Dyanamic Grammar-8-2077

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VOICE

Read the following description.
A university course essay is completed in six stages. The
first stage is a private tutorial in which the task and topic
are fully discussed with the tutor. A reading list should be
obtained, detailing useful resource material. The second
stage involves conducting suitable research. Notes are taken
from available literature at the library, and data are collected
from questionnaires, interviews, and surveys. Writing the first
draft is the third stage. First, it is necessary to organize the
content of the essay and produce a brief outline. Next, the
draft is written in the acceptable formal academic style and
it is checked for appropriate language. The Fourth Stage is group discussion, during which
problem areas are analyzed and further ideas and suggestions are noted. The fifth stage
includes reading the resource material again before writing a second draft, using suggestions
from stage four. Once it is completed, all quotations should be checked for errors. The sixth
stage consists of writing the final draft of the essay. A spell-check is required before adding
a title page and compiling a bibliography. The essay should then be submitted before the
deadline for completion.

Do you In the description given above, the coloured words represent passive
Know? voice. Here, the use of verbs exhibits that the passive voice is the form
of a verb used when the subject is affected by the action of the verb in
a sentence. Thus, if the object is affected by the action of the verb, that
is active voice and if the subject is affected by the action of the verb,
that is passive voice.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. In how many stages is a university course essay completed?
b. What is done in the first stage?
c. What is done in the second stage?
d. What is done in the third stage?
e. What is done in the fourth stage?
f. What is done in the fifth stage?

Listening Practice

Repeat these short passives after your teacher.

Active v5 Passive is+v3
plays is+v4 is played is +being+v3
is playing is being played

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 101

played v2 was played was+v3
was playing was+v4
have played have+v3 was being played was+ being +v3
had played had + v3
will play will +v1 have been played have+ been +v3
would play would +v1
would have played would + have +v3 had been played had + been+ v3

will be played will +be +v3

would be played would + be + v3

would have been would + have +
played been+v3

to play to+v1 to be played to+ be+ v3
to have played to+ have+ v3
playing v4 to have been played to +have +been +v3

being played being+v3

The students should have prior knowledge of the following type before they start to change
the active sentences into passive.
a. Types of sentences

Declarative I visited the temple yesterday.
Negative I didn’t visit the temple yesterday.
Interrogative Did I visit the temple yesterday?
Imperative Don’t insult the poor.
Optative May you be successful!
b. Types of tenses and aspects

Simple present He writes an essay.

Present cont. He is writing an essay.

Present perfect He has written an essay.

Present perf. Cont. He has been writing an essay.

Simple past He wrote an essay.

Past continuous He was writing an essay.

Past perfect He had written an essay.

Past perfect cont He had been writing an essay.

Simple future He will write an essay.

Future continuous He will be writing an essay.

Future perfect He will have written an essay.

Future perfect cont He will have been writing an essay.

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c. Verb forms

V1 eat, sing, swim, take, go, hide, ride
V2 ate, sang, swam, took, went, hid, rode
V3 eaten, sung, swum, taken, gone, hidden, ridden
V4 eating, singing, swimming, taking, going, hiding, riding
V5 eats, sings, swims, takes, goes, hides, rides
d. Subject pronouns

I, we, you, she, he, it, they
e. Object pronouns:

me, us, you, her, him, it, them

Structure

Active: A man threatens us.
Sub + verb + object
Passive: We are threatened by a man.
Object + aux+ v3 +prep +sub

Grammar Focus : Subject and Object Change

We need to consider the following rules while changing the position of the subject and
object:
Active: I beat him.

Passive: He was beaten by me.

Active: He gifted me a good book.

Passive: A good book was gifted to me by him.

Grammar Focus : Pronoun Change Chart

Active voice Passive voice
I Me
We Us
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them
Who By Whom

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 103

Grammar Focus: Passive of Different Tenses

Simple I write an epic. (S + v1/v5 +obj) An epic is written (Obj +is/am/are + v3 +
Present by me. by + sub)
(S + do/does
I do not write an +not+v1 +obj) An epic is not (Obj +is/am/are + not +
epic. written by me. v3 + by + sub)

Do I write an Do /does +sub Is an epic written (Is/am/are + obj + v3 +
epic? +infinitive + obj) by me? by + sub)

Present I am writing an (S + is/am/are + An epic is being (Obj +is/am/are + being
Cont. epic. v4 +obj) written by me. + v3 + by + sub)

Tense I am not writing (S + is/am/are + An epic is not (Obj +is/am/are + not +
an epic. not + v4 + obj) being written by being + v3 + by + sub)

me.

Am I writing an (Is/am/are + sub Is an epic being (Is/am/are + obj + being
epic? + v4 + obj) written by me? + v3 + by + sub)

Present I have written an (S + have/has+ An epic has been (Obj + have/has + been
v3+obj) written by me. + v3 + by + sub)
Perfect epic.

Tense I have not written (S + have/has + An epic has not (Obj +have/has + not +
not + v3 + obj) been written by been + v3+ by + sub)
an epic. me.

Have I written an (Have/has + sub Has an epic been (Have/has + obj + been
+ v3+ obj?) written by me? + v3+by + sub?)
epic?

Simple I wrote an epic. (S + v2 + obj) An epic was (Obj + was/were + v3 +
Past written by me. by + sub)
Tense I did not write an
epic. (S + didn't + v1 + An epic was not (Obj + was/were + not +
obj) written by me. v3 +by + sub)

Did I write an (Did + sub +v1 + Was an epic (Was/were + obj + v3 +
epic? obj) written by me? by + sub)

Past I was writing an (S + was/were + An epic was (Obj + was/were + being
Cont. epic. v4 + obj) being written by + v3 + by+ sub)
Tense me.
I was not writing
an epic. (S + was/were + An epic was not (Obj + was/were + not +
not + v4 + obj) being written by being + v3 + sub)

me.

Was I writing a Was/Were + sub Was a letter Was/Were + obj + being
letter? + v4 + obj being written by + v3 + by + sub
me?

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Past I had written an (S + had + v3 + An epic had (Obj + had + been + v3 +
Perfect epic. obj) been written by by + sub)
Tense
me.
Simple
Future I had not written S + had + not + A letter had not Obj + had + not + been
Tense a letter. v3 + obj been written by + v3 + by + sub
me.
Future
Perfect Had I written an (Had + sub + v3 Had an epic (Had + obj + been + v3 +
Tense epic? + obj) been written by by + sub)
me?
Going
to I will write an (S + will/shall + An epic will be (Obj + will/shall + be +
Future epic. v1 + obj) written by me. v3 + by + sub)
Tense
I will not write an (S + will/shall An epic will not (Obj + will/shall + not +
epic. +not + v1 + obj) be written by be + v3 + by + sub)

me.

Will I write an (Will/shall + sub Will an epic be (Will/shall + obj + be +
epic? + v1 + obj) written by me? v3 + by + sub)

I will have written (S + will/shall + An epic will have (Obj + will/shall +have +
an epic. have + v3 + obj) been written by been + v3 + by + sub)
me.

I will not have (Sub + will/shall An epic will (Obj + will/shall + not +
written an epic. + not + have + not have been have + been + v3 + sub)
v3 +obj) written by me.

Will I have written (Will/shall + sub Will an epic have (Will/shall + obj + have
an epic? + have + v3 + been written by + been + v3 + by + sub)
obj) me?

