ ltsf] oyfy{ lrq0f kfOG5 .

æcfdf ef]s nfUofÆ] s'df/n] efG;fdf cfdf a;]sf] 7fpFdf uP/ eGof ] .

;e' b|fn] cfFvf tb}{ elgg\, æ:sn' af6 cfpg] lalTts} ef]s nfU5 tnF fO{ < hf efOsf] a;
cfOk'Ug] a]nf x'g nfUof,] efOnfO{ lnP/ cfOh .Æ

s'df/n] eGof,] æefOnfO{ eg] ;wF} vfhf xflnlbg'x'G5, dnfO{ lbg'x'Gg . ;fyLx¿ vfhf
NofP/ vfG5g,\ cfk"m eg] 6'n'6'n' xl] //xgk' 5 { . 3/df cfP/ vfhf dfUbf klg lbgx' 'Gg . vfhf
vfPkl5 efOnfO{ NofOxfN5' lg ÛÆ

;'ebf| n] 7'nf] :j/df xKsfpbF } elgg\, ævfhf agfPs} 5g}  . hf Û v?' Ss efOnfO{ lnP/
cfOh .Æ

laxfg eft klg k]6el/ vfg lbge' Pg . efOnfO{ eg] 6Gg vfg lbgx' G' 5 . dnfO{ eg] sfd
dfq nufO/fVgx' G' 5 . vfhf lbP efOnfO{ lng hfG5', gq hfGgF . efO a; r9]/ :s'n
hfG5 . lbpF;fn] fO{ vfhf klg nfG5 . d/] f] :sn' kU' g slTt lx8F g\ 'k5 { . lbp;F f]sf] nflu vfhf
klg 5g} eg/] s'df/ ?g yfNof] .

;e' bf| n] of] t efOsf] kf] l/; kf] ubf]{/x]5, nf} vfhf eg]/ bO' { yKk8 lbOg\ . s'df/ ?Fb}
tn cfN] of ]{ . pm sf]7fdf a;/] /fO] /x]sf] lyof ] . ;'eb|f ;a}lt/ tfNrf df//] 5f]/f] lng
uOg \ . sd' f/nfO{ efs] n] c;Xo eof] . pm kfgL vfg eg]/ efG;flt/ uof ] . efG5fdf tfNrf

c;Xo – ;xg g;lsg ]

efiff aur}F f – ^ 107

zAb / c {ydfl/Psf] lyof ] . pm kfgL vfg kNnf] 3/df uof ] . kNnf] 3/sL sfsLn] sd' f/nfO{ cfˆg}
5f/] f]nfO{ h:tf] dfof uly{g\ . s'df/sL cfdf / sfsL Hofb} ldNg] ;fyL lyP . ;S'F s ;'FSs
ub{} s'df/n] sfsLnfO{ eGof,] æsfsL kfgL lbg;' \ g .Æ
æs'df/ afa', lsg /fP] sf] < cfdf 3/df x'g'xG' g <Æ s'df/ /fP] sf] bv] ]/ sfsLn] ;f]lwg\ .
pgn] Tolt ;fW] gl] alTts} sd' f/ Xjf=F ==XjfF=== /f]of ] .
sfsLn] elgg,\ æs] ef] < lsg o;/L /f]Psf] < g/fp] m, d klg t ltdL| cfdf g} x'F . g/fO] sg
eg, s;n] s] u¥of] ltdLnfO{ <Æ
ævfhf dfUbf cfdfn] lk6g\ 'eof]Æ lxSs lxSs ub}{ sd' f/n] :sn' af6 cfPb]lv ;'ebf| n]
lk6s] f;] Dd ;a} s'/f eGof] .
sfsLn] cf;F ' kl' 5lbOg \ . dfof u//] 6fpsf] ;d' ;D' ofOg \ . xft ;dft/] dfly efG;fdf nlug \ /
elgg\ .
æn oxfF a;, d vfg]s/' f lbG5' .Æ sd' f/ klg lxSs lxSs ub}{ vfg]s/' f vfg yfNof ] .
æltdL| cfdf xFb' f Tof] 3/df slxNo} klg s;s} f] /fb] g ;l' gPg . Tof] 3/ :ju{h:tf] lyof ] .
bj} sf] nLnf klg ckf/sf] xF'bf/] x]5 . xfdL bO' { hgf Hofb} ldNg] ;fyL lyof F} . Ps lbg
d}ltb]jLlt/af6 xO' SF ofP/ NofPsf] dfOjm| f] a;n] lbbLnfO{ 7Ss/ lbof ] . lbbLsf] clGtd
bzg{ ug{ d cfo3{ f6 uP F . Ps lbg lbbLn] ;kgfdf dnfO{ eGg'eof], æalxgL, dnfO{ c¿sf]
lk/ nfUb}g . nfU] gn] ] csf]{ ljjfx ul/xfN5g \ . pgsf] hLjg xf;F Lv';L;Fu laT5 t/ 5f]/f]
sd' f/n] hGd lbg] cfdf kfpFbg}  . To;sf] hLjgdf xfF;Lv';L ;dfKt eP em}F nfU5 . Tof]
5f]/f] ltdf| ] xftdf ;'Dk ]F .Ú lbbLn] ;kgfdf eGge' Psf] s'/f cfh kT| oIf b]v F] . cfkm" n] ;Gtfg
gkfpGh]n;Dd ;'ebf| ltdLnfO{ dfof ulyg{ \ . cfk"mn] 5f/] f] kfPkl5 ltdLnfO{ x]Kg yflng\ .
;fgf] s'/fdf emu8f ug]{ ePsLn] l5d]sL s;n} ] dg k/fpbF g} g \ .Æ sfsLn] cf;F ' v;fNb}
elgg\ .
sfsLsf] cf;F ' kl' 5lbFb} s'df/n] eGof,] æxh/' klg ?g'ePsf] <Æ sd' f/sf] lhpdf ;d' ;'DofpFb}
pgn] elgg \ . æcfh lbbLsf] ;Demgfn] d'6'df ufF7f] k/]/ cfof,] dg yfDg} ;lsgF . ltdLnfO{
vfhf k'Uof] ls c¿ lbpFm <Æ

;d' ;D' ofpg' – :gx] kj" s{ xftn] d;' fg'{
/f]bg – ?jfO

108 efiff auFr} f – ^

ækU' of] sfsL .Æ

æca 3/ hfpm . oxfF cfP/ vfhf vfPsf] geGg " . efl] n :sn' hfg] an] fdf oxfF cfP/ hfg " .Æ

ædnfO{ 3/ hfg} dg 5}g . e/] cfdfn] a'afnfO{ ;a} s'/f nufpgx' 'G5 . aa' f klg d]/f] s/' }
g;g' L dnfO{ lk6\g yfNg'x'G5 . sltrf]l6 To;f] ul/;Sg'eof] .Æ ?Gr] :j/df s'df/n] eGof]
ædnfO{ cfh klg aa' fn] lk6g\ x' 'G5 .Æ

PsfPs s'df/sf] dgdf 3/af6 efu/] hfg] ljrf/ cfof] . p;nfO{ c¿sf] 3/df sfd u//]
eP klg afRF g ;S5' eGg] nfUof ] .

æs'df/ Û lsg 6fn] fPsf] <Æ sfsLsf] cfjfhn] sd' f/ kv{, ;fr] / eg M ca sd' f/sf]
hLjgn] s:tf] df8] lnG5 xf]nf <
em;ª\u} eof ] .

æ6f]nfPsf] xfO] g, ux[ sfo{ w]/} 5, s] u/L l;Wofpg] eg]/ ljrf/ u/s] f] . hfG5' x}

Pp6L dlxnfn] ^÷& jif{sf] aRrfnfO{ sfvdf /fv/] vfgs] /' f v'jfO/x]sf,]
yfndf w/] } y/L vfgs] /' f /fvs] f] cln k/ sg' fdf (÷!) jifs{ f] s]6f] :s'n kf]

zfsd} pleP/ aRrfn] vfPsf] x]l//xs] f] lrq

sfsL Û Æ s'df/ 3/lt/ nfUof] . pm 3/ k'Ubf ;'ebf| cfOk'u]sL lyOgg\ . s'df/n] :s'n hfg]
emf]nfdf bO' r{ f/ j6f lstfa, sfkL / nufpg xg' ] vfnsf bO' { hf]/ nu' f xfNof ] . sd' f/ emf]nf
lnP/ lg:sg cf6F s] f] lyof] . ;e' b|f 5f]/f] lnP/ cfOk'lug \ . sd' f/n] xTtkTt emfn] f vf6d'lg
ns' fof] / lstfa kN6fP/ a:of] . ;'ebf| n] sd' f/sf] sf]7flt/ xb] }{ x]l/gg \ . pgL cfkm\ gf]

efiff auFr} f – ^ 109

zAb / c {y5f]/fnfO{ lnP/ efG5f sf7] flt/ nflug\ .
cfdf / efO 3/df gePsf] dfs} f kf//] s'df/ 3/af6 lg:Sof] . p;n] afnfhs' f] ;fyLnfO{
;D‰of] clg ptl} t/ nfUof ] . 3/af6 afnfh' kU' g p;nfO{ cfwf 3G6f nfUof ] . emdSs ;feF m
kg{ nfUbf pm ;fyLsf] 3/ kU' of] .
æ;'/]z Û P ;'/]z ÛÛÆ s'df/n] rfs] a} f6 ;fyLnfO{ af]nfof] .
æP˜˜===sd' f/, cfpm dflyÆ ‰ofnaf6 xb] }{ ;/' z] n] eGof ] .
;'/z] n] ;fW] of,] ælsg < s] k¥of] o;a]nf cfof} t <Æ
cfFvfel/ cf;F ' kfb{} sd' f/n] eGof,] æbM' v k/]sf] an] fdf ;fyLnfO{ ;Demg dg nfUbf/] x5]  .Æ
s'df/n] ;/' z] nfO{ 3/df ePsf] 36gfaf/] ;g' fof ] . p;sf] s'/f ;'g]/ ;/' ]zn] klg cWF of/f]
d'v nufof] .
sd' f/n] ;f]Wof] æd cfh Ps /ft oxLF a:5 ' . xG' g ;'/]z <Æ
æx'G5, lsg gxg'  ' . ef/taf6 afsf ;fyL / pgsL >LdtL cfPsf 5g\ . cfdfaf pgLx¿nfO{
3d' fpg hfg'ePsf] 5 .Æ
tn rf]sdf df]6/sf] cfjfh ;'g/] ;'/z] n] eGof], æpm cfdfaf klg cfOk'Uge' of] .Æ s]xL
;dokl5 ;/' ]zn] s'df/sf] af/]df cfdfnfO{ ;a} s/' f ;'gfof] . cfdfn] sx] L afN] g'ePg .
pxfnF ] ;'Tg] an] fdf af;Fu ;a} s/' f eGge' of] .
cfdf;uF aa' fn] eGge' of], ælxhf] ;fyLn] wd{kq' kfNg Pp6f aRrf n}hfg] s/' f ub{} lyof] .
sd' f/sf] nflu d pm;Fu s'/f u5'{ . kl;{ t pm laxfg} hfG5 . emg\ p;n] x'ls;{ ss] f]
s]6f] kfof] . dnfO{ d/] f] s/' f ;fyLn] dfG5 h:tf] nfU5 . s/' f ldnfP/ To;nfO{ dgfpF5 ' .
;ft} ]gL cfdfsf] kL8f s:tf] xG' 5 eGg] s'/f d}n] klg ef]u]sf] 5 ' .Æ cfkmg\ f] afns sfnsf]
s/' f ;Dem]/ ;/' ]zsf afn] cfvF f /l;nf] agfP .
efl] nkN6 ;'/]zsf afn] ;fyLnfO{ s'df/sf] af/]df eGge' of] . tL bDklTtn] s'df/nfO{
wd{k'qsf] ¿kdf nh} fg] ljrf/ u/ ] .

