Dyanamic Grammar-8-2077

DYNAMIC

ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&

COMPOSITION

8

Author
Krishna Prasad Regmi

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal

Published by:

Shubharambha Publication Pvt.Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com.np
E-mail: [email protected]

www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication

Book: Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book -8

Author : Krishna Prasad Regmi
Layout Design : Ram Malakar
Copyright © : Publisher
New Edition : 2077

© : Publisher

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.

Printed in Nepal

Preface

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to the new
English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre. The series
comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten. The present book is an
amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and forms presented in lucid modern
English and illustrated with numerous examples.

The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning English
grammar and composition-a change that will enable the learners to use grammar
in context using both inductive and deductive approaches aiming to develop four
language skills immensely. Practice in composition tasks will help to develop the
learner’s writing skills. It will encourage to writing their own thoughts, ideas and
feelings.

This new edition contains huge examples and their application to communicative
approach that will increase the quality learning of English grammar. It is thought that
this change will improve the standard and acceptability of the book and I will consider
the attempts fruitful if students find the book fruitful.

I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject matter to
make it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical structures and adequate
exercises on them, plenty of guided and free writing composition with enough
practice questions, an adequate amount of vocabulary related sections and as much
as necessary self study materials have been presented in the following chapters.

I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement,
co-operation and help in preparing this book.

At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and readers that
constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously appreciated and
incorporated in the upcoming edition.

The Author

contents

Chapter I: Grammar

Articles.............................................7-18 Concord........................................88-100
Relative Clause................................ 19-23 Voice.............................................101-117
Prepositions.....................................24-34 Question Tags...............................118-128
Sentence Transformation................ 35-46 Conditional Sentences..................129-135
Reflexive Pronouns......................... 47-52 Connectives..................................136-146
Tense................................................53-73 Grammar I....................................147-149
Reported Speech.............................74-87 Grammar II...................................150-151
Grammar III ..................................152-153
Chapter II: Writing
Story Writing.................................176-179
Interpretation of Charts & Graphs....154-158 Paragraph Writing.........................180-184
Broken Dialogue...............................159-169 Essay Writing.................................185-195
News Story........................................170-173 Letter Writing................................196-202
Writing Leaflet..................................174-175 Writing Biography.........................203-204

Chapter III: Reading Chapter IV: Listening
Seen Texts........................................205-248 Listening.......................................264-267
Unseen Texts....................................249-263
Chapter V: Speaking
Speaking.......................................268-272

Chapter VI: Vocabulary Irregular Verbs.............................281-284
Collective Nouns...............................273-273 Antonyms....................................285-287
Diminutives......................................274-274 Synonyms....................................288-290
Home of Creatures.......................... 275-275 Glossary.......................................291-301
Objects and Sounds..........................276-276 Model Question...........................302-312
Parents and Young............................277-277
Regular Verbs...................................278-280

Test Specification Grid

Listening (10) Speaking (15) Reading (40) Writing (35)
Question Types: Question Types: Question Types: Question Types:
a. Multiple Choice 1. Interview- 5 Marks a.Short-answer 1. Guided writing 2x5 =
b. Fill in the gaps 2.Describing, questions 10 Marks
c. True/False persons, pictures, b. Ordering Ask any two questions.
d. Tick the correct charts, a sequence of c. True/False a.Interpreting charts
events or retelling a d. Matching
answers story- 10 marks e. Multiple choice and diagrams
e. Ordering Materials: f. Fill in the blanks b. Dialogues
Materials: Questions for 1. Two seen texts c. Biographies
a. Cassette/Monitors' interview, pictures, (10+10)20 Marks d. News stories
maps, diagrams, etc. 2. Two unseen texts e. Curriculum vitae
voice Note: (10+10) = 20 Marks f. Leaflet
b. Pictures, maps, The monitor/teacher Note: 2. Free writing 1x15=15
requires to relate the Shor t-answer
diagrams, etc. language functions questions can be asked Marks
Note: while assessing from both seen and a. Personal letter
The monitor plays students' speaking unseen texts. However, b. Letter of apology
listening text and performance. the other types of c. Essay writing (150
provides any 2 types of questions should not
questions mentioned be repeated. words)
above each carrying 5 Vocabulary items 3. Grammar 10 marks
marks. can also be asked in a. Tense
matching, fill in types. b. Preposition
c.Articles
d. Relative Clauses
e. Voice
f. Reflexive Pronouns
g. Reported Speech
h. Subject Verb

Agreement
i. Question Tag
j. connectives
Type of questions:
a. Fill in the gaps
b. Multiple choice
c. Transformation
Note:
There will be 10
questions each carrying
1 mark.

Phonetic Symbols

Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds

Symbols Words Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling

/k/ s king, pick, cat /i: / O{ eat meat see ee, ea, ie, eo, e, ei

/g/ u gate, ghost /I/ O it sit city i, u, o, e, y, a

/ŋ/ ª sing, sink /e/ P egg pen - e, ie, ea, ue

/tƒ/ r chair, match /æ/ of act man - a

/dʒ/ h jug, judge /a: / cf arm large car a, ear, ar

/z/ h is, zoo, balls /ə/ c ago perfect the a

/ʒ/ h genre,pleasure, /ʌ/ c up but - o, u, ou, u, oe
garage

/t/ 6 tree, mat /ʒ: / cM earth bird sir ir, ur, er, ear
on o, a, ow
/d/ 8 do, middle /ɒ/ cf] all hot - a, aw, au
- u, ou, o, oo
/ø/ y thank, with /ɔ: / cf]M ooze ball saw o, oo, wo, ue, ou

/ð/ b those, breathe /ʊ / p book -

/n/ g nose, man /u: / pm move two

/p/ k pot, map Diphthongs

Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling

/f/ km fan, potato, /eI/ PO eight same say a, ay
laugh

/b/ a bag, bulb /aI / cfO{ ice might sky uy, igh, ie, y, eye

/v/ e van, save / ɔI/ cf]O{ oil voice boy oy, oi

/m/ d man, same / Iə/ Oc ear real here ear, eer, ere

/j/ o yak /ʊə/ pc - influence poor our, ocr, ure

/r/ / red, carry /eə/ Pc area chair rare air, ear, ere, eir,

are

/l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp out loud cow o, ow, ew

/w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp old home go ou, ow

/ʃ/ z shoes, sugar,
wish, chef

/s/ ; sun, miss

/h/ x house, yahoo

GE T START
ED

ARTICLES

Read the following description.
A telescope is an instrument that allows people to see distant
objects. The telescope is an important tool in astronomy, or the
study of planets, stars, and other objects in outer space. There
are two basic types of light telescopes: refracting telescopes and
reflecting telescopes. A refracting telescope uses lenses. A lens is
a curved piece of glass that refracts, or bends, light. A reflecting
telescope uses mirrors. Some telescopes use both lenses and
mirrors.
A refracting telescope is a tube with one or more lenses at each
end. Light from a far-off object enters the far end of the tube. The lens or lenses at that
end, called objective lenses, bend the light. They focus it at a point near the other end of
the tube. The light forms an image, or picture of the object, at this point. The lens or lenses
at this end, called the eyepiece, magnify the image.
Reflecting telescopes are much more powerful than refracting telescopes. A reflecting
telescope has a curved mirror at the bottom of the tube. Light from an object reflects, or
bounces, off the mirror. The mirror focuses the light at a point in the tube. A second mirror
sits in the way of this focused light. It sends the light out the side of the tube, through an
eyepiece. A lens in the eyepiece magnifies the image formed by the light.

Do you The coloured words a, an and the are articles. They are demonstrative
Know? adjectives. There are two types of articles in English. They are indefinite
a, an and definite the.

Speaking Practice based on the given description.

Answer these questions

a. What is a telescope?

b. What is a lens?

c. What is a refracting telescope?

d. What does the mirror do?

e. What does a lens in the eyepiece do?

Listening Practice

Repeat these words after your teacher.

A An The No articles
some boys
a bag an ugly bird the Koran few students
many girls
a star an enemy the Republica lots of labour
much salt
a mouse an unused room the Suez Canal less idea

a pet an optician the Atlantic ocean

a car an iceberg the Baishayas

a house an ant the wretch

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 7

a wire an MP the second all teachers
a duck an eye doctor the moon both shops
a watch an amber the South several workers
a bird an operator the telephone no farmers

Grammar Focus : Indefinite Article: A, AN

1. 'A' and 'an' are used only with singular countable noun: A is used with a consonant sound
and an is used with vowel sound: Examples: a ball, a book, a hand, a hen, a school, an
orange, an elephant, an ant,etc.

2. After many, such, quite, rather, what, etc.
What a beautiful girl she is! Many a boy is absent. He missed such an opportunity.

3. In the sense of one: I have a pen. She has a bike. They have an ox. We have a ewe.

4. Singular countable noun starting with consonant letter having vowel sound are followed
by 'an': an hour, an honest boy, an honourable teacher, an hourly plan, an heir,etc.
But when they are pronounced as consonant; use 'a': Example: a horse, a hat, a house, a
hall,etc.

5. The English vowels a, e, i, o, u, don’t sound always vowel, they sound consonant
sometimes. Examples: a university student, a euro, a one eyed girl, a ewe, an heir, an
honourable person,etc.

6. To show frequency with time, distance or weight: once a year, twice a week, many times
a year, fifty rupees a kilo, etc.
7. Use 'a' before an abbreviation having consonant sound and ‘an’ before vowel sound.
Examples: an SP, an IGP, a DSP, an FM station, a CDO, a DEO, an AIGP, etc.
Abbreviation with vowel: A, E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S, X
Abbreviation with consonant: B, C, D, G, J, K, P, Q, T, U, V, W, Y, Z
8. With some phrases: a lot of, a few, a number of, a bit much, a capriccio, a chicken in every
pot, a damn sight, a good deal, a little, a positive, a posteriori, a non domino,etc.
9. With the following expressions: make an attempt, make a profit, have a pain, take an
interest in, have a look, as a result, at a glance, in a hurry, have a rest, on a diet,etc.
10. With units of uncountable noun: a liter of water, a kilo of sugar, a lump of sugar, a bunch
of keys, a pouch of milk, a bowl of soup, a spoon salt, a pinch of salt, a cup of tea, a glass
of milk, a meter of cloth, a plate of rice,etc.