I am going to (S +is/am/are/ An epic is going (Obj+is/am/are/was/
write an epic. was/were+going to be written by were + going to + be+
to+v1+ obj) me. v3+ by + sub)

I am not going to (S + is/am/are/ An epic is not (Obj + is/am/are/was/
write an epic. was/were + not going to be were + not + going to +
+ going to + v1 written by me. be + v3 + by + sub)
+ obj)

Am I going to Is/Am/Are/Was/ Is a letter going Is/Am/Are/Was/Were +
write a letter? Were + sub+ to be written by obj + going to + be + v3
going to + v1 + me? + by + sub
obj

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 105

Grammar Focus : Passive of Modals Passive
(Obj + modal + be + v3 + by+ sub)
Active (Obj + modal +not+ be + v3 + by + sub)
(S + modal + v1 + obj) (Aux + obj + be + v3+by +sub+?)
(S + modal +not+ v1 + obj) A song can be composed by me.
(Aux + s + v1 + obj +?) A song cannot be composed by me.
I can compose a song. Can a song be composed by me?
I cannot compose a song. We may be called by him.
Can I compose a song? We may not be called by him.
He may call us. May we be called by him?
He may not call us. We might be defeated by her.
May he call us? We might not be defeated by her.
She might defeat us. Might we be defeated by her?
She might not defeat us. We should be helped by them.
Might she defeat us? We should not be helped by them.
They should help us. Should we be helped by them?
They should not help us. Good moral must be provided by it.
Should they help us? Good moral must not be provided by it.
It must provide good moral. Must good moral be provided by it?
It must not provide good moral. We may have been taught by her.
Must it provide good moral? We may not have been taught by her.
She may have taught us. May we have been taught by her?
She may not have taught us. We might have been defeated by him.
May she have taught us? We might not have been defeated by him.
He might have defeated us. Might we have been defeated by him?
He might not have defeated us. I should have been written to by you.
Might he have defeated us? I should not have been written to by you.
You should have written to me. Should I have been written to by you?
You should not have written to me. You must have been told by me.
Should you have written to me? You must not have been told by me.
I must have told you. Must you have been told by me?
I must not have told you. You ought to have been written to by me.
Must I have told you? You ought not to have been written to by me.
I ought to have written you. Ought you to have been written by me?
I ought not to have written you.
Ought I to have written you?

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Grammar Focus : Passive of WH Questions

Active Passive

WH word + aux + sub + verb + obj +? WH word + aux + obj + be + v3 + by + sub?

Where have you bought this laptop? Where has this laptop been bought?

When will she return the camera? When will the camera be returned by her?

How did he send email? How was email sent by you?

Whom did you give my copy? Who was given my copy?

Whom are you waiting for? Who is/are being waited for?

What are you eating? What is being eaten by you?

What did he tell you? What was told to you by him?

What have you done? What has been done (by you)?

Who + verb + Obj +? By whom + aux/be verb + sub + v3 +?

Who stole the chair? By whom the chair was stolen?

Who/whom was the chair stolen by?

Who can solve it? By whom can it be solved?

Who/whom can it be solved by?

Grammar Focus : Passive of Imperatives

Active Voice Passive Voice
(V+ Obj)-order/command (Let + Obj + be + v3)
Loot at the door. Let the door be looked at.
Complete your homework. Let your homework be completed.
Type this essay right now. Let this essay be typed right now.
Teach me a lesson. Let a lesson be taught to me.
Plough the plot of land. Let the plot of land be ploughed.
(Let + obj1 + verb + obj2)-double object (Let + obj2 + be + v3 + by + obj1)
Let me write a love letter. Let a love letter be written by me.
Let him compose a poem. Let a poem be composed by him.
Let him perform a play. Let a play be performed by him.
Let us play football. Let football be played by us.
(Verb + obj)-advice/suggestion (Obj + should/must + be + v3)
Help the needy people. The needy people should/must be helped.
Obey your seniors. Your seniors should/must be obeyed.
Do meditation daily. Meditation should/must be done daily.
Do exercise regularly. Exercise should/must be done regularly.
(please, kindly, do+ verb +obj)-request You are requested to + verb +obj
Kindly guide us. You are requested to guide us.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 107

Please don't drink. You are requested not to drink.

Do help us. You are requested to help us.
Grammar Focus : Passive of Have to/Has to/Had to

Active Voice Passive Voice

(S + have to/has to/had to + v1 + (Obj + have to/has to/had to + be + v3 + by + sub)
obj)

I have to type this letter. This letter has to be typed by me.

Ram has to sing a song. A song has to be sung by him.

They had to cancel the flight. The flight had to be canceled by them.
Verbs not used in the Passive voice
Verbs referring to states of being like have, belong, be, seem, resemble, etc. do not usually
have passive constructions. In that case we either choose another verb or avoid using the
passive.
Active: Then we had breakfast.
Passive: Then brekfast was eaten. (NOT Then breakfast was had.)
Transitive and Intransitive verb
A verb can be either transitive or intransitive. A transitive verb needs an object in sentence
to give complete meaning while an intransitive verb does not need an object in sentence to
give complete meaning. For example:
Transitive verb: send
Active: He sent a parcel.
Passive: A parcel was sent by him.
Here, send is a transitive verb and it needs an object i.e. a parcel to express full meaning.
Intransitive Verb: laugh, happen, die, agree, look, seem, arrive, fall, occur, sleep, be, go, rain,
stay, become, recover, walk, come, live, remain, work, reach, sit, etc.
Active: He sleeps.
Passive: He is slept.
Active: The murder happened at 5 o’clock.
Passive: The murder was happened at 5 o’clock.
Active: He died in a war.
Passive: He was died in a war.
Here, 'sleep', 'happen' and 'die' are intransitive verbs and they do not need object for
expressing full meaning.

Passive Combination with Preposition

Active Passive
Sub + verb + preposition + obj Obj + be + v3 + preposition + sub
I am knocking at the door. The door is being knocked at.
They are looking for me. I am being looked for.
You must go into this topic. This topic must be gone into.
She is asking about you. You are being asked about.
I have to write to him. He has to be written to.

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Some Verbs take Other Preposition Instead of `By'
Know, oblige, marry-to
Deal, please, displease, satisfy, dissatisfy, fill, cover-with
Interest, consist, envelope, absorb, contain-in
Surprise, astonish, alarm, amaze, frighten, shock-at
Bury-in/under

Active Passive
She pleased me. I was pleased with her.
The project interests me. I am interested in the project.
Her death shocks us. We are shocked at her death.
He knows us. We are known to him.
His presence surprises them. They are surprised at his presence.
That bottle contains water. Water is contained in that bottle.
Get Passive

Active Passive
Tony assists me. I get assisted by Tony.
Arjun married Aastha. Arjun got married to Aastha.
Causative Verb

Active Passive
He makes me type a poem. I am made to type a poem by him.
He made me write a letter. I was made to write a letter by him.
They make us sing a song. We are made to sing a song by them.
They made us recite a poem. We were made to recite a poem by them.
Passive of Infinitives and Gerund

Active Passive

S + like/dislike/love/hate + noun + v + ing S + like/dislike/love/hate + being + v3

I like people admiring me. I like being admired.

I don't like people criticizing me. I don't like being criticized.

I disgust people looking at me. I disgust being looked at.

Sub + wish/want/love/like+obj1+ to + v1+ Sub+ wish/want/love/like+obj2+ to be+
obj2 v3+ by + obj1

I want him to write an essay. I want an essay to be written by him.

Sub + decide, think, urge, propose, Sub+decide,think,urge,propose,determine,
determine, agree+ to +V1+obj agree + that +obj+should+be+V3

She decided to buy a car. She decided that a car should be bought.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 109

Passive Combination with Manner Adverb

Active Passive
S + verb + obj + manner adv S + be verb + manner adv + v3
They paint the house very well. The house is very well painted.
He was listening to the music slowly. The music was being slowly listened to.
He always speaks to us politely. We are always politely spoken to.

Reflexive Passive
Active: Don't let people insult you.
Passive: Don't let yourself be insulted.

Verb+ Yourself

Active: Prepare yourself for exam.

Passive: Be prepared yourself for the exam.

Impersonal Passive

If we don’t want to identify a specific person as agent, but prefer not to use a passive form,
we can use an impersonal subject. They, we, people, etc. are impersonal subjects.

Active Passive
They said he was a detective.
We think he is the principal. It was said that he was a detective.
People believe that he married twice. He was said to be a detective.
They say that English is a global language.
People say that she is a bad person. It is thought that he is the principal.
Miscellaneous Sentences He is thought be the principal.

It is believed that he had married twice.
He is believed to have married twice.

It is said that English is a global language.
English is said to be a global language.

It is said that she is a bad person.
She is said to be a bad person.

Active Passive
I didn't do anything. Nothing was done by me.
You can believe in them. They can be believed in by you.
Bitter gourd tastes bitter. Bitter gourd is bitter when it is tasted.
A lorry knocked down him. He was knocked down by a lorry.

