zAb / c {ygk] fndf wd{, ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f, hftcg;' f/ snfsf ljljw e]bx¿ 5g\ . gk] fndf
k|rlnt k/Dk/fut lrqsnfnfO{ …nfs] snfÚ klg elgG5 . To:tf nfs] snf hftLo klxrfgsf]
dfl} ns lx:;fsf ¿kdf :yflkt /xFb} cfPsf 5g\ . To:tf k/Dkl/t snfx¿dWo]
afb} w\ wd{ dfGg] hfltx¿df yfªs\ f / kfe} f lrq agfpg] kr| ng 5 . ljz]if u/L o:tf
lrqx¿ sf7df8f}Fsf gj] f/, sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf j/k/sf lhNnfdf a:g] tfdfª ltAatl;t
hfl] 8Psf lhNnfdf a:g] hf8 / z]kf{ ;d'bfodf k|rlnt 5g\ . pgLx¿sf 3/df o:tf
lrqx¿ leTtfdf em' G8o\ fP/ /fVg] rng 5 . o:tf lrqx¿ uD' af / ljxf/x¿df klg /fVg]
ul/G5 .
yfªs\ f lrq lgdf{0f k/Dkl/t af}b\w u'?sn' df cfwfl/t
5 . yfªs\ f lrq agfpg rfxg] lzion] u'Dafdf uP/
u?' ;uF a;L lrq agfpg l;Sgk' 5 { . o;/L u'Dafdf a;/] lrq
agfpg l;s]sf nfdfx¿n] dfq yfª\sf agfpg kfp5F g\ .
yfª\sf agfpg] nfdfx¿n] cfˆgf ohdfgsf 3/df s;s} f]
d[To' eof] eg] d[tssf] cfTdfsf] lr/zflGtsf] sfdgf ub{}
yfª\sf agfOlbg] rng 5 . nfdfn] yfª\sf agfP/
lbPkl5 ohdfgn] pgLx¿nfO{ pkxf/ lbG5g \ . yfª\sf agfpFbf
af}b\w ;Dk|bfosf ljleGg pk;Dkb| fo;uF ;DalGwt bj] tfsf]
lrq agfOG5 . lrq agfpg] nfdf tL bj] tfaf/] 1fg ePsf]
x'g'k5 { .
yfª\sf agfpg] kr| ng ab' w\ wd{ kr| f/sf] dfWodsf ¿kdf cfPsf] xf] . yfªs\ f lgd-
f0{ f snf ltAataf6 g]kfndf cfPsf] xf] eGg] ljZjf; 5 . yfª\sf agfpbF f ci6dª\un
/ hg' b]jtfsf] lrq agfpg] xf], To;;Fu ;DalGwt dGq pRrf/0f u/]/ lrq agfpg]
hlt efusf] laraf6 agfpg yflnG5 . yfªs\ fdf ;Kt dfgj ab' \wdWo] clGtd dflgPsf
zfSod'lg;Fu ;DalGwt b]jtfsf] lrq agfOG5 . yfª\sfdf w/] } h;f] ah|ofg ;Dkb| fol;t
lx:;f – c+z, v08, efu
u?' s'n – kf| rLg ;dodf k9fpg] u?' sf] cf>d
ohdfg – o1 ug{] JolSt, wflds{ cg'i7fg ug]{ JolSt
lr/ zflGt – nfdf] ;dosf] zflGt
;Dk|bfo – vf; dt jf To:tf] dtdf nfUg] ;d"x
ah|ofg – g]kfndf ePsf afb} \w ;Dk|bfo dWo]sf] Ps ;Dkb| fo
150 efiff auF}rf – ^
zAb / c {y;DalGwt cfof{ cjnf]s]Zj/, kb\d;Dej, xl/ttf/f
/ Zjt] tf/fsf] lrq agfOG5 . cfof{ cjnfs] Z] j/nfO{
s?0ffsf bj] tf dflgG5 . kbd\ ;Dej af}b\w u'? x'g \ .
xl/ttf/f cyf{t\ e[s'6L / Zjt] tf/f a'bw\ wds{ f kr| f/s
x'g\ .
afb} \w wd{df kf}ef lrq klg agfpg] kr| ng 5 .
g]jf/L efiffdf …efÚ sf] cy{ ljxf/ / …kfÚ} sf] cy{
ljxf/leq /flvg] lrq d"lt{ OToflb eGg] xG' 5 .
kf}ef lrq klg wfld{s ko| fh] gsf nflu agfOG5 .
kf}ef lrq 9'ª\uf d7 dlGb/, b/af/ Pjd\ 3/sf
leTtfdf sfg] ]{ k|rngaf6 cGtdf sk8f;Dd ku' s] f] xf ] .
kfe} f lrq agfpge' Gbf cufl8 lrq
agfpg] sk8f tof/ kfl/G5 . yfª\sf agfpg] / kfe} f agfpg] sk8f Ps} lsl;dsf]
xG' 5 . To;nfO{ …x;|] LÚ elgG5 . kfe} f lrqsnf tGqsf] ljsf; / ke| fjaf6 ljsl;t
dflgG5 . To;n} ] kf}efdf klg tGqsf] k|efj xg' k' b5{ . tflGqs 1fg
gx'g]n] kf}ef lrq /fd|f];Fu agfpg ;Sbg} g\ eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . kf}ef lrq lxGb'
af}bw\ b'j} wd{df k|of]u ul/G5 . kfe} fdf klg yfªs\ fdf h:t} bj] bj] Lsf lrqx¿
agfOG5 . kf}ef lrqdf bj] L bj] tfsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yf, ;do / kl/l:yltcg;' f/
kl/jt{g xg' ] dv' fsl[ tnfO{ ;/n ¿kdf k|:tt' ul/Psf] xG' 5 . o;/L lrq agfpg ;Sg' kfe} f
snfsf/sf] v'aL xf] . b]jbj] Lsf] cf;g, pgLx¿sf] af]Sg] cfo'wsf] ;dt] ;I" d ljZn]if0f u/]/
dfq kf}ef lrq agfOG5 . kfe} f lrq agfpg'cl3 ljleGg lgodsf] kfngf ug{k' 5{ . s'g} sg' }
kfe} f j|t a;]/ g} agfpg ;'? ug{'k5{ . lgod k'ug] eg] kfe} f lrq /fd|f] aGb}g eGg] ljZjf;
5 . kf}ef PSn}n] Wofg lbP/ agfpgk' 5{ . kf}efdf xl/ttf/f, Zj]ttf/f cflbsf lrq klg
agfOG5 . kfe} f lrqdf bj] L bj] tfsf] tl:a/nfO{ tf]/0fsf] k|m]d agfO{ To;leq /flvG5 .
kfe} f / yfª\sf w/] } s'/fdf ;dfg 5g\ . oL b'j} wflds{ ko| fh] gsf nflu agfOG5 .
yfªs\ f / kf}ef k|frLg sfnbl] v agfOg] ul/Psf] eP klg oL b'j}sf] lgdf0{ fdf c7f/fF}
ztfAbLb]lv Jofkstf cfPsf] xf] . kfe} f lrq PSn}n] Wofg lbP/ agfpgk' 5{ eg] yfªs\ f PSn} jf
tflGqs – /x:odo dGqåf/f bj] bj] Lsf] pkf;gf ug]{ JolSt
d'vfsl[ t – cgx' f/
ko| f]hg – s'g} sfd{k|lt ;+nUg x'gs' f] pb\bZ] o, pkof]lutf
efiff auFr} f – ^ 151
Psb]lv rf/kfrF hgf ldn]/ agfpg ;lsG5 .
kfe} f / yfªs\ fdf agfOg] d'vfs[lt eg] km/s
x'G5g\ . yfªs\ f / kf}ef bj' } Ps k|sf/sf] vf8L
sk8fdf agfOG5 . Tof] sk8fnfO{ hqf] lrq
agfpg] xf] . Toq} cfsf/df sf6L tgSs kf//] k|m]
ddf /flvG5 . To;kl5 sk8fdf ;t] f] df6f] /
;/;] ld;fP/ agfOPsf] kftnf] n]bf] blnG5
/ x|;] L agfOG5 . To;/L agfOPsf] x|;] L ;s' ]
kl5 tnkl66\ sf7sf] kmn]s / dfly lrNnf] vfnsf] 9'ª\uf /fv]/ l3;f/]/ lrNnf]
agfOG5 . w]/} lrNnf] eof] eg] /ª ga:g] x'gfn] /ª a:g] lsl;dn] 3;fl/G5 . To;/L tof/
ePsf] x;]| Ldf slt efudf lrq agfpg] xf] Tof] lgSof}n{ ul/G5 .
wflds{ ljZjf; / pkofl] utfdf dfq ;Lldt geP/ yfª\sf / kfe} fsf] lgdf0{ f Joj;flos
aGb} uPsf] 5 . gk] fndf lj=;=+ @)@^÷@)@& ;fnbl] v o;sf] Joj;flos lgdf{0f ;?' eof ] .
xfn o:tf lrqx¿ ljb]zdf lgof{t ul/G5 . tL cfo cfh{gsf] dxTjk0" f{ ;|ft] ags] f 5g \ .
ljZjdf cfw'lgs snfsf] hGd kmf]6fu] |fkmLsf] cfljisf/ ePbl] v cfPsf] xf] . cfw'lgs
lrqsnf klZrdL b]zx¿af6 ;?' ePsf] dflgG5 . gk] fndf cfw'lgs lrqsnf
leqo\ fpgdf hª\uaxfb/' /f0ffsf] dxTTjk"0f{ ofu] bfg 5 . hªu\ axfb'/n] efh'/TgnfO{
a]nfotsf] lrqsnfsf] cWoog u/fPsf lyP . g]kfn kmsk{] l5 o'/f]k]nL zn} Lsf kf]6]«6
lrqx¿ agfpg nufPsf lyP . g]kfndf cfwl' gs snfsf] ;?' jft nueu lj=;=+ @)!)
;fnbl] v xg' yfns] f] kfOG5 .
u]xG] bd| fg cdfTon] cfwl' gs snfsf] l;h{gf u/L k|rf/ k|;f/ u/]sf lyP . cfw'lgs
lrqsnfsf] ;aeGbf 7'nf] ljz]iftf g} ;hLjtf / ;a' f]wtf xf] . cfwl' gs snfdf
snfsf/sf] cg'ejnfO{ dfGotf lbOG5 . o:tf lrqdf bM' v, ;v' , xif,{ ljiffb, s?0ff, jm| f]w
cflbsf ;fdfGo / ljlzi6 ¿kx¿ sF'lbPsf xG' 5g\ . k/Dk/fut lrqdf w]/}h;f] bj] L bj] tfl;t
;DalGwt s'/fx¿sf] lrq0f xG' Yof] . cfw'lgs lrqsnfdf dflg;sf] dgsf km/s km/s
/ ljlzi6 cge' "ltnfO{ lrq0f ul/G5 . cfwl' gs lrqsnfdf dfgjsf] ;j+ b] gf / ;"Id
efjgfx¿nfO{ JoSt ul/G5 .
klZrdL b]zdf rn]sf 3gTjjfb, 5fofjfb, /x:ojfb / cd"t{ lrq agfpgh] :tf ljleGg
zn} L /lglS;obfn}{ w\ f–Gt7sfs] fj' ] fku|egf',{jlgglZ]krftnsugf]{' c fwl' gs lrqsnfdf ;d]t k/]sf] 5 .
zAb / c {y lgof{t – Ps bz] af6 csf{] bz] df ;fdfg ;hLjtf – hLjg ePsf j:t'
a]Rg] sfd sF'lbPsf – wft', sf7 cflbdf cIf/, lrq cflb
cfljisf/ – gofF s/' f kTtf nufpg ' agfOPsf
Joj;flos – hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu ul/g] /x:ojfb – lrqsnfdf rns] f] Ps z}nL
kf6] ]«6 lrq – dfG5s] f] cfwf z/L/ ePsf] lrq
152 efiff au}rF f – ^
u/, 3/ kf6] ]«6 ;bZ[ o yfª\sf
cfof{ cjnf]sZ] j/ x;]| L lgSof{}n
z'b\w pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
kt| Ls lnR5jL
pk;Dk|bfo ci6dªu\ n
afw] / cleJolSt
!= kf7sf] 56} fF} / ;ftf}F cg'R5]b kfn}kfnf] k9]/ ;g' fpm .
@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ldNbf] pTt/df l7s lrx\g -ü_ nufpm M
s= yfª\sf s'g wfld{s cf:yf ePsf dflg;n] agfpg nufp5F g\ <
c= lxGb' cf= af}b\w O= O;fO{
v= yfªs\ f agfpg]n] sxfF uP/ l;Sgk' 5{ <
c= cf>d cf= ljbo\ fno O= afb} \w u'?s'n
u= yfª\sfdf s;sf] lrq agfOG5 <
c= afb} \w u?' cf= zfSodl' g;uF ;DalGwt b]jtf O= lrqsf/ :jod\
3= cfof{ cjnfs] Z] j/ s]sf bj] tf xg' \ <
c= s?0ffsf cf= l/;sf O= Oi{ ofs{ f
ª= kf}ef sg' sg' wd{df ko| f]u ul/G5 <
c= lxGb' / O;fO{ cf= lxGb' / afb} \w O= af}b\w / O;fO{
r= gk] fndf cfw'lgs lrqsnf leq\ofpgdf s;sf] ofu] bfg 5 <
c= jL/zdz/] cf= b]jzdz/] O= hªu\ axfb/'
#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ nv] M
s= yfª\sfdf sf]l;t ;DalGwt b]jtfsf] lrq agfOG5 <
v= kf}ef / yfª\sf sg' ko| f]hgsf nflu agfOG5 <
u= ljZjdf cfwl' gs lrqsnfsf] ;'?cft slxn] ePsf] xf] <
3= hªu\ axfb'/n] s:tf lrq agfpg nufPsf lyP <
efiff au}Frf – ^ 153
ª= cfwl' gs lrqsnfdf s]sf] lrq0f ul/G5 <
r= klZrdL bz] df rn]sf sg' sg' jfb g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs lrqsnfdf rns] f 5g\ <
$= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= kfe} fsf] cy={ ========================= lrq, dl" t{ OToflb eGg] x'G5 . -u'Dafleq /flvg],
dlGb/leq /flvg,] ljxf/leq /flvg]_
v= yfªs\ f======================= sfdsf nflu agfOG5 . -kh" f kf7 ug,]{ d[tcfTdfsf]
zflGtsf] sfdgf ug,]{ tflGqs 1fg b]vfpg]_
u= k/Dkl/t lrqsnfnfO{ ================ klg elgG5 . -x:tsnf, lzNksnf, nf]ssnf_
3= gk] fndf lrqsnfsf] ;:+ yfut ljsf;======================b]lv ;'? eof ] . -lj=;=+ @))(,
lj=;+= @)!), lj=;=+ @)!!_
ª= af}b\w wdd{ f e[s'6LnfO{ ======================= b]jtf dfGg] rng 5 . -af}bw\ wds{ f]
:yfkgf u/s] fn,] afb} w\ wds{ f] kr| f/ u/s] fn,] afb} \w wd;{ DaGwL u'? ePsfn]_
%= lbPsf kZ| gsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pTt/ nv] M
s= lrqsnfsf] ;?' cft s;/L ePsf] xf] <
v= yfªs\ f lrqsf] ljsf; s;/L ePsf] xf] <
u= kfe} f / yfªs\ fdf s] s] ;dfgtf 5g\ <
3= kfe} f / yfªs\ fdf ePsf rf/ j6f km/snfO{ aFb' fdf nv] .