;f}t]gL cfdf – cfˆgf] afa'sL csL{ kTgL
bDklTt – nf]Ug] :jf:gL

110 efiff auF}rf – ^

zAb / c {ywdg{ fyn] s'df/sf] dv' x]b{} eg], æxfd|f] 3/ klg oxLF g}sfkdf g} xf] . d lbNnLdf k9g\
a;]sf] lyPF . afcfdf klg pt} uP/ a:g' ef] . d/] f] lax] pt} eof] . Jofkf/ cfkmnF} ]
;Dxfns] f] 5 ' . 3/df b'O{ ltg hgf sfd ug]{ dfG5] 5g\ . ltdLnfO{ xfdLn] 5f]/fsf ¿kdf
nh} fg] OR5f u/]sf xf F} . ltdL xfdL;Fu hfG5f} <ÚÚ

sd' f/n] uxel/ cfF;' kfb{} eGof] . d xh/' x¿;uF hfg tof/ 5 ' . ;a} hgf v;' L eP .
wd{gfysL kTgL j[Gbfn] s'df/nfO{ tfg]/ cuF fnf] xflng\ .

wd{gfy / j[Gbfsf] 5f/] fsf ¿kdf sd' f/ lbNnL k'Uof] . pgLx¿n] p;nfO{ ljbo\ fnodf
egf{ ul/lbP . wd{gfysf] Jofkf/df lbg bO' { u'0ff /ft rfu} '0ff pGglt xbF' } uof ] . To;
3/df r~rnf>Lsf] j[bl\ w eof] . s'df/n] cfˆgf] k9fOdf lgs} l56f] pGglt u¥of] . jG[ bfn]
s'df/nfO{ s]xL s'/fsf] sdL xg' lbOgg\ . pm ;as} f] cfvF fsf] gfgL aGof] . lax] u/]sf]
rf}w jifk{ l5 jG[ bfn] 5f]/f] kfOg\ . nfvfF} ?lkofF vr{ u//] wd{gfyn] v';L dgfP . wd{gfyn]
s'df/nfO{ h]7f] 5f]/f] egL ;a};Fu kl/ro u/fP . s'df/n] ;a}nfO{ gd:sf/ u¥of ] . s'df/
k9g\ ] ;doafx]s c¿ an] f jG[ bfs} jl/kl/ x'GYof] . jG[ bfnfO{ klg s'df/ Ps l5g klg
cfFvfaf6 cf]emn] geOlbP xG' Yof] h:tf] nfUYof ] .

;don] g6] f] sf6b\ } uof ] . s'df/ OlGhlgo/sf] clGtd jifd{ f lyof] . wdg{ fynfO{ kz'klt
bzg{ ug{] ljrf/ cfof ] . jG[ bfn] klg ;xdlt hgfOg \ . pgLx¿ udLs{ f] 56' 6\ Ldf sf7df8fF}
cfP . pgLx¿ kz'kltgfysf] bz{g u/]/ klZrd 9f]sflg/ cfOk'u]sf lyP . a'af, efO
/ ;f}t]gL cfdf;Fu sd' f/sf] hDsfe]6 eof ] . wd{gfy, j[Gbf / efO cln cufl8 k'us] f
lyP . s'df/ a'afcfdfnfO{ glrg] em}F u/L cufl8 nDsg nfu]sf] lyof ] . sd' f/sf a'afn]
sd' f/nfO{ af]nfP . pm g;'g] eFm} u/L cufl8 a9o\ f ] . wdg{ fy / j[Gbf p;nfO{ klv{/xs] f
lyP .

ælsg l9nf] u/]sf] <Æ s'df/n] cndn u/]sf] bv] ]/ jG[ bfn] elgg \ .

æxh/' x¿nfO{ g} kv]{sf ] . xh'/x¿ cufl8 cfO;Sge' Psf] /x]5,Æ s/' f ubf{ub{} s'df/sf afa'
nDs/] cufl8 g} cfOku'  ] .

sd' f/sf a'afn] eg], æs'df/, t}nF ] lrlgg;\ ls Sof xf] xfdLnfO{ <Æ
s'df/n] k|ltkZ| g u¥of,] æs;nfO{ eGg'ePsf] cªs\ n tkfO{+n] <Æ

r~rnf>L – ;DklTt

efiff aurF} f – ^ 111

zAb / c {yætF sd' f/ xf]Og;\ <Æ
æd/] f] gfd s'df/ g} xf] .Æ
æd t/] f] afa' x' F . cfˆgf] afa'nfO{ klg lrGb}g;\ <Æ
æxfO] g, d/] f afaf cfdf t pxfFx¿ xg' 'xG' 5 .Æ
æclg drflxF sf] t <Æ
ædn} ] t lrlgg F .Æ
æw/] } jif{kl5 cfh eujfg\ kzk' ltgfysf] sk[ fn] t;F Fu e6] ePsf] 5, lx8F \ sd' f/ 3/

hfcf F} .Æ
ætkfO+{ s] s'/f ugx{' 'G5 . d]/f] 3/ t lbNnLdf 5 . kz'kltgfysf] bzg{ ug{ eg/] lxhf] dfq
sf7df8fF} cfOk'u]sf xfF} . hfcfF} afaf Û as] f/ glrgs] f] dflg;;Fu s'/f u//] s] kmfObf <Æ
eGb} sd' f/n] wd{gfynfO{ cufl8 hfg ;ª\s]t u¥of ] . pgLx¿ cufl8 a9\b} uP . k5fl8af6
…sd' f/ Û d/] f] afa'Ú eGb} dfG5] hldgdf n8]sf] cfjfh cfof] . wdg{ fy, jG[ bf, sd' f/ / efOn]
Ps} rf]l6 k5fl8 kms{/] x/] ] . Ps l5g cufl8 s'df/nfO{ …d t/] f] afa' xÚF' eGg] dfG5] hldgdf
n8s] f] b]v/] s'df/ / wd{gfy Tot} cfP . kz'klt cfpg] eSthg wdfwd hDdf x'g yfn ] .
k|f0fkv]? p8/] klg hldgdf n8s] f] dflg;n] s'df/nfO{ Psf]xf]/f;] Fu xl] //xs] f] lyof] . ToxfF
hDdf ePsf dflg;x¿ d'vfd'v ug{ yfn ] . s'df/n] aa' fsf Psf]xf/] f] xl] //x]sf cfvF f aGb
ul/lbof] clg wdg{ fy / j[Gbfsf] d'vlt/ xl] //x\of ] .

Psf]xf/] f] – Ps;'/sf]
wdfwd – ;/f;/, s'g} sfd nuftf/ ul/g'

112 efiff au}Frf – ^

u/, 3/

z'bw\ pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
v'?Ss xKsfpFb} OlGhlgo/ k|ltk|Zg k|f0fkv]? :ofxf/
;ª\st] ;D' ;'DofpbF } hDsfe]6 r~rnf>L gkfpGh]n wdk{ 'q

afw] / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf klxnf,] bf;] f| ] / t];f| ] cgR' 5]b kfn}kfnf] k9/] sIffdf ;'gfpm .

@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] d'vn} ] hjfkm b]pm M

s= sd' f/nfO{ s;n] vfg lbPg <
v= s'df/ lsg sfsLsf] 3/df uof] <
u= s'df/sL cfdf s;/L d/]sL lyOg\ <
3= sd' f/ 3/ 5f]8]/ sxfF uof] <
ª= s'df/nfO{ s;n] wd{k'q agfof] <

#= hf]8f ldnfpm M

;e' b|f sd' f/sL wd{cfdf
j[Gbf sd' f/sL ;ft} ]gL cfdf

wd{gfy s'df/sf] ;fyL

;'/]z s'df/sf wdl{ ktf

$= s;n] s;nfO{ lsg egs] f] xf] < nv] M

s= :sn' af6 cfpgl] alTts} ef]s nfU5 tFnfO{ <
v= lbpF;fs] f] nflu vfhf klg 5g}  .
u= vfhf dfUbf cfdfn] lk6g\ 'eof ] .
3= n oxfF a;, d vfg]s'/f lbG5 ' .
ª= nf]Ugn] ] csf{] ljjfx ul/xfN5g \ .
r= d cfh Ps /ft oxLF a:5' .
5= ltdLnfO{ xfdLn] 5f/] fsf] ¿kdf nh} fg] OR5f u/s] f xfF} <

efiff aur}F f – ^ 113

h= d xh/' x¿;uF hfg tof/ 5 ' .
em= d t/] f] afa' x'F . cfˆgf] afan' fO{ klg lrGb}g;\ <
%= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ nv] M
s= ;ft} ]gL cfdfn] sd' f/nfO{ s:tf] Jojxf/ uly{g\ <
v= s'df/sL l5ds] L sfsLsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
u= s'df/n] lsg 3/ 5f8] g\ 'k¥of] <
3= 3/ 5f8] ]kl5 s'df/sf] hLjgdf s] kl/jtg{ cfof] <
ª= syfsf] cGTodf s] eof] <
^= syfdf ;f}t]gL cfdfn] s'df/nfO{ g/fdf| ] Jojxf/ u/s] L 5g\ . s] ;a} ;ft} g] L cfdfx¿

To:t} xG' 5g\ t < cfŠgf] ljrf/ nv]  .

cfkm\ gf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] 6fn] l5ds] df klg afac' fdf geP/ c¿ gftb] f/l;t a;s] f, s6] fs6] L xfn] fg \ .
tLdWo] sg' } Ps hgfnfO{ e6]  . p;nfO{ kl/jf/n] s:tf] Jojxf/ u5g{ \ ;fw] / ;fyLnfO{
;g' fpm .

?

;fr] / eg M
sd' f/nfO{ wdg{ fy / jG[ bfn] wdk{ q' sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ gu/s] f] eP s] xG' Yof] xfn] f <

>'lt n]vg

lbPsf] cg'R5]b ;'g / n]v M
dnfO{ 3/ hfg} dg 5g}  . e/] cfdfn] aa' fnfO{ s'/f nufpg'x'G5 . a'af klg d]/f] s/' } g;'gL
dnfO{ lk6\g yfNg'x'G5 . slt rfl] 6 To;f] ul/;Sg'eof] . ?Gr] :j/df s'df/n] eGof] , ædnfO{
cfh klg a'afn] lk6g\ x' 'G5 .Æ

114 efiff aurF} f – ^

z'bw\ n]vg

lbPsf zAbnfO{ l8sf] 56' o\ fP/ n]v M
pgLx¿udL{sf]56' \6Ldfsf7df8f+}cfP .
pgLx¿kz'kltgfysf]bzg{ u/]/klZrd9fs] flg/cfOku' ]sflyP .

zAb e08f/

!= kofo{ jfrL zAbsf] hf8] f agfO{ nv] M

xif,{ hjfg, :ofxf/, oyfy{, ku| lt, elSt, v';L, wg ;DklTt, c;Lldt, c;xo\ , ckf/,

r~rnf>L, pGglt, jf:tljs, >bw\ f, kL8fbfoL, tGg]/L, x]/rfx

pbfx/0f M xif{ – v';L
@= hf8] f ldnfpm M

k'm?Ss ug'{

6'n'6'n' sfDg'

;S'F s;SF' s lk6\g'

Kof6\6 ?g'

y/y/ efUg'

w'?w?' xg] '{

k'mTt kg{'

#= pbfx/0f x]/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M

s= ;f/, sf/, rng, l;bw\ , efj, of]u, lj|mof, s/0f, an, hflt
pbfx/0f M k| ± ofu] – k|of]u
v= 36gf, ult, u'0f, efUo, bzf, ud, hg, cfzf,
pbfx/0f M b/' \ ± 36gf – b'3{6gf
$= lbPsf zAb ko| f]u u/L jfSo agfpm M

c;x\o, 8fx, >bw\ f, bz{g, ;fGTjgf, :jefj, hjfkm

efiff auF}rf – ^ 115

Jofs/0f

sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f

!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
s= sd' f/nfO{ efs] n] ;tfof] .
v= cfdfn] elgg\, æhf Û efOnfO{ lnP/ cfOh .Æ
u= sfsL, xh'/ klg ?g'ePsf] xf] <
3= s7}a/f Û sd' f/nfO{ dfof ug]{ sf]xL klg 5}g .
ª= s'df/, t}Fn] xfdLnfO{ lrlgg;\ ls Sof xf] <

dflysf jfSodf k0" f{ lj/fd -._, bfx] f/] f] pbw\ /0f -æ Æ_, pb\uf/ lrxg\ - Û_, kZ| g lrx\g
-<_ / cNk lj/fd -,_ lrx\g ko| f]u ul/Psf] 5 .

jfSo k/' f ePkl5 k0" f{ lj/fd lrx\g k|of]u ugk{' 5 { . s;}sf] egfO h:tf] 5 To:t}
/fVg bfx] f]/f] pb\w/0f lrx\g k|ofu] ug'{k5{ . xif,{ lj:dft, cfZro{ cflb dgsf] efj
ae' mfpgk' bf{ pbu\ f/ lrx\g k|of]u ug{k' 5 { . p:t} zAb 56' \ofpg, jfSofz+ jfSo 56' \ofpg /
;Daf]wgdf cNk lj/fd lrxg\ ko| fu] ugk{' 5 { . k|Zg ubf{ kZ| g lrx\gsf] k|ofu]
ug'k{ 5{ .

cf= kf7 k9]/ k0" f{ lj/fd, k|Zg lrx\g, bf]xf/] f] pb\w/0f / pbu\ f/ lrx\g k|of]u ePsf b'O{
b'O{ j6f jfSo l6k .