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assess yourself 1

Put the simple present tense of the verbs in passive voice.
1. At the Olympic Games gold medal_____ (award) to the winner of each event.
2. Huge crocodiles _____ sometimes_____ (see) in North Queensland.
3. That drains_____ (clear) out regularly and all the rubbish _____ (take) away.
4. The battery in my car_____ (check) quite often and it _____ (change) if it is not
good.
5. The grass_____ (cut) and the field _____ (mark) out before each game.
6. The name of the winner_____ (engrave) on the shield.
7. The paper_____ (deliver) quite early in the morning.
8. Those fans_____ (control) by that switch over there.
9. When thieves_____ (arrest) they_____ (take) to a police station.
10. You_____ (expect) to be quiet in the library and _____ (ask) not to talk.

assess yourself 2

Put the present continuous tense of the verbs in passive voice.
1. That office_____ (redecorate) for the new manager.
2. The cup final _____ (play) at the national stadium next week.
3. The fire _____ gradually_____ (put) out, as far as I can see.
4. The results of the competition_____ (announce) as soon as they are received.
5. This part of the wall_____ (paint) red.
6. Two new tugs_____ (build) at the shipyard now.
7. We think twenty or thirty workers_____ (dismiss) unless business improves.
8. We_____ (show) round the new factory by the manager.
9. Which animal_____ (hunt) next?
10. Who_____ (invite) to the wedding?

assess yourself 3

Put the present perfect tense of the verbs in passive voice.
1. Is it true that a fence_____ (put) round the field?
2. James _____ just_____ (bite) by a snake.
3. Most of the land in that valley _____ already_____ (clear) for settlement.
4. Nothing_____ (say) about the broken window, has it?
5. The corner of this page_____ (tear) by him.
6. The national anthem _____ just_____ (play).
7. The plan for the new airport _____ just_____ (approve).
8. Those clothes_____ (wash) twice already.
9. We _____ not yet_____ (teach) how to do that.
10. Which one_____ (appoint) captain?

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assess yourself 4

Put the simple past tense of the verbs in passive voice.
1. Both of the passengers _____ slightly_____ (injure) in the accident.
2. His car_____ (search) when he went through the Customs.
3. Most of these stamps_____ (collect) by my brother when he was much younger.
4. Our team_____ (beat) in the final.
5. The board_____ (clean) at the end of the previous lesson.
6. The injured man_____ (carry) to an ambulance.
7. The sandwiches _____ soon_____ (eat).
8. The spare parts_____ (want) urgently so they_____ (fly) in from the supplier.
9. These books_____ (borrow) from the boys in another class.
10. We_____ (stop) by the police when we came to the barrier.

assess yourself 5

Put the verb in brackets into the passive form of the past continuous tense.
1. A tiger escaped in Paris when it_____ (move) from one zoo to another.
2. He could not use his car yesterday because it_____ (service).
3. One of the men said that he saw a crocodile when the pool_____ (drain).
4. One of the soldiers fainted while the guard of honor_____ (inspect) by the Chief
Minister.
5. The bridge_____ (repair) yesterday so the traffic was delayed.
6. The ship_____ (unload) when we reached the docks.
7. The storm came while the crops_____ (gather) in.
8. Those houses_____ (build) when I came here six months ago.
9. When I went past the hall, I noticed that the chairs_____ (arrange) for a film show.
10. When we arrived at their house we saw that it_____ (decorate).

assess yourself 6

Use the passive form of the past perfect tense of the verb in brackets.
1. He said the bridge _____ (repair).
2. I did not know that their house_____ (sell).
3. We were glad to hear that the men_____ (rescue).
4. He said that the results of the examination_____ (check) very thoroughly.
5. She wanted to know whether we_____ (tell) about the party.
6. I didn't sweep out the room because it_____ (sweep) out already.
7. He was angry because he felt that he_____ (betray).
8. I read in the newspaper that two men_____ (bury) when the walls of a ditch had
caved in on them. Luckily, they_____ (dig) alive out by other workers.
9. The doctor said he_____ (ask) to come and see my brother.
10. He said he hadn't received the letter although it_____ (post) nearly a week before.

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assess yourself 7
Put in the passive form of the simple future tense of the verb in brackets.
1. The police said the robbers_____ (identify) fairly soon.
2. His car_____ (repair) tomorrow.
3. Fifty people_____ (invite) to her wedding.
4. That old building _____ soon_____ (pull) down.
5. Anybody who does not stop at the red light_____ (arrest).
6. If nobody claims the lost property, it_____ (sell) at the end of the term.
7. That shop_____ (close) for a week for repairs and renovation.
8. You_____ (injure) if you put your hand too near that circular saw.
9. There are two very fast runners in the next race. I think the record _____ probably_____
(break) by one of them.
10. If you try to go down that road, you_____ (stop) by a policeman.

assess yourself 8
Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. A cruel hunter killed a bird.
2. Biplab’s dog has bitten me.
3. A cat was looking at a mouse.
4. Can Amir improve his hand writing?
5. A huge wave overturned the little boat.
6. Can you carry the log?
7. The young woman killed a leopard.
8. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone.
9. Mr. Bhusal pleases us very often.
10. Aren’t you demanding more than the reasonable price?
11. Do not throw stone at the poor dog.
12. Basanta hasn’t cut his hair.
13. Does he speak English?
14. A microbus knocked over a cyclist yesterday.
15. Buna will not protect him.
16. Can you post this letter?
17. A gang of boys stole my money.
18. Ranjita will have bought a car.
19. Columbus discovered America.
20. Robert Frost wrote many poems.
21. Could you guide us correctly?
22. Did Kalyan write a memo?
23. Anurag is not going to buy a computer.
24. Did anybody call your name at night?
25. Does Roman read a book?

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 113

assess yourself 9
Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. Have they repeated the same mistake?
2. Karma can speak English well.
3. Loma composed this song last year.
4. Manu did not invite his friends to the party.
5. Nisu does every work carefully.
6. Oso gave his son a pen.
7. Pirtam had received your letter when I met him.
8. Has he cut his hair?
9. Rattan has to please all his relatives.
10. Subin has to ring the bell.
11. Tarzan is not reading a book.
12. Has she taken her meals?
13. Bin is speaking the truth.
14. Abiral made his wife to do his work.
15. Anjan pretended to be an industrialist.
16. Dip says Mohan is a procrastinator.
17. Ekbal taught me to read Persian.
18. Fulmaya was drawing a picture.
19. Ganesh was teaching them a lesson.
20. His assistants accused him of different crimes.
21. Nobody will understand his language.
22. How does the boy help the girl?
23. Inkar bought a doll for his son
24. I have kept my wallet in the safe.
25. Everyone knows her well.
26. They must look into the matter.
27. Lila offered him a chair.
28. Nobody could control the fire.
29. They opened the door and entered the house.
30. Kancha had bought the book 2 years ago.
31. I saw him opening the box.
32. Nobody heard a sound.
33. The victim had to call the police soon.
34. Let him sing a song.
35. Men didn’t do household work in the past.
36. Riana has to take care of these children.
37. One should keep one’s premises clean.
38. My brother will decorate this house.
39. The nature itself teaches the beasts to know their friends.
40. We expected them to win the match.

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assess yourself 10 115
Change the following sentences into passive voice.
1. No one has beaten him at chess.
2. One of the armies has defeated me.
3. People are destroying forest for firewood and shelter.
4. We didn’t care for the environment a few years ago.
5. The council elected him as the president.
6. I sympathized him at the death of his father.
7. Most of us speak English all over the world.
8. We use milk for making butter and cheese.
9. The old man is climbing the precipice.
10. Please bring me some water.
11. Devkota wrote this essay book.
12. Harke is singing a Hindi song.
13. Aryan was writing a love letter.
14. Laya didn’t give me a chance to speak.
15. Binaya has not done any research.
16. The class teacher appointed him the monitor.
17. Bibek helps everybody in need.
18. Tulsa cleans the office every day.
19. Sumy doesn’t accomplish my command.
20. Bhanubhakta wrote many poems.
21. All people loudly cheered the PM’s speech.
22. We have built a dam for irrigating the rice field.
23. The curator of the museum showed us some old coins.
24. Doctors perform operation of the patient.
25. The river swept away many houses last year.
26. They have already reaped the harvest.
27. The principal gave him a prize.
28. Utsav teases his friends very often.
29. The public will learn with astonishment that war is imminent.
30. The Romans expected to conquer Carthage.
31. Our English teacher will teach us a lesson tomorrow.
32. They are going to punish him for the misconduct.
33. They are making cabins in national parks.
34. They don’t open the office until 8:00.
35. We found him guilty of murder.
36. They have pulled down the old house.
37. My students pronounce every word correctly.
38. The Kathmandu post publishes news daily.
39. They will have finished this work by tomorrow.
40. Those girls have to pay special attention to their studies.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 11
Change the following sentences into active voice.
1. Stamps can be bought at any post offices.
2. The fire has been controlled by us.
3. Meal has to be prepared by me every day.
4. The poor must be helped.
5. His words must be listened to by us.
6. They were refused admission.
7. The endangered animals should be preserved.
8. What is being looked for by you?
9. What can be done for you by me?
10. When shall you be called?
11. I had been invited to the party by them.
12. Why is a grammar lesson taught to you?
13. Rice was being harvested at that time.
14. The revolutionaries are being supported.
15. All the small and big market was closed.
16. It was hoped that doctors would cure his disease.
17. The tower of London was formerly used as a prison.
18. The minister’s speech was loudly cheered.
19. Why should I be suspected by you?
20. Honey is made by bees.
21. The boy was praised by teacher.
22. The telegraph wires have been cut.
23. A king may be looked at by a cat.
24. The letter was written by her clerk.
25. The steam engine was invented by Watt.
26. Harsh sentences were pronounced on the offenders.
27. The exhibition was opened by the class teacher.
28. The ship was set on fire and abandoned by the crew.
29. Stones should not be thrown to the dog.
30. Without effort nothing can be gained.
31. By whom has this jug broken?
32. My pencil has been stolen.
33. My pocket has been picked.
34. I was not invited.
35. Nothing was given to me.
36. I was shocked at his death.
37. He is pleased with us.
38. They are astonished at our success.
39. A dead body of a dog was buried under the ground.
40. Water is contained in this bottle.