ª= k/Dk/fut lrqsnf / cfwl' gs lrqsnfdf s] leGgtf 5 <
^= dfgj hLjgdf lrqsnfsf] s] dxTTj 5 < ;ft jfSodf nv] .
&= ‘Jofj;flos ¿kn] agfpg] xf] eg] yfªs\ f / kfe} f hLjg afRF g] cfwf/ aGg ;S5’ eGg]
egfOnfO{ cfkm\ g} zAbdf j0fg{ u/ .
cfkm\ gf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf klg ljjfx, jt| aGw cflb sfod{ f, 3/ /ªu\ fpbF f / 3/d} /flvg]
sg' } ;fdfgx¿df lrq agfpg] rng 5 xfn] f . ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf agfOg] lrqsf]
af/d] f ;fyL;uF 5nkmn u/ .
154 efiff auF}rf – ^
?
;f]r / eg M
gk] fnsf ljleGg kb| ]z, wd{ / hfltdf k|rlnt k/Dk/fut snfnfO{ hfu] fpg s]
ugk{' nf{ <
>'lt n]vg
lbPsf] cgR' 5b] ;g' / eg M
Kff}ef / yfªs\ f w/] } s'/fdf ;dfg 5g\ . oL bj' } wflds{ k|ofh] gsf nflu agfOG5 . yfª\sf
/ kf}ef kf| rLg sfnb]lv agfOg] ul/Psf] eP klg oL bj' }sf] lgdf0{ fdf c7f/fF} ztfAbLbl] v
Jofkstf cfPsf] xf] . kf}ef PSn}n] Wofg lbP/ agfpg'k5{ eg] yfªs\ f PSn} jf Psbl] v rf/
kfrF hgf ldn/] agfpg ;lsG5 .
z'bw\ n]vg
lbPsf jfSonfO{ z'b\w agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
yfGsf rLq lg/\dfg k/Dk/Lt af}bw\ u?' s'ndf cfwf/Lt 5 . yfGsf rLq agfpmg rfxg]
lzZon] u'?s'ndf uP/ al; rLq jgfpg l;Sgk" 5 { . P;l/ rLq jgfpg ;Ls]/ cfos] f
nfdfx¿n] dfq yfGsf jgfpg kfp5g \ .
zAb e08f/
!= pN6f] cy{ cfpg] zAbsf] hf8] f agfO{ n]v M
ljZjf;, ;Lldt, lghLj{ , cfl:ts, kf| rLg, ljlzi6, cljZjf;, c;Lldt, ;hLj, ;I" d,
hGd, ;fdfGo, ;'?, cfw'lgs, gfl:ts, d[To', clGtd, jx[ t\
pbfx/0f M ljZjf; – cljZjf;
@= lbPsf cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h/] n]v M
sg' } sfd ;DkGg ug{] pkfo –
efiff auF}rf – ^ 155
P]; cf/fd –
bV] g jf xg] { ;lsg] –
vf; 7fpFdf a:g] dflg;sf] ;db' fodf k|rlnt snf –
s'g} s/' fnfO{ kmn} fpg] JolSt –
cgx' f/sf] cfs[lt –
dflg;sf dgdf xg' ] dfld{s cg'e"lt –
cfsf/ gePsf] –
#= lj ± lrq – ljlrq eP h:t} lbPsf zAbaf6 gofF zAb agfpm M
ut, rf/, ts,{ 1fg, rt] , hft, ls/0f, j|mo, v08g, t[i0ff, Zjf;
$= lbPsf zAb ko| f]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
xltof/, df}lns, ljsf;, kr| f/s, ke| fj, lgod, wfld{s
%= zAbsf] ;?' df x|:j Osf/ -l_ nfus] f kGw| j6f zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] nv] . tLdWo] s'g}
kfrF j6f zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm .
Jofs/0f
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
!= pbfx/0f x]/L jfSo kl/jt{g u/ M
pbfx/0f M dflg; lx;+ s| hgfj/af6 aRg 8/nfUbf lrq agfpFy] .
dflg;n] lx;+ s| hgfj/af6 aRg 8/nfUbf lrq agfP5g \ .
s= dflg;n] lrqsnfsf] dfWodaf6 dfgj dgsf cge' "lt JoSt uy {] .
v= dflg; dt[ ssf] cfTdfsf] lr/zflGtsf nflu yfªs\ f agfpyF ] .
u= hªu\ axfb'/ o'/f]k]nL zn} Lsf lrq agfpg nufpyF ] .
3= k/Dk/fut lrqdf bj] L b]jtfl;t ;DalGwt s'/fsf] lrq0f x'GYof] .
ª= nfdfx¿ k9\gsf nflu ltAat hfGy] .
@= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
s= ux] ]Gbd| fg cdfTon] cfwl' gs snfsf] l;hg{ f u/] .
v= nfdfx¿ ohdfgsf] 3/df uP/ yfªs\ f lrq agfp5F g \ .
u= g]kfnLx¿n] k/Dk/fut lrqsnfsf] ;+/If0f ug{] 5g\ .
dflysf jfSodf cfPsf u/,] agfp5F g\, ug{] 5g\ h:tf zAbn] jfSo k/' f u/s] fn] tL
ljm| ofkb xg' \ . oL ljm| ofkb j|mdzM et" sfn, jt{dfg sfn / eljiot\ sfndf 5g \ .
156 efiff aur}F f – ^
cf= et" sfn, jtd{ fg sfn / eljiot\ sfnsf ljm| ofkb ko| fu] u/L bO' { bO' { j6f jfSo agfpm .
#= vfnL 7fpFdf ldNg] ljm| ofkb e/ M
s= dflg;x¿ yfª\sf / kf}ef lrqx¿ uD' af / ljxf/x¿df ============= . -/fV5, /fV5g_\
v= ohdfgx¿n] nfdfnfO{ pkxf/ ============= . -lbG5g\, lbG5_
u= kb\d;Dej af}bw\ wds{ f u?' ============= . -lyof], lyP_
3= g]kfndf yfªs\ f / kfe} fsf] Joj;flos lgdf{0f ;?' ============= . -eP, eof_]
ª= cfwl' gs snfdf snfsf/sf] cge' jnfO{ dxTTj ============= . -lbOG5, lbOg5] _
r= kfe} f lrqn] gk] fnsf] ;+:sl[ t ============= . -hfu] fpg] 5, hfu] fOG5_
$= kf7df k|ofu] ePsf b; j6f gfd zAb vfh] /] n]v . ltgLx¿dWo] sg' } kfrF j6f gfd
zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm M
pbfx/0f M sf7df8f}F – g]kfnsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8fF} xf ] .
;d"x sfo{
sIffsf ;fyLdWo] Ps hgf k|ltlglw 5fg . afsF LdWo] Ps hgf klxnf]
a]Grdf a; . bO' { hgf t];|f] aG] rdf a; . afsF LdWo] bO' { j6f ;d"x agfpm . cl3
a;s] f ;fyLeGbf k5fl8sf aG] rdf a; . Ps hgf dfq ;fyLnfO{ gDa/ Ps, b'O{ hgf
;fyL ePsfnfO{ gDa/ b'O{ / cGonfO{ gDa/ ltg / gDa/ rf/ gfd bp] m . ;d"x ltg
/ rf/af6 Ps Ps hgf k|ltlglw 5fg . ;a} ldn]/ tnsf] ;j+ fb clego u/ .
;?' df 5fg]sf] k|ltlglwn] ;an} ] afn] s] f jfSo sfnf] kf6Ldf n]Vb} hfpm / tL jfSodf ko| fu]
ePsf ljm| ofkbdf /]vfªs\ g u/ .
Ps M -g=+ bO' {nfO{ x]b_{} d hfG5' . ltdL hfG5f} <
bO' { M -g=+ PsnfO{ / cfk"mnfO{ kfnk} fnf] b]vfP/_ xfdL hfG5fF } .
ltg M -g=+ rf/lt/ xb] }{ ;d"xsf ;a}n] Ps} rfl] 6_ ltgLx¿ hfG5g\ .
ltg k|ltlglw M -g=+ rf/sf] kl| tlglwlt/ xb] {_} tkfO{F hfgx' 'G5 <
rf/sf] k|ltlglw M -g=+ ltgsf] kl| tlglwlt/ xb] {}_ tL hfG5g \ .
b'O{ M -Pslt/ xb] _}{ tF hfG5;\ <
Ps M -g+= rf/sf] kl| tlglwlt/ xb] {}_ Tof] hfG5 .
ltg M -g+= rf/sf] kl| tlglwlt/ xb] }{_ of] hfG5 .
bO' { M -g=+ ltgdf ePsL s6] L ;fyLlt/ x]b}_{ pgL hflG5g\ <
Ps M -g=+ rf/df ePsL s6] L ;fyLlt/ xb] {}_ ltgL hflG5g\ .
Ps M -;a}nfO{ b]vfpFb}_ tkfO{xF ¿ hfg'x'G5 .
lzIfs ;fyL, /v] fªs\ g ul/Psf lj|mofkbn] jtd{ fg sfn a'emfp5F g\ egL atfOlbg'xf]; \ .
efiff auF}rf – ^ 157
nv] g cEof;
cg'nv] g
!= kf7sf] cf7f}F cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
xfdf| ] bz] xfd|f] hGdel" d xf ] . hGde"ldnfO{ cfdf ;dfg dfGgk' 5{ . xfdL xfdf| ]
b]zsf] /Iff ug{ ;wF} tof/ /xgk' 5{ . gk] fn cfdfsf ;kt' x¿n] b]zsf lglDt Hofg
lbPsf lyP . pgLx¿ b]zsf nflu ;lxb ePsf lyP . snf, hflt, /xg ;xg,
e]ife'iff / jftfj/0fdf ljljwtf ePsf] bz] arfpg xfdL ;wF} tof/ xg' k' 5 { . xfdf| ]
bz] gk] fn km/s km/s ljzi] ftfn] el/Psf] b]z xf] . snfsf If]qdf x]g]{ xf] eg] oxfF
ljleGg wflds{ dfGotfdf cfwfl/t snfx¿ kr| lnt 5g\ . hfthflt / wdc{ g';f/
To:tf lrqdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . afb} w\ wdd{ f yfª\sf / kf}ef lrq kr| lnt 5g\ .
yfªs\ f / kfe} f tflGqs ljlwaf6 agfOg] k/Dk/fut lrq x'g \ . g]kfndf cr]n
Joj;flos lrqsnf klg ;?' eO;ss] f] 5 . k/Dk/fut lrqnfO{ klg wfld{s
ko| fh] gdf dfq ;Lldt g/fvL Joj;flos agfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf cfwl' gs lrqsnf
agfpg] k|rngdf klg gofF zn} L ylkPsf 5g \ . gk] fnsf] lrq klg ljZjdf lrlgb}
uPsf] 5 . gk] fnsf dfl} ns snf ;:+ sl[ t hfu] fpg xfdL ;wF} tof/ xg' k' 5 { . bz] sf nflu
dg;{ dt] kl5 x6g\ x' G' g .
l;h{gfTds n]vg
lbPsf a'Fbfsf cfwf/df lgaGw tof/ kf/ M
ks| [ltaf6 g} snfsf] cfljisf/ ePsf] =========================, snf dfgj ;Eotfsf]
klxrfg =========================, snf, ;:+ sl[ t, dN" o, dfGotf hLjg kb\wltsf] cfwf/ ePsf]
=========================, dflg; /rgfTds Ifdtfn] g} dxfg\ aGg] =========================,
kT| os] dflg;leq s]xL g s]xL ug{] l;k / snf x'g] u/s] f =========================,
To;nfO{ aflx/ ks| 6 ug{' h?/L =========================, snfaf6 dfgj hLjgsf] jf:tljstf
a‰' g ;lsg] =========================, snf hLjg / k|sl[ tsf] P]gf =========================, gofF
zn} L / kl| jlwn] ubf{ cfhefl] n lrqsnf ljsl;t cj:yfdf =========================, gk] fnL
158 efiff auFr} f – ^
snfsf/x¿ cfˆgf] ;fwgf / nugzLntfn] k|l;bw\ ePsf=====================, snfn] bz] sf]
k|lti7f a9fPsf=] =================, lrqsnfafx]s g]kfnsf d"lts{ nf, jf:ts' nf klg ljZj kl| ;b\w
ePsf=====================, gk] fn snf sf}znn] el/k0" f{ ko{6sLo dn' 's=======================,
oxfsF f jf:ts' nf, lrqsnf / dl" t{snf xg] { ljb]zL ko{6sx¿ cfpg=] ======================,
sf7df8fF} pkTosf snfsf] e08f/=====================, xfdf| ] b]zdf snfsf bl[ i6n] dNn
sfnnfO{ :j0f{ o'u dflgPsf=] =====================, xfdLn] cfˆgf] snfs[ltsf] ;/+ If0f /
ljsf;df Wofg lbg'kg]{ =============================, ltgsf] dxTTjnfO{ ae' mL ltgnfO{ cfTd;ft\
klg ug{ ;Sgk' 5{ .
yk cEof;
lbPsf] cg'R5]b k9L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv] M
xfd|f] ;dfhdf 3/]n' lzNksnfsf] lgs} dxTTj 5 . /f8LkfvL aG' g,] u'Gb|L, ;'sn' , dfGbf| ,]
8f]sf], 8fnf,] ;fn] L, 7]sL, dbfgL, cflb agfpg] l;k / snf xfdf| ] ;dfhdf pGgt cj:yfd}
5g \ . cfhsf gofF k:' tfdf oL l;k / snf x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;s] a/] f]huf/Ldf sdL cfpg
;S5 . o;af6 :jb]zd} /xL cfTdlge{/ aGg ;lsG5 . log}sf dfWodaf6 xfdLn] cfk\mgf]
JolStTjnfO{ c¿ ;fd" lrgfpg ;S5f F} . o:tf snf ;fwgfaf6 /fi6s« f] ul/df / cfo cfh{g
a9fpg ;S5f F} .
k|Zgx¿ M
s= xfd|f] ;dfhdf ss] f] dxTTj 5 <
v= 3/n] ' lzNksnfcGtu{t s:tf l;k / snf kb5{ g\ <
u= s]af6 a/] fh] uf/Ldf sdL cfpg ;S5 <
3= 3/n] ' lzNksnfsf dfWodaf6 xfdL s] s] ug{ ;S5fF} <
v]NbfvN] b}
gk] fnsf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf emlNsg] lrqx¿ agfO{ ljbo\ fnodf lrqsnf kl| tofl] utfsf]
cfofh] gf u/ .
efiff auFr} f – ^ 159
!!PsfO xfdLdf b9[
OR5fzlSt xg' 'k5{
cfvF Lemo\ fn
lbPsf JolSt s'g sg' Ifq] df kl| ;bw\ 5g\ < sfi] 7saf6 vfh] /] n]v M
-;ªu\ Ltsf/, gT[ ofªu\ gf, ;dfh;]jL / clwsf/sdL,{ j1} flgs, ;flxTosf/, gflosf_
emds l3ld/] /ZdL v/]n xn] ]g sn] /
;w' f rGb|g :6k] ]mg xlsª n'8lau Eofg layfe] g
-tl:a/df lbPsf JolSt ckfªu\ eP/ klg ljleGg Ifq] df kl| ;b\w 5g \ ._
!kf7 ljNdf ?8f]Nkm
æs] xf] 7'nf] hutdf < kl;gf ljjs]
pb\bZ] o s] lng' < p8L 5g' ' rGb| PsÆ
– dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf6] f
dxfslj nIdLk;| fb b]jsf]6fn] sljtfdf eg]sf ljNdf ?8f]Nkmsf] kmf6] f]
s/' f sltkonfO{ c;Dej nfUg ;S5 . …gkTofpg]
vf]nfn] klg aufp5F Ú eg] e}mF ;+;f/df k|foM c;Dej
dflgPsf sfdx¿ klg slxns] fxLF ;Dej x'g]
u/]sf 5g \ . To:t} c;Dej sfon{ fO{ ;Dej u//]
bv] fpg] ;fx;L ljZj ljVoft gf/Lsf] gfd xf] ljNdf
?8f]Nkm .
ljNdf ?8fN] kmsf] hGd ;g\ !($) h'g @# sf lbg cdl] /sfsf] b'ud{ ufpF ;G] 6 a]yn]xdsf]
Pp6f ul/a kl/jf/df ePsf] lyof] . ToxfF sfnfx¿sf] afSnf] a:tL lyof ] . pgsf afa'sf]
gfd P8 ?8fN] km / cfdfsf] gfd AnG] o ?8f]Nkm xf ] . pgsf a'afn] P3f/ hgf ;Gtfg
hlGd;sk] l5 pgsL cfdf AnG] o;Fu bf;] f| ] ljjfx u/s] f lyP . pgn] afa'sf afO;
;GtfgdWo] la;fF} / cfdfsf cf7 ;GtfgdWo] kfRffF} ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf o; wtL{df hGd
lnOg\ . To;a]nf cd]l/sfdf sfnf hfltsf dflg;x¿nfO{ bf];f| ] jf tNnf] hftsf] dfgj
;db' fo eg/] xl] kGYof ] . pgsL cfdf csf{sf] 3/ 3/df uP/ ef8F f dfeF \mg,] ;/;kmfO ug]{
sfd ulyg{ \ . pgL ued{ f ePsf an] f pgsL cfdfn] k]6el/ vfg klg kfOgg\ .