8 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Instant Practice

Put A or AN in the blank space where necessary.

____ pencil ____ car ____ apple
____ modern car
____used car ____ egg ____ umbrella
____ one-dollar bill
____ envelope ____ young woman ____ house
___ instrument
____ old woman ____ hour ____ exercise
____ question
____ honour ____ five-dollar bill ____ university
____ unusual issue
____ hotel ____ banana ____ LG set

____ big banana ____ musical instrument

____ answer ____ easy exercise

____ difficult exercise ___ insolent question

____ usual question ____ old university

____ new university ____ hard lesson

Grammar Focus: Definite Article 'The'

Used with:

1. Adjectives as the subject: The poor are honest. The beautiful are praised.

2. Adjectives which represent the social groups: the poor, the young, the rich, the deaf,
etc.

3. Daybreaks: in the evening, in the morning, in the afternoon.

4. Family names and castes: the Limbus, the Magars, the Chhetries, etc.

5. Groups of Islands: the British Isle. the West Indies, etc.

6. Historic events: the Independence Day, the Martyr's Day, the Democracy Day, etc.

7. Historical buildings: the Taj Mahal, the Kathmandu Mall, the Buddha Mall, etc.

8. Hotels, restaurants, theaters, etc: the Soaltee, the Barahai Movies, etc.

9. Mountain Ranges: the Mahabharat range, the Churia range, the Himalayas,etc.

10. Museums and libraries: the Chhauni museum, the national museum, the British library,
the American library, the central library, etc.

11. Musical instruments: He always plays the flute. I like to play the madal. Do you know how
to play the piano?

12. Name of canals: the Gandak Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.

13. Name of deserts: the Saraha, the Thar, the Gobi,etc.

14. Name of directions: the east, the north, the west, the south, etc.

15. Name of inventions: He invented the Television. Who invented the mobile?

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 9

16. Name of newspaper: The Republica, The Nagarik Daily, The Himalayan Times, etc.
17. Superlative degree of adjective: He is the tallest boy in our class.Mt. Everest is the highest
peak in the world.
18. Name of ships, aero planes: the Titanic, the Nepal Airlines, etc.
19. Nationalities, races, positions: the Nepalese, the Chinese, the Black, the White, the
Principal, the King, the president, the Prime-Minister, the clerk, etc.
20. Noun + definite clause: The students in this school are obedient. The people in this town
are honest. The water of that bottle is impure.
21. The celestial bodies: the sun, the earth, the sky, the moon, etc.
22. Ordinal numbers: the first, the third, the fifth, etc.
23. Organs of human body: the heart, the head, etc.
24. Parallel comparatives: The more you try, the more you learn. The more you work, the
more you earn.
25. Parts of the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the restroom, the guestroom, the living
room, etc.
26. Period of history: the classical age, the Elizabethan age, the post-modern age, etc.
27. Periods of decades: the sixties, the eighties, etc.
28. Physical position: the first, the middle, the bottom, etc.
29. Plural names of countries: the UK, the USA, the Philippines, etc.
30. Political parties: the UML, the Republican, the R.P.P, etc.
31. Religious books/Religious groups: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the Hindus, the
Muslims, the Christians, etc.
32. Repeated nouns: There is a dog in my house. The dog is very faithful. She bought a pencil
yesterday. She lost the pencil.
33. Singular, plural, countable, or uncountable nouns if it is indicated: The milk of that glass is
hot. This is the plot of land where I was born.
34. Some of/one of/both of/most of + the + nouns: One of the girls is talent. Both of the boys
tried hard. Most of the youths are unemployed.
35. The + gerund/abstract noun + of : The building of this college was very cheap. The
intention of our friends was not to quarrel with them.
36. The + noun + relative clause: The boy who is wearing red shirt is my brother. The girl who
is first in class eight is my sister.
37. With rivers, seas, oceans: the Gandaki, the Nile, the Red sea, the Indian Ocean, etc.

10 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

38. With special meals: the birthday party, the wedding party, etc.

Grammar Focus: Omission of Article

1. Before material nouns: Gold is an expensive metal.

2. Before plural nouns: Horses are animals.

3. Before proper nouns: He lives in Canada. They saw Krish at the bus station.

4. Before school, church, temple, market, college if they are for primary purpose: She goes
to hospital every day. He has gone to school to study.

But, If they are used for secondary purposes, use ‘the’ article: He went to the hospital to
meet his sister. He passed near by the school.

But, if proper noun is compared with, use ‘the’ article: Jiri of Nepal can be compared with
the Switzerland in natural beauty.

But, If they are definite, use ‘the’ article. The gold of that ring is cheap.

But, If they are indicated, use ‘the’ article: The horses in the race, ran well.

But, Name of festivals + holidays takes article 'the'. He came in the Holi vacation. We
enjoy in the Dashain vacation.

6. Name of festivals: Hindus celebrate Dashain. Christians enjoy Christmas.

Grammar Focus: Common Errors

Incorrect Correct

He is a boy with excellent fact of German. He is a boy with an excellent fact of
German.

You speak the perfect Hindi. You speak perfect Hindi.

She has deep distrust of strangers. She has a deep distrust of strangers.

My parents gave me good education. My parents gave me a good education.

We’ve been having a terrible weather. We’ve been having terrible weather.

She has thorough knowledge of the subject. She has a thorough knowledge of the
subject.

Nile is the longest river in the world. The Nile is the longest river in the world.

The Lake Victoria is one of the largest lakes Lake Victoria is one of the largest lakes in
in Africa. Africa.

The Mount Everest is the highest peak in the Mount Everest is the highest peak in the
world. world.

Himalayas are an example of a folded The Himalayas are an example of a folded
mountain range. mountain range.

The Sahara is the largest desert in the Sahara is the largest desert in the world.
world.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 11

Additional Practice: Read these sentences.
1. The man burst into a torrent of foul-mouthed racist abuse.
2. He gave the police a full account of the incident.
3. The murder was the act of a psychopath.
4. He was caught in the act of stealing a car.
5. The more she thought about it, the more depressed she became.
6. I was stopped in the street by a complete stranger.
7. The team gave a good account of themselves in the match.
8. It was pleasantly cold in the house after the steamy heat outside.
9. The new plan for traffic control is on an experimental basis.
10. Lava bubbled a few feet below the lip of the crater.
11. The rain beat against the windows.
12. She had the advantage of a good education.
13. The accident brought his career to an abrupt end.
14. The Prime Minister announced a through investigation into the death of a father in
police custody.
15. The case was dismissed in the absence of any specific proof.
16. A lot of rebuilding took place in the aftermath of the war.
17. The children were rushing about in the garden.
18. A lion is a dangerous animal.
19. The defendant asked for a number of offences.
20. A Committee on Safety of Medicines was set up under the Act.
21. The doctors are affiliated with the Relief Fund.
22. The girl's life was saved because the doctors acted so promptly.
23. A barren woman is regarded as an aberration, almost a social outcast.
24. The dolphin is an intelligent animal.
25. There's a visitor for you. The visitor is waiting outside.
26. The judge described the attack as an abominable crime.
27. He was born in the country and had a deep affinity with nature.
28. The country accepted his claim to the throne.
29. We agreed that the proposal was a good one.
30. The two parties signed a peace accord last July.

12 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

31. A captain in the navy ranks above a captain in the army.
32. The Arabs are accredited with the discovery of refinement in the 11th century.
33. They questioned the accuracy of the information in the file.
34. The trees were ablazed with the colours of autumn.
35. For a holiday in a foreign country you need a valid ID.
36. The team gave a good account of themselves in the match.
37. It was a remarkable achievement for such a young player.
38. The series of paintings is quite an accomplishment.
39. Rolando is acknowledged as the best player in the world.
40. The singer was accompanied on the piano by her sister.
41. I bumped into an old acquaintance on the train.
42. The text is escorted by a series of stunning photographs.
43. I drew a line across the page.
44. The students are returning for the start of the new academic year.
45. To get ideas from a member of the public, the police attacked the club.
46. The three smaller parties gained an aggregate of 25 percent of the vote.
47. What is the best course of action in the circumstances?
48. The scandal was an acute embarrassment for the President.
49. He is an acute observer of the social scene.
50. We wandered about the town for an hour or so.
51. The less said about the whole thing, the happier I'll be.
52. According to the old adage, a picture is worth a thousand words.
53. The majority of people affiliated themselves with a religious group.
54. The survivors were adrift in a lifeboat for six days.
55. A taxi driver administered first aid to the victims.
56. The priest was called to administer the last rites.
57. A ship should be documented according to the directions of law.
58. The study showed a deep fear among people to the care of strangers.
59. He put a question to the minister about the recent reforms.
60. The papers were strewn about the room.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 13

assess yourself 1
Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary.
1. Sam bought ___ umbrella yesterday.
2. There is ___ hotel in ___ center of ___ town.
3. I went to ____Church to observe its architecture.
4. It is___ unique watch.
5. I wish you ___best of luck.
6. This is ___expensive book.
7. It is___ unicorn of Hindu religion.
8. He is ___ union leader.
9. I have read______ interesting book.
10. Have you ever seen ___wounded man?
11. ___Americans have their offices in Kathmandu.
12. Harris is ____university student.
13. ___apple has sweet taste.
14. He is ___ better poet than novelist.
15. ___Bagmati is ___ sacred river.
16. He is ___ honour to this profession.
17. ___Banyan is ____ kind of big tree.
18. He is ___ Indian but his wife is ___ European.
19. ___bed of my father is comfortable.
20. I like such _____one thing that entertains me.
21. ___camel is very useful animal in desert.
22. Dallas is ____ city in Texas.
23. Mt. Everest is ___ highest peak in the world.
24. There is ___ little hope of his recovery.
25. She went to ___school to see her friend.
26. There is ___ F.M. station in our village.
27. Ramit got ____ best present.
28. She is not so nice ___ girl as you think.
29. Disease is_____ enemy of human beings.
30. This is ___home of our principal.
31. You know ___little about___ boy who came here on Sunday.
32. Have you had ____ dinner yet?
33. I have______ one-pound coin.
34. Ram has got ___ unique computer.
35. She met ___police at___ station.
36. I like playing ___ guitar.
37. I think, they are___ Indian because they speak Hindi easily.
38. I was playing on ___ground yesterday morning.
39. Mr. Sherpa needs___ pen and___ inkpot.
40. This is ___best idea to solve ___ problem.