116 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 12

Use the passive form of the verbs given in the bracket to complete the given text.
Yesterday a match (play) between India and Pakistan. All the tickets (sell) one month ago. I
had also bought a ticket but when I reached the stadium almost all the seats (occupy). I could
reach to my seat with a great difficulty. The stadium (pack) to capacity. Slogans (shout) by the
supporters of both the teams. Ultimately both the captain came into the field for the toss.
The coin was in the hands of the Pakistani captain which (toss) up but the toss (win) by the
Indian captain and first batting (elect) by him.
Use the passive form of verbs given in the bracket to complete the given text.
John’s school is going to celebrate its annual function. All the programmes (decide) for the
occasion. Professional dancers (invite) to prepare the prayer dance. A group of boys and girls
(train) for a Bhangara. A few classical music (prepare) by the music teacher. The chief guest
(decide) and invitation card (print). A parody based on patriotic theme (play) by the grade X
students. The function (expect) to be a fabulous one.
Use the passive form of verbs given in the bracket to complete the given text.
Seven tablespoons of cocoa powder (measure) into a small bowl. Half a cup of boiling water
(add). The mixture (stir) until it is smooth. It (leave) to cool down. A half cup of softened butter
(put) in a large bowl. Two cups of white sugar (add). The mixture (stir) until it is smooth. Next,
three eggs (add), and the mixture (stir) again. The dry ingredients (add) next - two cups of
flour, 1 teaspoon of baking powder and 1 teaspoon of baking soda. The last additions that
(make) to the batter is a cup of sour cream and all of the cocoa mixture. The batter (mix) well.
The batter (pour) into two cake tins. The cakes (bake) in the oven for 45 minutes. After the
cakes (cool), chocolate icing (spread) over them and the cakes (decorate). The best part (save)
until the last cakes (eat).

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their meanings.

tentative tribute; honor; praise

resolution support; prop up

plummet puzzling; enigmatic

obliterate short-lived

lamentation a pleasure seeker

hedonist expression of regret or sorrow

ephemeral destroy; demolish; eradicate

cryptic fall suddenly and steeply

bolster determination

accolade not certain

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 117

GE T START
ED

QUESTION TAGS

Read the following sentences.
He needs some help, doesn't he?
We are away for a few days, aren't we?
It's a lovely weather, isn't it?
It wasn't his mistake, was it?
There is a problem, isn't there?
You're not serious, are you?
You often come here, don't you?
She isn't Nepalese , is she?
Don't exert yourself, will you?

Do you In the above given sentences, doesn't he?, aren't we?, isn't it?, was it?,
Know? isn't there?, are you?, don't you?, is she? and will you? are tags.

Speaking Practice based on the given sentences.

Answer these questions
a. What are question tags?
b. Which punctuation is used in tags?
c. What form of verbs is used in tags?
d. What is a positive tag?
e. What is a negative tag?

Listening Practice

Repeat these contractions after your teacher.

Word Contraction Word Contraction
hadn’t…..?
am/’m aren’t…..? had + v3 had…..?
hasn’t…..?
are/’re aren’t…..? had better not doesn’t/don’t/didn’t…..?
doesn’t/don’t/didn’t…..?
can can’t…..? has + v3 haven’t…..?
will you?
command will you? has to /have to /had to mayn’t…..?
mightn’t…..?
could couldn’t…..? has/have/had+ noun mustn’t…..?
didn’t…..?
dare not dare…..? have + v3 doesn’t/needn’t…..?

dares doesn’t…..? let(me/us/him/her/them)

do don’t…..? may

does doesn’t…..? might

did didn’t…..? must

don’t/ never + v + o will you? needed

‘d + better hadn’t…..? needs

118 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

‘d + have + v3 wouldn’t…..? shall shan’t…..?
‘d + rather wouldn’t…..? should shouldn’t…..?
‘d + v3 hadn’t…..? used to + v1 didn’t…..?
‘s + been + v4 hasn’t…..? v1 don’t…..?
‘s + being + v3 isn’t…..? v2 didn’t…..?
‘s + ing isn’t…..? v5 doesn’t…..?
‘s + noun isn’t…..? will won’t…..?
‘s + p.p. (v3) hasn’t…..? would rather not would…..?
had + noun didn’t…..? would/’d + v1 wouldn’t…..?

Tag Questions are a very common feature of spoken English and are used mostly as a social
convention, inviting a response from the other person. They are used to elicit a response or
just as a statement. Tags are also used for asking for an agreement or confirmation. Tag is not
a separate sentence; it is a part of sentence.

Grammar Focus : Rules of Question Tags

1. There should be comma (,) at the end of the statement.
I am from a village, aren’t I?
2. A tag should begin with small letter.
None of them has a key, do they?
3. Affirmative statement has a negative tag and negative statement has a positive tag.
He used to go there, didn’t he? (Positive statement-Negative tag)
Neither of them is honest, are they? (Negative statement-Positive tag)
4. Nouns as subject of the statement should be changed into pronoun.
Hema and Mona were at the party, weren't they?
Let's play a game, shall we?
Let's not sing a song, shall we?
Let him do it, will you?
5. If there is auxiliary verb in the statement, the same auxiliary verb should be repeated
in the tag. Here is a list of auxiliary verbs.

Present Form Past Form
is/am/are was/were
have/has had
do/does did
shall/will should/would
can/may could/might
must had to


Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 119

You are going to school, aren’t you?
You ought to complete this work, oughtn’t you?
He will visit us tomorrow, won’t he?
Rita can write a poem, can’t she?
He has called us, hasn’t he?
You must follow the rules, mustn’t you?
6. If there is no auxiliary verb in the statement, do, does or did is used in the tag according
to the subject, number and form of the verb.
Sub +v1 (base form) = don’t
They love flower, don't they?
Sub +v2 (past form) = didn’t
He cut his finger, didn't he?
Sub +v5 (‘s’ or ‘es’ form) =doesn’t
Gautam spends much, does't he?
7. If the subject of the statement is ‘this’ or ‘that’ the pronoun in the tag is ‘it’ but if the
subject is ‘these’ or ‘those’, the pronoun in the tag is ‘they’.
This is a nice hotel, isn’t it?
That is not your house, is it?
These are the books I need, aren’t they?
Those are my copies, aren’t they?
8. If there is ‘You and I’ together in the subject of the statement, the pronoun in the tag
should be ‘we’.
You and I are best friends, aren’t we?
You and I were living together, weren’t we?
9. If the verb ‘Have' is used as a main verb the tag will be as given below:
Have=do
We have a house in Kathmandu, don't we?
Has=does
He has a nice car, doesn't he?
Had=did
I had a new bicycle, didn't I?
10. Imperative sentences take 'will you' as a tag. But in the case of ‘Let’s’, ‘Shall we’ is
used.
Help me, will you?
Don't tell a lie, will you?
Please, behave yourself wisely, will you?
Let him play, will you?