?8f]Nkmsf] hGd ;do k'/f gxF'b} ePsf] lyof] . ljNdf ued{ f xb'F f pgsL cfdfn] k|z:t
kf}li6s cfxf/ vfg gkfPsfn] pgL hGdb} sdhf]/ lyOg \ . pgnfO{ lgdf]lgof, bfb/' f, 3fF6L
;l' Ggg], tLj| Hj/f] / k]6 lalu|/xg] ;d:ofn] ;tfO/xGYof ] . pgsf afa' cfdfn] 5f/] L w/] } lbg
zAb / c {y ljZj ljVoft – ljZj kl| ;bw\
;db' fo – s'g} ljzi] f ju{, Joj;fo cflb;Fu ;Dabw\ dflg;sf] ;d"x
kfl} i6s – kfi] f0fo'St
efiff au}Frf – ^ 161
afRF g] x}g s] ug{ ;lsG5 / Û eg]/ r'krfk kv{g] / x]g{]afx]s c¿ sg' } af6f] b]vg] g \ . cfˆgf]
sfddf guP bl} gs xftd'v hf8] g\ ] ;d:ofn] ;tfpg] x'gfn] pgsf afa'cfdfn] 5f]/LnfO{
;do lbg ;sg] g \ . To;}n] ljNdfsf] :ofxf/ ;;' f/ pgsf bfhl' bbLn] u/ ] . pgnfO{ ;do
;dodf 3/ glhss} f Ps hgf sfnf hfltsf lrlsT;s sxfF nu/] hrF fpg] / ;Nnfx lng]
ul/GYof] . To; a]nf;Dd uf]/fx¿n] ko| f]u ug{] u/s] f ;l' jwf ;DkGg c:ktfndf sfnfx¿sf]
kj| z] lgif]w ul/Psf] lyof] .
pgsL cfdfn] uf]/f lrlsT;s;uF 5f]/Lsf] pkrf/af/] ;fW] g] cfF6 ul/g\ . pgn] 5f/] L uf/] f
lrlsT;snfO{ bv] fOg \ . tL lrlsT;sn] …t/] L 5f]/L cfˆgf] v'66\ fdf 6s] /] lx8F \g ;Sg]
xfO] g . of] /fu] /} f]usf] 3/nfO{ dg{ lbPs} /fdf| Ú] eg]/ hjfkm lbP . lrlsT;ssf] o;
ks| f/sf] cdfgjLo Jojxf/n] pgsL cfdfsf] xb[ o l5of l5of eof] . pgsL cfdfn] o;nfO{
r'gf}tLs} ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/g \ . pgL csf{] c:ktfnsf] vf]hLdf nflug \ .
Ps lbg pgsL cfdf sfnf hfltsf] lrlsT;f cWoog ;+:yfg …dx] ]/L c:ktfnÚ kl' ug\ .
ToxfFsf lrlsT;sn] ljNdfnfO{ nfus] f] kf]lnof] /f]u k/' } l7s t x'g ;Sb}g t/ pgnfO{
hLljt /fVg sf]l;; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] hjfkm lbP . …;f; /xG' hn] cf;Ú eg] eFm} pgsL
cfdfn] sx] L lbg eP klg cfˆgL 5f/] L cfFvfsf ;fd'Gg] afFlr/xf;] \ eGg] ;fr] ]/ pkrf/ ;'?
u/fOg \ . pSt c:ktfn pgLx¿sf] 3/af6 %) dfOn 6f9f lyof ] . pgnfO{ xKtfdf bO' {
k6s c:ktfn nfg'kYof] { . bl} gs xftdv' hf]g{ / c:ktfnsf] vr{ 6fg{ dl' :sn kg]{ 7fg]/
pgsL cfdfn] c¿sf] sfd klg 5fl] 8gg\ . b'O{ jif{;Ddsf] cys ko| f;kl5 pgsf] rNg}
g;Sg] ePsf] b]a]| v6' \6fsf] xf8 l:6n xfn/] ;f]e\mofpg] sfd eof ] . a9L lalug| glbgsf
nflu pgsf v6' \6fsf] lg/Gt/ dfln; ug{'kg]{ eof] . pgsL cfdfn] dfln; ug{] tflnd lnOg\
clg 3/df g} dfln; ul/lbg yflng \ . pgsf bfhl' bbL pgnfO{ 9f8; lbgs} nflu eP klg
…tF cflTtgk' b}g{ lgsf] eOxfN5 lgÚ eGg] uy]{ . o:tf ;sf/fTds s/' fn] ljNdfsf] dl:tisdf
cgf7} f] zlStsf] ;~rf/ x'g yfNof] . pgL la:tf/} a};fvLsf e/df v6' 6\ f vf]RofpFb} /
n8\v8fpbF } lx8F \g yflng\ .
a};fvLsf e/ hg] t]g lx8F \g ;Sg] ePkl5 pgnfO{ :s'n hfg] /x/ knfof ] . pgnfO{ at{
xfO:sn' df egf{ ul/of ] . pgsf] v';Lsf] ;Ldf /xg] . ;fyLx¿ :s'nsf] d}bfgdf v]ns] f] b]
v]/ pgsf] dg nfl] eGYof] . pgnfO{ …d klg To;/L g} pk|mg, bf8} g / vN] g kfP x'GYofÚ] eGg]
nfUYof] . b[9tfk"j{s cl3 a9d] f c;Dej s]xL 5g} . pgL af/ jifs{ L x'bF f a};fvLsf] ;xf/fl-
jgf lx8F g\ yflng\ . pgL pgsf uf]8fnfO{ agfOPsf hT' tf nufP/ km/s tl/sfn] lxF8\lyg\ .
pgsL lbbL To;} :sn' sL af:s6] an vn] f8L lyOg\ . pgdf klg lbbLh:t} af:s]6an
162 efiff auFr} f – ^
zAb / c {yv]nf8L aGg] OR5f hfut[ eof ] . u?' tyf cuh| x¿n] ltdL olTtsf] lxF8\g ;Sg' g} 7'nf] s/' f]
xf], v]nlt/ gnfu eg] t/ ;fx; / cfTdansL k|ltd"lt{ ljNdfn] af:s]6an v]n]/} b]vfpg]
c7f6] ul/g \ . pgsf] lxDdtsf cufl8 s;s} f] s]xL nfug] . Ps lbg pgL af:s6] ansf]
l6ddf ;lDdlnt eOg \ . v]n k|lzIfsn] pgnfO{ ltg jif;{ Dd sg' } klg k|ltof]lutfdf
;fdn] u/fPgg \ . olt xb'F f klg pgn] xf/ dflggg \ . pgL lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/lxg \ .
pgL !$ jif{sL xbF' f pgnfO{ af:s6] an l6dsf] :6f6{ km:6{ /f]n lbOof ] . l56\6} g} pgn]
cfˆgf] l6d ;b:osf ;fy /fHo :t/Lo k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng] cj;/ kf| Kt ul/g\ . ;f]
k|ltofl] utfdf pgn] ;a}nfO{ 5Ss kfb}{ /fHo :t/Lo sLlt{dfg;lxt cfˆgf] l6dnfO{ ljhoL
agfOg \ . pgsf] Ifdtfsf] ;a}lt/ k|z+;f xg' yfNof ] .
af:s6] an vN] bfvN] b} pgL bf8} sf] tof/Ldf h'l6g \ . pgnfO{ cd]l/sfsf] /fli6o« l6dsf
tk{maf6 ljZj vn] s'nsf] dxfsD' e cfn] lDks;Dd kU' g] OR5f lyof] . 8fS6/x¿n] pgsf]
zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf] 7f]s'jf;fy u/]sf] eljiojf0fL / cfn] lDksdf b]zsf] kl| tlglwTj u/L
bf}8g] ;kgf / sNkgf Pscsfs{ f ljk/Lt w'j|h:tf lyP t}klg pgn] bf}8sf] cEof;
hf/L /flvg\ . pgL cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf g} s]6fx¿;Fu g} a9L kl| t:kwf{ ug{ yflng \ . /fHo
:t/Lo sLltd{ fg sfod u/k] l5 6g] ;] L /fHosf] Wofg pgLlt/ tflgg yfns] f] lyof ] .
To;}n] 6]g];L ljZj ljb\ofnosf] udL{ labfsf] vn] lzlj/df pgnfO{ tflndsf nflu
afn] fOof ] . pgL t'?Gt pSt vn] lzlj/df hfg tof/ eOg \ . pgsf] k|ult bv] /] 6g] ;] L
/fHon] xfO:sn' kl5sf] k9fOsf nflu k0" f{ 5fqj[lTt kb| fg ug]{ lg0fo{ u¥of ] . 6]g];L
ljZj ljbo\ fnodf egf{ ePsf] Ps jif{ glaTb} ;g\ !(%^ sf] cfn] lDks v]ndf pgL
cd]l/sfsf] tkm{af6 bf}8 kl| tof]lutfdf efu lng] ;dx" df kl/g \ . klxnf] kN6sf] pkl:yltdf
g} pgn] cdl] /sfnfO{ sf:o kbs lbnfOg\ . ca uf/] fsf] ;dfhdf klg sfnfsL 5f/] Lsf]
kz| +;f / rrf{ x'g yfNof] . pgn] 6o« fs PG8 lkmN8sf] If]qdf ljleGg /fli6«o sLltd{ fg
agfpFb} uOg \ . pgL rf/ jif{ kl5sf] csf]{ cfn] lDkssf nflu cdl] /sfsf] tkm{ af6 bf8} sf
ljleGg k|lt:kwf{sf nflu 5flgOg\ . ;g\ !(^) ;]K6D] a/ & sf lbg pgn] PSn} cdl] /sfsf
nflu ltg j6f :j0f{ kbs lbnfOg\ . pgn] s;n} ] g;f]rs] f] / Tolt a]nf;Dd s;n} ] ug{
g;s]sf] rdTsf/ u/]/ b]vfOg\ . o;/L Pp6} cf]nlDkssf] sg' } klg kl| t:kwf{df ltg ltg
j6f :j0f{ kbs lhTg] pgL g} k|yd cd]l/sL dlxnf algg\ . o; vfnsf] pknlAw xfl;n
sf:o kbs – vn] f8LnfO{ lbOg] t];f| ] k/' :sf/
efiff auF}rf – ^ 163
u/]/ pgL ljZj dlxnf Pyn]l6S; k|ltof]lutfsL ;js{ fnLg vn] f8L aGg kl' ug \ . k'?ifsf]
dfq jr{:j /xg] u/s] f] 6«ofs PG8 lkmN8sf] Oltxf;df lnª\u e]bsf] cGTo ug{df pgsf]
7n' f] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .
pgL cfˆgf] bz] sf] cfn] lDks l6dsf ;fy cd]l/sf kmlsg{ \ . pgsf] :jfutdf pln{Psf]
dfgj ;fu/ b]v/] w]/n} ] lhaf| ] 6fs] ] . ;do ;a}eGbf alnof] x'Fbf] /x5] . sxfF ;a}n] l5M l5M
/ b/' b'/ u/s] L ljNdf, sxfF Ps k6s 5'g dfq kfP klg xG' Yof] eGg] dflg;x¿sf] pTs6
rfxgf . sxfF kf]lnofn] ] u|:t eO{ hGdb} dl/xfN5] eg/] lrlsT;sn] bT' sf/]sL aflnsf Û
sxfF /fli6o« k|ltef .
pgsf] ljho sj] n vn] sf] dfq lyPg . pgsf] rfdTsfl/s ljhon] w]/n} fO{ d klg s]xL
ug{ ;S5' eg] efjgf hufPsf] lyof] . pgsf] ljhon] v]nsf dfWodaf6 /ªu\ Lo ljeb] sd
u/fpg 7'nf] 6]jf k'¥ofof ] . klxn] t sfnfnfO{ ljleGg cj;/af6 g} jl~rt ul/bF } cfPsf]
lyof ] . olb s'g} If]qdf sfnfhfltsf dfG5n] ] ;kmntf xfl;n ul/xfn] klg To;nfO{ aj] f:tf
ul/GYof] .
Toltv/] ;Dd uf]/fx¿df sfnfx¿sf] kz| +;f jf ;Ddfg ug'{ cfˆgf] k|lti7fsf ljk/Lt xg' ]
/ OHht} uOxfNg] e|d /xs] f] lyof ] . c:ktfn / zj uf8\g] lrxfg;d]t cnu x'Gy] . olb
s'g} sfnf hfltsf dfG5]n] xf6] ndf lrof, vfhf vfOxfNof] eg] ;a} uf]/fx¿n] Tof] xf]6n /
xf]6njfnfnfO{ g} alxisf/ ug]{ cj:yf lyof] . pgn] ljho k|fKt u/s] f] lbg pSt k/Dk/f
tf]l8of ] . ;/sf/L ta/af6 ljhof]T;j / ;Ddfgsf] sfo{j|md cfofh] gf eof] . of] g} sfnf
hflt / uf]/f hfltsf dflg;sf] o; k|sf/sf] :jtM :k"mt{ a/fa/L pkl:yltsf] klxnf] cj;/
lyof ] . ;dfgtfsf kIfw/ / clwsf/sdLx{ ¿ pgsf] pHHjn eljiosf] kl/sNkgf ug{ yfn ] .
ljleGg vn] df ;xefuL eO/xFbf pgsf] k9fO lardf g} /fl] sPsf] lyof ] . ljZj RoflDkog
ag/] kmsk{] l5 pgn] k'gM 6]g;] L ljZj ljbo\ fnodf uP/ lzIff zf:q ljifodf :gfts pTtL0f{
ul/g\ . :gfts tx;Dd pTtL0f{ ul/;s]kl5 pgn] ;g\ !(^$ sf] cfn] lDksdf efu glng]
;f]r agfOg\ . pgL cfk"mn] k9]sf] at{ xfO:s'ndf k9fpg uOg\ . pgn] ToxfF v]n lzIfssf
¿kdf sfd ul/g\ .
cljZj;gLo ljho kf| Kt u/]jfkt ljNdfnfO{ og' fO68] k|];sf tkm{af6 jif{ v]nf8L k'/:sf/
pTs6 – tLj,| Hofb} a9L b'Tsfg'{ – xKsfpg,' ufnL ug'{
zAb / c {y aj] f:tf – jf:tf gug'{ :jtM :km" t{ – dgdf cfkF}m plAhg]
clwsf/sdL{ – xs, :jfldTj lbnfpg] JolSt
kl/sNkgf – kj" { cg'dfg
164 efiff auF}rf – ^
-!(^)_, P;f]l;o6 k];| sf tkm{af6 jif{ dlxnf vn] f8L k'/:sf/ -!(^)_ cGt/fl{ i6«o
vn] f8LnfO{ lbOg] lj|m:6f]km/ sf]nDa; cjf8{ -!(^)_, hD] ; O ;lneh cjf8{ -!(^!_,
o/' f]lkog vn] kqsfl/tf jif{ vn] f8L -!(^@_, Aofs :kf6] ;{ \ xn ckm km]d -;g\ !(*)_
ljdg] :kf6] {;\ kmfpG8;] g cjf8{ -!(*$_ h:tf bhg{ f}F ;Ddfg tyf k/' :sf/ k|bfg ul/of ] .