14 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 2 15
Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary.
1. He's ____ electrician.
2. I am penniless. Can you give me____ euro?
3. Honest man speaks ___ truth.
4. ___word to ____ wise is sufficient.
5. I am going out for ____ walk.
6. A crow is ___ animal.
7. His father works in ___ large garage in Washington.
8. I am going to buy ___ hat and ___ umbrella.
9. Bring ___axe to cut this log.
10. His brother is ___ artist.
11. I am looking for___ boy. ___ boy is my brother.
12. Can you tell me who ___president of India is?
13. Dog is ___ faithful animal.
14. Everest is ____ highest peak in ____ world.
15. Gold is ___ precious metal.
16. Have you seen ___one-eyed man?
17. Honesty is___ best policy.
18. I am going away at ___ end of this month.
19. It was published in ___Kathmandu Post yesterday.
20. Jim lives in ___ old house.
21. John plays ___ flute well.
22. Kathmandu is ____ capital of Nepal.
23. John is from ___village.
24. King Francis was ___ hearty king and loved____ royal sport.
25. Let us discuss ____ matter seriously.
26. My brother is ___ M.A. student.
27. It is ___useful article.
28. My sister bought ___expensive sari to herself.
29. It is ___ great help to you.
30. My sister is ____MBBS student.
31. Neeta works in___ hospital.
32. Iraq lies in ___Middle east.
33. New York is ____ very costly place to live in.
34. One evening ___ beggar came to my door.
35. Please bring___ ashtray.
36. Renu is ___ untidy girl.
37. Sam plays ___flute well.
38. He's ___ private detective.
39. I can't ride ___ bicycle.
40. Her father is ___MP.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 3
Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary.
1. If I were late, I could not reach___ station in time.
2. Our English teacher is not ____ Eurasian.
3. Paris is ___ very costly place to live in.
4. I’ve read___ Bible and known about ___Christianity.
5. Picasso was ___ famous painter.
6. Sanskrit is ___ difficult language.
7. Such___ usage of English is incorrect.
8. Teaching is ___use of art.
9. I’ve passed ___B‑EE exam.
10. Selma is ___ useful member of his family.
11. Her brother is___ author.
12. I first met him ___ year ago.
13. I’ve been working as ___secretary in this office since 1995.
14. Seoul is ___ capital of ___ Korea.
15. Students learn to play ___ violin at school.
16. That could be ____useful information.
17. Twelve inches make ___foot.
18. We go to ___ temple to pray.
19. Would you like to be ___ teacher?
20. Yesterday___ euagaric phoned me at___ office.
21. Tulku’s mother recites ____ Geeta every morning.
22. We heard ____ sweet bells over ____ bag.
23. Atlantic Ocean is ___biggest Ocean.
24. Because of ___ things man has discovered, we live longer.
25. Ann wants to learn ___ foreign language.
26. Beethoven was ___ composer.
27. Anita lives in ___ hotel.
28. Binisa works in ___ bookshop.
29. China is one of ___ most industrial countries in Asia.
30. Do you want ____ apple or ____ banana?
31. Everybody loves ____rose.
32. Gina is ____ SEE graduate.
33. He came back home on ___ foot.
34. Sri Lanka is ___island.
35. That is ____ book I like most.
36. Try to give ___look on ____ baby.
37. We live in ___ old house. It has ___beautiful garden behind ___ house.
38. This ship crosses ___Black Sea.
39. We played ___ volleyball yesterday.
40. This is ___weather ___ cuckoo shuns.

16 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 4 17
Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary.
1. Wisdom is____ gift of heaven.
2. They haven’t read____ Vedas.
3. ___ninth chapter of ____ book is very interesting.
4. I have ____ picture of ______ Alps.
5. ___Lion is ___ king of beasts.
6. That is ____ one way road.
7. What ___ beautiful garden this is!
8. She is ____ untidy girl.
9. Hem’s sister is ____M. Sc. student.
10. I have ____ black and white dog.
11. She is ___honour to this profession.
12. I study in ____SOS School.
13. She has ___ large number of rings.
14. ____ trumpet is ___ musical instrument.
15. ___cuckoo is ___ lazy bird.
16. Copper is ___ useful metal.
17. Do you remember ___ place where you were born?
18. He gave ____ beggar___ one rupee note.
19. ___cats you keep are very well behaved.
20. ___cow is ___ useful animal.
21. She is ___ M.A. in English.
22. The applicant has ___ great deal of important documents.
23. She went to___ theatre at 10 o’clock
24. She works in ___UNO office.
25. That room is ___largest one.
26. ___Sun is going down.
27. ____ son is____ heir of ____ father.
28. He is going to America with______ Nepalese girl.
29. ___Suez Canal is manmade.
30. He is___ one handed person.
31. I need____ good rest.
32. She is ___ honourable teacher.
33. ___ Budhigandaki is ___ river.
34. This is ___place I like very much.
35. Which is ___longest River in ____ world?
36. ___school will shortly close for ____ holiday.
37. ____ horse is ___ noble animal.
38. ___man in ___ red shirt is my brother.
39. ____ rose is ____ sweetest of all flowers.
40. ___earth moves round ____ sun.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 5

Put a, an, the or nothing where necessary.
1. There is______ university in Kathmandu.
2. There was ___ interesting programme on TV last night.
3. He is___ UN representative.
4. I met ___ one-eyed man on ____ way.
5. These cricketers are from___ West Indies.
6. You are ______ architect.
7. This is ___plot where we intend building ____ house.
8. We will have dinner in ____ very nice restaurant.
9. Shopkeepers sell potato by ___kilo.
10. ___drop of poison is enough to kill us.
11. They are ____M. Ed. student.
12. ____ sage was ___ great genius, sagacious and incentive.
13. They live in____ Netherlands.
14. They played____ basketball yesterday.
15. ___oxygen is necessary for all.
16. They’ve decided to buy ____ new car. ____ old one is gone.
17. ___Hindustan Times is very popular in Bihar.
18. There is not ___ cloud in ___ sky.
19. This evening I am going to ___ party.

20. This is ___man who helped us last night.

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their meanings.

billowing humiliation; degradation

abasement swelling; fluttering; waving

enhance recoil in fear or servility; shrink away from

cower improve; make better or clearer

labyrinth noisy, attacking speech

harangue a maze

plaintiff to counter; make unimportant

nullify petitioner (in court of law)

tangible full

replete can be touched

18 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

GE T START
ED

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Read the following description.
Last year I visited an exhibition at Bhrikutimandap. It was
the time when I along with my friends learnt many things.
The stalls that we observed were mostly about the computers.
I asked one of the persons on how the computers worked.
The person whom I asked replied that the computers worked
only with the use of electricity. Then, my friend Nabin asked
another person what the advantages of the computers
were. The man whom we asked that question was a computer engineer.
He explained us about so many advantages of the computer and why we
needed it. We, who were satisfied with his answer, visited the next stall afterwards. The
stall where we saw a robot was quite crowded with other people. It was the same stall
which had attracted most of the visitor’s attention. Finally, we visited a stall where
many laptops were kept. I asked one of the staff whose job was to provide the visitors
with the required information. The man who was asked duly replied all my queries
satisfactorily. It was really a great time when I got to learn more about the computer.

Do you In the above given description, the coloured words are relative clause.
Know? A relative clause is a clause that acts as an adjective, in that it describes
or qualifies the subject or object of the sentence.

Speaking Practice based on the given description.

Answer these questions
a. When did the narrator visit an exhibition?
b. What were the stalls mostly about?
c. What did the person whom the narrator asked reply?
d. Who was a computer operator?
e. Who duly replied all the narrator’s queries?

Listening Practice

Repeat these WH words and their function after your teacher.

Words Function
Who Describes person in subject
Whom Describes person in object
Whose Describes person in possessive degree
That Describes things in defining relative clauses
Which Describes things in non-defining relative clauses
Where Describes places
What Gives information about subject
Why Describes reason
How Describes the manner of doing things
When Describes time

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 19

Grammar Focus: Kinds of Relative Clauses

A. Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses are those which include more information and can be
deleted from the sentence without changing its basic meaning. Generally, a coma is used
to separate the clause in this type of sentence. For example:
Krishal is son of mine, who lives in Kathmandu.
The new shop, which contained many goods, is run by my brother.
B. Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses are those clauses that are required to comprehend a sentence
and cannot be deleted. No comas are used in this type of sentences. For example:
Krishal is my son who lives in Kathmandu.
My brother runs the new shop which contained many goods.
Let’s see another example:
That’s the student who failed English class three times.
If you remove “who failed English class three times,” the sentence is incomplete:
That’s the student.
Therefore, the relative clause “who failed English class three times” is essential
information, because it defines which student, specifically, we are talking about.

assess yourself 1

Join the following pairs of sentences with relative clause.
1. The secretary received my call. She was very impolite.
2. A woman won Madan Puraskar in 2010. She wrote a book about her life.
3. The TV programme was very sad. I watched it last night.
4. Binisha is playing on the ground. She is my sister.
5. There is a man waiting for a bus. He is my father.
6. A waitress served us. She was very well-mannered.
7. Alan answered the phone. He was my uncle.
8. Babin is selling newspapers. He is my uncle.
9. They have made a declaration. They support the declaration.
10. Buna is a girl. Everybody praises her.
11. The players have done the best. They must be respected.
12. Dhruba bought some balls. He lost the balls.
13. Guru met a girl. The girl had lost the way.
14. They sold the cat. It was afraid of mice.
15. Here is the bag. He lost it last week.