@= lbPsf lrxg\ k|of]u u/]/ ljbo\ fnosf af/d] f rf/ jfSo nv] M
s= k0" f{ lj/fd lrx\g -._
v= k|Zg lrx\g -<_
u= bfx] f]/f] pbw\ /0f lrx\g -æ Æ_
3= pb\uf/ lrx\g -Û_
ª= cNk lj/fd lrx\g -,_

#= cgR' 5b] df k|ofu] ePsf ‘d’ sf] ;66\ f ‘tF’ / ‘pm’ /fv]/ k'gn]v{ g u/ M
d ;fg} lyP F . d/] L cfdf la/fdL xg' e' of] . d/] f aa' fn] cfdfnfO{ c:ktfndf egf{
ug'e{ of ] . aa' fn] dnfO{ cfdf;Fu} n}hfge' of] . d]/f aa' f c:ktfnsf] vr{ 6fg{ HofdL

sfddf nfUge' of ] . d}n] k9g\ kfOgF . d xf6] ndf sfd ug{ yfn F] . dnfO{ xf6] n
dflnsn] w/] } sfd nufof] . d]/f] k9\g], nV] g] / c;n dfG5] aGg] /x/ cw/' } /x\of] .

116 efiff au}Frf – ^

$= kf7af6 e"tsfn hgfpg] kfrF j6f jfSo vfh] /] nv] M
pbfx/0f M laxf u/]sf] rf}w jif{kl5 jG[ bfn] 5f]/f] kfOg\ .

nv] g cEof;

cg'nv] g

!= kf7sf] t/] f}F cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

l;hg{ fTds nv] g

afa'n] bf;] |f] ljjfx u/]kl5 h7] L kTgL / p;sf ;Gtfgn] u/s] f ;ª\3if{sf s'/f ;d6] L Pp6f
syf nv]  .

efiff au}Frf – ^ 117

@kf7 k'ikf a:g]t

k'ikf a:g]t …k|f/lDes afn ljsf; sG] b|Ú / …kt' nL
3/Ú gfds u}/gfkmfd"ns u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yfsL ;+:yfks
cWoIf xg'  \ . pgsf] ;+:yfn] ljleGg sf/0fn] sb} L hLjg
latfO/xs] f cfdfsf ;Gtfgsf] clwsf/sf nflu sfd
ub{5 . ;dfh ;j] L a:g]tnfO{ ;g\ @)!@ df …l;PgPg
lx/f]Ú 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] lyof ] .

ki' kf a:g]tsf] hGd lj=;=+ @)$) ;fpg !! ut]sf
lbg sf7df8fF}sf] l8NnLahf/df ePsf] xf ] . pgL cfdf
;l/tf / aa' f k"0f{axfb'/ a:gt] sL bf;] |f] ;Gtfg xg' \ . pgsf] Gjf/gsf] gfd ab' w\ s'df/L xf] .

pgsf aa' f cf}b\ofl] us pks/0fx¿ cfoft lgoft{ sf] Jofkf/ uy {] . pgsf aa' f cfdf
Jofkf/sf] l;nl;nfdf b]zaflx/ hfgx' 'GYof] . afNosfndf pgn] 3/aflx/ uP/ vN] g]
jftfj/0f kfOgg \ . pgL afNosfndf ;f/} rsrs] lyOg\ . Ps lbg pgL k;ndf pmg lng
hfbF f b'3{6gfdf kl/g\ / pgsf] cfFvfdf 3fp nfUof ] / vt;dt] a:of] . To;n} ] pgnfO{
3/aflx/ hfg /fs] nufOPsf] lyof ] .

pgsf bfh' 3/aflx/ hfg kfpyF  ] . To;n} ] pgnfO{ bfhk' l| t Oi{ of{ nfUYof ] . pgsf bfh' /
alxgL uf]/f lyP . cfk"m dfq sfnL ePsfn] pgnfO{ ;f/} lrTt bV' Yof] . bfh'n] ltdLnfO{
t kz'kltaf6 vfh] ]/ NofPsf], d;Lsf] 8Aafleq 8'afPsf] eg]/ lh:ofpFbf pgL ?g] ulyg{ \ .

pgsf cfdfa'af 5f/] f5f]/LnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ uy{] . pgnfO{ ;fg}bl] v 5f]6f] agfP/ skfn
sfl6lbg,] 5f/] fsf] h:t} n'uf nufOlbg] uy ]{ . pgL afNosfndf 3/df dfq vfg], zlgaf/

zAb / c {y u}/gfkmfdn" s – gfkmf sdfpg] pb\b]Zo gePsf]

;:+ yfks – ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{] JolSt cWoIf – ;+:yfsf] kd| 'v

cf}bo\ f]lus – pb\ofu] df cfwfl/t vt – 3fp vl6/fsf] bfu

118 efiff aurF} f – ^

zAb / c {ydfq 3'Dg hfg] ulyg{  \ . pgL bfn, eft / ;fu vfg ;f/} dg k/fpFlyg\ . pgnfO{ ;fOsn
s'bfpg / rªu\ f p8fpg dg kYof] { . pgL sf7] f ;kmf ug,{] sf7] f ;hfpg,] aa' fsf sk8fdf
O:qL ug],{ l;nfO a'gfO ug]{ sfd klg uly{g\ . pgsf] lzIff/De dl} tbj] L af]l8{ª :sn' af6
eof ] . kl5 pgnfO{ ;fgf] ufr} /gl:yt dx]Gbe| jg 5fqf ljb\ofnodf sIff Psdf egf{
ul/of] . To;sf] Ps jifk{ l5 pgnfO{ lb OnfO6 sf] P8 :s'n gfukf]v/L, gS;fndf sIff
Psd} egf{ ul/of ] . pgL c¿sf] cufl8 af]Ng nhfplF yg\ . pgL k9fOdf cf};t ljbo\ fyL{
lyOg \ . pgL v]nsb' , bf}8, l;nfO a'gfO h:tf cltl/St ljm| ofsnfkdf kfV] t lyOg \ . pgn]
lj=;=+ @)%& df ;fx] L :s'naf6 P;=Pn=;L= k/LIff lbOg\ . pgL k/LIffdf c;kmn eOg\ .
pgn] csf]{ jif{ eg] k/LIff pTtL0f{ ul/g \ . pgn] Ps jif;{ Dd gS;fnsf] afn dlGb/df :jod\
;]ljsf agL sfd ul/g\ . pgn] h]leP/ Ps8] d] Laf6 lj=;+= @)^) pRr df=lj pTtL0f{
ul/g\ . pgn] ;G] 6 h]leo/ sn]haf6 :gfts tx pTtL0f{ ul/g\ .

pgnfO{ afn dlGb/df ePsf afn aflnsfsf] cj:yf bv] /] c;fWo} dfof nfUYof ] . Ps
k6s pgL snh] af6 :ynut ed| 0fsf nflu …;'Gwf/f hn] Ú uOg\ . ToxfF pgn] (–!)
dlxgfsL sfG5L tfdfªnfO{ bl] vg \ . pgsf] cj:yf bv] /] ki' kfsf] ;f/} lrTt bV' of ] . To;}
an] fb]lv pgn] ;:+ yfut ¿kdf afn aflnsfsf nflu s]xL sfd ug]{ lgZro ul/g\ . pgsf
cleefjsn] la; jifs{ f] pd]/df g} Tolt 7n' f] cleef/f lng] cg'dlt lbPgg \ . pgn] cfˆgf
cleefjs / lzIfsnfO{ s]xL u/]/ b]vfpgk' 5{ eGg] 7flgg\ .

;j{ky| d pgn] ;fyLefO / kl/jf/sf ;b:ol;t ldn]/ …kf| /lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb|Ú
-O={ ;L=8L=;L_ gfds ;:+ yf vf]lng\ . pgn] ;G' wf/f h]nsf h]n/ Clifsz] 9ª' \un] nfO{ e6] /]
sf/fuf/leqsf s]6fs]6LnfO{ k9fpg] OR5f JoSt ul/g \ . pgn] ;?' df ltg j6f sf7] f
ef8fdf lnP/ lzz' :ofxf/ sG] b| ;~rfng ul/g \ . pgL sf/fuf/leqsf rf/ hgf aRrfnfO{
laxfg NofpFlyg\ . lbgel/ s]Gb|df x/] rfx ulyg{ \ / an] s' L sf/fuf/df g} k'¥ofpFlyg \ . ;'?df
pgn] s]Gb| ;~rfngsf nflu 3/af6} vfgf, v]nf}gf, / cGo ;fdfg NofpFlyg \ . pgn]
lj=;+= @)^$ df afn cfjf; u[x vfl] ng \ . ;'?df pgnfO{ cfly{s sl7gfO eof] . kl5 kl5
;xof]uL xftx¿ a9\b} uP . kq klqsf tyf cGo ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] pgsf] ;dfh
;j] fnfO{ d'Vo va/ agfP .

:jod\ ;l] jsf – cfˆg} OR5fn] ;]jfdf nfUg] gf/L
:ynut e|d0f – ;DalGwt 7fpFdf g} uP/ x]g]{ sfd
hn] / – h]nsf] /v] b]v ug{] JolSt

efiff aur}F f – ^ 119

zAb / c {ypgn] sf7df8fF} nufot cGo rfl} a; lhNnfsf sf/fuf/leqsf s]6fs6] L hDdf ul/g\ / lzz'
:ofxf/ s]Gb|df /flvg\ . xfn pgL …kf| /lDes afn ljsf; s]GbÚ| / …kt' nL 3/Ú sL ;:+ yfks
cWoIf eP/ c;LeGbf a9L afn aflnsfsL …dfd'Ú / tL ;:+ yfsf sd{rf/LsL …lbbLÚ ags] L
l5g \ .

pgn] cfdfafa';Fu} xªsª, hfkfg, nG8g, cdl] /sf, OG8fg] l] ;of cflb b]zsf] e|d0f ul/g\ .
pgsf] sfos{ f] k|z+;f ub}{ pgnfO{ ;g\ @)!@ l8;D] a/ # tfl/vsf lbg -lj=;+= @)^( dl+ ;/
!*_ …l;PgPg lx/fÚ] 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] 5 .

pgn] ljleGg sf/0fn] b'Mv kfPsf s6] fs6] Lsf] /]vbv] ul/g \ . pgLx¿nfO{ c;n ;:+ sf/ /
/fdf| ] jftfj/0fsf ;fy} lzIff klg lbOg \ . pgn] b]zsf ljleGg sf/fuf/sf] e|d0f ul/g \ .
ToxfFleqsf aRrf cfˆgf] ;:+ yfdf Nofpg] kxn ul/g \ . …l;PgPg lx/f] @)!@Ú ;Ddfgaf6
kf| Kt ltg s/f]8 ?lkofnF ] a'9fgLns07df kfrF /fk] gL rf/ cfgf hUuf lslgg\ . ToxfF pgL
s]6fs]6Lsf] :YffoL a;f]af;sf nflu ejg agfpFb} l5g\ . pgn] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] #) cfF}
j;Gt kf/ u/]sL l5g \ . pgL xfn;Dd cljjflxt l5g \ . pgn] cfkm\gf] ;Dk0" f{ hLjg afn
aflnsfsf] kfng kfi] f0fdf ;dlk{t ug]{ ;fr] agfPsL l5g \ . afa' cfdfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug,]{
x/s] kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ cu|;/ xg' ], c¿sf] b'Mv ;xg g;Sg] :jefj ePsL pgL
g]kfn / g]kfnLsL uf}/j xg'  \ . pgL gk] fn clg ;Dk"0f{ ljZj ;db' fos} k|/] 0ffsL ;|f]t ag]sL
l5g \ . pgsf] o:tf] ctn' gLo dfgj ;]jfsf] dxfg\ ofqfdf xfdLn] klg cfcfˆgf] If]qaf6
oyfzSo ;xof]u ug'k{ 5{ ta dfq gk] fnLx¿sf] ;xofu] L Jojxf/ ljZjd} pbfx/0fLo aGg
kU' g] 5 .

;+:sf/ – plrt ;ª\ut
/fk] gL – ;f]/ cfgf hUufsf] gfk
cfgf – Ps /f]kgLsf] ;f]/ efusf] Ps efu

u/, 3/

z'bw\ pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M

kf| /lDes cfb} o\ fl] us em'l;lNs/f oyfzSo :jod\ ;j] s
;+:sf/ ;:+ yfks k|]/0ff b[9tf pbfx/0fLo

120 efiff aur}F f – ^

af]w / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf] kfrf}F cg'R5]b kfnk} fnf] k9/] sIffdf ;g' fpm .
@= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M

s= ki' kf a:g]tsf afa' Jofkf/L xg' fn] pgsf] afNosfn ====================== lats] f] lyof] .
-;'vkj" {s÷bM' vk"js{ _

v= k'ikfn] Ps jif{ afn dlGb/df =================eP/ sfd ul/g\ . -:jod\ ;j] s÷hflu/]_
u= ki' kfsf kl/jf/n] ;?' df ============================;+:yfut ¿kdf sfd ug{ lbPgg\ .

-cleef/f lng] pd/] gePsfn÷] k};f gePsfn_]
3= ;'?df ki' kfnfO{ sfd ug{=============================sf] sf/0fn] sl7g eof ] . -cflys{

cefj÷;fyLefOsf] c;xof]u_
ª= hn] df /xs] f dftflktfsf ;GtfgnfO{ cf>o lbg]================================sfd xf] .