;g\ !(^& df cdl] /sL pk/fi6«klt xa6{ xkm| ]n] cNk;ª\Vos, lk5l8Psf, czSt /
sdhf]/ jus{ f oj' f oj' tLnfO{ ljz]if v]n SofDksf nflu afn] fP . o; sfo{s|ddf ljNdf
?8fN] kmnfO{ klg afn] fOPsf] lyof] . pgn] o:t} sfo{jm| dx¿nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf nflu ljNdf
?8f]Nkm kmfpG8];g gfds u/} gfkmfdn" s ;:+ yf vf]lng \ . of] ;+:yfsf] pb\bZ] o cfk"mh:t} bldt,
zf]lift / lk5l8Psf jus{ f o'jf o'jtLnfO{ lzIff tyf vn] s'b cflbdf ;3fpg' lyof] .
;g\ !(&& df pgn] cfk\mgf] hLjgsf ljljw cf/f]x cj/fx] ;d6] ]/ …ljNdfÚ gfds k:' ts
n]lvg\ . of] k:' ts w/] }n] dg k/fP . s;}n] o;nfO{ k|]/0ff lbg] k:' tssf ¿kdf lnP . o;
k':tssf cfwf/df 6l] n>[ªv\ nf;dt] lgdf{0f eof] . ;g\ !(&& df 6]g;] L ueg/{ n] h'g @#
sf] lbgnfO{ 6]g;] L /fHosf] ljNdf ?8fN] km lbj;sf ¿kdf dgfpg] 3fi] f0ff u/ ] .
hGds] f x/s] k|f0fLn] cfh;Dd dT[ o';uF ljho k|fKt u/s] f] 5g} . ljNdfnfO{ klg
arfpg ;Sg] s'/} ePg . ;g\ !((# df pgL dl:tis SofG;/af6 kLl8t eOg \ . dlxgf};F Dd
c:ktfn / lrlsT;ssxfF wfO/xFbf klg pgL :j:y eOgg \ . s;}sf] s]xL l;k nfug] .
cGtdf ;g\ !(($ gfe] ]Da/ !@ sf lbg rjGg jif{sf] pd]/df ljVoft gf/L JolStTj ljNdf
?8fN] kmn] ;;+ f/ 5fl] 8g\ . pgsf] lgwgdf kl/jf/, ufpF, /fi6« dfq xf]Og ;Dk0" f{ ljZj g}
:tAw aGg kU' of] . pgsf] kflyj{ z/L/ o; ;;+ f/df geP klg pgsf sfo{ / sl[ t ;as} f
k|]/0ffsf ;|f]t ag]/ hLljt /xg] 5g \ .
zAb / c {y bldt – bafOPsf ] ljVoft – ljZjdf lrlgPsf]
cf/fx] cj/f]x – pGglt cjglt :tAw – l:y/, /fl] sPsf]
kflyj{ – efl} ts
u/, 3/
z'b\w pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M n8v\ 8fpbF } vf]RofpFb}
Pyn]l6S; bT' sf/]sL
ljNdf ?8fN] km AnG] o ?8fN] km lrlsT;s
ljhofT] ;j sLltd{ fg\ kl| tofl] utf
efiff auFr} f – ^ 165
afw] / cleJolSt
!= kf7sf] klxnf] / bf;] f| ] cg'R5b] kfnk} fnf] k9/] sIffdf ;'gfpm .
@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ldNbf] pTt/df /]hf -ü_ nufpm M
s= ljNdf cfˆgf afas' L slt cf}F ;Gtfg lyOg\ <
c= kfrfF} cf= P3f/f}F O= la;fF} O{= afO;f}F
v= ljNdfnfO{ s] /fu] nfu]sf] lyof] <
c= kf]lnof] cf= cfn} f] O= wg'i6ª\sf/ O{= dw'dx]
u= ljNdf slt jifs{ f] pd]/b]lv ljbo\ fno hfg yflng\ <
c= kfrF cf= ;ft O= gf} O={ af/
3= ;g\ !(%^ sf] cf]nlDksdf efu lnP/ ljNdfn] bf8} tk{m sg' kbs kfOg\ <
c= :j0f{ cf= sf:o O= tfd| O={ /ht
ª= ;g\ !(^) sf] cf]nlDksdf pgn] slt j6f :j0f{ kbs lhltg\ <
c= bO' { cf= ltg O= rf/ O{= kfrF
r= ;g\ !(^$ sf] cfn] lDksdf ljNdfn] lsg efu lnOgg\ <
c= czSt eP/ cf= km' ;{b gkfP/
O= OR5f geP/ O={ ljb\ofnodf k9fpg yfn/]
5= ljNdfsf] slt jif{sf] pd/] df lgwg eof] <
c= krf; cf= afpGg O= rfj} Gg O={ 5kGg
#= lbPsf kZ| gsf] pTt/ n]v M
s= ljNdf afNosfndf s'g sg' ;d:of;Fu h'lwg\ <
v= ljNdfnfO{ pkrf/ ug{ hfFbf 8fS6/x¿n] s] eg] <
u= ljNdfnfO{ 3/sf ;b:on] s:tf] Jojxf/ u/] <
3= ljNdfn] v]nsb' df efu lng yfn]kl5 s:tf] kl/j{tg cfof] <
ª= ljNdfn] kfPsf k/' :sf/sf] ;r" L agfpm .
r= ljNdf v]nsb' df gnfUbf;Dd sfnfx¿nfO{ s:tf] Jojxf/ ul/GYof] <
5= ljNdfn] v]nsb' sf sfoj{ m| d 5f]8]kl5 s] s] sfd ul/g\ <
$= ljNdf ?8f]Nkmsf] hLjgLaf6 s] s] l;Sg ;lsG5 <
%= efj lj:tf/ u/ M
166 efiff au}rF f – ^
s= uf/] fx¿sf] ;dfhdf klg sfnfsf 5f/] Lsf] kz| ;+ f / rrf{ x'g yfNof] .
v= ;do ;a}eGbf alnof] x'Fbf] /x]5 .
u= ljNdfsf] ljho s]jn vn] sf] dfq lyPg .
^= sfnf / uf]/flarsf] e]befj x6fpg ljNdfn] u/s] f of]ubfgx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
cfk\mgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] ;d'bfodf klg v]n If]qdf hLjg ;dk0{ f u/]sf JolSt 5g\ xfn] f .
pgLx¿nfO{ e]6 . pgLx¿sf] af/d] f ;f]w / ;fyLnfO{ atfpm .
?
;fr] / eg M
ljNdfn] cfk"mnfO{ h:t} zfl] ift / lk5l8Psf ju{sf oj' f o'jtLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{
u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf vfl] ng\ . ltdL klg ljNdfn] h:t} sg' } If]qdf ;kmn eof} /
kz| :t wg ;DklTt cfh{g u/o\ f} eg] To;nfO{ sd] f pkofu] u5f{} <
>l' t n]vg
lbPsf] cg'R5b] ;'g / nv] M
a;} fvLsf] e/df hg] t]g lxF8g\ ;Sg] ePkl5 pgnfO{ :s'n hfg] /x/ knfof ] . pgnfO{
at{ xfO:s'ndf egf{ ul/of] . pgsf] v;' Lsf] ;Ldf /x]g . ;fyLx¿ :s'nsf] d}bfgdf v]n]sf]
bv] ]/ pgsf] dg nf]leGYof] . pgnfO{ d klg To;/L g} pk|mg, bf}8g / v]Ng kfP x'GYof] eGg]
nfUYof] . b[9tfk"js{ cl3 a9d] f c;Dej s]xL 5}g eg] e}mF pgL af/ jif{sL x'bF f a};fvLsf]
;xf/fljgf g} lx8F \g yflng\ .
efiff au}rF f – ^ 167
z'bw\ nv] g
lbPsf jfSonfO{ zb' \w agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
?8fN] kmsf] hgd ;dP k/" f gxb' } eos] f] yLof ] . ljNdf ue{df xb' f pgls cfdfn] k;| Zt
kfl} i6s cfxf/f vfg kfO{gg\ . ;fgb} ]vL pGn] kgL kfl] znf] vfg kfO{gg \ . plg hgd\ b} sDhf]/
lyOg\ . pgnfO{ lgdfl] gcf, bfb/' f e/} xGYof] .
zAb e08f/
!= p:t} cy{ cfpg] zAbsf] hf]8f agfO{ nv] M
:jLsf/, dl:tis, hfu[t, tflnd, ljVoft, kflyj{ , :tAw, sfl] ;;, kL/, ;Ldf,
gIfq, d~h/' L, lbdfu, hfus] f], kl| zIf0f, k|l;bw\ , efl} ts, tf/f, bfo/f, kL8f, ko| f;,
lanvaGb
pbfx/0f M :jLsf/ – d~h'/L
@= ljk/LtfyL{ zAbsf] hf]8f agfO{ n]v M
;Dej, afSnf,] sdhf/] , dfgjLo, ;Ddfg, uf]/f, kz| +;f, ljk/Lt, ;xf/f, ;sf/fTds,
c;Dej, kftnf], alnof], pTtL0f{, cdfgjLo, :jLsf/, hLljt, gsf/fTds, a;] xf/f,
kofo{ , 3[0ff, sfnf, ckdfg, dt[ , c:jLsf/, cg'TtL0f{
pbfx/0f M ;Dej – c;Dej
#= lbPsf pvfg / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M
gkTofpg] vf]nfn] aufpF5 ;fx;L dfG5]nfO{ sg' } afwfn] 5]Sbg}
;f; /x'Ghn] cf; hf] sdhf/] 5 p;nfO{ ;an} ] b'Mv lbG5g\
vfg] dv' nfO{ huF' fn] 5S] bg} kl/>d ugn{] ] kmn kfp5F
hf] xfr] f] p;sf] dv' df 3fr] f] 1fgsf] cfhg{ k9/] jf cge' j u//] xG' 5
h;n] dx sf95\ p;n] xft rf65\ clGtd ;do;Dd /fdf| ] xG' 5 egL cfzf ug{'
ls k9/] hflgG5 ls k//] hflgG5 ;fdfGo dfG5n] ] klg 7n' f] sfd ug{ ;S5
$= cEof; g+= # df lbPsf pvfg ko| f]u u/L jfSo agfpm .
168 efiff auFr} f – ^
%= 6'Ssf / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M
xftd'v hf8] \g' srsr ug{'
sDd/ s:g' ke| fjdf kfg{'
>Lu0f]z ug{' p7g\ g;Sg] xg' '
6fpsf] vfg' hLjg wfGg] sfd ug'{
dg lhTg' lxDdt ug'{
ynf kg{' ;?' ug'{
^= jfSo agfpm M
b'u{d, cdfgjLo, rg' f}tL, hLljt, ;~rf/, ;fx;, cu|h
Jofs/0f
sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f
!= lbPsf jfSonfO{ bO' { lsl;dn] kl/jtg{ u/ M
pbfx/0f M ljNdf ¿8f]Nkm ;do k'/f gxb'F } hlGdPsL lyOg \ .
ljNdf ¿8f]Nkm ;do k'/f gxbF' } hlGdPsL l5g\ .
ljNdf ¿8fN] km ;do k/' f gx'bF } hlGdPsL xg' ] l5g \ .
s= pgsL cfdfn] pgnfO{ …dx] /] L c:ktfnÚ k¥' ofPsL lyOg\ .
v= uf]/f lrlsT;sn] ?8fN] km v6' \6f 6]s]/ lx8F \g} ;lSbg eg]sf lyP .
u= k|lzIfsn] pgnfO{ l6ddf ;lDdlnt ePsf] ltg jif{;Dd k|ltofl] utfdf ;fdn]
u/fPsf lyPgg \ .
3= /fHo :t/Lo sLlt{dfg sfod u/k] l5 ;as} f] Wofg pgLlt/ tflgPsf] lyof] .
ª= pgn] ;g\ !(^) df cdl] /sfsf nflu ltg j6f :j0f{ kbs lbnfPsL lyOg\ .
r= pgsf] :jfutdf pln{Psf] dfgj ;fu/ bv] /] w/] }n] lhaf| ] 6f]ss] f lyP .
@= kf7af6 ul/a, alnof], sfnf, cf7f}F h:tf b; j6f ljz]if0f zAb vf]h .
ltgLx¿dWo] s'g} kfrF j6f ljz]if0f zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm / sIffdf ;'gfpm .
#= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
;d"x …sÚ ;d"x …vÚ
s= afa' cfdfn] 5f/] LnfO{ ;do lbg ;sg] . s= afa' cfdfn] 5f/] LnfO{ ;do lbg ;sg] g \ .
v= ?8fN] kmsf] :ofxf/ alxgLn] u¥of] . v= ?8fN] kmsf] :ofxf/ alxgLn] ul/g \ .
efiff auF}rf – ^ 169
u= bfhl' bbL klg pgnfO{ dfof u5 { . u= bfh'lbbL klg pgnfO{ dfof ug'x{ 'G5 .
3= ltgLx¿ c:ktfn uof] . 3= ltgLx¿ c:ktfn uP .
ª= c;n 8fS6/ e]l6O { . ª= c;n 8fS6/ e]l6of] .
r= ?8fN] km a};fvL 6s] /] lx8F b\ } lyof ] . r= ?8fN] km a};fvL 6]s/] lx8F b\ } lyOg \ .
;dx" …sÚ sf jfSo cz'b\w jfSo xg' \ eg] ;d"x …vÚ sf jfSo z'b\w jfSo x'g \ . ;d"x
…sÚ sf jfSodf stf{ / ljm| oflar ;ªu\ lt -dn] _ ePsf] 5g} . ;d"x …vÚ df ltgsf]
;ª\ult ePsf] 5 . jfSodf ePsf] stfs{ f] lnªu\ , jrg, k'?if / cfb/cg';f/sf]
ljm| ofkbsf] k|ofu] nfO{ kb ;ªu\ lt elgG5 .
cf= lbPsf jfSonfO{ kb ;ªu\ lt ldnfP/ nv] M
s= cfdfn] dfln; ug]{ tflnd lnof] .
v= uf]/fx¿n] sfnfx¿nfO{ ljleGg cj;/af6 jl~rt u/]sf] lyof] .
u= pgn] u/} gfkmfdn" s ;:+ yf vfN] ge' of ] .