20 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 2 21
Join the following pairs of sentences with relative clause.
1. She is the girl. She lives nearby my house.
2. The manager warned the clerk. He was very strict.
3. We got into the train. It was crowded with people.
4. This is the village. I was born here.
5. Sony has worn red sari. She is my sister.
6. The first man landed on the moon in 1969. He was Neil Armstrong.
7. He is the salesman. I was speaking of him.
8. I found the bag. I was looking for it for a long time.
9. The thief robbed the bank. He has been arrested.
10. Dr. K. C. is honest. Everyone trusts him.
11. This is the can. It spoilt the milk.
12. He has got the book. He was searching for it.
13. I have a list of agendas. We want to discuss on it.
14. There are the horses. They ran well in the race.
15. Gina is the girl. He cheated me.
16. I’ve found my wallet. I had lost it.
17. The thief has been caught by the police. He made a plan to rob the bank.
18. It is a book. I bought the book yesterday.
19. Many people were injured in the accident. They were heading to Pokhara.
20. The boy loved a girl. He is a doctor.
21. Mr. Neupane is our teacher. He is standing at the gate.
22. The boy was honest. He won the prize.
23. Niru is my friend. She is honest.
24. Show me the path. The path goes to the town.
25. The horse was in the stable. It died yesterday.
26. Pass me a book. The book is on the table.
27. Barun is deaf. You spoke to the boy.
28. The bus was going to Jhapa. It didn’t stop.
29. People met me at the party. They were friendly.
30. She is the girl. I love her.
31. She knows the boy. The boy had stolen her wallet.
32. The little girl was sobbing. The girl had lost her way.
33. Giri got into the bus. The bus was empty.
34. I sold the plot of land. I intended to build the house there.
35. The old man met me at the airport. He gave me some money.
36. A ghost frightens this house. Mr. Adhikari lives there.
37. Basu got a terrific accident. He is in hospital.
38. Dambar failed the driving test. He has sold his bike.
39. My father is a teacher. He loves children very much.
40. Sister Amrita makes everyone happy. She is sick today.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 3

Complete the following sentences with correct WH words.
1. Aman saw a lady ______ husband is a teacher.
2. Is that the spot _____ you had an accident?
3. Mr. Sharma _____ is honest, teaches us nicely.
4. His mother will always be grateful to you _____ you help her.
5. I am here _____ I shall remain.
6. Christi is the pretty girl for ___ I wrote this poem.
7. Hiraman lives in a tiny village, ___ we finally located on a map.
8. I don't know the people ____he gave the flowers to.
9. Did you finally meet the man about ___ I was telling you?
10. He was in the city ____ I visited last year.
11. I met my friend _____ brother had died.
12. Mr. Rai is the boy _____ I want.
13. Did you find the ball ___ I threw over the boundary marker?
14. Hari and Mohan____ live in the next village are a close friend of ours.
15. He knows the boy _____ is sitting there.
16. He showed me a woman_____ children go to the same school as ours.
17. I wrote the letter _____ contained the reality.
18. The photograph _____ you saw was taken a long time ago.
19. These are the boys _____ I want to talk.
20. We need to make hay _____ the sun shines.
21. This is the garden_____ he visited last year.
22. Who is the man _____ wife has run away and left him?
23. This is the school _____ belongs to me.
24. We visited the house _____ we were born.
25. Who is the shopkeeper _____ house has been attacked by robbers?
26. Kamala ___ likes quiet places is coming here.
27. Indra Bahadur has planted the rice _____ is ready for the harvest.
28. Mustang is the place ______ they went for hiking.
29. She forgot the tickets ____she had placed next to her briefcase.
30. That is the man _____ came to my home yesterday.
31. Roman sold the house ____ he was born in.
32. That man______ is sitting on the floor is my brother.
33. Rhinos ______ were nearly extinct, are now increasing.
34. The house ______ I don’t like is a model one.
35. My house _____ I was born was built by my father.
36. Nitu showed me the room _____ the murder took place.
37. One of those judges _____ decided the case was wise.
38. My father lost the checkbook ____ he kept his credit card in.
39. Our hotel ______ was destroyed in the fire has been rebuilt.
40. The man ____is the secretary is sitting at the desk.

22 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 4

Join the following pairs of sentences with relative clause.
1. He's the person. He wanted to buy your house.
2. This is the chair. My parents gave it to me.
3. We're looking for the ball. We were playing with it.
4. Hira has a friend. He is an engineer.
5. She met a man yesterday. The man was playing the guitar.
6. I met a soldier. He had lost his leg in the battle.
7. We met the children. The children’s parents were sick for many days.
8. I’ve a brother. He is a great singer.
9. This is the lion. It's been ill recently.
10. We threw out the computer. It never worked properly.
11. I'm going to speak to the mechanic. He repaired my car.
12. I've applied for the job. You told me about it.
13. Murari told us a joke. Everybody loved the joke.
14. Raman is a doctor. He treated my father.
15. Sachin is an honest man. I honour him.
16. Rani's the woman. She telephoned the police.
17. Sonam is the boy. He missed the class.
18. Surbir heard some news. The news surprised him.
19. That's the woman. I was telling you about her.
20. His children broke my window. They live in the next street.

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their meanings.

tardy cancel; deny; repeal

reprehensible speech which offends religious sentiments

plaudit believable

harbingers puzzle; mystery

enigma indicators; bringers of warnings

nuzzle complicated; highly convoluted

labyrinthine cuddle; snuggle

credible statement giving strong praise

blasphemy shameful; very bad

abrogate slow; late; overdue; delayed

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 23

GE T START
ED

PREPOSITIONs

Read the following description.
People enjoy visiting Florida for its pleasant weather
and because there are lots of things to do there.
White-sand beaches along the coastline attract large
crowds. Many people like seeing and learning about
marine animals at Orlando's Sea World. Biscayne
National Park, on the Atlantic coast south of Miami,
features brightly coloured fish, plants, and corals.
Many birds fly to the Everglades National Park in the
winter on their annual migration, and many other
animals reside there throughout the year. Busch
Gardens in Tampa has hundreds of African animals
roaming in an open environment.

Do The coloured words in the given description are prepositions.
you Prepositions are mostly little words that are used before a noun or
Know? pronoun to show its relation to some other word in the sentence. In
other words, prepositions link a noun or pronoun to another noun or
pronoun in a sentence. Prepositions are used to show when something
happens, where something happens or where something is going to .

Speaking Practice for by

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. Why do people enjoy visiting Florida?
b. What attracts the large crowds?
c. What do many people like at Orlando's Sea World?
d. Where is Biscayne National Park?
e. Where is Busch Gardens?

Listening Practice

Repeat these prepositions after your teacher.

on in at to

about above over behind from since

beside between below into onto through

after before beyond near of off

away around during past with up

24 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Grammar Focus : Prepositions of Time

Preposition Usage Example

ON days on Sunday, on Monday, on Saturdays, etc.
dates on 3rd December, 2017, on 26th of this
occasions month, etc.
topic on my birthday, on Mother’s Day, etc.
an essay on pollution, a paragraph on
impunity, etc.

IN months in August, January, in May, etc.
seasons in Spring, in Summer, in Winter, etc.
year in 2006, in 2074, etc.
time period in an hour, in 2 weeks, in a month, etc.

AT exact time at 2 o’clock, at 3 pm, etc.
festivals at Dashain, at Tihar, at Chhath, etc.
age at 20, at fifty, etc.
price, speed, degree at 40 km per hour, at 100 degree Celsius,
etc.

SINCE from a certain point of time since my birthday, since Sunday, since 1980,
(past till now) since January, since morning, since childhood,
etc.

FOR over a certain period of time for 2 years, for a day, month, year, decade, for
(past till now) a long time, for a few minutes, for an hour,
for 10 days, etc.

AGO a certain time in the past 2 years ago, 1 month ago, etc.

BEFORE earlier than a certain point of before 2004, before school, before I came
time here, before his marriage, before 10 am, etc.

TO telling the time ten to six, five to ten, etc.

PAST telling the time ten past six, seven past ten, etc.

UNTIL Indicating the beginning and He is on holiday until Friday.
end of a period of time I waited until he arrived.

BY at the latest up to a certain I will be back by 6 o’clock.
time By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Grammar Focus : Prepositions of Place and Direction

Preposition Usage Example
IN
room, building, street, town, in the kitchen, in London, in the book,
AT country, book, paper, car, taxi, in the car, in a taxi, in the picture, in
picture, world the world

meaning next to, by an object at the door, at the station
for table at the table
for events at a concert, at the party
place where sb does something- at the cinema, at school, at work, at
watch a film, study, work, etc. cinema, at the theatre, etc.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 25

ON attached the picture on the wall
for a place with a river London lies on the Thames.
being on a surface, floor on the table, on the first floor
for a certain side (left, right) on the left, on the right
for public transport on the bus, on a plane
for television, radio on TV, on the radio

BY/NEXT TO left or right of somebody or She is standing by / next to / beside the
/BESIDE something car.

UNDER on the ground, lower than (or The bag is under the table.
covered by) something else The cat is sitting under the car.

BELOW lower than something else but The fish are below the surface.
above ground Skirts are worn below the knee.