-dfgjtfo'St, emGeml6nf_]

#= hf]8f ldnfpm M ;l/tf a:g]t
lj=;=+ @)^$
afn cfjf; u[x k|f/lDes afn ljsf; s]Gb|
dftf gS;fn afn dlGb/
:jod\ ;]js
cWoIf

$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ nv] M

s= k'ikf a:g]t s'g sg' ;+:yfsL ;:+ yfks x'g\ <
v= k'ikfnfO{ 3/aflx/ hfg lsg /fs] nufOof] <
u= afNosfndf k'ikfsf] :jefj s:tf] lyof] <
3= afNosfndf ki' kfnfO{ s] s] ug{ dg kYof{] <
ª= ki' kfn] sxfF :jod\ ;j] s ag]/ sfd ul/g\ <
r= ki' kfn] vf]ns] f] ;'?sf] ;+:yfsf] gfd s] xf] <
5= ki' kf slxn] …l;PgPg lx/f]Ú 3fl] ift eOg\ <

%= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pTt/ bp] m M

s= k'ikf a:gt] sf] afNosfn s;/L lats] f] lyof] <
v= k'ikfsf] :s'n] hLjg s;/L lats] f] lyof] <

efiff aurF} f – ^ 121

u= k'ikfn] ;:+ yfsf] ;?' cft s;/L ul/g\ <
3= k'ikfn] afn aflnsfsf] cfjf; u[xnfO{ lsg …k'tnL 3/Ú egs] L x'g\ <
ª= ;dfh ;]jfk|lt k'ikfsf] k|ltab\wtf s;/L emlNsG5 <
r= k'ikfnfO{ lsg l;PgPg lx/f] 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] xfn] f <
^= ‘k'ikf a:g]t g]kfn clg ;Dk0" f{ ljZj ;d'bfos} k]|/0ffsL ;f| ]t ags] L 5g\’ eGg] egfOnfO{

cfŠg} zAbdf j0fg{ u/ .

cfkm\ gf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltd|f] 6f]ndf sg' } ;dfh ;]jL dlxnf jf k?' if b]vs] f 5f} < pgn] u/s] f] sfdsf]
af/d] f ;fyLnfO{ eg .

?

;fr] / eg M
( – !) dlxgfsL sfG5L tfdfªnfO{ bv] /] ki' kf a:gt] sf] lrTt lsg bv' s] f] xfn] f <

>'lt nv] g

lbPsf] cg'R5]b ;'g / n]v M
;j{ky| d ki' kfn] ;fyLefO / kl/jf/sf ;b:o;Fu ldn/] …kf| /lDes afn ljsf; sG] b|Ú gfds
;:+ yf vf]lng\ . pgn] hn] / Clifs]z 9ª' u\ n] nfO{ e6] /] sf/fuf/leqsf s6] fs6] L k9fpg] OR5f
JoSt ul/g\ . pgn] ;'?df ltg j6f sf]7f ef8fdf lnP/ lzz' :ofxf/ sG] b| ;~rfng ul/g \ .

122 efiff aurF} f – ^

z'b\w nv] g

lbPsf jfSonfO{ zb' \w agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M

pgL c¿sf] cuf8L af]ng nhfpyLg,\ plg k9fO{df cf};t jLbo\ fyL{ lyOg \ . pgL
v]nsb' , bf8} , l;nfO{ a'gfO h;tf ctLl/St s[ofsnfkdf kfV] t lyOg\ . pgn] os a/if;Dd
gS;fnsf] jfn dGbL/df ;f]od\;j] Lsf ag]/ sfd u/Lg \ .

zAb e08f/

!= zAb / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M sfddf ;+nUg eO/x]sf]
;/sf/sf] :jfldTj gePsf]
u/} ;/sf/L :yfkgf ug]{ JolSt
sfo/{ t sg' } sfd ugs{ f nflu rflxg] cfh} f/
pks/0f a;f]af; ug]{ 3/
;:+ yfks ;fdfGo, dWod
cf;} t lhDd]jf/L, pTt/bfloTj
cleef/f
cfjf; ux[

@= pbfx/0f x/] L lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] gofF zAb agfpm M

s= gfkmfd"ns, ;/sf/L, sfg'gL, gk] fnL, xflh/, lhDdj] f/, gful/s

pbfx/0f M u/} ± gfkmfdn" s – u}/gfkmfd"ns

v= ef/f, o'St, ?lr, efjs, of]u, dfg, nv] , JolSt,

pbfx/0f M cle ± ef/f – cleef/f

#= cfoft / lgof{t – cfoft lgof{t ePh:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] zAb agfpm M

5f]/f / 5f/] L – /ft / lbg –

;fyL / efO – vn] / sb' –

l;nfO / a'gfO – kq / klqsf –

xf;F f] / v;' L – bof / dfof –

efiff au}Frf – ^ 123

$= lbPsf zAb k|ofu] u/L jfSo agfpm M
clwsf/, sfo{/t, :jefj, ;~rfns, 3fi] f0ff, ;+:sf/, dfx]

%= kf7af6 ‘;’ / ‘z’ ko| fu] ePsf kfrF kfrF j6f zAb vfh]  . tL zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm .

Jofs/0f

sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f

!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
s= k"0fa{ xfb/' n] cfoft lgof{tsf] Jofkf/ u/]sf lyP .
v= ;l/tf a:g]tn] 5f/] Lsf] gfd ab' w\ sd' f/L /fvs] L lyOg\ .
u= ab' w\ s'df/Ln] h]leP/ Ps8] ]dLaf6 :gfts tx pTtL0f{ u/s] L xg'  \ .
3= k'ikf a:gt] n] …kt' nL 3/Ú gfds u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf vf]ns] L l5g \ .
ª= k'ikf a:gt] nfO{ …l;PgPg lx/f] ;g\ @)!@Ú 3fi] f0ff ul/Psf] 5 .

r= pgL afrF G' rn] ;fdflhs sfo{df nfu]sL x'g] l5g \ .
dflysf jfSodf u/s] f lyP, /fvs] L lyOg\, u/s] L xg' ,\ vf]n]sL l5g\, ul/Psf] 5,
nfus] L x'g] l5g\ h:tf lj|mofkb ko| f]u ePsf 5g\ . o:tf lj|mofkbn] sfd k'/f ePsf]
cj:yf hgfpF5g \ . oL k0" f{ kIfsf ljm| ofkb xg' \ .
k"0f{ kIfn] sfd k/' f ePsf] cj:yf hgfpF5 . k"0f{ kIf ae' mfpg wft'df Psf], PsL,
Psf hf8] \gk' 5 { . To;kl5 lyof,] lyO,{ 5, 5g\, xg' ] 5, x'g] 5g,\ h:tf ;xfos lj|mofkb
ko| f]u ugk'{ 5{ .

cf= pbfx/0f x/] L lbPsf wft'nfO{ k0" f{ kIf hgfpg] lj|mofkb agfpm M

pbfx/0f M u/\ – u/]sf] lyPF, u/]sf] 5', u/]sf] xg' ]5'

vfn] \ – vf]ns] f lyof,} vf]n]sf 5f}, vfn] s] f xg' 5] f}

eg\ – eg]sL lyOg,\ eg]sL 5g\, egs] L x'g5] g\,

nfu\, hf, lx8F ,\ ku' \, x/] ,\ ;t' \

O= k0" f{ kIf hgfpg] ljm| ofkb k|ofu] u/L cfkm" n] u/]sf sfdsf] af/]df cf7 jfSo n]v .

@= pbfx/0f x]/L jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M

124 efiff aur}F f – ^

pbfx/0f M a'afcfdf Jofkf/sf] l;nl;nfdf b]zaflx/ uP .

a'afcfdf Jofkf/sf] l;nl;nfdf bz] aflx/ uPgg \ .

bfhn' ] ltdLnfO{ kz'kltaf6 vfh] ]/ NofPsf] eg]gg \ .

bfh'n] ltdLnfO{ kz'kltaf6 vfh] ]/ NofPsf] eg ] .

s= pgnfO{ sf/fuf/df ePsf afn aflnsfsf] cj:yf b]v]/ lbSs nfu]g .

v= afn aflnsfn] pgnfO{ cfdf dfg]sf 5g \ .

u= aa' fn] 5f]/f5f]/Lk|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ u/g] g \ .

3= sfG5L tfdfªn] 3/ kfPsL 5 .

ª= ;~rf/ dfWodx¿n] pgsf] kz| +;f u/]sf 5}gg \ .

#= pbfx/0f x/] L vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] lj|mofkb yk M

pbfx/0f M ki' kf a:g]tn] ;dfh ;]jf ========== . -ug'_{

k'ikf a:g]tn] ;dfh ;j] f ul/g\ .

s= ki' kf a:g]tn] lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb| ========== . -vf]Ng_'

v= ki' kf a:gt] cltl/St lj|mofsnfkdf kfV] t ========== . -x'g_'

u= bfh'n] 3/aflx/ hfg ========== . -kfpg'_

3= afa'cfdfn] ;:+ yfut sfo{ ug{ cgd' lt ========== . -glbg'_

ª= ;?' df cflys{ sl7gfO eP klg la:tf/} ;xof]uL xftx¿ a9b\ } ========== . -hfg_'

nv] g cEof;

cg'nv] g

!= kf7sf 56} f}F / ;ftf}F cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cg'R5b] h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
afn aflnsfnfO{ bz] sf s0f{wf/ elgG5 . clxns] f afn aflnsf eljiodf b]zsf]

kd| v' kbdf a;/] sfd ug{] 5g \ . ltgLx¿nfO{ clxnb] l] v g} pkoS' t jftfj/0fdf
xs' f{pg'k5{ . pgLx¿nfO{ clxn]bl] v g} eljiosf nflu ofU] o agfpFb} nh} fgk' 5{ .
pgLx¿nfO{ cleefjsaf6 dfof kfpg', k9g\ kfpg,' v]Ng kfpg', :jf:Yo ;]jf

efiff aurF} f – ^ 125

kfpg,' kfl] ;nf] vfg kfpg'h:tf afn clwsf/af6 jl~rt u/fpgx' 'Gg . g]kfndf
afn aflnsfsf ;DaGwdf lgod sfgg' x¿ klg 5g\ . afn clwsf/sf kIfdf sfd
ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ 5g\ t/ ;a} afn aflnsfn] kfpg'kg]{ clwsf/ kfPsf 5}gg\ . cfdf
jf afa'dWo] Pssf] d[To' ePkl5 pgLx¿ 6x' /' f aGg k'U5g\ . pgLx¿l;t k9g\
;Sg], cGo sfd ug{ ;Sg] kl| tef xG' 5 t/ plrt cj;/ gkfpbF f pgLx¿sf] k|ltef
TolTts} d/]/ hfG5 . ;xb[ oL JolStn] pgLx¿nfO{ cfk\mg} 5f]/f5f/] L agfP/ kflnlbP t
pgLx¿sf] eljio pHofnf] xg' ] lyof ] . To:tf cj;/ pgLx¿n] kfPgg\ eg] pgLx¿n-
fO{ afRF g cToGt sl7g xG' 5 . xfn g]kfndf o:tf afnsnfO{ /fVg] kg' :yfk{ gf s]Gbx| ¿
v'ns] f 5g\ . sx] L JolStn] cfk\mgf] hLjg g} afn aflnsfsf] ;xof]u / pbw\ f/df ck{0f
u/]sf 5g\ . ki' kf a:gt] ;fgf] pd]/bl] v g} o:tf] sfddf nflug\ . s'g} sf/0fn] hn] df
k/]sf cfdfsf ;GtfgnfO{ pgn] ;g' fn} f] eljio lbOg \ . pgn] To:tf aRrfsf] kfng
kf]if0fsf] lhDdf glnPsf] eP To:tf afnssf] hLjg klg cfkm\ gL cfdf;uF } hn] df
laTg] lyof ] . ;?' df ki' kfnfO{ To; sfddf lgs} sl7gfO k¥of] . pgn] lgs} wo} { u/]/ /
b'Mv u//] afn aflnsfsf lglDt sfd ul/g\ . o;n} ] pgnfO{ cd]l/sL ;dfrf/ ;:+ yfn]
…l;PgPg lx/fÚ] gfds k'/:sf/n] ;Ddfg u¥of] . pgL bz] df dfq geO{ ljbz] df
;d]t k|l;b\w eOg\ . xfdLn] klg vfnL cfk\mgf] nflu dfq sfd ugx{' b'F g}  . csfs{ f]
enfO / pksf/sf] sfd klg ug{k' 5 { .