3= d ?8fN] kmsf] ljnIf0f kl| tef bv] ]/ k|efljt eP .
ª= pk/fi6«kltn] sdhf]/ jus{ f oj' f o'jtLnfO{ ljz]if v]n SofDksf nflu afn] fof ] .
r= pgn] v]nsf dfWodaf6 /ªu\ Lo ljeb] sd u/fpg 7'nf] ofu] bfg u/L .
$= pbfx/0f x/] L wfta' f6 et" sfnsf ljm| ofkb agfpm M
pbfx/0f M /fv\ ± PF – /fv]F /fv\ ± P – /fv]
/fv\ ± ofF} – /fVof}F /fv\ ± of} – /fVof}
/fv\ ± of] – /fVof] /fv\ ± O{ – /fvL
bv] \, hf, ;s\, nfu,\ k'u\
;d"x sfo{
sIffsf ;fyLdWoa] f6 Ps hgf k|ltlglw 5fg . PsfO b;sf] …;dx" sfoÚ{ df
ePsf] ;+jfb km] l/ clego u/ . k|ltlglwn] ;a}n] afn] ]sf jfSo sfnfk] f6Ldf
nv] . stf{nfO{ /]vfªs\ g u/ . sIffsf ;a} ljb\ofyL{ cfcfkm\ gf] 7fpdF f a; .
sfnf]kf6Ldf n]v]sf Ps jrgsf jfSo sfkLsf] Psfk6l\ 6 / ax' jrgsf jfSo
sfkLsf] csfk{] 6l\ 6 nv] .
170 efiff auF}rf – ^
nv] g cEof;
cg'nv] g
!= kf7sf] kfrf}F cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cg'R5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
dflg; ;l[ i6sf] cb\et" kf| 0fL xf] . dflg;n] rfx\of] eg] h] klg ug{ ;S5 . dflg;n]
j}1flgs cfljisf/ u/]/ ks| l[ tnfO{ g} lhTg nfu]sf] 5 . o;sf] d"n sf/0f dfgjdf ePsf] b9[
OR5fzlSt xf ] . b[9 OR5fzlSt eof] eg] h:tf;] 's} cK7o\ f/f] kl/l:yltdf klg sfd ug{
;lsG5 . ;+;f/df b9[ OR5fzlSt ePsf dflg;x¿ w/] } 5g\ . tLdWo] cdl] /sL v]nf8L ljNdf
?8f]Nkm klg Ps xg' \ . hGdb} kf]lnofs] f] l;sf/ ePsL pgn] cf]nlDksdf ltg ltg k6s
:j0f{ kbs kf| Kt ul/g\ . slxNo} lx8F g\ ;lSbg eg]/ xl] kPsL pgn] bf}8df efu lnP/ ;a}
nfO{ lhTg' cfZros{ f] s/' f xf] . pgLleq b[9 cfTd ljZjf; / OR5fzlSt ePsfn] Tof] ;Dej
ePsf] lyof] . xfdLn] klg nIo k'/f ug]{ ;ª\sNk lng'k5 { . Tof] ;ª\sNk k/' f ug{ nflu/
xg'k5 { . Ps lbg cjZo ;kmntf kfOG5 .
l;h{gfTds n]vg
s= ljNdf ?8fN] km h:t} ckfªu\ tf ePsf dfG5]x¿ gk] fndf klg kz| :t 5g\ . pgLx¿n]
cGo JolStn] ug{ g;s]sf sfd klg u/]sf 5g\ . To:tf s'g} bO' { hgf JolStsf]
af/d] f vfh] ]/ a'bF f l6kf]6 u/ . aF'bfdf gfd, hGd:yfg, hGdldlt, dftflktfsf] gfd,
hGdbF fsf] cj:yf, la/fdLkg, pgLx¿n] ljb\ofnodf k9s] f s/' f, pgLx¿n] u/s] f
sfdx¿sf] ;r" LnfO{ ;dfjz] u/ .
v= ljNdf ?8f]Nkm h:tf km/s Ifdtf ePsf dflg;sf] IfdtfnfO{ phfu/ ug{ ugk{' g]{
sfd ;d]6L Ps ki[ 7 nv] .
efiff au}Frf – ^ 171
v]NbfvN] b}
lbPsf cy{ cfpg] zAb zAbhfndf vfh] /] 3]/f nufpm / sfkLdf klg n]v .
!= a9fO r9fO u//] aofg ug{] sfd @= dflg;;uF ;DalGwt gePsf]
#= slxNo} gyfSg] $= dgf]an, cfF6
%= ofU] otf, ;fdYo{ ^= kl5 x'g] 36gfsf] k"j3{ fi] f0ff
&= rxlsnf] *= k/LIffdf ;kmn x'g'
(= lhpbF f] !)= ;f;+ fl/s
!!= ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] !@= pT;fx
!#= tflnd lbg] JolSt
c lt z of] lSt k|] c kf
df y hL lj t / lj ly{
g cf s p a} 0ff Zj j
jL Td pH If TtL ;f ; k|
o a Hj cf d 0f{ gL lz
k]| n n Td vL tf o If
e lj io jf 0fL kf gL s
172 efiff auF}rf – ^
!@PsfO jftfj/0f hfu] fcf“}
cfvF Lem\ofn
lbPsfdWo] s'g lrq jftfj/0f dq} L 5 <
zAb / c {y!kf7 /fhx+;sf] p8fg
– ljZjbLk clwsf/L
syfsf/ ljZjbLk clwsf/Lsf] hGd lj= ;=+ @)!^ kmfug' !& ut] jfudtL c~rn, sf7df8f}F
lhNnfsf] dt} Lbj] L eGg] 7fpdF f ePsf] xf ] . /fhgLlt zf:qdf pRr lzIff, sfgg' / dfgj
dN" odf :gfts u/s] f pgL sfgg' L k;] fdf ;n+ Ug 5g \ . clwsf/Lsf …ufyF} nLsf] u8F' Ú /
…xfuF fdf ;T' g] r/fÚ, …l;p/f] / tanfÚ h:tf yk' }| syf ;ªu\ x| ks| flzt 5g \ . pgsf l;hg{ fdf ;To,
cgz' f;g, zflGt, kd]| h:tf dfgjLo dN" o ;dfjz] ul/Psf] xG' 5 . pgL dN" ojfbL ;hs{ xg' \ .
d'gfsf] ljb\ofno / p;sf] 3/ sl/a b; ldg6] sf] b'/Ldf k5 { . dg' f ;fyLx¿;Fu g}
ljb\ofno cfpg] hfg] u5 ]{ . o;}n] ubf{ p;nfO{ of] b/' L 6f9f nfUbg} . pgLx¿n] Tof]
b/' L rNtLsf] /fhdfus{ } 5p] eP/ kf/ ug'k{ 5{ . pgLx¿n] /fhdfu{df ;'OFlsP/ cfPsf
a;, df]6/n] 5fn] f eGg] 8/n] 5p] 5]paf6 la:tf/} x]/L x]/L lxF8g\ 'k5 { . o;n} ] ubf{ a]ns' L
ljb\ofnoaf6 3/ k'Ug gkfO{ d'gfsL cfdfn] ;f]Wgx' 'G5, æcfh klg ;8ssf] lsgf/} lsgf/
lx8F o\ f} t <Æ
3/af6 laxfg ljbo\ fno k7fpgc' l3 d'gfsf a'af eGg] ugx'{ 'G5, æ5f/] L, 5]p 5p] af6 hfpm
x} . df]6/x¿sf] v'a ofb ug{" . /fhdfu{df dfG5] lxF8\g] 56' \6} k6] L x'bF }g .Æ
To;n} ] d'gf c¿ ;fyL Ps cfk;df 9l] KkP/ lx8F b\ f ;8slt/ uP eg] …P Totflt/ ghfcf],
df6] /n] 5'G5Ú eg/] ;Demfpg] u5 ]{ .
Ps lbg pgLx¿ ljbo\ fnoaf6 3/ kmsFb{ } lyP . af6f] vn' f lyof ] . pgLx¿ cfsfzlt/ x]b}{
lxlF 8/xs] f lyP . dg' fn] Ps e'mG8 r/f ltgsg' ] cfsf/df pl8/x]sf] b]vL . p;nfO{ r/fx¿
v'a} ldn/] p8s] f] Psbd /dfOnf] nfUof ] . Tof] bZ[ o p;n] cfkm\ gf ;fyLx¿nfO{ klg b]vfO { .
;an} ] r/fx¿ ldn]/ p8]sf] bv] /] /dfOnf] dfg] . TolTts}df 3/ cfOku' ]sfn] ;a} cfcfˆgf]
3/sf] af6f] nfu ] . dg' f klg cfkm\ gf] 3/ uO{ . 3/ ku' ]kl5 x/avt d'gfsf] cfvF fdf r/f
;'OlF sg' – bfofFafofF gx]/L l56f] lxF8\g'
e'mG8 – ;dx" , x"n, hdft
174 efiff auF}rf – ^
zAb / c {yp8s] f] bZ[ o cfO/x\of ] . p;n] Tof] b[Zosf] lrq sfkLdf sf]/L . To;sf] cfsf/ cªu\ |h] L cIf/
…eLÚ sf] h:tf] eof ] . o;n] ubf{ p;nfO{ cem pT;s' tf hfUof ] . p;n] dgdg} ;f]rL . xfd|f]
3/ cfFugdf p8g\ ] euF /] f, ;f/fF} / sfux¿ t To;/L ldn]/ p8b\ }gg \ .
dg' fn] csf]{ lbg ljbo\ fnoaf6 kms{bF f klg cl3Nnf] lbg bv] ]sf] h:t} r/fx¿sf] bZ[ o
b]vL . pm 3/ kmsk]{ l5 cGo r/fx¿ lsg To;/L p8\bg} g\ eg]/ ;fR] g klg yfnL . lgs} lbg
;f]Rbf klg p;n] ae' \mg ;lsg . zlgaf/sf] lbg 3/ a;s] f] an] fdf p;n] a'afnfO{
cfsfzdf r/fx¿ ldn]/ p8s] f] s/' f atfO{ . p;n] leGb} tl/sfn] p8g\ ] tL s:tf r/f xg' \
eg/] ;f]wL . cfh klg dg' fn] tL r/fx¿ cfsfzdf p8s] f] b]vL . p;n] cfsfztkm{ cf}Fnf
b]vfpb} d}n] log} r/faf/] ;fw] s] L xF' egL .
dg' fsf aa' fn] cfsfzdf p8s] f r/fnfO{ bv] /] eGge' of,] æae' m\ of} 5f/] L, ltgLx¿ /fhx;+
xg' \ . pgLx¿ 6f9f 6f9fsf] ofqf ug{] xg' fn] o;/L g} ldn/] p8g\ ] ub5{ g \ . logLx¿ Ps
dxfbz] af6 csf{] dxfbz] kU' b5g \ . pgLx¿ cfkm\ gf] z/L/sf] cfjZostf cg;' f/sf]
tfkjm| ddf a:5g \ . . pgLx¿ cfkm" cgs' n" sf] df;} d ePsf] 7fpdF f hfg o;/L em' G8
em' G8 eP/ p85\ g \ . o;n} ] ubf{ logLx¿sf] p8g\ ] tl/sf / xfdf| ] 3/ cfFugdf p8\g]
r/fr'?ª\uLx¿sf] p8g\ ] tl/sf leGg bl] vPsf] xf ] .Æ
afa' 5f]/Lsf] s/' f ;'g]/ dg' fsL cfdf ;'wfn] klg cfsfzlt/ xb] {} eGg'eof,] æxf] t lg,
logLx¿ t a8f] /fdf| ] tl/sfn] p8\g] /x5] g \ .Æ
æo;/L cfsf/ agfP/ p8g\ 'sf] klg sf/0f xf]nf lg aa' f <Æ d'gfn] ;f]wL .
æsf/0f x'G5 lg 5f]/L . x/]s sfo{sf] k5fl8 sf/0f xg' ] ub{5Æ d'gfsf aa' fn] eGg'eof ] .
æaa' fnfO{ yfxf xfn] f lg sf/0f . dnfO{ klg atfOlbgx' f;] \ g Û d klg yfxf kfpmÆF dg' fn] egL .
æpgLx¿ ;d"xdf p8b\ f To:tf] sfstfnL kg{ uPsf] xf]nfÆ dg' fsL cfdfn] eGg'eof] .
æxf]Og cfdf Û dnfO{ To:tf] xf] h:tf] nfUbg} . tkfOFn{ ] eg]h:tf] eP t ;w}F To;f] gxg' k' g]{
lg . dn} ] so} f}F lbgb]lv pgLx¿ o:t} tl/sfn] p8]sf] b]vs] L 5Æ' d'gfn] egL .
æltdLn] l7s eGof} 5f]/L,Æ dg' fsf aa' fn] eGge' of ] .
dxfbz] – k[YjLsf 7'nf 7n' f kd| v' ev" 08
efiff auFr} f – ^ 175
zAb / c {y æaa' fnfO{ sf/0f yfxf 5
ls 5}g t, ls xh'/a'afnfO{
;fw] fF} <Æ ghfgL g5f]8\g]
lx;fan] dg' fn] ;f]wL .
æxh'/a'afnfO{ ;f]Wg] eP klg
;f]w, t/ s'/f] dnfO{ klg yfxf
5Æ d'gfsf a'afn] eGg'eof] .
æTo;f] eP 5f]/LnfO{ atfOlbP
eOxfNof] lg . lsg cndn
ul//fVg]Æ d'gfsL cfdfn]
eGg'eof] .
æcfsfz x]/]/ s] s'/f ul//x]sf ltdLx¿ < s] eP5 cfsfzdf xF < v} d}n] t s'g} gf}nf]
s'/f b]lvgF lg <Æ aflx/af6 3/leq l5b}{ d'gfsf xh'/a'afn] eGg'eof] .
æcfsfzdf /fhx+; cª\u|]hL cIf/sf] …eLÚ cfsf/ agfP/ lsg p8]sf eg]/ d'gfn] ;f]wLÆ
a'afn] eGg'eof] .
æclg atfOlbof} t <Æ d'gfsf xh'/a'afn] cfk\mgf] 5f]/fnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof] .
æatfpg cfF6\b} lyPF, a'af g} cfOk'Ug'eof] . ca a'afn] g} atfOlbg'xf];\Æ lbne"if0fn] eg] .
d'gfsf xh'/a'afn] kmn}Frfdf a:b} eGg'eof], æd}n] g} elglbg] < n x'G5 . tL /fhx+; x'g\
a'e\mof} gfltgL < tL 6f9fsf] ofqf u5{g\ . cufl8 lardf kg]{ u/L xjfO hxfhsf]
r'Rrf]h:tf] eP/ Pp6f p8]sf] x'G5 . p;sf] Psflt/ rf/ csf]{lt/ ltg j6f ;fy}
x'G5g\ . cufl8 p8\g]n] g]tfsf] ¿kdf p8fgsf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] x'G5 . c¿ p;sf] k5fl8
pl8/xG5g\ . nfdf] ofqf to ug'{kg]{ ePsf] x'gfn] cufl8sfn] dfq x/bd g]t[Tj ul//xg ;Sb}g .
o;}n] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] /fhxf; ha yfS5, ta pm ;/Ss ;a}eGbf k5fl8 cfpF5 . p;n]
7fpF 5f]8\g] lalTts} pmeGbf nuTt} k5fl8sfn] g]t[Tj ;DxfN5 . oxL j|mdn] pgLx¿sf]
ofqfdf kfn}kfnf] g]t[Tj ablnO/xG5 .Æ
kmnF}rf – 6fF8, leTtfdf hf8] /] agfOPsf] Ps k|sf/sf] a]Gr h:tf] vf6
g]t[Tj – cu'jfO,
176 efiff aur}F f – ^
zAb / c {yæclg Tof] leGg cfsf/df rflxF lsg p8]sf lg xh'/a'af pgLx¿ < Æ d'gfn] ;f]wL .