OVER covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt
meaning more than over 16 years of age
getting to the other side walk over the bridge
overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall

ABOVE higher than something else, but not a path above the lake
directly over it flying above the clouds

ACROSS getting to the other side walk across the bridge
swim across the lake

THROUGH something with limits on top, drive through the tunnel
bottom and the sides river flowing through the village

TO movement to person or building go to the cinema
movement to a place or country go to London , go to Kathmandu
for bed go to bed

INTO enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house

TOWARDS movement in the direction of go 5 steps towards the house
something (but not directly to it) head towards the city

ONTO movement to the top of something jump onto the table

FROM in the sense of where from a flower from the garden

Grammar Focus : Other Important Prepositions

Preposition Usage Example
FROM
OF who gave it a present from my friend

BY who/what does it belong to and a page of the book, the picture of a
ON show palace, a house of the poor

IN who made it a book by Motiram Bhatta
OFF
Walking and riding on foot, on horseback
entering a public transport vehicle get on the bus, get on the train, get on
the ship

entering a car / taxi get in the car

leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train

26 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

OUT OF leaving a car / taxi get out of the taxi

BY rise or fall of something prices have risen by 10 percent
travelling (other than walking or by car, by bus
horse riding)

AT for age She learned Russian at 45.

ABOUT for topics, meaning what about We were talking about you.

Grammar Focus: Common Multiple Word Prepositions

According to: as stated by somebody: According to him, it’s a great movie.

Ahead of: further forward in space or time: The girls were ahead of us.

As far as: with respect to: We need to finish it as far as possible.

As well as: and in addition: The moon as well as the stars was shining.

Aside from: excluding: Aside from a few cuts, I’m alright.

Because of: by reason of: Evan walked slowly because of a bruise on his leg.

By means of: by using a thing: He climbed the tree by means of a ladder.

By virtue of: because of: He got the job by virtue of his long experience.

Close to: approximately: The dog is sitting close to the window.

Due to: resulting from: Rising pollution due to unmanaged settlement is rising.

Except for: with the exception of: I had nothing on except for my socks.

Far from: not; not at all: My stay at the hostel was far from satisfactory.

In accordance with: according to a rule: I acted in accordance with my plan.

In addition to: besides: In addition to these boys, other girls will be called soon.

In advance of: ahead of: I walked in advance of my father, singing a song.

In case of: if there should be: Take umbrella in case of rain.

In front of: at or near the front part: The bus stops right in front of our school.

In lieu of: instead of: In lieu of recent events, more caution is needed.

In terms of: as regards: She has no idea in terms of décor.

Near to: close to: His house is near to me.

Next to: alongside: They are sitting next to each other.

On account of: because of sb/sth: He retired early on account of bad health.

On behalf of: instead of sb: I would like to thank you all on behalf of school.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 27

On top of: atop: Living on top of one another is stressful.

Out of: not part of: This is out of my area of expertise.

Outside of: outer side of sth: The outside of the wall needs painting soon.

Owing to: because of: He could not continue with his studies owing to his illness.

Prior to: before sth: I completed the work during the week prior to the meeting.

Regardless of: paying no attention to sth: We welcome all people in our club regardless of
their age.

Subsequent to: after; following: There have been further developments subsequent to our

Gmreaemtinmg.ar Focus: Common Errors

Incorrect Correct
He met misfortune. He met with misfortune.

He asked a coffee. He asked for a coffee.

He reached to Kathmandu. He reached Kathmandu.

She married to/with her boss. She married her boss.

I have been playing since a long time. I have been playing for a long time.

The bus is approaching to Budhathum. The bus is approaching Budhathum.

See you on next Friday. See you next Friday.

I am going to home. I am going home.

Of what colour are her eyes? What colour are her eyes?

The child resembles to its mother. The child resembles its mother.

She entered into the room. She entered the room.

I have ordered for his dismissal. I have ordered his dismissal.

We reached at the airport at 9 pm. We reached the airport at 9 pm.

He is good in Public speaking. He is good at public speaking.

I am shocked by his death. I am shocked at his death.

He is pleased by me. He is pleased with me.

He was surprised by me. He was surprised at me.

It was buried by ten feet of snow. It was buried under ten feet of snow.

I was lying flat in the floor. I was lying flat on the floor.

28 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Additional Practice: Read these sentences.
1. I carried on looking for my ring until I found it.
2. We could watch TV instead of reading our books.
3. The water spilled into the floor.
4. The high-definition television fell onto the dirty street.
5. A girl went past them on a bike.
6. This road leads away from the stadium.
7. Tell me about the show you saw.
8. There’s a wooden floor underneath the carpet.
9. Some geese flew over their house.
10. John and Sarah were hiding inside the wardrobe.
11. There was a tree beside the river.
12. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.
13. She went through a period of emotional change after her marriage broke up.
14. He is always very belligerent towards me.
15. My backpack is bigger than John’s.
16. Dad was angry with us.
17. We were rowing against the current.
18. Is there place for me on this seat?
19. What are you doing at the weekend?
20. You must finish the work by Friday.
21. She’s determined to take part.
22. My soccer team played well during the championship tournament.
23. Sandwiched between the canned goods and the milk, the bread was smashed.
24. I found my pen lying among the books.
25. The bathroom is opposite the kitchen.
26. We go to school every day except Saturday.
27. The high-definition television fell onto the dirty street.
28. The water spilled into the floor.
29. What’s wrong with the computer?
30. Is there a reason for this delay?
31. He is capable of looking after a baby.
32. John is very good at drawing.
33. We agree on most subjects but not politics.
34. A light appeared in the window
35. This word is too difficult for me to spell.
36. I'm very careful about washing my hands before eating.
37. They argued him into withdrawing his complaint.
38. The tiger jumped into the trap.
39. She was forced to marry against her will.
40. I have great admiration for her as a writer.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 29

assess yourself 1
Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.
1 A girl dived ______ the pool. (in,into,on)
2. We have already got rid ____ small pox. (from, of, by, against)
3. Don’t laugh ____ the poor. (to, for, at)
4. Harry is accused ____ theft. (of, in, at)
5. Why are you staring ___ me? (on, at, to)
6. Why do people believe ___God? (on, in, the)
7. Rubin sits _____ you and me. (upon, between, over)
8. Alan always meets her ______ the way to his office. (on, at, in)
9. Anjan came _____ a taxi. (on, in, at)
10. The postman carried letters ____ the war. (on, during, since, for)
11. We have been waiting for you ____ last Monday. (until, since, from)
12. Kamala has been drinking ____ half past six. (since, from, at)
13. Eroj has been living in his new house ____ last week. (since, far, from)
14. Naina has ten women working ____ her. (of, off, under)
15. I am going ______ America next month. (for, to, in)
16. Bishu always listens to the radio ____ going to the bed. (before, to, in, up)
17. Ramchandra lives _____ Dhading. (in, at, on)
18. Dinesh repented ____ he had missed the train. (before, after, along)
19. Frank walked ____ the end of the street. (to, until, by)
20. Guru was charged ______ shoplifting. (of, for, in)
21. Hama’s mother died ____ cancer. (from, of, by)
22. Induka’s name was excluded ____ the list. (with, upon, from, in)
23. Evan always meets Rita ____ the way to school. (on, in, at)
24. I am not satisfied ____ your explanation. (by, with, from)
25. Junu drew a circle ____ a compass. (with, by, from)
26. Kalu has not received any letter from them ____ a long time. (since, from, for)
27. Where have you been? I’ve been waiting for you ____ fifty minutes.(since, for)
28. Why are you silent? Speak ___me. (with, to, for)
29. Lama heard it _____ the BBC. (at, on, in)
30. My father likes Rebika. She’s always very kind ____ us. (for, to, at)
31. Nabin met sheela, ____Christmas day. (in, on, at)
32. Osama thinks you can succeed___ reporting field. (on, in, the)
33. Punam was working ____ ten hours that day. (since, for, from)
34. Buna will stay here ____ five o’clock. (for, from, until)
35. Wisdom is regarded as the gift___ (from, of, by) heaven.
36. Women dance ___the concert. (in, on, at)
37. Ritu’ll meet you there ____ sharp four o’clock. (in, at, on).
38. Sabin is really grateful ______you ____ your kind help. (to, at, for)
39. I’m sorry ____ getting angry ____ you yesterday. (for, at, to, with)
40. It has been raining ______ last week. (for, since, from)

30 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 2 31
Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.
1. An hour was spent to put ____ the fire. (up, along, out, down)
2. Jenny came here ____ her car. (by, in, on)
3. Leave the books ____ the table. (up, on, in, at)
4. Mina and Paru are responsible ___these problems. (on, for, about)
5. Mr. Regmi was born ____ 27th March, 1987. (in, on, at)
6. His cap fell ____ a chair as I was leaving the room. (in, on, at)
7. Utsav’s father lives in Baseri ______ his mother. (to , with, by)
8. Work hard. Hard work is the key ___ success. (to, for, of)
9. Krishal is fond____ eating sweets. (for, with, of)
10. Tulsa always goes to office ____ train. (In, by, on).
11. Nepal became free ____Rana regime ____ 7th Falgun, 2007. (on, in, at, from)
12. Once you can read about it ___ page 50. (in, on, the)
13. Our house is ___the end of the next street. (by, at, in)
14. That house was situated ______ the south of valley. (by, in, to, at)
15. Prabha was waiting____ Saroj ____ the bus station. (in, at, on, for, to)
16. Parash will have finished it ____ tomorrow. (by, from, at)
17. Ram talked _____ you and me. (to, in, on)
18. Rasa has been ___hospital ____ five days. (in, on, at, for)
19. Tulku married ____ an American lady. (to, with, far)
20. What is the solution___ (for, of, to) overpopulation?
21. What is wrong___ (by, in, for, with) you?
22. Unisa always goes to visit her grandma ____ Saturday. (in, on, at)
23. Vishow always quarrels ______ her brother. (with, by, for)
24. Wangden usually goes to school ______ foot. (on, by, in)
25. Carol has been ill _____ cold. (from, with, due to)
26. Sonia has come _____ Gumdi. (through, by, from)
27. Diva is cutting mangoes_____ her knife. (by, in, with)
28. Elisha is leaving Kathmandu___12th January. (on, by, in, from)
29. Garima is proud___ her beauty. (in, at, of)
30. Hemanta married ____ the age of thirty. (in, at, by)
31. We met him___ (in, on, by) chance.
32. Rameshwor passed the S.L.C. ______ 2069. (on, in, at)
33. Gyanu passed___ (away, on, by) in childhood.
34. Herman sat ___ the mat and started doing his homework. (on, in, at)
35. Indira spends a lot of money___ cosmetics. (on, in, at)
36. Junu takes pleasure ____ helping the poor. (on, over, in, with)
37. Kumasi was blamed___ (to, of, for) the accident.
38. Maunata was born ______ July. (in, on, at)
39. Namrata died ______ 10 may 2008. (in, on, at)
40. Aman was tired ____ dancing so much. (at, in, off, of)