;d"x sfo{
b'O{ b'O{ hgfsf] ;dx" df a; . …s'df/Ú syf ePsf] ki[ 7 kN6fpm . lstfa x]//]
;ftf},F cf7f}F / gjfF} cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ . ;d"x ;d"xlar sfkL ;f6f;f6
u/ . lstfa x/] ]/ h:tfsf] To:t} eP gePsf] hfrF  . ;a} ljbo\ fyL{ Ps 7fpdF f
a; / b'O6{ f ;d"x agfpm . ;a} ;dx" sf sfkL hDdf u/ . tL sfkL cfwf kf/ .
;a}eGbf /fdf| cIf/ ePsf] z'bw\ / k:| 6 n]lvPsf] Pp6f sfkL 5fg . bO' { j6}
;dx" n] 5fg]sf] sfkL Ps} 7fpFdf /fv . tL bO' {dWo] Pp6fnfO{ ky| d / csf]{nfO{
låtLo 3f]if0ff u/ . k|yd / låtLo xg' ]sf nflu tfnL ahfpm .

126 efiff aur}F f – ^

l;h{gfTds n]vg

s= ltdLn] lrgs] f] Ps ;dfh ;j] Ll;t pgsf] hGd, hGd:yfg, dftf lktfsf] gfd / ;dfh

;j] fsf] sfd s;/L ;'? eof] eGg] af/]df ;fw] ]/ aF'bfx¿ l6k .

v= lbPsf] aF'bfsf cfwf/df 5f6] f] hLjgL tof/ kf/ M

Gffd – bofjL/l;+x sª;\ fsf/

hGdldlt – lj=;=+ !(^* j}zfv @@ ut]

hGd:yfg – s]n6f]n, sf7df8fF}

lktf÷dftf – ejfgLjL/l;x+ sª;\ fsf/÷nIdLb]jL sª;\ fsf/

ke| fj – 3/sf] jftfj/0f wfld{s / ;fdflhs, To;af6 ;fgb} l] v k|efljt

– eujfg\ a'bw\ sf] …;]jf g} wd{ xf]Ú eGg] pkbz] af6 ke| fljt

sfo{ – /f0ffsfnLg cGwsf/ o'udf ;dt] ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;dlk{t

– cfˆg} k;} f vr{ u//] /fu] Lx¿sf] pkrf/

– rGbf ;ªs\ ng u/L hDdf u/s] f] k};fn] …k/f]ksf/ cfi} fwfnoÚsf] :yfkgf

– lj=;+= @))( df …k/f]ksf/ cgfyfnoÚsf] :yfkgf

– klxnf] k6s …/Stbfg hLjg bfgÚ eGg] s/' fsf] yfngL

of]ubfg – cgfy afn aflnsfsf nflu pgn] u/s] f sfdx¿ gk] fnL ;dfhdf

clj:d/0fLo

– pgs} ;ljm| otfdf @)!) ;fn jz} fv @% ut] yfkfynL k|;l" t u[xsf]

:yfkgf

d[To' – lj=;+= @)%& df3 @# ut], sf7df8f F} .

efiff au}Frf – ^ 127

vN] bfvN] b}

lbPsf] lrq x/] L syf agfpm M

128 efiff auFr} f – ^

(PsfO :jf:Yosf] Vofn u/f+}

cfFvLemo\ fn oL vfg]s/' fdWo] d]/f]
:jf:Yosf nflu s] s] vfg'
z/L/ :j:y /fVg s:tf vfg]s/' f vfg'knf{ <
pko'St x'G5 xf]nf <

!kf7 df;+ fxf/L ef]hg ls zfsfxf/L ef]hg

ljZj :jf:Yo lbj;sf] cj;/ kf//] nv] gfy k:' tsfno rGbu| 9L, emfkfdf sIff 5sf
ljbo\ fyLl{ ar cGt/ ljbo\ fno jfb ljjfb kl| tofl] utf ;~rfng xbF' } 5 . k:' tsfnosf]
kf| ªu\ 0f /ªu\ L la/ªu\ L kf//] l;uF fl/Psf] 5 . Pp6f 7n' f] tn" df …df;+ fxf/L efh] g ls
zfsfxf/L efh] gÚ nv] /] 6flF uPsf] 5 . sfoj{ m| ddf ;efkltsf] cf;g ux| 0f k:' tsfno
;~rfng ;ldltsf cWoIfn] uge{' Psf] 5 . ;f| t] sG] bs| f bO' { hgf lzIfsx¿ lg0ffo{ s
d08ndf xg' x' G' 5 . ;do kfnssf] lhDdf 5fqf zn} hf kfv] n]| nfO{ lbOPsf] 5 . ;a}
ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿ sfoj{ m| dsf] kt| LIffdf 5g \ . sfoj{ m| dsf] ;~rfng sIff 5s} 5fqf hful[ t u/} n] ]
ubl{} 5g \ . ;efklt, lg0ffo{ s d08nsf u?' / cGo cltlyn] cf;g ux| 0f ul/;sk] l5
sfoj{ m| d ;?' ePsf] 5 .

130 efiff aurF} f – ^

zAb / c {ypb3\ fi] fs M

cfb/0fLo ;efkltHo," cltly dxfge' fjx¿, lg0ffo{ s d08n, u?' x¿ Pjd\ ;fyLx¿ Û

cfhsf] jfb ljjfbsf] zLifs{ …df;+ fxf/L efh] g ls zfsfxf/L efh] gÚ eGg] /xs] f] 5 .

;efkltsf] cf1fn] d kl| tofl] utfdf kfngf ugk{' g{] lgod ;g' fP/ sfoj{ m| d ;?' u5{' M

!= kT| os] jStfnfO{ kfrF ldg6] sf] ;do lbOg] 5 .
@= rf/ ldg6] df hgfp 3G6L aHg] 5 . To;sf] Ps ldg6] df jStfn] cfˆgf] egfO

6ª' U\ ofpgk' g{] 5 .
#= sg' } klg ks| f/sf] lnlvt sfuh jf l6kf6] x/] /] afN] g kfOg] 5g}  .
$= lg0ffo{ s d08nsf] lg0fo{ clGtd xg' ] 5 .
%= hflt, wd,{ lnªu\ , ;Dkb| fodfly cfIfk] nufP/ afN] g kfOg] 5g}  .

ca jfb ljjfb kl| tofl] utf ;?' xG' 5 . ;jk{ y| d, d ljifosf] kIfdf cfkm\ gf tsx{ ¿ k:| tt'
ug{ cd/G] b| ld>nfO{ d~rdf lgDTofp5F  ' .

cd/G] b| ld>

cfb/0fLo ;efkltHo," lg0ffo{ s d08n, u?' , cltly dxfge' fjx¿ tyf d/] f Kof/f ;fyLx¿ Û

d oxfF zfsfxf/L efh] g /fdf| ] eGg] kIfdf afN] g pkl:yt ePsf] 5 ' . zfsfxf/L ;flTjs
efh] g xf ] . …h:tf] vfgf p:t} ljrf/Ú eg] emF} zfsfxf/L efh] gn] dflg;nfO{ zfGt kj| l[ Ttsf]
agfp5F  . o;n] dflg;sf] dl:tisnfO{ ;rt] /fVg] sfd u5{ clg ab' l\ wdfg\ klg agfp5F  .
zfsfxf/L efh] gsf ;DaGwdf j1} flgs cNa6{ cfOG:6fOgsf] ljrf/ o:tf] 5 M–

…:jf:YonfO{ kmfObf k¥' ofpg] cyjf ;l[ i6sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ clws tN' ofpg]
dxTTjk0" f{ tl/sf egs] f] zfsfxf/L efh] g xf ] .Ú

;fRF r} Û cNa6{ cfOG:6fOgn] eg] emF} zfsfxf/L efh] gn] dflg;sf] :jf:Yodf w/] } kmfObf
k¥' ofO/xs] f] xG' 5 .

Zffsfxf/L efh] gn] dflg;nfO{ bL3h{ LjL agfp5F  . xfdf| ] z/L/df ePsf ldufn{} f, d6' ,'
kmfS] ;f] / dl:tis;DaGwL /fu] nfUg lbbF g}  . df6] fk] gfaf6 xg' ] tgfjaf6 dS' t u5 { .

jStf – afN] g] dfG5] lnlvt – n]lvPsf]
;flTjs – c;n u0' f ePsf ] efh] g – vfgs] '/f
dl:tis – ljrf/ ug]{ zlSt bL3h{ LjL – nfdf] ;do;Dd afRF g]

efiff au}rF f – ^ 131

zAb / c {ydf;+ fxf/L efh] g ugx{] ¿ a9L tgfjdf /xg] ub5{ g \ . To;n} ] pgLx¿df l/;fpg,] emsg{ ]
h:tf tfd;L kj| l[ Tt a9L xG' 5 . df;s' f] ;j] g ug{' egs] f] /fu] nfO{ lgDtf lbg' xf ] .
df;+ fxf/Ln] hLjhGts' f cfGbf| , 5fnf / /utsf ;dt] cgs] kl/sf/ agfP/ vfg] ub5{ g \ .
ha ls hGtx' ¿sf ;ae} Gbf a9L /fu] L cªu\ g} log} xg'  \ . To; sf/0f clwsfz+ /fu] LnfO{
8fS6/n] df;' gvfg] ;Nnfx lbg] u/s] f 5g \ .
Zffsfxf/Lsf cfGbf| nfdf xG' 5g \ . zfsfxf/L kf| 0fLsf] z/L/df vfgf krfpg cfjZos
kg{] Pl;8sf] dfqf sd xG' 5 . dflg; klg kf| sl[ ts ¿kdf zfsfxf/L kf| 0fL xf ] . dflg;sf
cfGbf| klg nfdf xG' 5g \ . To;n} ] df;' vfPsf sf/0f dflg;df kfrg;DaGwL cgs] /fu]
bv] f k5g{  \ . -hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._
;efklt dxfb] o Û zfsfxf/L vfgf ;;+ f/sf w/] h} ;f] dflg;sf] kfi] f0fsf] ;f| t] xf ] .
z/L/df ePsf] sfn] :] 6f« n] sf] dfqfnfO{ l:y/ cgk' ftdf /fVg klg zfsfxf/L efh] gs}
cfjZostf kb5{  . To;n} ] dfgj z/L/sf nflu zfsfxf/L efh] g g} a;] xf] eGb} d/] f] egfO oxL
6ª' U\ ofp5F  ' . wGojfb Û -clGtd 3G6L aH5 ._
pb3\ fi] fs M ca ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfkm\ gf ts{ k:| tt' ug{ dªu\ nL dr] n] fO{ d~rdf cfdGq0f
ub5{  ' .
dªu\ nL dr] ]
;efklt dxfb] o, lg0ffo{ sHox" ¿, u?' ju{ / kl| tofu] L ;fyLx¿ Û d ljifosf ljkIfdf cfkm\ gf
tsx{ ¿ /fVg oxfxF ¿ ;dIf pkl:yt ePsL 5 ' . d/] f kj" j{ Stf ldqn] …zfsfxf/L efh] gn]
bL3h{ LjL agfp5F Ú eGge' of ] . d pxfsF f ts;{ uF ;xdt 5g}  . 9ª' u\ ] ou' df dflg;x¿ l;sf/
u//] g} cfˆgf] k6] kfNy ] . To;an] fbl] v g} df5fdf;' dflg;sf] kd| v' cfxf/f aGb} cfPsf]
5 . dfgj z/L/sf nflu cfjZostf kg{] le6fldg …la !@Ú df;d' f dfq kfOG5 . ljZjsf
zfsfxf/LdWo] (@ kl| tzt dflg;df le6fldg …la !@Ú sf] sdL ePsf] s/' f cdl] /sL kfi] f0f
;:+ yfsf] tYofªs\ n] bv] fPsf] 5 . zfsfxf/L vfgfdf lhªs\ klg lgs} sd dfqfdf kfOG5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf zfsfxf/Lx¿ s;/L bL3h{ LjL aGnfg\ t < of] s/' f t dnfO{ ukmf8Lsf]
ukm h:t} nfUof] lsgeg] z/L/sf nflu cfjZos kg{] lhªs\ sf] sdL k/' f ug{ t v;L tyf
sv' /' fsf] df;' clg df5f g} vfgk' 5{ lg Û

k"j{jStf – cfk"meGbf cufl8 af]Ng] JolSt tfd;L – pTth] gf pTkGg u/fpg]

132 efiff au}Frf – ^

zAb / c {yolt dfq sxfF xf] / . df;d' f dfgj z/L/sf nflu cTofjZos dflgPsf] Pldgf] Pl;8
kfOG5 . df;d' f kf| l] 6g, le6fldg, SoflN;od / vlgh tTTj kfOG5 . df;d' f kfOg] kf| l] 6gn]
z/L/sf] jb[ l\ w / ljsf;df ;xofu] k¥' ofp5F  . To:t} df;d' f kfOg] le6fldgn] rflxF dfgj
z/L/nfO{ /fu] nfUgaf6 arfpg] sfd u5 { . df;n' ] dfgj z/L/nfO{ t?' Gt tfut lbg] sfd
u5 { . /ftf] df;s' f] ;j] gn] d6' ;' DaGwL /fu] / dwd' x] h:tf /fu] af6 xg' ] vt/fnfO{ a9g\
lbbF g}  . z/L/ ;u' l7t kfg{ rfxgx] ¿sf nflu df;+ fxf/L efh] g g} cToT' td 7x5 { . zfsfxf/L
efh] gdf lrNnf] kbfys{ f] sdL xG' 5 . k0" ft{ of lrNnf/] lxt vfgf :jf:Yosf nflu
kmfObfhgs dflgbF g}  . :gfo' k0| ffnLnfO{ ;xL 9ªu\ n] ;~rfng ug{ klg lglZrt dfqfdf
sfn] :] 6f« n] / lrNnf] kbfy{ cfjZos k5{ lg Û -hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._