120 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Never be late, will you?
Get it done, will you?
Have it, will you ?
Shut your mouth, will you?
Let's not play today, shall we?
Let’s have a party tonight, shall we?
11. A sentence having two clauses takes a tag according to the former clause.
I wish he would pass his driving test, don't I?
I don't think he will visit us today, do I?
It is said that 10% of total students are out of school, isn't it?
12. If there is sub+’d+rather+v1 and sub +’d +better+v1 in the statement the tag will be
wouldn’t and hadn’t respectively.
You'd better go there, hadn't you?
He'd rather call us in his house, wouldn't he?
13. Sentence with negative words such as neither, no, none, no one, nothing, scarcely,
barely, hardly, hardly ever, seldom, never, rarely, nobody, not often, infrequently, etc. are
always followed by a positive tag.
Nobody does homework, do they?
They never play volleyball, do they?
We hardly pass the exam, do we?
Nothing happened to me, did it?
Neither of the students played well, did they?
None of them liked the film, did they?
14. Singular auxiliary verbs (is, was, has, does) change to plural auxiliary verbs (are, were,
have, do) to form tags if the subjects of the statements are somebody, someone,
nobody, no one, everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, none, neither, etc.
Everyone sings beautifully, don't they?
Everybody is honest, aren’t they?
No one respects a gangster, do they?
Neither of the books is good, are they?
Somebody has found my wallet, haven’t they?
Either of them plays well, don’t they?
15. If the subject of the statement is everything, anything, something, nothing, all +
singular verb, the pronoun in the tags is ‘it’.
Everything is alright, isn't it?
All is well, isn't it?
Something is troubling you, isn’t it?
Nothing interests me, does it?

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 121

Additional Practice: Read these sentences.
1. They have a beautiful house in Kathmandu, don’t they?
2. We had a flat in that house last year, didn’t we?
3. He has a new bike these days, doesn’t he?
4. These students have to learn well, don’t they?
5. Those boys had to wake up early in the morning, didn’t they?
6. Rohan has to take tuition classes, doesn’t he?
7. Everybody enjoys this place, don’t they?
8. Everyone is unique, aren’t they?
9. Anybody can come, can’t they?
10. Anyone may contact us, mayn’t they?
11. Somebody is coming, aren’t they?
12. Someone has called you, haven’t they?
13. No one is beyond nature, are they?
14. Nobody respects the criminals, do they?
15. None was respectful work, were they?
16. Let him sing a song, will you?
17. Either of them is obedient to us, aren’t they?
18. Neither of them has seen us, have they?
19. One should respect the nature, shouldn’t one?
20. All of them are honest, aren’t they?
21. You’d better stop talking, hadn’t you?
22. You’d rather go there, wouldn’t you?
23. There used to be a coffee shop, didn’t there?
24. Let me see it first, will you?
25. I ought to respect them, oughtn’t I?
26. You need not worry about me, need you?
27. Everything is perishable, isn’t it?
28. Nothing has happened to me, has it?
29. Something needs to be done soon, doesn’t it?
30. He scarcely spends money on clothes, does he?
31. Let us do this work right now, will you?
32. John barely goes out, does he?
33. Let’s go for a walk, shall we?
34. Yubin hardly talks in English, does he?
35. I seldom go there, do I?
36. Kamal never eats pork, does he?
37. Guru rarely comes on time, does he?
38. He infrequently visits us, does he?
39. Let them go through the project, will you?
40. Let’s not hurry up, shall we?

122 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 1

Add correct tag to the following sentences.
1. Harry is a wealthy man, ?
2. Don’t run, ?
3. She has a baby, ?
4. Have a cup of tea, ?
5. Don’t talk much, ?
6. Either Jack or John did it, ?
7. He doesn’t like tea, ?
8. Everybody can dance perfectly, ?
9. Have some more rice, ?
10. Everybody has his coat stitched, ?
11. He doesn’t need to go, ?
12. Everybody saw the accident, ?
13. Have another glass of milk, ?
14. I am a teacher, ?
15. He can speak English very well, ?
16. I am never with you, ?
17. Let me open the door, ?
18. I am right, ?
19. Let me start first, ?
20. I am very late, ?
21. Let them go now, ?
22. I barely know the old man, ?
23. Let us go to the movie, ?
24. I didn’t hurt you, ?
25. Let me open the window, ?
26. None of the books are torn, ?
27. Let me start a new business, ?
28. Nothing was mentioned, ?
29. Let us do that work, ?
30. Nothing is good there, ?
31. One can see it, ?
32. She can’t speak Nepali fluently, ?
33. There are some girls in your class, ?
34. She didn’t paint it herself, ?
35. There is a mosque in that street, ?
36. She doesn’t like fish, ?
37. There lived an old hermit in the forest, ?
38. She drives a car, ?
39. There’s big pond in front of Durbar School, ?
?
40. She hardly drinks,

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 123

assess yourself 2 ?
?
Add correct tag to the following sentences. ?
1. All are absent, ?
2. Bishal could pass the exams, ?
3. All is well, ?
4. Boys don’t like to wash, ?
5. Ann’s applied for the job, ?
6. Come as soon as possible, ?
7. Anybody will help you, ?
8. Chase away that monkey, ?
9. Do it yourself, ?
10. Come back soon, ?
11. Don’t touch it, ?
12. Come here ok, ?
13. Don’t drop that test, ?
14. Everyone knows the answer, ?
15. Don’t follow anybody blindly, ?
16. Don’t make a noise, ?
17. Gaurav did not break that pencil, ?
18. Manu passed the exams, ?
19. He has met you, ?
20. I have got a CD player, ?
21. Let’s go to the beach, ?
22. Everyone knows the answer, ?
23. I shan’t do this work, ?
24. Everyone must do it, ?
25. I will go home soon, ?
26. Everyone may get accident, ?
27. I’d like some tea, ?
28. It isn’t ready yet, ?
29. Let’s go for a walk, ?
30. It isn’t very warm today, ?
31. Let’s have food, ?
32. It looks like snow, ?
33. Let’s go out, ?
34. It’s a beautiful day, ?
35. Let’s do our homework, ?
36. My son is sick, ?
37. Neeta never gets angry, ?
38. Open the door,
39. You’ve been to Budhathum,
40. Your brothers have to practice it,

124 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 3 ?
Add correct tag to the following sentences. ?
1. Everyone witnessed the play, ?
2. Please have patience, ?
3. Everything is perishable, ?
4. Please take a seat down, ?
5. Everything is fine, ?
6. Get out of here, ?
7. Puma hardly passed the exam, ?
8. Go ahead, ?
9. You’d rather go swimming, ?
10. I had dream last night, ?
11. Harry is very clever, ?
12. I’m a mason, ?
13. He has sold the car, ?
14. I’m tired and hungry, ?
15. Gobi broke the glass, ?
16. He has to solve it, ?
17. It’s very cold today, ?
18. Jack’s on holiday, ?
19. Let’s work hard, ?
20. Mind your business, ?
21. You’d do homework daily, ?
22. Her father is a doctor, ?
23. It is going to rain, ?
24. Let’s unite together, ?
25. My aunt came yesterday, ?
26. My sister will help you, ?
27. Neither of the boys laughed, ?
28. Let’s stop writing, ?
29. My brother is sleeping, ?
30. You’d better see a doctor, ?
31. Help the poor, ?
32. John drinks too much, ?
33. Trisha never looks happy, ?
34. You never used to work so late, ?
35. Somebody has called me outside, ?
36. Rotan’s gone to school, ?
37. Sabina had already cooked rice, ?
38. Let’s pretend we are not here, ?
39. Nita never plays well,
40. You needn’t go back soon, 125

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 4 ?
?
Add correct tag to the following sentences. ?
1. He told a lie, ?
2. Somebody has misguided him, ?
3. He used to beat his children, ?
4. Someone is waiting for you, ?
5. He never washes in winter, ?
6. One should not mock at the poor, ?
7. He used to live in Pokhara, ?
8. Bamdev’d write a story, ?
9. He seldom does his homework, ?
10. Sunil seldom goes out, ?
11. You aren’t going out, ?
12. The apples aren’t good, ?
13. He wasn’t feeling well, ?
14. They had eaten bananas, ?
15. They haven’t played well, ?
16. We’d rather prefer coffee, ?
17. You and I completed it together, ?
18. He’d never met her before, ?
19. Ali, bring me your pen, ?
20. Sit here comfortably, ?
21. He’s singing a song, ?
22. Let’s play chess, ?
23. Nina has never been to Pokhara, ?
24. Riva will come here on time, ?
25. Sal looks clean and tidy, ?
26. Nobody can defeat him, ?
27. Rajesh is your own uncle, ?
28. Sue and Joe have not come yet, ?
29. The birds flew away, ?
30. Read the whole book first, ?
31. She has to solve it, ?
32. No one solved the problem, ?
33. Ravi had a sweet dream, ?
34. Sudan looks smart, ?
35. The bus will stop here, ?
36. We’d better go by bus, ?
37. Sit here until I return back, ?
38. They are generally honest,
39. Your father smokes,
40. They didn’t complain about it,