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 3
Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.
1. The students are fond___ reading poetry. (to, of, as, about)
2. The players went to Arughat___ (by, from, on) bus.
3. Krishal went to market ____ foot. (on, by, in)
4. Shreekrishna will go to Japan ___the end of this month. (on, at, in)
5. Pemba lives__ Parbat. It is very cold ___spring there. (on, by, in, to)
6. Can you show the Nile ___ the map? (in, on, at)
7. I believe ___the strength of my own mind. (on, to, in, of)
8. Sujata is famous ______ her dance skill. (in, for, to)
9. Kunti was suspicious ___ theft. (for, in, of)
10. Our teachers write ___ Red ink.(on, it, at)
11. Rohit left school ____ the age of nine. (in, on, at)
12. Welcome___ (to, in, on) our new school.
13. What are you doing ____ the weekend?(in, at, by)
14. Our school bell always rings ______ 10. o’clock. (at, on, in)
15. This whiteboard is ___the table. (around, over, above, at)
16. The cap I bought yesterday is ___the table. (in, to, on, over)
17. My pens are lying___ the table. (to, by, in, on)
18. They put the sweets___ (in, into, out of, from) his pocket.
19. The bridge ___the Nile River is very nice. (up, over, above)
20. The cat jumped ___the table. (of, by, off, in)
21. These school going children remind me ___my childhood. (of, about, on)
22. My son has been missing ____ yesterday. (since, from, during)
23. These boys are afraid _____ the cat. (with, of, at)
24. The fan is hanging___ (on, under, below) the ceiling.
25. The green field reminds me ___my village. (of, about, on)
26. The firemen are going to put___ (of, off, out, up) the fire.
27. Manu is clever ____ finding answer. (in, to, for)
28. The hotel is ____ the middle of the city. (in, at, on)
29. The hunter killed a bird ____ a stone. (by, with, from)
30. The ball rolled ____ the ground. (at, on, off, onto)
31. Mr. Bhusal warned us___ (for, about, to) the danger.
32. We talked a lot ___ politics today. (of, about, on)
33. We waited___ her ____ half an hour but she didn’t come. (till, to, for, at)
34. We were supplied___ good stationeries. (in, with, of)
35. You can apply ___the post. (for, to, at)
36. You should sketch ___pencil at first. (in, by, on, with)
37. The price of petrol has increased ___five per cent. (to, by, in)
38. The quality ___ this photo is not different ____that one. (to, of, on, form)
39. The Manager is preparing___ the meeting. (of, about, on, for)
40. A stream flows___ the bridge ___my village. (in, over, under, through)

32 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 4 33
Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.
1. Thamel is crowded___ the tourists. (by, with, of)
2. We are pleased ___ our new English teacher. (by, to, with)
3. The students left the room one___ one. (for, by, to, in)
4. The track crashed___ the wall. (in, to, into)
5. There is a picture___ (on, in, at) the door.
6. A small baby is sitting___ the car.(in, on, at)
7. I saw plenty of taxis ____ the airport. (for, on, of, at)
8. We’ll have to go there____ foot as it is getting late. (on, by, at)
9. Dirty shocks are giving ___ foul smell. (of, off, up)
10. These children are obedient ___ their parents. (at, to, for)
11. Why do you always depend ____ us? (to, in, from, upon)
12. Kristina is good ____ mathematics. (at, in, on)
13. Most of the boys are interested___ (on, in, the) football.
14. We are looking___ a good house. (for, to, of)
15. These horses are similar___ (from, to, by) each other.
16. They are small children. Please take care ___them properly. (of, about, on)
17. Why are you surprised___ (for, with, at) my presence?
18. Manu came___ Kathmandu last week. (on, in, from)
19. We suspected him___ stealing money. (on, of, off)
20. Did you go___ a walk last evening? (in, out, among, off, for)
21. The couples married ____ the war. (in, during, on)
22. One of the thieves was running___ the jungle. (by, above, through, at)
23. The cowboys were standing ____ the two trees. (between, on, among)
24. I will arrive there___ 5th July, 2018. (at, in, on)
25. He will be___ (at, in, on) work until 5: 30.
26. They’re taking rest ___a tree. (between, under, along)
27. Such epidemics might develop ___ a serious disease. (up, under, into)
28. Try to phone me ___lunchtime. (in, on, at)
29. Water boils___ (in, on, at) 100 degree Celsius.
30. Are they abided ___ the rule of school? (from, by, at)
31. Why didn’t you go ___holiday last year? (on, in, for)
32. We shouldn’t rely ___others. (for, on, at)
33. A man was walking his dog ___the riverbank. (across, along, through)
34. Congratulations ___winning the competition! (for, on, at, in)
35. Cut the cake ____five pieces. (to, into, in)
36. I shall stitch the dress ___ two hours. (in, within, by)
37. I usually go to sleep ____ midnight. (after, before, at)
38. I visited my grandparents ____ summer. (during, at, in)
39. I will complete my assignment ____ three days. (on, in, for)
40. He pounds nails ____ a hammer. (by, with, at)

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 5

Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions.
1. I will visit you ____ saturday. (in, on, at)
2. He is coming here ____ Summer. (on, in, at)
3. Where will you be ____ noon. (in, on, at)
4. I have not seen her ____ January. (from, since, by)
5. The plane is flying ____the clouds. (over, above, up)
6. It has been raining ____ 2 hours. (since, for, in)
7. He puts jacket ____his shirt. (above, up, across)
8. I swam ____ the lake. (along, across)
9. This river flows ____ our village. (though, through, from)
10. The cat jumped ____the table. (into, to, onto)
11. She came ____ horseback. (in, on, by)
12. Please get ____ the rain. (of, off, by)
13. Bring a flower ____ the morning. (in, from, by )
14. I go to walk ____ the morning. (in, at, on)
15. We went to bed ____ 10, O' clock. (on, in, at)
16. We play Deusi ____ Tihar. (on, in. at)
17. I sent best wishes ____Mothers's Day. (in, on, at)
18. What are you looking ____ me? (to, for, at)
19. The cat is sitting ____ a tree. (under, below)
20. I am sick. I am sleeping ____ bed. (on, in)

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their meanings.

abrasive going off the main subject

tangent rough; coarse; harsh

bilk fame

renown cheat; defraud

covert taking credit for someone else's writing or ideas

plagiarism hidden; undercover

engender something subtle; a fine shade of meaning

nuance cause

hangar omplex; difficult to solve

knotty torage area (like garage) for a plane

34 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

T STARTGEED

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION

Read the following diary entry.
January 10
Thank God! I have finally won! At last, lady luck has favoured
me. I have taken part in so many competitions and have never
won anything. I was not happy that time. I thought I was so
unlucky. I questioned myself, “Aren’t you able?” But I’ve
always tried my best. Maybe I could have prepared better
for them, but still I did deserve to win at least one of them.
But it made me even more determined to succeed. After all,
I had a point to prove. I know I have a flare for writing. It was
just a matter of proving it by winning. I had to run the final
mile, and today I did! And what a moment it was! Like Emily Dickinson said, ‘Success is
counted sweetest by those who never succeeded’. I was standing in the corner, biting
my poor nails, when I heard the announcement. After that, it was all a blur of faces,
congratulating me, and I walked up the stage. I received a medal and a certificate and a cash
prize. Some of them asked me questions like, “How are you feeling?” “What is there behind
your success?” and so on. Then, I remembered the inspiring words of my father. “Look
at yourself.” “Believe in yourself.” “Never give up your hope.” “Let the time run.” I guess
I’ll decide later on what to do. Right now, I’m just delirious with delight!

Do you A sentence is a set of words that expresses a complete thought.
Know? It must have a subject and a verb, but it may or may not have an
object. A sentence that makes a statement begins with a capital letter
and ends with a period. There are mainly four kinds of sentences in
English language. They are declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and
imperative.

Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given diary entry.

a. What did the narrator think?

b. What did Emily Dickinson say?

c. What was the narrator doing when he heard the announcement?

d. What did the narrator receive?

e. What did the narrator remember when he was asked some questions?

Listening Practice

Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Assertive Negative Interrogative

I sing a song. I do not sing a song. Do I sing a song?

We visit the park. We do not visit the park. Do we visit the park?

You help the poor. You do not help the poor. Do you help the poor?

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 35

He draws a picture. He does not draw a picture. Does he draw a picture?

She combs her hair. She does not comb her hair. Does she comb her hair?

It rains a lot here. It does not rain a lot here. Does it rain a lot here?

They send us parcel. They do not send us parcel. Do they send us parcel?

Grammar Focus : Types of Sentences

1. A declarative or affirmative sentence makes a statement.

Dikshya studies in the UK.

The cows are grazing in the field.

I have a severe headache today.

2. An interrogative sentence asks a question about person, thing or reason.

What do you like to do?

Are you interested in sports?

Do you sing a song?

3. An exclamatory sentence expresses surprise or strong feeling or emotion of an
individual.

Don’t hurry!

What a wonderful day it was!

How strange person he is!

4. An imperative sentence gives an order.

Please help me.

Don’t hate the poor.

Never tell a lie.

Come here.

Go there very fast.