;efklt dxfb] o Û tkfOF{ g} eGgx' f;] \ s] d/] f ldqn] eg] emF} df;+ fxf/L efh] g ugx{] ¿
dfq l/;fp5F g\ t < zfsfxf/LrflxF l/;fpbF } l/;fpbF g} g\ < dnfO{ nfU5, l/; t dflg;df
xg' ] kf| sl[ ts u0' f xf ] . dflg;sf] ljrf/ s:tf] xg' ] eGg] s/' f jz+ f0fu' t u0' f / ;fdflhs
kl/l:yltn] lgwf/{ 0f ug{] s/' f xf ] . To;n]} ] dfgj z/L/sf nflu df;+ fxf/L efh] g g} a;] xG' 5
eGb} d/] f] egfO oxL 6ª' U\ ofp5F  ' . wGojfb Û -clGtd 3G6L aH5 ._

pb3\ fi] fs M

dªu\ nL dr] n] fO{ wGojfb Û ca ljifosf] kIfdf cfˆgf ljrf/ JoSt ug{ chg{' bfxfnnfO{
d~rdf afn] fp5F  ' .

chg{' bfxfn

;efklt dxfb] o, lg0ffo{ s d08n / ;fyLx¿ Û

d ljifosf kIfdf cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ k:| tt' ug{ oxfF pkl:yt ePsf] x F' . d/] f kj" j{ Stf ldqn]
df;+ fxf/L efh] gsf af/d] f cfˆgf ts{ k:| tt' uge{' of ] . d pxfsF f ts;{ uF laNsn' ;xdt
xg' ;lSbg F . xfdf| ] bz] df df;' vfgsf nflu sf6g\ ] kIfL tyf rfk} fofx¿ hfRF g] ul/Psf]
5g}  . sltko kzk' G5Lx¿ Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpdF f nh} fbF f af6fdf g} dl/;S5g \ . sltko
7fpdF f ;DalGwt lgsfosf] cfvF f 5n/] /fu] L kzk' G5Lsf] df;;' dt] aR] gx] ¿sf] klg sdL
5g}  . xfdf| ] bz] df pkoS' t vfnsf jwzfnfsf] Joj:yf klg 5g}  . xfdf| k;nx¿df vN' nf
¿kdf lemF uf eGsfP/ df;' aR] g /flvPsf] xG' 5 . df;' k;ns} 5p] df cfGbf| e8F' L kvfn/]

:gfo' k|0ffnL – z/L/df rt] gf ;~rf/ ug{] g;fx¿sf] ;~hfn
k|fs[lts u0' f – k|s[ltdf ePsf u'0f
jwzfnf – kz'cflbnfO{ dfg]{ 7fpF

efiff auFr} f – ^ 133

nfbL TolTts} kmflnPsf] xG' 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf df5fdf;n' ] s;/L dflg;sf] :jf:Yo /fdf| ]
xfn] f t < Jofkf/Lx¿n] sa] n gfkmf sdfpg] dfq pbb\ Z] o lnPsf xG' 5g \ . bfgfdf ;dt]
dfgj :jf:Yodf c;/ kg{] tTTjx¿ vj' fP/ kzn' fO{ df6] f3f6f kfg{] ul/Psf] klg xfdLn]
bv] s] } 5f F} . o:tf] cj:yfdf df;' vfP/ :j:y xg' ] s/' f ug{' t dv" t{ f xf ] . To;n} ] cfhsf oj' f
zfsfxf/L efh] gtkm{ cfslift{ ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

;fu;AhL, u8] fu8' L / kmnkm' nx¿ z/L/sf lglDt df;e' Gbf >i] 7 efh] g xg'  \ .
zfsfxf/L efh] gl;t sj] n JolStut :jf:Yo dfq hfl] 8Psf] xbF' g}  . o;df kofj{ /0f, ljZjsf
ul/a hgtfsf] efs] , clx;+ fkl| tsf] ljZjf; / cfWoflTds sf/0f hfl] 8Psf xG' 5g \ . ljZj
vfbo\ ;ªu\ 7gn] df;+ fxf/Lsf sf/0f ljZjdf vfbo\ ;ªs\ 6sf] vt/f a9b\ } uPsf] ts{ cl3
;f/s] f] 5 . Ps sh] L df;' pTkfbg ug{ b; sh] L zfsfxf/L efh] g vkt ugk{' g{] xG' 5 .
z/L/nfO{ rflxg] ;a} ks| f/sf kf| l] 6g tyf le6fldg zfsfxf/L efh] gaf6 klg kf| Kt xG' 5g \ . xfdL
kf| l] 6gsf nflu u8] fu8' L, SoflN;odsf nflu bw' , cfO/gsf nflu sfh' abfd h:tf ;V' vf
kmnx¿, le6fldg ;Lsf nflu cldnf kmnkm' n pkefu] ug{ ;S5f F} . zfsfxf/L efh] gaf6
kz| :t dfqfdf SoflN;od kf| Kt xg' ] xg' fn] x88\ L alnof] xG' 5 . zfsfxf/LnfO{ pRr /Strfk,
kf73] / / :tg SofG;/sf] hfl] vd sd xG' 5 . df5f df;d' f eGbf ;fu;AhLdf hLjf0f'
;ªj\ m| d0fsf] ;Defjgf sd xG' 5 . zfsfxf/L efh] gdf df;+ fxf/L efh] gdf h:tf] kmfx] f/] sf]
;Defjgf /xGg . zfsfxf/L efh] gaf6 kf| Kt kf| l] 6g / le6fldg lbuf] / zlStaws{ xG' 5 .
df;' t ol' /of dn h:t} xf ] . o;n] Ifl0fs ¿kdf dfq zlSt lbG5 . ;fu;AhL, u8] fu8' L /
kmnkm' n ufOa{ :ts' f] dn h:t} xf ] . o;n] nfdf] ;do;Dd zlSt lbg ;S5 .

dflg; ;xcl:tTjsf] s/' f u5g{  \ . ;;+ f/df ePsf ;a} kf| 0fLsf] afRF g] clwsf/ 5 eG5g\
t/ cfkmF} kzk' G5Lsf] afRF g] clwsf/ xgg ul//xs] f 5g \ . o:tf lj/fw] fef;L Jojxf/ klg
df;+ fxf/Lsf sf/0f hlGdPsf xg'  \ . -hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._

;efWoIf dxfb] o Û

df5fdf;d' f eGbf ;fu;AhLdf kmfx] f/] sd xg' ,] dfgj z/L/sf nflu cfjZos kfi] f0f
klg kz| :t xg' ] xg' fn] zfsfxf/L efh] g g} cToT' td xG' 5 eGb} o; d~raf6 cfe] m] n k5 {' .
wGojfb Û -clGtd 3G6L aH5 ._

zAb / c {y kof{j/0f – jftfj/0f cfWoflds – cWofTd;uF ;DalGwt

;xcl:tTj – cfk"m klg afRF g] c¿nfO{ klg arfpg]

134 efiff aur}F f – ^

zAb / c {ypb3\ fi] fs M

d ljifosf] ljkIfdf cfˆgf tsx{ ¿ /fVg nlntf /fhjz+ LnfO{ dfOjm| fk] mfg] x:tfGt/0f ub5{  ' .

nlntf /fhjz+ L

;efklt dxf]bo, lg0ffo{ s d08n, cltlyHo" / ;fyLx¿ Û

d ljifosf] ljkIfdf afN] g o; d~rdf pkl:yt ePsL 5 ' . d]/f k"j{jStf ldqn] df;' k;n
kmf]xf]/ xG' 5 eGge' of ] . d pxfsF f ts;{ uF ;xdt 5}g . kmfx] f/] u/] df;' k;ndf dfq
xfO] g, ls/fgf k;n, sk8f k;n klg kmf]xf]/ xG' 5g \ . cfhefl] n ;fu;AhL klg sxfF tfhf
/ z'bw\ kfOG5g\ / < dflg;nfO{ xflgsf/s xg' ] cfi} flw xfn]/ kmnfOPsf t/sf/Ln] klg
cgs] /fu] lgDTofO/x]sf 5g\ lg . t/sf/L tyf kmnk'mn k;ndf lslrPsf ufn] e8]F f,
s'lxPsf t/sf/L a]lrbF }gg\ / < k;n cfkm}F kmfx] f/] / ;'U3/ xg' ] xf]Og . of] t dfG5s] f]
afgLdf e/ kg]{ s/' f xf] . x/s] Ifq] df /fdf| tyf g/fd|f b'j} kIf x'G5g\ . d]/f] ljrf/df df;'
g} gvfg] xf]OgÙ To;sf nflu plrt Joj:yf ugk'{ g]{ x'G5 . kzk' G5L kfNg,] df;' k;n
/fVg]x¿n] klg c¿sf] :jf:Yodf v]naf8 ugx{' F'b}g . j]|mtfx¿n] klg :j:y kz'kG5Lsf] df;'
dfq lsGg] ugk'{ 5 { . v'nf / leFmuf elGsPsf 7fpFdf /flvPsf] df;' lsg/] vfgx' Fb' }g . /fHon]
Jojl:yt jwzfnfsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg'k5 { . laj|mL ljt/0f ug{ /flvPsf kz'kG5L :j:y eP
gePsf] hfFRg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5 { . hyfefjL ug{n] fO{ ;hfosf] Joj:yf ug{k' 5{ .

d/] f k"jj{ Stf ldqn] eg] eFm} df;' cfkF}mdf c:j:ys/ xf]Og . of] t ksfpg] tl/sfdf e/
k5{ . df;' w/] } ksfOof] eg] :jflbnf] t xf]nf t/ To;df ePsf kfl} i6s tTTjx¿ gi6
x'G5g\ / df;' c:j:ys/ aGg k'U5 . /ftf] df;s' f] ;Gt'lnt efh] gn] t dfgj z/L/ :j:y
/ tGb?' :t xG' 5 . kz'kG5Lsf] 5fnf, /ut, af;] f] / cfGbf| e'8F L x6fO{ /ftf] df;'dfq vfgk' 5{ .
kz'sf] nfbL df;' k;n glhs} kmfNg'xbF' }g . To;n} ] d :j:y df;' vfgx' f;] \ / :j:y /xg'xf];\
eGg rfxG5' .

df;s' f] ef]hg kfl} i6s dfq xfO] g, :jflbi6 klg xG' 5 . lbg k|ltlbg ef]h et]/df
:t/Lo vfbo\ kbfys{ f] ¿kdf df;'sf kl/sf/ /fVg] rng a9b\ f] 5 . zfsfxf/L klg ef]h x'G5
/ < eGgx] ¿ klg 5g \ . la/fdL tyf sdhf]/nfO{ t?' Gt tfut lbgsf nflu v;Lsf v6' 6\ fsf]
;?' jf vj' fpg] ul/G5 . b;}dF f b]jLsf] dlGb/df aln lbP/ df;' k;| fbsf] ¿kdf vfg] rng

j]|mtf – ;fdfg lsg] JolSt
tGb'?:t – :j:y

efiff au}Frf – ^ 135

5 . xfdL b;}F eGgl] alTts} df;'sf ljleGg kl/sf/ agfP/ vfg] rf8 eGg] a‰' 5fF} t/zAb / c {y
zfsfxf/Lsf nflu eg]/ 5'6\l6g] s'g} rf8kj{ 5g\ t ;efklt dxf]bo < dnfO{ t 5g\ h:tf]
nfUbg}  . -hgfp 3G6L aH5 ._

df;+ fxf/L ef]hgsf] t'ngfdf zfsfxf/L ef]hg a]:jflbnf] xG' 5 . s'g rflxF dflg;n] :jflbnf]
vfgf 5f]8]/ a]:jflbnf] /fH] nf / < klxn]sf /fhf dxf/fhfx¿ Dff;s' f] :jfb yfxf kfPs} sf/0f
l;sf/ vN] g bfl} 8Gy] . To;}n] zfsfxf/L ef]hgsf] tn' gfdf df+;fxf/L efh] g lgs} pTs[i6
ef]hg xf] eGb} egfO 6'ªU\ ofp5F ' . wGojfb Û

pb3\ fi] fsn] cfhsf] jfb ljjfbdf k|ltofu] Ln] afN] g] jm| d k'/f ePsf] hfgsf/L lbP .
lg0ffo{ sx¿n] ky| d / låtLo x'g]sf] gfd k9]/ ;'gfpge' of] . ;efkltn] ljhoL xg' ]
ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿nfO{ k/' :sf/ lbg'eof] / dGtJo;lxt ;ef lj;hg{ uge{' of] .