126 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 5 ?
Add correct tag to the following sentences. ?
1. They’d build a house, ?
2. You left the gas on, ?
3. They’ll wait for you, ?
4. We had dinner at 9, ?
5. You know him well, ?
6. We have already done our task, ?
7. You have played well, ?
8. We must hurry up, ?
9. You can swim well, ?
10. Puma hardly passed the exam, ?
11. Wait a minute, please, ?
12. Students do not go to school on Saturdays, ?
13. The film wasn’t very good, ?
14. She read the Bible, ?
15. The sun is very hot, ?
16. She seldom does the homework, ?
17. Stop that noise, please, ?
18. The sun gives us light, ?
19. Something is troubling me, ?
20. The winter hasn’t been cold, ?
21. They will never give up, ?
22. You like learning English, ?
23. Sita wasn’t ready for the party, ?
24. They are playing beautiful music, ?
25. You answered my invitation, ?
26. No one is present, ?
27. Ravi hasn’t passed the exam, ?
28. She is too young, ?
29. We shall go there, ?
30. You are free this week, ?
31. They ought to be there, ?
32. You like Shakespeare’s play, ?
33. He looks dishonest, ?
34. None helped me last week, ?
35. He never tells lie, ?
36. One can’t tolerate such insult, ?
37. Somebody hadn’t greeted her, ?
38. You’re tired today, ?
39. Pal seldom goes out,
40. Seta’s brushed the floor, 127

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 6

Add correct tag to the following sentences.

1. Do this exercise, ?

2. Have your work done, ?
?
3. Copy this answer, ?
?
4. Let us enjoy the movie, ?
?
5. Get your tie tied, ?
?
6. Get your shoe polished, ?
?
7. Let's separate now, ?
?
8. Tell me your name, ?
?
9. Let's call her, ?
?
10. She has a new bag, ?
?
11. He had a new bike,
?
12. Let's go to movie,

13. They didn't call us,

14. We have sung a song,

15. I am an engineer,

16. I am not a European,

17. She'd rather prefer tea,

18. You'd better go now,

19. You called me yesterday,

20. Boys are strong,

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their meanings.

bombast to agree to; give in to

acquiesce arrogant, pompous language

oblivious cut short

tenuous someone who appreciates good food and drink

resonant listen to

podium ridicule; spoof

curtail totally unaware

lampoon raised platform

heed echoing

epicure flimsy; not solid

128 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

GE T START
ED

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Read the following description.
If the weather was nice, I would spend time outside with my children. One of their favourite
things to do was to go to a nearby park. If we rode our bikes to the park, it would take about
10 minutes. If there was a lot of traffic, it could take a little longer. If we had chosen to walk,
it would have taken half an hour. When we got to the park, the kids would choose their
favourite playground equipments to play on. John mostly liked the climbing walls, but if he
climbed too high, he would start to get nervous. Anyway, if I had been interested in those
child games, I would have played with them. The children could have enjoyed much if I had
played with them.
I always had to remind my children, “If you’re not careful, you will fall and hurt yourself.”
Their reaction was usually to roll their eyes at me. My daughter Hichan loves to play on the
swing. On the way to the park, she almost always asks me, “Mom, if there is no one for me
to play with, will you go on the swing with me?” If she finds someone to play with at the
park, she will spend the whole time on the swing. Sometimes I talk to the other parents
who are there. After an hour or so, the kids and I ride our bikes back home. On the way, I
tell them, “If the weather is nice next weekend, we will come back.”

Do you In the above given description, the coloured words represent different
Know? types of conditionals. Conditional sentences have two parts: the if-
clause and the main-clause. Clauses beginning with words such as if,
unless, provided, even if, but for, suppose, etc. are called if clause and
clauses that begin with the subject are called main clause.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. What would I do if the weather was nice?
b. How long would it take if we rode our bike?
c. How long would it have taken if we had chosen to walk?
d. What do I tell them on the way?
e. What would have happened if I had been interested in those child games?

Listening Practice

Repeat these structures after your teacher.

Type If Clause Main Clause
s+v1+v5+obj
Zero s+v1+v5+obj s+will/may/can+v1+obj
s+would/might/could+v1+obj
One s+v1+v5+obj s+would/might/could+have+v3+obj

Two s+v2+obj s+would/might/could+have+v3+obj

Three s+had+v3+obj

Had+s+v3+obj

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 129

Consider the following things:
The order of the clauses is not fixed – the if clause can be first or second.
We never use will or won’t in the if clause.
We never use would or wouldn’t in the if clause.
We never use would have or wouldn’t have in the if clause.
If the if clause comes first, a comma is usually used.
If the if clause comes second, there is no need to use a comma.
Grammar Focus: Different Types of Conditionals

LEARNING If clause Main clause
ENGLISH (conditional) (result)

Zero conditional If I wake up late, I miss the bus.
Fact, habits and
scientific truths

First conditional If I wake up late I will miss the bus.
Likely future events tomorrow,

Second conditional If I woke up late, I would miss the bus.
Imaginary situations
in the present or future If I had woken up I would have
late, missed the bus.
Third conditional
Imaginary situations

in the past

A. Zero conditional
Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero
conditionals are used to talk about something that is always true, or that was always true in

130 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

the past:
If you cut your finger, it bleeds. If you heat butter, it melts
If you mix blue and red, you get purple. If you heat water, it boils.
B. First type of conditional sentence: (probable/ cause and effect)
If you labour hard, you can get success.
If you wake up early, you will be fresh.
If you want to post your letter, meet the postman.
If you want better grade in exam, learn well.
If you want to enjoy the nature, you should visit this park.
Take tuition class if you want to pass in exam.
If you desire to see him, you may/might go.
If you’re looking for Hemanta, you’ll find him upstairs.
If she has written a poem, I’ll recite it.
If he has got good communication skill, we will include him in our team.
C. Second type of conditional sentence: (Hypothetical but possible)
If + Past continuous – S + would/ could +V1
If my car was working, I would drive you to your school.
If my cow was giving milk, I would sell it regularly.
If + Simple Past – S + would /could/ might + V1 + object
If you found a job, you would earn money.
If you emailed her, it would reach there soon.
If I had some money, I would give you.
If I were the chief of the program, I would assist you.
D. Third type of conditional sentence: (Hypothetical and impossible)
If + past perfect – S + might/ could/ would + have + V3 + object
Had I wished-for her, she would have taken it positively.
Had you called me, I would have come to you.
If I had known to play well, I would have been famous.
If I had reached there on time, I might have met other friends too.
If you had called me I would have seen you.
If you had called them, they would have visited you. (But you didn’t call him)
If you hadn’t helped her, she wouldn’t have stayed here.
E. Miscellaneous
i. Unless=if not
Unless + affirmative verb= Unless you work hard, you cannot pass the exam.
If + negative verb= If you don’t work hard, you will fail the exam.
ii. Otherwise=If this does not happen/didn’t happen/hadn’t happened
We must play well; otherwise we will lose the match.
They worked hard; otherwise they would fail the exam. = If they hadn’t worked hard,
they would have failed the exam.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 131

Grammar Focus : Common Errors

Incorrect Correct

If you will reach the station on time, you If you reach the station on time, you will catch
will catch the early train. the early train.

If you would have much money, you would If you had much money, you would buy a car.
buy a car.

If the weather would have had nice, we If the weather had been nice, we could have
could have visited the park. visited the park.

I will come there on time unless you want I will come there on time if you want to meet
to meet me. me.

assess yourself 1

Supply the missing clauses in the following sentences.
1. Had I gone to bed earlier, I .
2. Had I had two umbrellas, I .
3. , I’d build a hospital.
4. Had I known the answer, I .
5. , I’d fly in the sky.
6. Had I saved my money, I .
7. Had the brake worked, there .
8. I would have no problem if I .
9. I sleep with the window open unless it .
10. I would give up work if I .
11. , I’d have joined a medicine course.
12. I’d buy a house if .
13. I’d go to the dentist if .
14. , you are welcome.
15. If anyone arrives late, they .
16. If Nima could sing, he .
17. If I had driven more carefully, I .
18. If he had closed the window, his house .
19. If he were a film star, .
20. , I might be able to save some money.
21. , they will come to us.
22. , they would come to us.
23. , they would have come to us.
24. If I am not busy, I .
25. If I bought a car, I .
26. If I could go anywhere in the world, I .
27. If I could sing, I .
28. If I found a burglar in my room, I .
29. If I had known, I .
30. If I had woken up early, I .