Grammar Focus : Sentence Transformation

A sentence that has an auxiliary verb takes 'NOT' instantly after the auxiliary verb when it is
changed into negative and auxiliary verb comes at the initial position of the sentence when
it is changed into interrogative.
I have learnt a moral lesson. (Statement)
I haven’t learnt a moral lesson. (Negative)
Have I learnt a moral lesson? (Interrogative)
They are playing table tennis. (Statement)
They are not playing table tennis. (Negative)
Are they playing table tennis? (Interrogative)
He will visit the zoo on Saturday. (Statement)
He won't visit the zoo on Saturday. (Negative)
Will he visit the zoo on Saturday? (Interrogative)

36 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

If there is a main verb in a sentence, auxiliary verbs DO, DID and DOES are used for V1, V2
and V5 respectively while changing them into negative and interrogative.

We have a party tonight. (Statement)
We don’t have a party tonight. (Negative)
Do we have a party tonight? (Interrogative)
He composed a song yesterday. (Statement)
He didn’t compose a song yesterday. (Negative)
Did he compose a song yesterday? (Interrogative)
Guru teaches us a lesson. (Statement)
Guru doesn’t teach us a lesson. (Negative)
Does Guru teach us a lesson.? (Interrogative)

When HAVE (Has, have and had) verb means possession, DO verb is used for
transformation.

Mohan has a beautiful house in Kathmandu. (Statement)
Mohan doesn’t have a beautiful house in Kathmandu. (Negative)
Does Mohan have a beautiful house in Kathmandu? (Interrogative)
They have a swimming pool in their house. (Statement)
They don’t have a swimming pool in their house. (Negative)
Do they have a swimming pool in their house?? (Interrogative)
Sushila had a beautiful garden in her house. (Statement)
Sushila didn’t have a beautiful garden in her house. (Negative)
Did Sushila have a beautiful garden in her house? (Interrogative)

Sentences containing HAS TO / HAVE TO and HAD TO take DOES, DO and DID for
transformation.

A good student has to learn well. (Statement)
A good student doesn’t have to learn well. (Negative)
Does a good student have to learn well? (Interrogative)
They have to submit their homework on time. (Statement)
They don’t have to submit their homework on time. (Negative)
Do they have to submit their homework on time? (Interrogative)
You had to decorate your room. (Statement)
You did not have to decorate your room. (Negative)
Did you have to decorate your room? (Interrogative)
Transformation of imperative sentences
Write an essay. (Imperative)
Don’t write an essay. (Negative)
Will you write an essay? (Interrogative)
Let me tell you a story. (Imperative)
Don’t let me tell you a story. (Negative)

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 37

Will you let me tell you a story? (Interrogative)
Let’s have a meeting tonight. (Imperative)
Let’s not have a meeting tonight. (Negative)
Shall we have a meeting tonight? (Interrogative)
Transformation of sentence into negetave

Affirmative Negative
a few / very few not many
a lot of/enough much (uncountable), any (elsewhere)
all none
already/just/lately/recently yet
always/ever never
and so and neither
any of/some of/most of none of
anyone no one/none-object
as soon as no sooner…. than
as … as …not so
either ….or… neither …nor…
everyone no one/none
if unless
must need not (necessity), must not (prohibition)
often/usually seldom
only/alone none but
some no (in the beginning)
somebody nobody
someone no one
something nothing
sometimes never (negative), ever (question)
still any longer/anymore
too/also/as well either
Examples

A few students learn Dutch now. Not many students learn Dutch now.
I have a lot of poem books. I don’t have any poem books.
All of them are smart teachers. None of them are smart teachers.
I have already passed my driving test. I haven’t passed my driving test yet.
He always speaks the truth. He never speaks the truth.

38 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

I wrote a poem and so did he. I didn’t write a poem and neither did he.
Some/most of the girls are playing. None of the girls are playing.
Anyone can do it. No one can do it.
As soon as i came, he left. No sooner I came than he left.
Hem is as clever as Niraj. Hem is not so clever as Niraj.
Either he or his friends are bad. Neither he nor his friends are bad.
Everyone is powerful. No one is powerful.
If you go there, you will see them. Unless you go there, you won’t see them.
You must go there. You neednot go there.
They often/usually come here. They seldom come here.
Only I visited the park. None but I visited the park.
Some students will go to the zoo. No students will go to the zoo.
Somebody was knocking at the door. Nobody was knocking at the door.
Someone has called me. No one has called me.
Something is required for us. Nothing is required for us.
She is still living here. She is not leaving here any longer.
Irish likes mangoes, too. Irish doesn’t like mangoes, either.

assess yourself 1

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I write a poem.
I am writing a poem.
I have written a poem.
I have been writing a poem.
I wrote a poem.
I was writing a poem.
I had written a poem.
I had been writing a poem.
I will write a poem.
I will be writing a poem.
I will have written a poem.
I will have been writing a poem.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 39

assess yourself 2

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

He draws a picture.

He is drawing a picture.

He has drawn a picture.

He has been drawing a picture.

He drew a picture.

He was drawing a picture.

He had drawn a picture.

He had been drawing a picture.

He will draw a picture.

He will be drawing a picture.

He will have drawn a picture.

He will have been drawing a
picture.

assess yourself 3

Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I sing a song.

I am singing a song.

I have sung a song.

I have been singing a song.

I sang a song.

I was singing a song.

I had sung a song.

I had been singing a song.

I will sing a song.

I will be singing a song.

I will have sung a song.

I will have been singing a song.

40 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 4 41
Underline subject and predicate in the following sentences.
1. The assistant pressed her lips.
2. I can only carry two at a time.
3. A thousand people were there.
4. I can type 50 words a minute.
5. Don’t go too near the forest.
6. He was driving at 50 miles an hour.
7. She died on a Tuesday.
8. The storm showed no signs of abating.
9. May god bless you!
10. She kissed him on the lips.
11. Steps are to be taken to abate pollution.
12. He was assisted in the deception by his wife.
13. He had an abhorrence of waste of any kind.
14. Have a seat.
15. May joy and peace abide in us all!
16. You'll have to abide by the rules of the club.
17. Not a drop of alcohol passed my lips.
18. Everyone has the right to good medical care.
19. What a cute baby it is!
20. A gentle form of exercise will increase your ability to relax.
21. Almost everyone has some musical ability.
22. He was a man of extraordinary abilities.
23. A woman of her ability will easily find a job.
24. Let them play basketball.
25. The whole building was soon ablaze.
26. He reluctantly gave up his claim at the meeting recently.
27. Amir wrote the slogans clearly on the wall.
28. Barun generously donated money at the event in the morning.
29. Hira angrily denied the allegations at the party meeting.
30. Gunjan went there in the morning.
31. He was badly injured on the playground a week ago.
32. He spoke wisely in class yesterday.
33. I will wait eagerly till tomorrow.
34. He behaved badly at a reception two days ago.
35. I will write the story in detail at my country house very soon.
36. She works hard in the kitchen the whole day.
37. I came hurriedly into the room in the morning.
38. Dibakar talked to her emotionally at the door two days ago.
39. Arjun eagerly read the letter at the office during the break.
40. The old woman slowly walked to the market in the evening.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 5
Change these sentences into negative and interrogative.
1. Binod had had his meal.
2. Boost up your cultural programme.
3. Everybody likes her.
4. Everyone admires her beauty.
5. Everything is fair in love and war.
6. All goods were destroyed in the fire.
7. Ganesh had bought a new laptop.
8. Have a glass of milk.
9. Induka always submits her work in time.
10. Junu bought some apples.
11. Kamal bought something on Saturday.
12. Lalu found something in the room.
13. Muna gave me some tips to solve my problem.
14. Nawaraj has a new bike.
15. Om had a nice car yesterday.
16. Pratik has a golden watch.
17. Rita has to guide her brother.
18. Simran got a terrific accident yesterday.
19. Tsering is a well known doctor.
20. Utsav is still playing in the national team.
21. Vijay killed a snake with a stout stick.
22. Yuban cut his finger.
23. Anuj often goes to school on foot.
24. Binod put the book on the table.
25. Carmen put the light on and went in.
26. Dhan Raj saw a jackal in the zoo.
27. Evan searched his brother everywhere.
28. Frank shot the tiger.
29. Guru showed me the greatest respect.
30. Hitraj brought several projects in his village.
31. Indra Sir teaches us English.
32. Januka tried to read a newspaper.
33. Kundan used to go to bed early.
34. Lila worked hard all day yesterday.
35. Muskan’s father has given up smoking.
36. Nina’s jokes made us laugh at the party.
37. Osama does her work perfectly.
38. Puskar has invited us for dinner today.
39. Rohit passed the ball to Denga.
40. Sabita had performed well in the drama.

42 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 6 43
Change these sentences into negative and interrogative.
1. I must go there.
2. These cats bark much at night.
3. They sometimes go to the cinema.
4. Mr. Regmi taught them a good moral lesson today.
5. Natasha gets me to write a poem for her.
6. Our sisters have already seen that film.
7. Let her close the window.
8. Let them do what they like.
9. Let us be prepared for 10 minutes.
10. Mr. Tony teaches English.
11. His brother sold his new car.
12. Kaman likes to visit new places.
13. Ekbal worked in London.
14. Nil sometimes comes to me.
15. Nirmala has read a lot of books.
16. Somebody stole my pen.
17. Nuka solved the problem.
18. Pawan is somehow clever.
19. Manage these documents in proper order.
20. Rahul drives a taxi.
21. Tom has already told us a story.
22. Unima has to help her father in the field.
23. Vishnu knows that all works are equal.
24. We mostly like red colour.
25. Somebody broke the chair.
26. Rajesh buys some books.
27. Samundra drank a lot of water.
28. Rosanna bought some notebooks.
29. Hurry up.
30. Swami has his shoes polished.
31. She cleans her room every morning.
32. Opal has a saloon.
33. Pukar had cut his finger in the field.
34. We generally help the needy people.
35. She had had a good journey.
36. Someone is inviting me.
37. They have many options.
38. Labish has some money today.
39. Some of you can play well.
40. Someone comes to meet you.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 7
Change these sentences into negative and interrogative.
1. They often like listening to the music.
2. Monika always goes to temple on Saturdays.
3. Something is wrong.
4. Netra always listens to the radio in the evening.
5. Dinesh bought many books yesterday.
6. Eliza is coming, too.
7. Someone is missing.
8. Furba is interested in music.
9. Ganga knew the way to your house.
10. Hema made her sister prepare a cup of tea.
11. Inkar sang beautifully.
12. Someone hit her on her head.
13. Jasmine shut the door.
14. I will help you.
15. Kristina told us an interesting story.
16. Lena was made to take some medicine.
17. Muna went to Salyantar.
18. They have bought some books.
19. They sit under the tree.
20. Natasha will have enjoyed the programme.
21. Osyka wrote a letter.
22. Paru shut the door.
23. Someone has stolen my pen.
24. Take medicine according to doctor’s prescription.
25. That bag has some cakes.
26. The boy has stolen my watch.
27. Abishek has to solve these problems.
28. The servant shut the door
29. Some books are kept in the bag.
30. There is some news today.
31. They found something in the room.
32. Susana bought some apples.
33. Bimala never prepares food.
34. They always shut the gate.
35. They had the news published.
36. They wrote a story.
37. We would like to have some food for breakfast.
38. You asked some questions.
39. You’d better go now.
40. Frank betrayed his friend.