lj;h{g – sfo{sd| ;lsPkl5 labfO ug{] sfd

u/, 3/

z'b\w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
u|x0f dl:tis sf]n]:6«f]n bL3{hLjL tYofªs\ k|ltof]uL

cTofjZos cToT' td jz+ f0fu' t cfWoflTds x:tfGt/0f ;ªj\ |md0f

af]w / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf ;Dk"0f{ cg'R5b] xfpefp;lxt k9 M

@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ldNbf] pTt/df -ü_ l7s lrx\g nufpm M

s= …df;'df kfOg] k|f]l6gn] z/L/sf] j[bl\ w / ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5Ú eGg] jfSo s;n]

egs] f] xf] <

c= cd/]Gb| ld> cf= dªu\ nL d]r ] O= ch'{g bfxfn

v= zfsfxf/L s:tf] ks| f/sf] efh] g xf] <

136 efiff aur}F f – ^

c= ;flTjs cf= /fh;L O= tfd;L

u= ljZj vfbo\ ;ª\u7gn] vfbo\ ;ªs\ 6sf] Pp6f sf/0f sn] fO{ dfg]sf] 5 <

c= zfsfxf/nfO { cf= df;+ fxf/nfO { O= jwzfnf gx'g'nfO{

#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M

s= kf7df df;+ fxf/L ef]hgsf] kIfdf afN] gd] Wo] s;sf ts{ pTsi[ 6 5g\ <
v= ;a} jStfx¿dWo] ;ae} Gbf pTsi[ 6 ts{ s;sf 5g\ / lsg <
u= zfsfxf/L ef]hg lsg a;] xG' 5 < kf7sf cfwf/df n]v .
3= ltdf| ] ljrf/df zfsfxf/L ef]hg a]; xf] ls df+;fxf/L < sf/0f lbP/ nv]  .
ª= ltdLnfO{ zfsfxf/L ef]hg /fdf| ] eGgx] ¿dWo] s;sf] ts{ dg k¥of] <
$= ‘ufpnF ] hLjgeGbf ;xl/of hLjg /fdf| ’] eGg] ljifodf jfb ljjfb sfoj{ m| d ;~rfng u/ .
%= ‘wgeGbf ljb\of 7'nf’] eGg] ljifosf] ljkIfdf ts{x¿ /fvL Ps cg'R5]b nv]  .
^= ‘¿keGbf u0' f /fdf| ’] eGg] ljifosf] ljkIfdf ts{x¿ /fvL Ps cg'R5b] nv]  .

cfkm\ gf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
jfb ljjfb cfofh] gf ubf{ ltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] <

?

;f]r / eg M
ltdL lg0ff{os ePsf] eP s;nfO{ k|yd agfpYF of} < / lsg <

>l' t nv] g

lbPsf] cgR' 5b] ;g' / nv] M
df;s' f] efh] g kfl} i6s dfq xfO] g, :jflbi6 klg xG' 5 . lbg kl| tlbg efh] et/] df :t/Lo
vfbo\ kbfys{ f] ¿kdf df;s' f kl/sf/ /fVg] rng a9b\ f] 5 . zfsfxf/L klg efh] xG' 5 / <
eGgx] ¿ klg 5g \ . la/fdL tyf sdhf/] nfO{ t?' Gt} tfut lbgsf nflu v;Lsf v6' 6\ fsf] ;?' jf
vj' fpg] ul/G5 . b;dF} f bj] Lsf] dlGb/df aln lbP/ df;' k;| fbsf] ¿kdf vfg] rng 5 .

efiff auFr} f – ^ 137

z'b\w nv] g

lbPsf jfSo zb' \w agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
;fu;lAh, u8] ful" 8 / kmnk"mn :jf:y] lgDtL dfze' Gbf ;|i] 7 ef]hg x'g\ . ;fsfxfl/
efh] g;Lt sj] n JoStLut :jf:y] dfq hf8] LPsf] x'Fb}g . P;df k/ofa/0f, u/La hGtfsf]
ef]s, cxL;F fkt| Lsf] la:jf; kgL hf]8LPsf] x'G5 .

zAb e08f/

!= zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M

lg0ff{os d08n :jfb ePsf]
lg0f{o s'g} ;+:yf PsfO jf sfof{no
tgfj sl;nf]
vt/f ls6fg ug]{ sfd, lgwf]
;'ul7t cfˆgf kv' f{x¿af6 cfPsf] u0' f
lgwf/{ 0f lg0fo{ ug{ a;]sf] ;d"x
lgsfo 5nkmnaf6 lgl:sPsf] lgisif{
j+zf0fu' t u'0f cfFvfn] bV] g g;lsg] clt ;I" d hLj
hLjf0f' emGem6 tyf emd]nfaf6 xg' ] dfgl;s bafa
;ªs\ d| 0f 8/nfUbf]

:jflbnf ] ;g{] jf k}mng] sfd

@= pbfx/0fdf bv] fP h:t} u/L lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M

s= ;DaGw, nv] g, cWoIf, jf;, of]uL, cl:tTj, sfo,{ kf7L, ofqf, dt, ofu]
pbfx/0f M ;x ± ;DaGw – ;x;DaGw
v= ;f/, ofu] , od, ofh] s, /Ifs, of]hg, jfb, ljwfg, ju] , ;u{
pbfx/0f – ;d\ ± ;f/ – ;;+ f/
u= :jflbnf], sf/, sfd, ;f/, /f]huf/, va/, 3/, 5Gb, hf8] f, v';L, OHht
pbfx/0f M a] ± :jflbnf] – a]:jflbnf]

#= lbPsf zAbnfO{ cy{ vN' g] u/L jfSodf k|of]u u/ M

k|fs[lts, xflgsf/s, cToT' td, v]naf8, aln, t'ngf, clx;+ f, kof{j/0f

138 efiff auFr} f – ^

$= kf7df k|ofu] ePsf cªu\ ]h| L zAb vfh] /] nv]  .
%= kf7af6 kfFr j6f gfd zAb vf]h . tL zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm M
pbfx/0f M ;fu;AhL – xfdLn] kz| :t dfqfdf ;fu;AhL vfgk' 5 { .

Jofs/0f

sfod{ "ns Jofs/0f

!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M

s= kT| o]s jStfnfO{ kfrF ldg]6sf] ;do lbOg] 5 .

v= ;xefuLx¿nfO{ d~rdf af]nfOg] 5 .

u= lg0ff{os d08nsf] lg0fo{ g} clGtd x'g] 5 .

3= ;efkltn] k/' :sf/ ljt/0f ug'{xg' ] 5 .

ª= sfo{j|md ;lsPkl5 ;a} cfcfk\mgf] 3/ hfg] 5g \ .

dflysf jfSodf lbOg] 5, x'g] 5, ug{x' 'g] 5, af]nfOg] 5, hfg] 5g\ h:tf ljm| ofkb

ko| fu] ePsf 5g \ . o:tf lj|mofkbn] kl5 cfpg] ;dodf sfd x'G5 eGg] s/' fnfO{

hgfpF5g\ . kl5sf] ;donfO{ eljiot\ sfn elgG5 . kl5sf] ;dodf sfd xg' ] s'/f

hgfpg] lj|mofkbnfO{ eljiot\ sfnsf ljm| ofkb elgG5 .

cf= pbfx/0f x]/L e"t sfnsf lj|mofnfO{ jt{dfg sfn / eljiot\ sfndf kl/jt{g u/ M

pbfx/0f M eof] x'G5 xg' ] 5

uof] hfG5 hfg] 5

agfof,] lbof,] aHof], a]rg] , u/g] , kfOPg

@= pbfx/0f x/] L lbPsf wfta' f6 eljiot\ sfn a'emfpg] rf/ rf/ j6f lj|mofkb agfpm M
pbfx/0f M ag\ – aGg] 5, aGg] 5], aGg] 5,' aGg] 5fF}
eg,\ k/\, /fv,\ x,' lb, k9\

#= kf7af6 k"0f{ lj/fd, kZ| g lrx\g, pbu\ f/ lrx\g, bf]xf]/f] pbw\ /0f lrx\g ko| fu] ePsf Ps
Ps jfSo vfh] /] n]v .

$= lbPsf ;j{gfd /fvL jfSo k'/f u/ M
tkfO,F{ xfd|f,] xfdL, pxfF, d, pgL

dnfO{ ========== n] d~rdf afn] fpge' of] . ========== kj" {jStf ldqsf ts;{ uF ;xdt

efiff auF}rf – ^ 139

5}g . ========== bz] df pko'St jwzfnf 5}gg\ . Jofkf/Lx¿n] ========== ;a}sf] :jf:Yodf
v]naf8 ul//x]sf 5g \ . ========== klg oxL ts{ u5{g \ . o; ljifodf ========== klg
cfk\mgf ljrf/ JoSt ug{ ;Sgx' g' ] 5 .

nv] g cEof;

cg'nv] g

!= dªu\ nL d]rn] ] afn] s] f s/' f h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
dflg; cfkm\ gf] :jf:Yo /fdf| ] xf;] Ù\ z/L/ tGb?' :t xf;] \ eg/] vfgf vfG5g \ .

xfdLn] vfgf vfPgfF} eg] z/L/n] cfjZos kfi] f0f kfpbF g} / xfdL /fu] L xG' 5f F} . xfdL w/] }
ks| f/sf kl/sf/x¿ vfG5f F} . xfdL cfkm\ gf] :jf:YonfO{ /fdf| ] xg' ] eGbf klg, cfkm" nfO{
ld7f] nfUg] vfgf a9L vfG5f F} . xfdLn] z/L/nfO{ :j:Yf agfpg] vfgf vfg] ugk{' 5 { .
xfdL zfsfxf/L / df;+ fxf/L efh] g u5f {F} . bj' d} f xfdf| ] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] le6fldg,
SoflN;od / vlghx¿ kfOG5g\ t/ ;wF} Ps} ks| f/sf dfq efh] g ugfn{ ] To;;} uF
;DalGwt csf{] /fu] lg:sG5 . cfhefl] n dwd' x] , pRr /Strfk h:tf /fu] af6
w/] } dfG5] la/fdL ePsf 5g \ . o;sf] kd| v' sf/0f vfgkfgdf ljrf/ gk¥' ofpg' xf ] .
vfgf vfbF f h] ld7f] nfU5, ToxL geO{ hg' vfgs] /' fn] z/L/nfO{ tfut lbG5, km' ltn{ f]
agfp5F ToxL vfg] afgL ugk{' 5 { . xfdLn] df;a' f6 ags] f kl/sf/ / ;fu;AhLsf] ;Gtn' g
ldnfP/ vfgk' 5 { .

;d"x sfo{
rf/ hgfsf] ;dx" df a; . ;an} ] cd/G] b| ld>n] k:| tt' u/s] f ;?' sf ltg cgR' 5b]
;f/ . cfkm\ gf] ;dx" sf ;fyLlar sfkL ;f6f;f6 u/ . lstfa x/] /] hfrF  . uNtL ePsf
zAbdf ufn] f] 3/] f nufpm . cfkm\ gf] ;dx" sf dWo] ;ae} Gbf sd uNtL ePsf,] ;ae} Gbf
/fdf| cIf/ ePsf] / k:| 6 nl] vPsf] sfkL 5fg . ;a} ;dx" n] 5gf6] u/s] f sfkL hDdf
u/ . cfkm\ gf] ;dx" sf] kl| tlglw 5fg . kT| os] ;dx" sf kl| tlglw cufl8 hfpm . rf/ j6}
;dx" af6 cfPsf sfkLdWo] bO' { j6f pTsi[ 6 sfkL 5fg . bO' { hgfdWo] pTsi[ 6 sfkL
xg' ] ;fyLnfO{ ky| d / csf{] sfkL xg' ] ;fyLnfO{ låtLo 3fi] f0ff u/ .