æo;/L p8\bf Psn] csf{nfO{ b]Vg kfpF5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ sf] yfs]sf] 5, sf] la/fdL
ePsf] 5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . o;f] ubf{ logLx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] ofqf
Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . To;}n] cª\u|]hL cIf/ …eLÚ cfsf/df p8\g] u5{g\ .
o;}af6 pgLx¿sf] sfo{ sf}zntf / bIftf cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . jf:tjdf, xfdL dfG5]
eGbf pgLx¿ a'b\lwdfg\ 5g\ . pgLx¿df Pstf 5Æ d'gfsf xh'/a'afn] eGg'eof] .
æxh'/a'af, s:tf] Pstf x'G5 pgLx¿df < o;/L p8\g'sf] kmfObf s] 5 / < yfs]/ k5fl8
uPsfl;t gyfs]sfx¿ s:tf] Jojxf/ u5{g\ < d'gfn] km]l/ ;f]wL .
afh] / gfltgLlarsf] s'/f Wofg nufP/ ;'lg/x]sL d'gfsL cfdf ;'wfn] eGg'eof], æ;fFRrL
a'af Û yfs]sfx¿ s] ubf{ x'g\ < dnfO{ klg hfGg dg nfUof] .Æ
xh'/a'afn] eGg'eof], æpgLx¿ Hff8f] 7fpFaf6 Gofgf] 7fpFsf] vf]hL ub}{ hfFbf Ps cfk;df
ldn]/ p8\g] u5{g\ . xfdLnfO{ tnaf6 x]/]/ pgLx¿sf] p8fgsf] cfsf/ b]Vbf /dfOnf]
nfU5 . pgLx¿ Pstfab\w eP/ p8\bf Pscsf{df ;xof]uL efj pTkGg ePsf] x'G5 .
;d"xdf p8\bf pgLx¿sf] p8fg Ifdtf ;Tt/L u'0ff a9L x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿nfO{
cfk"mn] rfx]sf] 7fpFdf l56f] / ;xh¿kdf k'Ug ;'ud x'G5 . ;Fu} p8\bf tf]lsPsf] 7fpFdf
k'Ug] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;xh x'G5 . o;/L p8\bf pgLx¿ cfk"mnfO{ zq'af6 ;'/lIft dx;';
ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . ha ls PSn} p8\bf w]/} s'/fsf] Vofn ug'{kg]{ ePsf]n] p8fg Ifdtfdf
tLj|tf cfpg ;Sb}g .Æ
ha cufl8sf] g]t[Tjstf{ yfS5, ta pm cfˆgf] 7fpF 5f8]/ tTsfn} k5fl8sf] nfOgdf
cfP/ a;L csf{nfO{ hfu?s eP/ g]t[Tj ug{] cj;/ k|bfg u5{ . o;/L g]tf ablnP klg
g]t[Tj sfod} /xG5, ;d"x sfod} /xG5 . k5fl8 p8\g]x¿ g]t[Tj ug]{nfO{ cfkmg} efiffdf
;fx; / xf};nf k|bfg ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o;af6 pgLx¿sf] p8fgsf] rfn 36\g kfpFb}g .
p8\bfp8\b} yfs]sf jf la/fdL ePsf /fhx+;x¿ c¿ ;Ifd ;fyLx¿eGbf clnslt km/s
Joj:yfkg – Joj:yf ldnfpg] sfd, plrt k|aGw
sfo{ sf}zntf – sfd ug{ l;kfn' bIftf – Ifdtf, lgk"0ft{ f
Pstfab\w – Pp6} ag]sf ] ;u' d – ;lhn} hfg ;lsg]
tLjt| f – l56f] tl/sfn ] hfu?s – ;rt] xg' '
efiff aurF} f – ^ 177
zAb / c {yeP/ p8\g] ub{5g\ . o; cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf] æeLÆ cfsf/sf] p8fgdf km/s cfpg]
ub{5 . o:tf sdhf]/ /fhx+;nfO{ xf};nf k|bfg ug{ c¿ alnofdWo]sf s]xL pgLx¿;Fu g}
p8\5g\ . sdhf]/ yfs]sfx¿ l7s ePkl5 km]l/ p8fgsf] cfsf/ ;fljssf] e}Fm x'g] ub{5 .
o;/L pgLx¿df Psn] csf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / dfof ug]{ efjgf /x]sf] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{
pgLx¿ h:tf];'s} cK7]/f] ;x]/ cufl8 a9\g ;Ifd x'G5g\ . æP Û pgLx¿df t sf] cufl8
sf] k5fl8 eg]/ xfgyfk x'g] /x]g5 . pgLx¿df t Pstf sfod x'g] /x]5 . xf]Og t
xh'/a'af < d'gfn] egL .
æxf] t lg . d]/L gfltgLn] s'/f a'lemxfnL lg ÛÆ xh'/a'afn] eGg'eof] .
To;kl5 d'gf xh'/a'afn] ;'gfPsf] /fhxfF;sf] syf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfP/ cfpF5' eg]/ v'/{
bf}8]/ ;fyLsf] 3/df uO{ .
xf};nf – pT;fx
u/, 3/
zb' w\ pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M
9]lkP/ kmnF}rf /fhx;+ r/fr'?ªu\ L lal;{;Sof}
cfOkU' g'eof] g]t[Tj
ab' \lwdfg\ ;fljs ;/' lIft
afw] / cleJolSt
!= kf7sf] clGtdsf b'O{ j6f cgR' 5b] xfpefp;lxt k9 .
@= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fpF e/ M
178 efiff au}rF f – ^
s= d'gfsf] ljbo\ fno hfg=========================5p] eP/ kf/ ugk'{ 5 { .
v= ;a} ljb\ofyLn{ =] ====================ldn/] p8]sf] bv] ]/ /dfOnf] dfg ] .
u= /fhx+;x¿ p8g\ ]=================== c¿ r/fsf] eGbf ===============lyof] .
3= x/s] sfo{sf] k5fl8============================x'g] ub{5 .
ª= /fhx;+ =================================r/f xf ] .
#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ nv] M
s= d'gfn] ljb\ofnoaf6 kms{Fbf s] b]lvg\ <
v= cfsfzdf …eLÚ cfsf/df p8g\ ] r/f sg' xf] <
u= /fhx+;x¿ sxfF hfbF } lyP <
3= /fhx+;sf] p8fgdf s;n] g]tT[ j u5{ <
ª= /fhx+;x¿ lsg Ps 7fpaF f6 csf{] 7fpFdf p8\g] u5{g\ <
$= lbPsfdWo] l7s jfSo dfq sfkLdf ;f/ M
s= /fhx;+ x¿ cfsfzdf ;d"x ag/] p8\5g\ .
v= /fhx+;x¿ nfdf] b"/L;Dd pl8/xg ;Sbg} g\ .
u= /fhx+;df ;xofu] L / Pstfsf] efjgf xG' 5 .
3= /fhx+;x¿ ab' l\ wdfg\ xb'F g} g \ .
ª= /fhx+;x¿ ;dx" df p8\bf Psn] csf{nfO{ bl] vof];\ eg/] …eLÚ cfsf/df p8\5g\ .
r= p8b\ f Pp6f yfSof] eg] csf]{n] g]t[Tj ;dfN5 .
5= dg' fnfO{ cfdfn] /fhx+;sf] af/d] f atfpge' of ] .
%= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M
s= d'gfn] aa' fnfO{ cfsfzlt/ lsg bv] fO{ <
v= /fhx+;x¿ lsg …eLÚ cfsf/df p8\5g\ <
u= gt] [Tj ug]{ /fhx;+ la/fdL eP/ p8g\ ;sg] eg] c¿n] s] u5{g\ <
3= /fhx;+ sf] gt] T[ j ablnof] eg] s] x'G5 <
ª= /fhx+; To;/L p8b\ f s:tf] dx;;' u5g{ \ <
r= …/fhx+;sf] p8fgÚ syfaf6 s] s] s'/f l;Sg ;lsG5 <
5= ltdLn] /fhx;+ sf af/d] f s] s] a‰' of} < n]v .
^= efj k|i6 u/ M
x/s] sfos{ f] k5fl8 sf/0f xg' ] ub{5 .
efiff auFr} f – ^ 179
cfk\mgf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLn] gf}nf] ljz]iftf ePsf r/f b]v]sf 5f} < ltgLx¿ s:tf 7fpFdf a:5g\ <
ltgLx¿sf] km/s ljz]iftf s] 5 <
?
;f]r / eg M
/fhx;+ x¿ cfkm\ gf] cfjZostfcg;' f/ Ps dxfbz] af6 csf{] dxfbz] ;Dd kU' 5g\ t/
sfu, ;f/f,}F euF /] fx¿ df;} d kl/jtg{ eP klg pxL 7fpdF f al;/xg] sf/0f s] xfn] f <
>l' t n]vg
lbPsf] cgR' 5]b ;'g / n]v M
æxh/' aa' fnfO{ ;fW] g] eP ;fw] , t/ s/' f] dnfO{ klg yfxf 5,Æ dg' fsf aa' fn] eGge' of ] . æTo;f]
eP 5f/] LnfO{ atfOlbP eOxfNof] lg . lsg cndn ul//fVg,' Æ dg' fsL cfdfn] eGge' of ] . æd
eGg cf6F b\ } t 5' lg Û ltdLx¿n] afN] g glbP/ kf] t,Æ dg' fsf aa' fn] eGge' of ] .
z'b\w n]vg
lbPsf] cg'R5b] zb' w\ agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
af:tjdf, /fhx;+ Psn} p8bfsf] egbf ;d'xdf p8bf plgx¿sf] p8fg Ifdtf a9L/x]
sf] xG" 5 . o;n] u/bf pgLx¿nfO{ cfk"mn] rfxs] f] 7fpdf 5L6f] / ;xh ¿kdf k"ug ;"ud
x'G5 .
180 efiff aurF} f – ^
zAb e08f/
!= zAb / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M
nIo ;w}F, hlxn];'s}
b/" L Ps xFb' fsf] cj:yf, dn] ldnfk
sf/0f ;fjwfg, sg' } s'/fk|lt ;hu
gt] [Tj sfddf b]lvg] l;kfn'kg
x/bd bz] sf] dV' o ;8s
Pstf af6f] b]vfpg] sfd, cu'jfO
;ts{ pbb\ Z] o
sfo{ sfz} n Ps 7fpF jf ;doaf6 csf{] 7fpF jf ;dolarsf] cGt/
/fhdfu{ 36gf jf sfo{ pTkGg ug{] tTTj
@= kof{ojfrL zAb;Fu hf]8f agfO{ n]v M
ofqf, bIftf, cg'dfg, p8fg, gfn} f,] ;ts,{ sdhf/] , to, ;fljs, Jojxf/, cGbfh,
gof,F e|d0f, p8fO, ;Ifdtf, kr| lnt, xfl] ;of/, cfr/0f, lgwf,] lgwf]{
pbfx/0f M ofqf – e|d0f
#= s= lbPsf zAbsf] PseGbf a9L cy{ ae' m M
rfn ult df; dlxgf
xf]; sfnf] bfn
k6] L lk9F L xf/ k/fho
sDd/df afWF g] lkmTtf dfnf
gfn kmfx] f/] aUg] af6f]
aGbs' sf] gnL
v= lbPsf cg]sfyL{ zAb /fvL km/s cy{ cfpg] b'O{ bO' { j6f jfSo agfpm M
rfn, k6] L, xf/, gfn, df;
efiff au}Frf – ^ 181
$= ldNbf] zAb /fvL vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= gt] [Tj ug{] /fhx+; yfsk] l5 ==================== k5fl8 cfp5F . -n'?Ss, ;/Ss, ;/f;/_
v= /fhx+;x¿ PSnfPSn} p8g\ ==================== dfGb}gg\ . -;/Ss, ykSs, k6Ss_
u= /fhx;+ x¿ yfs] klg ==================== a:b}gg \ . -yrSs, ;/Ss, ;/f;/_
3= /fhx+; nuftf/ p8] klg ==================== kbg{} g \ . -;/Ss, n'?Ss, ykSs_
%= lbPsf zAb ko| f]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
em'G8, pT;s' tf, dxfbz] , cndn, cfsf/, Joj:yfkg, gt] T[ j
Jofs/0f
sfo{d"ns Jofs/0f
!= c= tnsf jfSo k9 M
s= Ps lbg pgLx¿ ljb\ofnoaf6 3/ kms{bF } lyP .
v= pgLx¿ cfsfzlt/ x]b{} lyP .
u= /fhx+;x¿ hf8f] 7fpFaf6 Gofgf] 7fptF km{ hfbF } 5g\ .
3= dg' f aa' f;uF /fhx+;sf] af/d] f ;f]Wb} 5 ] .
ª= cfdfn] klg d'gfnfO{ s'/f ae' mfpFb} xg' x' 'g] 5 .
r= d'gf /fhx+;sf] af/]df atfpFb} xg' ] 5] .
dflysf jfSodf ko| fu] ePsf, kms{Fb} lyP, xb] {} lyP, hfFb} 5g\, ;fW] b} 5,] a'emfpFb}
xg' x' 'g] 5, atfpFb} x'g] 5] h:tf ljm| ofkb ko| fu] ePsf 5g\ . o:tf lj|mofkbn] sfd k/' f
gePsf] cj:yf hgfpF5g\ . oL ck0" f{ kIf a'emfpg] lj|mofkb xg' \ . ck"0f{ kIf ae' mfpg
wft'df t÷} b} hf8] \gk' 5 { . To;kl5 lyof], lyO,{ 5, 5g,\ 5;,\ xg' ] 5, x'g] 5g\ h:tf
;xfos ljm| ofkb ko| fu] ug{'k5 { .
cf= lbPsf wfta' f6 ck"0f{ kIf hgfpg] ljm| ofkb agfpm M
pbfx/0f M nfu\ ± b} ± lyof] – nfUb} lyof]
nfu\ ± b} ± 5' – nfUb} 5'
nfu\ ± b} ± xg' ] 5] – nfUb} x'g5]
u/,\ lx8F ,\ bv] \, hfu,\ yfn\, ku' \
182 efiff auFr} f – ^
@= pbfx/0f x/] L ck"0f{ e"t sfnsf jfSonfO{ ck0" f{ jt{dfg sfn / ck0" f{ eljiot\
sfndf kl/jt{g u/ M
pbfx/0f M dg' f ljb\ofno hfbF } lyO { .
dg' f ljbo\ fno hfFb} 5 ] .
dg' f ljbo\ fno hfbF } x'g] 5 ] .
s= /fhx+; cfsfzdf p8\b} lyP .
v= ;8sdf uf8L u'8\b} lyof ] .
u= xh/' aa' f d'gfnfO{ s/' f ae' mfpFb} xg' x' G' Yof ] .
3= dg' f pT;'s x'Fb} lyO{ .
ª= r/f] g]tT[ j kl/jtg{ ub}{ lyof] .
r= xfdL /fhx+;sf] af/d] f k9\b} lyofF} .
#= pbfx/0f x]/L jrg kl/jt{g u/ M
pbfx/0f M ;fyL 9]lKkP/ lx8F o\ f ] .