44 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 8 45
Change these sentences into affirmative.
1. They don’t have to go there now.
2. Did she complete her homework?
3. Did Sunita appear in the exam?
4. Does he owe any money?
5. Don’t take antibiotics.
6. Has he stolen my wallet?
7. Niru never gets angry with me.
8. Does it often rain in summer?
9. Don’t put any sugar in my milk.
10. No one helped her yesterday.
11. Don’t tell it to anyone.
12. Nobody has bought this book yet.
13. None of you performed well.
14. Dikshya didn’t build the house.
15. Fulmaya doesn’t like singing.
16. Has he been to Dhading?
17. I did not write a letter.
18. Jay didn’t go to school yesterday.
19. None of them were invited.
20. Krishna does not buy old books.
21. Nobody goes outside.
22. I needn’t write to her.
23. Lakesh does not like fishing.
24. Nilkantha does not have any questions to practice.
25. Chuda is not working there any longer.
26. Hom must not attend the meeting.
27. Katappa never loses his courage.
28. Darpan never reads such magazines.
29. How did they select the employee?
30. Vishnu did not tell us what had happened.
31. We have not read any story books lately.
32. I need not do it now.
33. Is there any news today?
34. They did not enjoy the party.
35. They have not eaten meal yet.
36. Was she dancing in the concert?
37. We did not get the hotel very good.
38. Will she be preparing tea?
39. You needn’t write to her.
40. Neither Ram nor Hari was honest.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 9

Change these sentences into negative and interrogative.
1. Clean this room.
2. Get this letter posted.
3. Colour this picture.
4. Speak to your brother.
5. Wash your coat.
6. Buy a bicycle.
7. Help the helpless.
8. Tell me your email address.
9. Try to do this exercise.
10. Let him go to market.
11. I am singing a song.
12. We have bought a house.
13. You were at the party last week.
14. They will see me tomorrow.
15. He has new uniform.
16. She had a fine coat.
17. It is going to rain soon.
18. Let's do this exercise.
19. Let's have each other.
20. Let's go to library.

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their meanings.

tawdry forgiveness; pardon; release

reprieve obvious

plausible praiseworthy

obdurate establish firmly in a position

laceration hurry; accelerate; rush

hasten a cut

ensconce stubborn

creditable can be believed; reasonable

blatant a respite; postponement of a sentence

absolution of little value; gaudy

46 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

GE T START
ED

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNs

Read the following description.
Personally I myself have always prided myself on being able to look after myself in whatever
situation I happen to find myself. My father himself always taught me to take decisions.
“You should make your own mind up yourself and let other people get on with things by
themselves.” Those are the very words themselves that he used. I don't know what you
yourself do. I mean we are all supposed to try and make the best of ourselves. I guess from
what you yourself look like that you have a reasonable job. I don't imagine that you earn
as much as I myself do. I assume that you and your family are yourselves struggling to pay
the rent or the mortgage? What exactly do you yourself do for a living?' For a moment
the arrogant young man turned round on himself. When he turned back he found himself
staring at himself in the mirror. The other 'self' had slipped away and was now enjoying
herself in another part of the room talking to a young man who was looking very pleased
with himself.

Do you In the above given description, the coloured words are reflexive
Know? pronouns. The pronoun called reflexive is the pronoun when the action
done by the subject turns back (reflects) upon the subject.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. Why has the narrator prided herself?
b. What did the narrator’s father teach her?
c. What words did he use?
d. What are we all supposed to try and make?
e. What had the other 'self' done?

Listening Practice

Repeat these personal and reflexive pronouns after your teacher.

Personal pronouns Reflexive pronouns
I Myself
We Ourselves
You Yourself/yourselves
She Herself
He Himself
It Itself
They Themselves

Singular: self (myself, yourself, herself, himself, itself)
Plural: selves (ourselves, yourselves, themselves)

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 47

Grammar Focus : Use of Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns are used when you do something to yourself.
 She hurt herself when she fell off the ladder.
 Look at yourself in the mirror.
Many reflexive verbs do not have the idea of doing something to yourself.
 Did you enjoy yourself at the party?
 Behave yourself comfortably!
Reflexive pronouns are used for showing emphasis.
 I made it myself.
 She told me the news herself.
Reflexive pronouns are used as object or complement when they refer to the same thing
as the subject.
 I fell over and hurt myself.
 Bibek wrote about himself lots of times.
 We suddenly found ourselves in the middle of a crowd.
 The company's directors have given themselves a big pay rise.
 Mira didn't look herself usual self.
 I saw the man fall and hurt himself.
 Giving themselves a pay rise wasn't very diplomatic of the directors.

Additional Practice: Read these sentences.
1. Be careful not to cut yourself with that knife.
2. Bears like to rub themselves against a tree.
3. Can we just help ourselves?
4. Come in, everybody, and find yourselves a seat.
5. Did the children behave themselves?
6. Did you do all this electrical wiring yourself?
7. Have yourselves a good time.
8. I don't agree with it, myself.
9. I hope you enjoy yourself.
10. If you're going to succeed in life, you must believe in yourself.
11. John was looking at himself in the mirror.
12. Kate fell and hurt herself.
13. My back was very painful, but I managed to get myself dressed.
14. My brother repaired this computer himself.
15. One should learn to be wise oneself.
16. Our cat washes itself after every meal.
17. Paru has a very high opinion of herself.
18. The bird washed itself by splashing in a puddle.
19. The children cleaned their room all by themselves.
20. The kettle will switch itself off automatically.

48 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 1 49
Add correct reflexive pronoun to the following sentences.
1. If people work too hard, they can make _____ ill.
2. The poor widow poisoned _____.
3. The students cleaned their classroom _____.
4. The teacher said to the boys, “keep _____ clean".
5. The women _____ can make life free for them.
6. If somebody attacks you, you need to be able to defend _____.
7. If you want to eat, help _____.
8. It cleaned _____ with the tongue.
9. An aeroplane flew _____.
10. Don’t you deceive _____?
11. Everything in the world changes _____.
12. God helps those who help _____.
13. Good students search the answers _____.
14. Bipul cannot control _____ when he is angry.
15. Dikshya climbed the tree _____.
16. Kshitiz cooked rice _____.
17. Eros does his duty ____.
18. Frank has settled his problems _____ in difficulties.
19. The teacher is pointing to _____.
20. My brother set a hard disk_____.
21. Nit washed _____ when he got up.
22. Oman cheated _____as he wanted to cheat us.
23. I cannot repair my computer____. It needs an expert.
24. I did my homework _____.
25. I don’t want you to pay for me. I’ll pay for it_____.
26. They found it out _____.
27. They grow vegetables _____ instead of buying them from shops.
28. One should not harm _____.
29. My son polished his shoes _____.
30. I repaired my cycle _____.
31. The teacher wrote an essay _____.
32. I wash _____ when I get up.
33. Don’t worry about it. I will do it _____.
34. If you wish, I will go there_____.
35. Kamala was sitting by _____ in a corner of the cafe.
36. We found _____ at stake.
37. We must check _____ from doing evil things.
38. We must do _____ for our survival.
39. We must make _____ good citizens of our country.
40. We painted our rooms _____.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 2
Add correct reflexive pronoun to the following sentences.
1. My brother can dress ______.
2. The apples fall down _____ after they ripe.
3. The monkey carries its baby_____.
4. The people remove the obstacles _____.
5. They carried the table _____.
6. They cleaned the school _____.
7. Immature drivers are not allowed to drive by _____.
8. Let us develop our country _____.
9. Let’s paint the house _____.
10. Mother Teresa helped the poor _____.
11. We saw the Prime Minister _____.
12. My father does his work ______.
13. Natural things grow _____ without our efforts.
14. Prasuna bought her a wrist watch _____.
15. Prim cut _____ while he was shaving this morning.
16. Ramu does everything _____.
17. We removed the stone form the road _____.
18. Sabin completed his homework _____.
19. Sami had a great holiday. She enjoyed _____ very much.
20. We are responsible for misfortune _____.
21. She combed her hair _____.
22. She considers _____ the brave.
23. The cat chocked _____.
24. She consoled _____.
25. She was talking to ______.
26. The giraffe pulled the leaves _____.
27. Some people are always talking about _____.
28. Some people are very selfish. They only think of _____.
29. The film _____ wasn’t very good but I liked the music.
30. Some people often deceive _____.
31. Sue doesn’t think she’ll get job _____.
32. The mangoes fall down _____ when they are ripe.
33. The baby stood _____.
34. The birds fly _____.
35. We couldn’t get back into house. We had locked _____.
36. The box was too heavy for me to lift by _____.
37. Socrates poisoned _____.
38. Biro cut his hair by _____.
39. Do you sometimes talk to _____.
40. Don’t worry about Tom and me. We can look after _____.

50 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8