140 efiff aurF} f – ^

l;hg{ fTds nv] g

zfsfxf/L efh] g a;] eGg] kIfdf af]lnPsf b; j6f ab'F f l6k .

yk cEof;

lbPsf] syf k9L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ nv] M
Psfb]zdf Ps hgf hfu] L lyP . pgdf l/;, /fu, nf]e sx] L lyPg . pgL h;n] lbGy,]
p;s} xfF uP/ vfgf vfGy ] . Ps lbg pgL 8N' b} 8'Nb} Ps hgf ;]7sf] 3/df af; a:g
ku' ] . ;]7n] pgnfO{ ld7f] vfgf lbP / /fdf| ] cf]5o\ fgdf ;'Tg lbP . cf]5\ofgdf ev{/
lsgs] f] Pp6f sDan klg lyof] . sDan b]v]kl5 hf]uLdf nf]e pTkGg eof] . pgn] To;nfO{
u'6d'6\ofP/ cfˆgf] emf]nfdf xfn] / lem;ld;]d} p7/] efu] . af6f]df lxF8b\ flx8F \b} pgnfO{
lb;f lk;fa ug{ dg nfUof ] . pgL zf}r ug{ hªu\ nlt/ uP . zf}r u/]/ kmsk]{ l5 pgnfO{
cfkm" n] ;fdfg rf/] ]sfdf kZrftfk eof] . pgL kmls{P/ ;7] sf] 3/df uP / dfkmL dfu] ;fy}
sDan klg lkmtf{ u/] . slxNo} nf]e gpAhs] f] cfkm\ gf] dgdf PSsfl; nfe] lsg pTkGg eof]
xf]nf eGg] hf]uLnfO{ nfUof ] . pgn] ;]7nfO{ ;f]w], æltdLn] dnfO{ v'jfPsf] rfdn sxfF
lsgs] f lyof} <Æ ;]7n] eg,] æPs hgfn] c;n rfdn aR] g NofPsf] lyof], p;};uF lsg]sf]
x F' .Æ hfu] Ln] Tof] dfG5]nfO{ af]nfpg k7fP . Tof] dfG5] cfPkl5 hfu] Ln] ;f]w], æltdLn] rfdn
sxfaF f6 NofPsf lyof} <Æ p;n] l5ds] LsxfFaf6 rf]//] NofPsf] :jLsf¥of] . hfu] Ln] yfxf kfP,
…rf]/Lsf] rfdn vfPsf] xg' fn] d]/f] dgdf rf]g{] ljrf/ cfPsf] /x5]  .Ú

kZ| gx¿ M

s= hfu] Ldf s] b]v]kl5 nf]e pTkGg eof] <
v= hfu] LnfO{ lsg kZrftfk eof] <
u= hfu] Ldf nf]e pTkGg x'gfsf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
3= syfsf] dV' o ;Gb]z s] xf] <
ª= …h:tf] vfgf p:t} ljrf/Ú eGg] egfOkl| t ltdL ;xdt 5f} < 5f} eg] lsg / 5}gf} eg]

lsg <

efiff aurF} f – ^ 141

vN] bfvN] b}

lbPsf] lrq x/] L syf agfpm M

142 efiff auFr} f – ^

!)PsfO gk] fn /
gk] fnsf ljzi] ftf

cfvF Lemo\ fn

lbPsf lrqx¿ s:tf k|sf/sf x'g <

!kf7 x] cfdf g]kfn

– zv] / >i] 7

slj zv] / >]i7sf] jf:tljs gfd rGbd| fg >i] 7 xf] . pgsf] hGd lj=;+= @)$! ebf} !$ ut]
u08sL c~rn, tgxF' lhNnfsf] cfFa' v}/g] L eGg] 7fpFdf ePsf] xf] . OlGhlgol/ª ljifodf
:gfts tx pTtL0f{ u/]sf pgL k];fn] sDKo'6/ OlGhlgo/ x'g\ . pgL sljtf / uhn ljwfdf
snd rnpF5g\ . pgsf …d]/f] klxnf] k|of;Ú sljtf ;ª\ux| nufot y'k|} k'm6s/ sljtfx¿
k|sflzt 5g\ . pgsf sljtfdf bz] elStsf] efjgf, dfgj dgsf ;j+ ]bgf / z[ªu\ fl/s
efjsf] k|:tl' t kfOG5 .

gk] fn dfem xifs{ f] ;fFem zflGtsf] cfFug
b]zsf] lglDt d lbG5' k|f0f x] cfdf dfu g Û
d wG' 5' ltdf| ] d'xf/ cfdf r9fO{ /ut
x] cfdf ltd|f] 5ftL g} d]/f] ;sn hut

x] cfdf ltd|f] sfv g} d]/f] :ju{ xf] ky| d
ltd|f] g} sfv d v]Ng kfpmF x] cfdf xbd{ Û
latfof} rfv] f] em/gf b'w kmf/] /] kx/f
ltdf| ] g} lglDt d d/] klg rS' b}g Tof] ef/f Û

zflGtsf] dfnf d ufF:5' /fd|f] x] Û cfdf nufpm
/Iffsf] lglDt d d5'{ cfdf 5ftLdf ;hfpm
gemf/ cf;F ' 5f/] fn] 5f]8L uof] lg eg]/
d//] d t ;j' f; 55{' k/fu ag/]  .

zAb / c {y xif{ – v;' L kf| 0f – Hofg, hLjg
;sn – ;a } xb{d – ;w}F
Eff/f – pksf/sf] af]em, u'gsf] ef/ ;j' f; – ld7f] af:gf
k/fu – k'mndf kfOg] ;u' lGwt w'nf]

144 efiff auF}rf – ^

s] b]Vof} cfdf ltdLn] lxhf] /flqsf] ;kgf
x]/ x} efl] n ldr]/ cfvF f d kf5{' ljkgf
æb]zsf] lglDt xbd{ ltdL zxLb eP x}Æ
eg/] cfh x] cfdf bp] m, dnfO{ cflzif Û

hLljt /fVg kxf8 a];F L lxdfnL cfuF g
d lbG5' afrf d lbG5' ;f; x] cfdf dfu g Û

zAb / c {y cflzif – dfGohgn] ;fgfnfO{ lbg] cfzLjf{b
hLljt – lhpFbf]

u/, 3/

zb' \w pRrf/0f

lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M k|f0f rS' bg} w'G5' ky| d
;'g;fg uf:F 5' /flq cflzif
;feF m cfFug
xb{d latfof}

af]w / cleJolSt

!= kf7sf] sljtf no xfn/] k9 .
@= sljtf k/' f u/ M
gk] fn dfem=============================cfFug
=======================================dfu g
d w'G5=' =================================/ut
x] cfdf=================================hut

#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ n]v M

efiff au}Frf – ^ 145

s= b]zn] dfUof] eg] slj s] lbG5g\ <
v= nv] ssf] k|yd :ju{ s] xf] <
u= b'wsf] ef/f s;/L rS' 5 <
3= d/] klg n]vs s;/L ;'jf; 55{g\ <
ª= nv] sn] cfdfl;t s:tf] cflzif dfus] f 5g\ <
r= n]vs s] ug{sf nflu cfdfnfO{ jfrf lbG5g\ <
$= lbPsf kªl\ StnfO{ ubo\ df n]v M
s= d wG' 5' ltdf| ] d'xf/ cfdf r9fO{ /ut
v= x] cfdf ltd|f] sfv g} d]/f] :ju{ xf] ky| d
u= ltdf| ] g} sfv d vN] g kfpFm x] cfdf xb{d
3= ltdf| ] g} lglDt d d/] klg r'Sb}g Tof] ef/f
ª= /Iffsf] lglDt d d5{' cfdf 5ftLdf ;hfpm
r= s] b]Vof} cfdf ltdLn] lxhf] /flqsf] ;kgf
%= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
s= gemf/ cfF;' 5f]/fn] 5f8] L uof] lg eg]/
d//] d t ;'jf; 55{' k/fu ag/]
v= hLljt /fVg kxf8 a;F] L lxdfn cfuF g
d lbG5' afrf d lbG5' ;f; x] cfdf dfu g Û
^= sljtfdf sljn] cfk\mgf] b]zk|lt s:tf] efj JoSt u/s] f 5g\ <
&= sljtfsf] d"n efj nv]  .

cfkm\ gf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLnfO{ lsg bz] sf] /Iff ugk{' 5{ h:tf] nfU5 <

146 efiff auFr} f – ^

?

;f]r / eg M
bz] sf lglDt alnbfg lbg] ;lxbx¿ yk' }| 5g \ . ltgsf] ;Demgfdf /fHon] ;lxb lbj;
dgfpg] u/s] f] 5 < s] ;lxb lbj; dgfpbF d} f pgLx¿kl| t ;Ddfg u/s] f] 7xl/G5 t <

>'lt nv] g

lbPsf] Znf]s ;'g / nv] M
x] cfdf, ltdf| ] sfv g} d]/f] :ju{ xf] k|yd
ltd|f] g} sfv d v]Ng kfpFm x] cfdf xb{d .
latfof} rfv] f] em/gf b'w kmf/] ]/ kx/f
ltdf| ] g} lglDt d d/] klg r'Sbg} Tof] ef/f .

zb' w\ nv] g

zb' \w agfO{ sfkLdf nv] M
xbd{ , ;femF , ;fu] ,{ kyd{ , /5o\ f, /fqL, zxLb, cfl;if, lhljt, xLdfnL, 5flt, bw" , cfzF ,' zfGtL

zAb e08f/

!= lbPsf zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nv] M

pbfx/0f M v;' L – xif{

d'n's – cgx' f/ –

klxnf] – kljq –

af:gf – /flt –

cfzLjfb{ – lhpFbf] –

efiff auFr} f – ^ 147

@= kf7af6 cGTodf p:t} ;'lgg] zAbx¿ vf]h]/ nv] M

pbfx/0f M cfFug – dfug

hut – nufpm – k|yd –

ag/] – ;kgf –

#= lbPsf zAb k|of]u u/L jfSo agfpm M

;sn, kx/f, k/fu, ;kgf, ;lxb, cflzif, afrf

$= kf7af6 zAbsf] lardf / cGTodf x|:j Osf/ -l_ nfus] f zAb vfh] /] nv]  .

pbfx/0fM ;lxb, lglDt, ===========================
%= kf7af6 rGbl| jGb' nfu]sf kfrF j6f zAb vfh]  . tL zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm .

n]vg cEof;

cgn' v] g

sljtfsf] klxnf] Znfs] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .

l;h{gfTds n]vg

‘;lxbsf] ;Ddfg’ zLif{sdf sljtf nv] ]/ lzIfsnfO{ ;g' fpm .

148 efiff auF}rf – ^

zAb / c {y@kf7 gk] fnsf] lrqsnf

kf| rLg ;dodf dflg;x¿ u'kmfdf a:y] . u'kmfnfO{ l;Fufg{] j|mddf lrq agfpg] sfo{ ;?'
ePsf] dflgG5 . ;Eotfsf] ljsf; jm| ddf lrqsnfnfO{ dflg;n] OZ{ j/Lo efjgf hfu[t u/
fpg] pbb\ ]Zodf ko| fu] u/s] f] kfOG5 . kf| rLg ;dodf dflg;n] cfkmn" ] dfg]sf sfNklgs b]
jL bj] tfsf] k|tLs lrq agfpFy] . dflg;x¿ lx;+ |s hgfj/x¿af6 aRg 8/nfUbf lrqx¿
agfpyF ] . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;uF } dflg;n] lrqnfO{ ;fv] / cfgGbsf] j:ts' f] ¿kdf
lng yfn ] .

g]kfndf ls/ftF , lnR5jL / dNnsfndf dlGb/, kf6L tyf 3/sf leTtfdf 7n' f 7'nf lrq
agfOPsf] kfOG5 . tL lrq x]//] gk] fndf O;fsf] ;ftf}F ztfAbLb]lv lrqsnfsf] ljsf; xbF' }
cfPsf] dflgG5 . kd| f0fsf] cfwf/df b;fF} P3f/fF} ztfAbLlt/ kfe} flrq / u|Gylrqsf] ljsf;
ePsf] lyof] eGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnL snfn] ltAat, rLg, adf{, hfkfg, yfONofG8 h:tf
bz] x¿df ;dt] cfˆgf] df}lns z}nLsf] k|efj 5f8s] f] kfOG5 .

/fhfx¿sf] kf]6]6« dfq agfO/x]sf lrqsf/x¿n] ;:+ sl[ t, snf / cGo bZ[ o emNsg] lrqx¿
klg tof/ kfg{ yfn ] . lj=;=+ @))( df rGb|dfgl;x+ df:ss] f] cWoIftfdf gk] fn snf
;ldltsf] :yfkgf ePkl5 gk] fndf lrqsnfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; klg ;?' eof ] .

nlntsnf, dl" ts{ nf, nf]ssnf, x:tsnf, lzNksnf, jf:t'snf cflb kd| 'v eb] x¿dWo]
lrqsnf klg Ps xf] . lrqsnfsf] dfWodaf6 dfG5]sf dgsf cg'el" tnfO{ ;bZ[ o JoSt
ul/G5 . sNkgfnfO{ jf:tljstfdf bv] fpg lrqsnfsf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . xfd|f] hLjgdf
bl] vg] / b]Vgf;fy a'lemg] dfq j:t'x¿ 5g} g \ . h'g j:t'sf] cfsf/, u0' f ae' mg\ sl7g x'G5 .
ltgnfO{ ;d]t lrqsnfsf] dfWodaf6 k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

kt| Ls – lrgf], vf; j:t', ljifo cflbnfO{ hgfpg] csf{] j:t,' lrxg\
lx+;s| – lx;+ f ug,{] c¿nfO{ dfg{]
cWoIftf – sg' } ;ef, a7} s cflbsf] k|dv' eP/ sfo{ ug{]
cg'el" t – cg'ej, dx;';

efiff au}Frf – ^ 149