;fyLx¿ 9l] KkP/ lxF8] .
s= p;n] r/f p8]sf] bv] ]/ /dfOnf] dfgL .
v= pgLx¿n] r/fsf] af/]df s'/f u/ ] .
u= r/f] cfjZostfcg;' f/sf] tfkj|mddf a:5 .
3= tF /fhx+;sf] p8fgsf af/d] f sx] L hfGb5;\ <
ª= d ;a;} Fu ;fW] 5 ' .
r= ltdLx¿ /fhx;+ sf af/]df atfpm .
$= lbPsf ;j{gfd /fvL jfSo agfpm M
d, xfdL, tF, ltdL, tkfO,{F pm, pgL
nv] g cEof;
cg'n]vg
kf7sf P3f/fF,} af/f,}F t]/fF,} / rfw} fF} cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
efiff aurF} f – ^ 183
l;h{gfTds nv] g
lbPsf aFb' fsf cfwf/df syf tof/ kf/ M
Pp6f ufpdF f Ps hgf jb[ \w x'g' ===================, jb[ w\ sf rf/ hgf 5f/] f x'g' ====================,
Psl;t csf{] gldNg' ===============, 3/df ;w}F emu8f xg' ' =====================, jb[ w\ lgs}
lrlGtt xg' ' ==================, Ps lbg jb[ \wn] ;a} 5f]/fx¿nfO{ af]nfpg' =======================,æd
8fF8fdflysf] hg' eO;s] F . slxn] c:tfpF5' yfxf 5g} . ltdLx¿nfO{ …efO k'm6] ujfF/
n6' ]Ú eGg] yfxf 5}g xfn] fÆ eGg' =======================, jb[ w\ n] Pp6f nfdf] lemgf] l;Gsf]
efFr]sf====================, tL bO' 6{ f l;GsfnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fv/] km] l/ efFrs] f================,
l;Gsf klxn] h;/L g} ;lhn} eflF rPsf]==================, k]ml/ ;a} 6j' |mfnfO{ Ps 7fpFdf /fv]/
efFRg vf]hs] f==========================, efFlrg uf/f] ePsf=] ===================, jb[ \wn] 5f/] fnfO{
eg,] æb]Vof} t Pp6f dfq x'Fbf l;Gsf] ;lhn} eflF rPsf]=======================, w]/} xb'F f efFRg
sl7g===================, To;}n] Pstfdf an x'G5 egs] f] =======================, cabl] v ltdLx¿
klg ldn/] vfg"====================, slxNo} emu8f gug"{Æ eg]/ jb[ \wn] 5f/] fx¿nfO{ ;DemfP .
184 efiff auFr} f – ^
@kf7 alxgLnfO{ lr7L
ldlt M @)&!÷!)÷!^
Kof/L alxgL cflzsf,
z'e cfzLjfb{ Û
oxfF dnfO{ ;Gr} 5 . ltdLn]
cfdf la/fdL xg' x' G5 eg]/
lr7Ldf n]vs] L lyof } . clxn] t
;Grf] eof] xfn] f lg Û ufpFdf
of] jif{ c;f/el/ v8/] L k/]/
vt] /f]Kg kfOPg5 . c;fh] df
a;] /L kfgL k/]5 / klx/f] uP5,
k;' sf lbgdf klg vf;} hf8f]sf]
dx;;' ePg5 eGg] s/' f ltd|f]
lr7Laf6 yfxf kfPF . ufpnF n] ]
eg]h:tf] bp] tf l/;fP/ o:tf]
ePsf] xf] t < eGg] ltdf| ] k|Zgsf] d o;} lr7Laf6 lbg rfxG5 ' .
alxgL, kY[ jLsf] jfo'd08ndf sfag{ 8fO cS;fO8 / sfa{g df]gf] cS;fO8 h:tf Uof;x¿
5g\ . tL Uof;n] ;"os{ f] tfk a9L ;l~rt ug{ ;S5g \ . tL Uof;n] ;"os{ f] ls/0fnfO{
jfo'd08nleq l5g{ t lbG5g\ t/ k/fjltt{ ePsf k|sfzsf ls/0fnfO{ jfod' 08neGbf
aflx/ kms{g lbFbg} g\ . o;n] ubf{ k[YjL Gofgf] 5 / oxfF kf| 0fLsf] hLjg ;Dej ePsf]
5 t/ cfh ef]ln dflg;x¿n] 7n' f 7n' f pb\of]u / snsf/vfgf vf]n/] o:tf Uof;
a9fO/xs] f 5g \ . sf/vfgfx¿af6 lgl:sPsf] w'Fjfdf sfag{ 8fO cS;fO8 / sfa{g df]gf]
cS;fO8sf] dfqf a9L x'G5 . ltgn] ;o" s{ f] tfk a9L ;l~rt u/]sf] xb'F f kY[ jLsf] tfkj|md
a9\b} uO/xs] f] 5 . o;n] k[YjLsf] hnjfo'df kl/jt{g NofPsf] 5 . To:t} ;jf/L ;fwgsf]
zAb / c {y v8/] L – kfgL gk/s] f] cj:yf ;l~rt – hDdf ufl/Psf]
k/fjlt{t – 7fl] sP/ kmsg{ '
efiff au}Frf – ^ 185
w'jf,F pmhfs{ f nflu ko| fu] ul/g] d6l\ 6tn] / Uof;sf] w]/} k|ofu] , hg;ªV\ ofsf] j[bl\ w
/f;folgs cf}iflwsf] a9b\ f] ko| fu] n] klg hnjfod' f kl/jtg{ cfPsf] 5 . To;}n], of] ;;+ f/
df /x]sf ;Dk0" f{ hLljt kf| 0fL vt/fdf kgd{' f b]jL bj] tfsf] sg' } bf]if 5g} . o;sf] k|dv'
sf/0f t dflg; cfkm}F xf ] . hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf sf/0fn] klxn]sf] eGbf tLj|¿kn] lxpF klUn
/x]sf] 5 . lxdfnsf ;'Gb/ rr' '/fx¿ sfnf r66\ fgsf kxf8h:tf b]lvg yfns] f 5g \ .
jftfj/0fdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g elgG5 . o;}sf sf/0f ;db' |sf] ;tx a9\b}
cfO/xs] f] 5 . cltj[li6, v08j[li6 / cgfjl[ i6sf] ;d:of b]vf k/s] f] 5 . To:t} u/L a9L udL{ x'g,]
r/fx¿n] ;do cufj} aRrf sf/] Ng], afnLgfnLdf gfn} f /f]ux¿ b]vf kg,{] j}zfvdf kfSg'kg]{
kmn kmfu'gdf g} kfSg] h:tf cgf7} f kl/jt{g klg bv] f k/]sf x'g\ .
klxn]sf] h:tf] jftfj/0f / xfjfkfgL agfpg xfdL ;a}n] gfªu\ f 8fF8fx¿df j[If/fk] 0f
ug'{k5 { . jg hª\unsf] plrt ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ . pb\of]u tyf snsf/vfgfx¿df w'jf/F lxt
k|ljlw k|ofu] ug'{k5{ .
dnfO{ nfU5, ca ltdLn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf/] a‰' of} xfn] f, ltdLn] oL s'/f ufpsF f
dflg;x¿nfO{ klg l;sfpg'k5{ x} Û alxgL, d cfufdL b;d}F f 3/ kms{G5' xf]nf . To;kl5
xfdL b'j} a;]/ o:tf ;d:ofsf] ljifodf 5nkmn u/fFn} f . cfhnfO{ olt g} .
ltdLnfO{ dfof ug{] bfh,'
nf;fª vfkª'
cltj[li6 – w/] } kfgL k/s] f] cj:yf
v08jl[ i6 – cfl+ zs ¿kdf kfgL k/]sf] cj:yf cgfj[li6 – kfgL g} gk/]sf] cj:yf
wj' fF/lxt – wj' fF gcfpg ] cfufdL – cfpbF f]
vfdsf] gdg" f
ki]| fs kf| ks
nf;fª vfk'ª cflzsf vfkª'
dx]Gb| df]/ª ;/:jtL pRr dfWolds
ax'd'vL SofDk; ljbo\ fno
/f8] ;];, df]/ª sIff ^
sfz] L c~rn xfªkfª, tfKn]hª'
dr] L c~rn
186 efiff auF}rf – ^
u/, 3/
z'b\w pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;'g / eg M
sfa{g 8fO cS;fO8 sfa{g dgf] cS;fO8 kfOPg5 ;l~rt tfkj|md
d6\l6tn] klUnO/xs] f] r6\6fg v08j[li6 cgfjl[ i6
af]w / cleJolSt
!= kf7sf] lr7Ldf nl] vPsf s/' f k9/] ;g' fpm .
@= kf7sf cfwf/df ldNbf] zAb /fvL vfnL 7fpF e/ M
s= kY[ jLsf] jfo'd08ndf ===================/ ====================== Uof; klg 5g\ .
v= dflg;x¿ pb\of]u / =========================vfn] /] oL Uof; a9fO/xs] f 5g \ .
u= kY[ jLdf /x]sf kf| 0fL==================kgd{' f bj] L b]jtfsf] sg' =} ======================5g} .
3= lxpF k'/} klUnof] eg] lxdfnx¿===========================kxf8 dfq xg' 5] g\ .
ª= st} w]/} kfgL kg],{ st} kfgL gkg]{ x'g=' ====================== kl/jt{gsf] c;/ xf ] .
#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ nv] M
s= dflysf] lr7L s;n] s;nfO{ n]v]sf] xf] <
v= jfod' 08ndf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ nfO{ ufpFnn] ] s] ePsf] eg] <
u= snsf/vfgfsf w'jfnF ] sg' sg' Uof; a9fp5F g\ <
3= lxdfnsf ;G' b/ rr' '/fx¿ sfnf r66\ fgsf kxf8 h:tf bl] vgs' f] sf/0f s] xf] <
ª= klxn]sf] h:t} jftfj/0f / xfjfkfgL agfpg s] ug'{k5{ <
$= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ªl\ IfKt pTt/ nv] M
s= ufpdF f s] s] sfd ug{ EofOPg5 <
v= k[YjLdf udL{ a9g\ 'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
u= sfag{ 8fO cS;fO8 / sfag{ dfg] f] cS;fO8 h:tf Uof; s] sf/0fn] a9b\ } uO/xs] f 5g\ <
3= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx¿ s] s] xg' \ <
ª= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f kY[ jLdf s:tf kl/jt{g b]vf k/s] f 5g\ <
%= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ xg' 'df d'Vo ¿kdf s;sf] e"ldsf 5 / lsg <
efiff au}Frf – ^ 187
^= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sx] L c;/x¿ nf;fªn] lr7Ldf nv] ]sf 5g\, tLeGbf afx]s c¿ s]
s] xfn] fg\ <
&= ‘:jf:Yo g} dflg;sf] cdN" o ;Dklt xf]’ eGg] s'/f ae' mfpFb} sf7df8fF}df k9\g a;]sf]
5f/] fnfO{ afa'sf tk{maf6 lr7L n]v .
*= cfkm\ g} ufpFdf Jofj;flos t/sf/L vt] L u//] sdfpg ;lsg] s'/f ae' mfP/ ljbz] df
a;s] L lbbLnfO{ efOsf] tk{maf6 lr7L nv] .
cfkm\ gf cg'ej ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdf| ] ufp3F /df klRr; jif{ klxn] s:tf s:tf cGgafnL kmNy] < cfhefl] n s:tf
cGgafnL kmN5g\ < cleefjsl;t ;fw] / ;fyLnfO{ atfpm .
?
;fr] / eg M
kY[ jLsf] tfkj|md o;/L a9\b} hfg] / lxdfnsf] lxpF klUnbF } hfg] xf] eg] k[YjLdf
s:tf s:tf ;d:of cfOknfg{ \ <
;dx" sfo{
rf/ j6f ;dx" df a; . …/fhx;+ p8fgÚ syfsf] ;?' bl] v 56} fF} cgR' 5b] ;Dd k9 . kd| v'
36gf ae' mfpg] b; jfSo /v] fªs\ g u/ . sfkLsf ki[ 7 lgsfn/] t;] f]{ kf//] b; 6j' m| f
kf/ . 6j' m| fdf ltdLn] /v] fªs\ g u/s] f jfSo Ps Ps u/L nv] . tL 6j' m| f k6o\ fpm . Pp6f
afs;df xfn . sIffsf] Ps hgf cufl8 hfpm . sfuhsf 6j' m| f tndfly xg' ] u/L rnfpm .
kT| os] ;dx" sf] Ps Ps hgf cufl8 hfpm . afs;af6 Pp6f Pp6f 6j' m| f lgsfn . To;df
nl] vPsf] jfSo x/] . syfdf sg' jfSo cufl8 cfp5F , Tof] jfSo ;?' df, To;kl5sf] jfSo
Tofe] Gbf tn /fv . km] l/ csf{] Ps Ps 6j' m| f lgsfn . To;df nl] vPsf] jfSo x/] . syfdf
hg' jfSo cufl8 cfp5F , Tof] jfSo ;?' df /fv/] cl3 em} F ldnfpm . o;/L g} ;a} jfSonfO{
36gfcg;' f/ syfsf] jm| d ldnfpm . 36gfcg;' f/ ;a} jfSosf] jm| d ldnk] l5 rf6{ kk] /df
nv] / sIffsf] leTtfdf 6f;F .
188 efiff auF}rf – ^
>'lt n]vg
lbPsf] cgR' 5b] ;'g / nv] M
k[YjLsf] jfod' 08ndf sfa{g 8fO cS;fO8 / sfag{ df]gf] cS;fO8 h:tf Uof;x¿ klg
5g\ . tL Uof;n] ;o" {sf] tfk a9L ;l~rt ug{ ;S5g \ . tL Uof;n] ;o" {sf] ls/0fnfO{
jfo'd08nleq l5g{ t lbG5g\ t/ kY[ jLaf6 k/fjlt{t ePsf ks| fzsf ls/0fnfO{ jfo'd08neGbf
aflx/ kmsg{ lbbF g} g \ . o;}n] k[YjL Gofgf] 5 / oxfF k|f0fLsf] hLjg ;Dej ePsf] 5 .
zb' w\ n]vg
lbPsf jfSonfO{ z'bw\ agfO{ nv] M
cfhef]nL dfgL;x¿n] 7'nf7'nf pbo\ fu] / snsf/vfgf vf]n/] O{ Uof;F a9fO/{ xs] f 5g \ .
sf/vfgfx¿af6 lg:sLosf] wj"F fdf sfag{ 8fOcSzfO8{ / sfag{ dfg] f]cSzfO8sf] dfqf al9
x'G5 .
zAb e08f/
!= zAb / cys{ f] hf]8f ldnfpm M
tLj| dg k/s] L
cfufdL xfjfkfgL
Kof/L cge' j
hnjfo' ;f/f] 9ª' \ufsf] kxf8
r66\ fg lhpFbf]
bf]if k|f0f ePsf] j:t' jf JolSt
k|f0fL s'g} JolStdf x'g] bu' '0{ f
hLljt l56f]
dx;;' cfpbF f]
@= lbPsf zAb ko| f]u u/L jfSo agfpm M
klx/f], v8]/L, k|f0fL, ;'Gb/, ls/f, ;/+ If0f
efiff aurF} f – ^ 189
#= kf7af6 /]km - {_ nfus] f b; j6f zAb vf]h/] n]v M
pbfx/0f M cfzLjf{b
$= kf7af6 zAbsf] cGTodf bL3{ Osf/ -L_ nfus] f zAb vfh] ]/ n]v .