132 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 2
Supply the missing clauses in the following sentences.
1. If she ____ (not cover) her face, I’d have recognized her.
2. If she had learned well, she ___ (get) good grades.
3. If she learned well, she ___ (get) good grades.
4. If she learns well, she ___ (get) good grades.
5. If she weren’t married, I _______(marry) her.
6. If the dog barks at the cat, the cat _______(go)away.
7. If we had built plenty of hospitals fifty years ago, we _______(have) no diseases.
8. If you ____ (go) to national park, you will see rhinos and tigers.
9. If you ____ (not study) well, you will fail the BEE.
10. If you call me, I ____ (come) to your house.
11. If you called me, I ____ (come) to your house.
12. If you don’t get enough sleep, you _______(be) sick.
13. If you go to India, you ____ (see) Taj Mahal.
14. If you greeted him, he ____ (greet) you in return.
15. If you had called a taxi, it ____ (be) easier to go.
16. If you had called me, I ____ (come) to your house.
17. If you had worked harder, you_______.(succeed)
18. If you help others, they _______(help) you in return.
19. If you invited us, we ____ (definitely come) to your house.
20. The world would be a better place if all _______(work) hard.
21. If you learn English, you _______(get) job.
22. If you missed that train, you ___ (take) a taxi.
23. If you obey your parents, they _______(be) happy.
24. If you sit down for a few moments, I____ (tell) the manager you're here.
25. If you smoke a lot, you _______(get) health problem.
26. If you want to be a doctor, you _______(study) hard.
27. Iron expands if it ____ (heat).
28. It would be nice if you ______(call) a taxi.
29. The city would look nice if people ___ (manage) waste.
30. The work would have been finished if they ____ (start) on time.
31. They would have been here by now if they ___ (catch) the early train.
32. Turn the television off if you ______(like) to see next channel.
33. Unless they are informed, they ___ (not understand) the worth of it.
34. Water boils if it___ (heat).
35. What will you do if you____ (find) a tiger in your room?
36. If I had lived in America, I______(be) different.
37. If I had stopped smoking, I _____(improve) my health.
38. What would you do if you____ (find) a purse full of money?
39. If I had studied harder, I ______(pass) the exam.
40. What would you have done if you ___ (be) the Prime Minister?

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 133

assess yourself 3

Supply the missing clauses in the following sentences.
1. If you get up late, you____ (miss) your class.
2. If I visit Pokhara, I ___ (see) Phewa lake.
3. If I played, I ___ (win) the match.
4. If I did a job, I ____ (earn) money.
5. If you had waited me, we ___ (go) together.
6. If they had taxi, they ___ (reach) there on time.
7. If she had called us, we ____ (go) to her birthday party.
8. He will show us if he ____ (buy) a camera.
9. He would speak Dutch if he ____ (live) in the Netherlands.
10. Had I obeyed my father, I ____ (not get) problem.
11. If the driver had driven carefully, the accident ____ (not take) place.
12. Had I become lazy, I ____ (not pass) my exam.
13. Would you come if we ____ (invite) you?
14. He will buy a car if he ___ (earn) money.
15. What would you have done if you ______ (get) a lottery?
16. Where would you have gone if you _____ (get) offer to visit?
17. If wood falls into water, it ___ (float).
18. I would have learnt new words if I ____ (have) a dictionary.
19. Students will be punished if they ___ (make) a noise.
20. If you send me a letter, I ____ (write) to you in return.
21. The teacher would have scolded me if ____ (not arrive) school on time.
22. She would get that job if she ____ (speak) politely.
23. What do you do if I ____ (give) you some projects?
24. If you were the victim, how _____ (you feel)?
25. If someone called you at midnight what ___ (you do)?
26. Would you have gone there if you ____ (invite) by them?
27. Elisha would scold me if I ___ (propose) her?
28. His father would have beaten us if we ____ (tease) him.
29. What will you do if I ___ (beat) you?
30. If I requested, he ____ (help) us.
31. If he _______ (know) her better, he could go with her to the party.
32. If I _______ (have) the money, I would buy that suit.
33. If John _______ (be) here now, he would help us.
34. If Hem ________ (be) a good student, he would speak English better.
35. If our room _______ (be) larger, we could study better.
36. If the weather _______ (be) warmer, we would go for a walk.
37. If he ____ (prepare) his lessons every night, he would be a better student.
38. I would go if I _______ (have) more time.
39. John would do it if he _______ (be) not so busy.
40. We would speak better if we _______ (have) more practice.

134 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 4

Choose the best answer to complete the given sentences.
1. If I help you, you (will, would) help me too.
2. If I helped you, (will, would) help me too.
3. If I had helped you, you (will, would) have helped me too.
4. If we invite you, you ( would, will) come.
5. If we invited you, you (will, would) come.
6. If we had invited you, you (will, would) have come.
7. Call me if you (have, had) any problem.
8. Tell him if he (doesnot, didnot) help you.
9. Study hard if you (want, wants) to pass exam.
10. You will be fined if you (park, parked) your car here.
11. We would see you if you (are, were) at the party.
12. They would have seen us if they (go, went, had gone) there.
13. Had I had, I (will give, would give, would have given) some money.
14. If you dress smartly, you (will, would) look smart.
15. If she beats me, I (will, would) cry.
16. If he sang, I (will, would) dance.
17. If they invited me, I (will, would) definitely go.
18. If you do not work hard, you (cannot, couldnot) get success.
19. If you smoke you (will, would) suffer from cancer.

20. If you do not exercise, you (won't, wouldnot) be healthy.

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their meanings.

cynical sharp; pungent (used of smells and tastes)

epistle ill-mannered

acrid believing that people act only out of selfish motives

lance a letter (form of communication)

obscure against orthodox opinion

boorish spear; spike; javelin

heresy difficult to understand; partially hidden

terse deeply moving; strongly affecting the emotions

poignant a break; intermission

respite concise; to the point

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 135

T STARTGEED

CONNECTIVES

Read the following description.
Adam left his Sergeant and the Leading Fireman directing the work and climbed over a stile.
The field path beyond climbed a small rise so he could get a better view of the Midwich
terrain. He was able to see several roofs, including those of Kyle Manor, and the Grange also
the topmost stones of the Abbey ruins, and two drifts of grey smoke. A placid scene but a
few further yards brought him to a point where he could see four sheep lying motionless in
a field. The sight troubled him, not because he now thought it likely that any real harm had
come to the sheep, but because it indicated that the barrier zone was wider than he had
hoped. He contemplated the creatures and the landscape beyond, and noticed two cows
on their sides still further away. He watched them for a minute or two, but there was no
movement except for some birds flying overhead. Then he turned and walked thoughtfully
back to the road.

Source: The Midwich Cuckoos by John Wyndham, 1957

Do you The coloured words in the given description are connectives.They are
Know? used to connect to parts of a clause or a sentence. They can also be
used to avoid repetition of grammatical phrases.

Speaking Practice

Answer these questions based on the given description.

a. What did Adam do?

b. What brought him to a point?

c. Did the sight trouble him?

d. How did the sight trouble him?

e. What did he notice?