Jofs/0f
sfod{ n" s Jofs/0f
!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
s= alxgL hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf] af/d] f ae' m\nL .
v= d 3/ cfpnF f .
u= xfdL ;an} fO{ a'emfpnF f .
3= csf]{ jif{ ufpFsf] vt] L /fd|f] xf]nf .
ª= ufpnF ] ;a} v';L xfn] fg \ .
dflysf jfSon] kl5 sfd x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf a'emfPsf 5g\ . To;n} ] oL jfSox¿
;Defjgfy{s jfSo xg' \ .
wftd' f nf, pnF f, cfF}nf, nL, cf}nf, nf;,\ lng\ cflb kT| oo hf]8k] l5 ;Defjgfy{s
ljm| ofkb aGb5g \ .
cf= pbfx/0f x/] L ;Defjgfy{s lj|mofkb agfpm M
pbfx/0f M wft' ;Defjgfy{ lj|mofkb
;s\ ;Snf
k/,\ lb, x'F, n]v,\ eg\,
@= ;Defjgfys{ ljm| ofkb k|ofu] u/L ltdLn] ef]ln ug]{ sfdsf] af/]df b; jfSo nv] .
#= c= lbPsf] 9frF f k9 M
wft' kT| oo dn" zAb lj|mofkb
;s\ g' ;Sg' ;S5, ;S5,] ;S5g,\ ;lS5g,\ ;S5f,}F ;S5\of,} ;Sg'x'G5
k/\ g' kg{' k5,{ k5,{] k5g{ \, kl5{g,\ k5f}F, k5o\ f},{ kgx'{ G' 5
lb g' lbg' lbG5, lbG5,] lbG5g,\ lblG5g\, lbG5fF,} lbG5f,} lbgx' 'G5
u/\ g' ug'{ u5,{ u5,{] ul5{g\, u5g{ \, u5f,F} u5f,{} ug{'x'G5 .
cf= dflysf] tflnsf x/] L lbPsf wft'af6 lj|mofkb agfpm M
k'u,\ eg\, yfn,\ x', bv] \, w,' ?
190 efiff au}rF f – ^
$= kf7df k|of]u ePsf jt{dfg sfnsf jfSo vfh] ]/ nv] .
n]vg cEof;
cg'nv] g
!= kf7sf clGtd b'O{ cgR' 5b] h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ .
@= lbPsf] cgR' 5]b h:tfsf] To:t} ;f/ M
ks| l[ tdf km/s km/s ljzi] ftf ePsf kf| 0fL / jg:klt kfOG5g \ . tL ;as} f] km/s ljzi] ftf
ePsf sf/0fn] kf| sl[ ts ;Gtn' g ePsf] xf ] . kY[ jLsf] ;a} 7fpdF f Ps} lsl;dsf] xfjfkfgL
kfObF g} . kY[ jLdf km/s xfjfkfgL ePsf sf/0f km/s ljzi] ftf ePsf kf| 0fL / jg:klt afRF g
;kmn ePsf xg' \ . vf; tfkjm| ddf a:g ;Sg] ljleGg kf| 0fLdWo] /fhx;+ r/f klg Ps xf ] .
/fhx;+ x¿sf] kd| v' jf;:yfg ?;sf] ;fOal] /of Ifq] xf ] . pgLx¿ lr;f] a9k] l5 cfkm" a:g
;Sg] tfkjm| d ePsf] 7fpF vfH] g 6f9f 6f9f;Dd p85\ g \ . tL r/f gk] fnsf l;d;f/ Ifq] df
;dt] cfOkU' 5g \ . ltgLx¿ ;dx" df p85\ g \ .
l;h{gfTds n]vg
s= hnjfo' kl/jtg{ sf c;/nfO{ sd ugs{ f nflu ugk{' g{] sfdx¿ ;d6] L lgaGw tof/ kf/ .
vN] bfv]Nb}
ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;sf] cj;/ kf/]/ hnjfo' kl/jt{g sd ug]{ hgrt] gfd"ns ¥ofnLsf]
cfof]hgf u/ .
efiff au}Frf – ^ 191
!#PsfO zl} Ifs e|d0f
cfvF Lem\ofn
lbPsf lrqn] s] b]vfpF5g\ <
efu lng] ljbo\ fyL{sf] ;r" L lsg lrGtf lng] <
t tof/ eof] t/ cEof; kw| fg cWofksnfO{ lgjb] g lbP/
ugs{ f] nflu xfd|f] dfu u/] t eOxfN5 lg Û
ljbo\ fnodf v]nsb' sf
;fduL| g} 5}gg \ .
!kf7 k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgj]bg
ldlt M @)&!÷!!÷@%
>L k|wfgfWofksHo",
>L ;'bz{g lg=df=lj
kfn'ª6f/, uf]/vf .
ljifo M v]ns'b ;fduL| pknAw u/fOlbg] af/] .
dxf]bo,
uf]/vf lhNnfJofkL cGt/ljb\ofno vn] s'b, kl| tofl] utf oxL ldlt @)&!÷!@÷)% ut]
x'g] s/' f oxfnF fO{ cjut g} 5 . xfdL sIff 5, ;ft / cf7sf ljbo\ fyL{ pSt vn] s'b
kl| tofl] utfdf efu lng rfxG5f F} . kl| tofl] utfdf efu lng hfbF f cEof; gu/L hfg' dg-
fl;a xfO] g eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . k|ltof]lutfdf /flvPsf vn] sb' dWo] xfdLn] elnan,
r];, 6a] 'n 6l] g; / Sof/fd af8] { vn] df efu lng] ePsf 5fF } . o;y{ tL v]nsf lglDt
cfjZos ;fduL| x¿ pknAw u/fOlbg'xg' ;fb/ cg/' fw] ub{5 ' .
6fn] L kd| v'
g/z] yfkf du/
sIff 5
zAb / c {y ;fdu|L – s'g} sfddf k|of]u ul/g] ;fdfg lhNnfJofkL – lhNnfel/sf]
dgfl;a – plrt, l7s ;fb/ – cfb/ jf ;Ddfgsf ;fy
u/, 3/
zb' \w pRrf/0f
lbPsf zAb ;g' / eg M ;fdu|L lhNnfJofkL cGt/ljbo\ fno
pknAw k|d'v cfjZostf
kw| fgfWofks ;'bz{g
dgfl;a k|ltof]lutf
efiff aurF} f – ^ 193
af]w / cleJolSt
!= lbPsf kZ| gsf] Ps jfSodf pTt/ nv] M
s= lgj]bg s]sf] ljifodf n]lvPsf] 5 <
v= lgjb] gdf ldlt stfk6\l6 n]lvPsf] 5 <
u= lgjb] g s;n] s;nfO{ nv] s] f] xf] <
3= vn] sb' kl| tof]lutfdf slt sIffsf ljb\ofyLn{ ] efu lng rfxG5g\ <
@= lbPsf k|Zgsf] ;ª\lIfKt pTt/ n]v M
s= lgjb] gdf lsg vn] sb' ;fduL| pknAw u/fpg cg'/fw] ul/Psf] xf] <
v= ljbo\ fyL{x¿n] sg' sg' v]ndf efu lnFb5} g\ <
u= ldlt @)&!÷!@÷)% df s:tf] kl| tofl] utf xF'b}5 <
#= lbPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ bp] m M
s= lgj]bg lsg n]Vg'k5{ <
v= PsfO af/sf] kf7 bO' d{ f lbPsf] lr7L / of] lgj]bgdf s] s] leGgtf 5g\ <
$= ljbo\ fnodf ePsf] zf}rfnodf kfOk lau]|/ kfgL gcfpg] ePsfn] dd{t ul/lbg
cg/' f]w ub}{ k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgjb] g n]v .
%= ljb\ofnosf] sDKo6' / k|ofu] zfnfdf sDKo'6/ yf]/} ePsfn] c¿ kfrF j6f sDKo'6/ yKg
cg'/f]w ub{} kw| fgfWofksnfO{ lgjb] g nv] .
^= lgjb] g nV] g] cª\uh|] Lsf] / g]kfnLsf] 9fFrfdf s] s] km/s xG' 5 < kTtf nufP/ n]v .
cfk\mgf cge' j ;f6f;f6 u/ M
ltdLn] s'g} k|ltofl] utfdf efu lnPsf 5f} < k|ltofl] utfsf] glthf s'bfs{ f]
cg'ej ;fyLnfO{ ;'gfpm .
194 efiff auF}rf – ^
?
;fr] / eg M
cEof; gu/L kl| tofl] utfdf efu lnFbf s] xG' 5 xfn] f <
;dx" sfo{
rf/ j6f ;dx" df a; . …hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ s;/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 <Ú eGg]
kZ| gsf] ;xL pTt/ s] x'g ;S5, cfkm\ gf] ;d"xdf 5nkmn u/ . k|Tos] ;dx" n]
rf/ jfSodf ;Defljt pTt/ n]v . k|To]s ;d"xsf pTt/ Ps 7fpdF f hDdf
u/ . kT| o]s ;dx" sf] Ps hgf cufl8 hfpm . ;a} ;dx" sf pTt/ bfhF ]/ x]/ .
bfx] fl] /Psf jfSo sfkLsf] Psflt/ / gbf]xf]l/Psf jfSo csf{l] t/ nv] . cGo
ljb\ofyL{dWo] b'O{ hgfn] pTt/ k9]/ sIffdf ;g' fpm . ;a} ;dx" sf pTt/ ;d]l6g]
/ ;xL jfSo rf/ j6f 5fg . tL jfSo rf6{ kk] /df ;kmf cIf/ kf//] n]v / sIff
sf]7fsf] leTtfdf 6f;F .
>l' t nv] g
lbPsf zAb ;g' / nv] M
ljifo, vn] sb' , cjut, rfxG5fF,} cEof;, 6]a'n 6l] g;, ;fduL| , pknAw, kl| tofl] utf, kd| v'
z'bw\ n]vg
lbPsf] jfSo z'bw\ agfO{ sfkLdf ;f/ M
klt{ofu] Ltfdf hfbf cEofz gul/ hfg' dgf;Lj xf]Og eGg] xfldnfO{ nfUof 5 .
efiff auF}rf – ^ 195
zAb e08f/
!= lbPsf zAbsf] k'/f ¿k n]v M
k|=c=, lg=df=lj=, lh=lz=c=, lh=k|=sf=, k=lg=sf=, k=| d=, /f=;=;=, df=lj=, lj=;+, lq=
lj=lj=, lj=lg
pbfx/0f M k=| c= – k|wfg cWofks
@= s= kT| os] zAbsf cufl8 ‘kl| t’ yk/] gofF zAb agfpm M
of]uL, aGw, zfw] , kmn, lglw, ljm| of, sf/, sn" , lbg
pbfx/0f M kl| t ± ofu] L – k|ltof]uL
v= pk ± nAw – pknAw eP em} F lbPsf zAbaf6 aGg] gofF zAb nv] M
s/0f, cWoIf, k|wfg, ef]u, ofu] , zLifs{ , efU] o, zªs\ f
#= lbPsf zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm M
k|ltof]lutf, cjut, cEof;, cfjZos, pknAw, ;fb/
$= kf7df ePsf afxs] cGo b; j6f v]nsf gfd n]v .
%= kf7af6 ‘a’ / ‘j’ k|of]u ePsf zAb vf]h . tL zAb /fvL jfSo agfpm .
Jofs/0f
sfo{dn" s Jofs/0f
!= c= lbPsf jfSo k9 M
sfofn{ odf uP/ lgjb] g bp] m .
lgj]bg lbg'kj" { Ps k6s k9 .
sIffsf7] fleq zfGt eP/ a; .
/fdf| ;] uF v]n v]n .
kl| tofl] utf lht/] cfpm .
dflysf jfSon] cf1f jf cfb]z ae' mfPsf 5g \ .
cf= cf1fy{ ko| fu] u/L 5 jfSo nv] .
196 efiff aurF} f – ^
@= lbPsf jfSonfO{ cf1fy{df abn M
s= ;fyLx¿ v]nsf] cEof; u5g{ \ .
v= g/]z sfofn{ odf lgjb] g lbg hfG5g \ .
u= ltdL vn] sb' ;fduL| afS] 5f} .
3= ltdLx¿ ljz]if cg/' f]w u5f} { .
ª= ljbo\ fyL{x¿ k|ltofl] utfdf efu lnG5g\ .
#= kf7df lbPsf jfSonfO{ eljiot\ sfndf kl/jtg{ u/ .
$= lbPsf lj|mofkbnfO{ ax' jrgdf abn M
hfG5, rfxG5,' u5,{' eG5,] lbG5;\, u5,{ u5,{] xf]
nv] g cEof;
cg'nv] g
!= lbPsf jfSo h:tfsf] To:t} sfkLdf ;f/ M
xfdL ljb\ofnodf sIffsf7] fdf k9\g] / cGo lj|mofsnfkdf efu lng] u5f}{F .
k|ltof]lutfdf efu lng hfFbf kz| :t cEof; u/]/ dfq hfg'k5 { . k|z:t cEof;
ul/of] eg] lhltg] ;Defjgf a9L xG' 5 . cEof; ugs{ f nflu ;fduL| rflxG5 .
ljbo\ fnodf cltl/St cEof;sf nflu rflxg] ;fduL| pknAw gxg' klg ;S5 .
o:tf] cj:yfdf k|wfgfWofksnfO{ lgjb] g lbP/ ;fduL| dfu ugk{' 5{ . lgj]bg nV] bf
ldlt, ;Dafw] g, ljifo, Joxf]/f / lgj]bssf] gfd, sIff, /f]n g=+ l7s l7s 7fpFdf
nV] g la;g{ 'xFb' }g .
efiff aur}F f – ^ 197
l;hg{ fTds n]vg
lbPsf] lgjb] g k/' f u/ M
ldlt M
>L Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf cWoIfHo",
;/:jtL p=df=lj=
efTsfF8f, 88]Nw/' f
ljifo M– vfgk] fgLsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg] af/] .
dxf]bo,
xfd|f] ljbo\ fnodf ljbo\ fyL{ ;ªV\ of w]/} ePsf] s/' f oxfnF fO{ cjut} 5 . xfdf| ] ljbo\ fnodf
vfg]kfgLsf] plrt Joj:yf 5}g . ==========================================================================
=================================================================================================================== .
o;y,{ vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf u/L zb' w\ kfgL vfg kfpg] cj:yfsf] l;hg{ f ul/lbg'x'g ljgd|
cg/' f]w ub{5f }F .
lgj]bs
sIff ^ sf ljbo\ fyLx{ ¿
v]NbfvN] b}
lbPsf] sf]7k] b k'/f u/ M
t;] f]{
!= ?vsf] afj] |mfleqsf] s8f j:t'
$= k'mn, b'af] cflb Pp6} wfuf]df pg]/ agfOPsf] j:t'
%= n'ufnfO{ hgfpg] afnafn] L
^= dhb'/x¿sf] a:tL
&= ab' l\ w
*= dgg
198 efiff auFr} f – ^
(= ;uF L ! @#
!)= hxfFsf] ToxLF /x]sf] $%
!@= lbg tf]Sgsf nflu nl] vg] ;do
!#= af]em ^&
!$= sn' k/Dk/f hgfpg] pkgfd *
7f8f]
!= af/ dlxgfdWo] ;ftf}F dlxgf ( !) !!
@= aGbsf] pN6f] !@ !#
#= gfltsf] 5f/] f]
$= gS;f !$
*= tl:a/
(= dlxnfn] ldt nufPsL dlxnf
!!= dl" t{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] ejg
!#= k?' if hftsf] kf| 0fL
efiff auFr} f – ^ 199
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