Listening Practice

Repeat these connectives after your teacher.

for and but after before than

until when while till though although

even though despite in spite of how because as

since if unless why however yet

so so that so….that because of nor or

as long as either…or neither…nor as.. as Not only….but also

136 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Grammar Focus : Different Categories of Connectives

Connectives Examples
Addition in addition, and, similarly, likewise, as well as, furthermore, also,
moreover, and then, too, not only ... but also, even
Sequence to begin with, then, next, earlier/later, after this/that, following
this/that, afterwards
Consequence as a result, thus, so, therefore, consequently, thereby, eventually,
then, in that case
Contrast however, on the other hand, despite, in spite of, though, although,
even though, but, on the contrary, otherwise, yet, instead of, rather,
Certainty whereas, nonetheless, in contrast
Condition obviously, certainly, plainly, of course, undoubtedly
Definition if, unless, whether, provided that, for, so that, depending on
Summary refers to, means, consists of
in conclusion, in summary, lastly, finally, to sum up, to conclude, to
Example recapitulate, in short
for instance, for example, just as, in particular, such as, namely, to
Reason illustrate
Time since, as, so, because (of), due to, owing to, in other words
before, since, as, until, meanwhile, at the moment, when, whenever,
as soon as

Grammar Focus : Types of Conjunctions

A. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words.
They always join similar elements: e.g. subject +subject, verb phrase +verb phrase and
sentence+ sentence.
The seven coordinating conjunctions in English are: FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET and
SO.
For is used to show relationship between two things.
I prepared rice pudding for I was quite fond of it.
'And' is used to connect items where the meaning is 'also' or 'in addition to' or 'then' or
' following this.'
I pulled down the curtains and locked the door.
He bought a shirt, a shorts and a leather jacket.
'Nor' is used to introduce a nagative statement meaning 'and not '.
I am neither hungry nor thirsty nor tired.
'But' is used to join two opposing or contrasting statements or clauses.
I like pizza but I don’t like cakes.
I can sing a song but I cannot dance well.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 137

'Or' is used to connect two different ideas.
Do you like tea or coffee?
'Yet' is used to refer to 'up to the statement'.
I am not yet wise enough to answer that.
Have you finished yet?
B. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join together the clauses of unequal rank or importance.
He told me that I should consult a doctor.
Here that joins together two clauses of unequal rank. "He told me" is the main clause, and
"that I should consult a doctor" is a subordinate clause which is the object of the verb told
in the main clause.
The most common subordinating conjunction used for introducing a noun clause is
that; others are if, unless, when, whether, why and how.
He asked me whether I had seen a little boy who had been missing.
I believe that the house is haunted.
If you invite me to your house, I will come.
You won’t be trusted unless you prove yourself honest.
1. Time Connectives: before, after, when, while, till, until, as long as, as soon as
All these connectives join two actions: first action and second action. 'After', 'when/
while', 'as long as/ as soon as' are placed after the first action whereas 'before, till/ until
are placed after the second action.
They had finished their work (1st action) before the teacher came (2nd action).
After they had finished their work (1st action), the teacher came (2nd action).
The lift came down when she pressed the button.
I saw the criminal while he was running along the road.
Be patient until you deserve success.
We were sleeping as long as we were in bus.
He hurried to hospital as soon as he heard about his father’s death.
2. Reason Connectives: because, as, since, because of, so, lest, therefore:
Reason connectives join a statement and a reason. 'Because', 'as', 'since' and 'because
of 'are placed before reason but 'therefore' and 'so' are placed after reason. 'Because of '
needs a noun phrase, not a sentence.
I left my study because there is no one to pay my school fee.
They didn’t like the house as it was haunted.
I went to hospital since I had a terrible headache.
He stood first in his class because of his sincere dedication.
I don’t know about this problem. Therefore/so, I can't suggest you anything.
3. Purpose Connectives: to, in order to, for, so that, so….that, in order that
Purpose connectives join an action and a purpose. All these connectives are placed before
purpose.

138 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

He went to the village in order to/to meet his grandparents.
He telephoned me for inviting to the party.
I visited the doctor so that I could know about my ailments.
I am so scared that even an insect scares me.
We should do exercise in order that our health might improve.
4. Connectives of Condition :if, unless, provided that, as if
If I earn money, I will buy a house in Kathmandu.
You cannot pass the exam unless you study hard.
You will be trusted by all provided that you tell the truth.
She spoke as if she knew everything.
5. Connectives of Unexpected Result: though/ although/ even though/ in spite of /
despite/ however/ nevertheless
All these connectives join a situation and its unexpected result. All these except 'however'
and 'nevertheless' are placed before situation but 'however' and 'nevertheless' are
placed after situation.
We did not eat anything although/ even though/ though we were hungry.
I tried my best, however/ nevertheless I could not secure good marks in the exam.
Despite/in spite of his honesty, nobody trusts him.
Despite/in spite of the fact that I worked hard, I could not get A+.
Although he is small, he is strong.
He can tackle the problems though he is uneducated.
Adverb clause of comparison : than
He is cleverer than his brother.
C. Compound conjunctions
Some compound expressions are used as conjunctions. These are called compound
conjunctions. Some of them are:
As well as
My friend as well as his parents attended the party.
As soon as
We continued our journey as soon as the rain stopped.
As if and as though : Both of these expressions have the same use.
He talks as if he knew how to operate it.
He boasted himself as though he were the owner of the house.
Note that the present tense is used here to suggest that the comparison is true. A past
tense, on the other hand, is used in unreal comparisons.
Even if
He goes to school even if he is sick.
In order that
I joined dance classes in order that I could improve my dancing skills.


Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 139

Provided that
You can use this room provided that you keep it clean.
So that
I stopped there so that I could see the accident.
On condition that
I will lend you my note on condition that you return it on Saturday.
D. Correlative conjunctions/Connectives in Pairs
All the connectives join a pair of nouns, verbs, adverbs, phrases; clauses, etc. The
conjunctions that are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions. Some of them
are:
Either…or
You have to either go to school regularly or quit it.
Neither…nor
Neither the teachers nor the students are worried about the quality of sanitation.
Not only…but also
I not only met him but also sent an email.
Whether…or
I don’t care whether you meet him or not.
Whether I go there or not has no meaning at all.
Both…and
He is both talented and hard working.
The house is both beautiful and comfortable.
So…that
He was so talented that he topped the class.
The players are so skilled that they can defeat any teams.
Such…that
Such was the condition of the house that nobody wanted to buy it.
No sooner… than
No sooner did the teacher come than we started reading.
No sooner had she heard about it than she started crying.
E. Relative Pronoun Connectives: who/ whose/ whom/ what/ which/ where/ that/ when/
how/ why
1. Who/ whose/ whom relate person. 'Who' is often used if there is person before the
blank and 'verb' after the blank.
I like the person who speaks politely.
2. 'Whose' is often used if there is person before the blank and 'noun' after the blank
This is the man whose house was destroyed in earthquake.
3. 'Whom' is often used if there is person before the blank and 'pronoun such as me, us,
them, him, her, you' after the blank.
Dikshya is a girl whom everyone likes.

140 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

4. Which/ what/ that relate things.
I like that house which has got a beautiful garden.
5. 'What' omits the thing it indicates.
I followed what they told me to do.
6. ‘Where' relates place: 'Where' is often used if there is place before the blank.
I went to the spot where my father got a terrific accident.
7. 'When' relates time. It is often used if there is time before the blank.
It was the time of the year when everyone came out to collect Yarsagumba.
8. How relates manner/ way. How is often used if there is manner/ way before the
blank.
This is how the fox cheated the crow.
9. 'Why' relates reason. 'Why' is often used if there is reason before the blank.
Why I didn’t go to school is because of heavy rainfall.
Additional Practice: Read these sentences.
1. I went home, after an hour
2. All that preparation was for nothing because the visit was cancelled
3. Although he is nearly 80, he is still very active.
4. Ann was fond of Tsering, though he often annoyed her.
5. As far as I can tell, she is enjoying the course.
6. Besides working as a doctor, he also writes novels in his spare time.
7. Coursework is taken into account as well as exam results.
8. Despite applying for hundreds of jobs, he is still out of work.
9. Don't go back to work until you are better.
10. Get your ideas into some sort of order before beginning to write.
11. He is the best teacher, even though he has the least experience.
12. He thinks I dislike him but that just isn't so.
13. He was feeling bad. He went to work, however, and tried to concentrate.
14. I was surprised when he addressed me in English.
15. I'm afraid that it is not finished yet.
16. It is a long time since they left.
17. It is merely a question of time before the business collapses.
18. Our defeat was expected but it is disappointing nevertheless.
19. The book is too long but, nonetheless, informative and entertaining.
20. They abandoned the match because of rain.
21. No one else of my acquaintance was as rich or successful.
22. I've known her at least as long as you have.
23. I'm not so stupid as to believe that.
24. I have great admiration for her as a writer.
25. You can take my car provided that you drive slowly.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 141

assess yourself 1
Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. ____ he was hungry, he didn’t eat anything. (Although, As, Because)
2. ____ I felt ill, I went on working. (Although, Because)
3. ____ I have finished the letter, I’m going to post it. (Although, As soon As, As)
4. ____ it was raining hard, that match was postponed. (As, But)
5. ____ there are no apples in the shop, we have to eat oranges. (So that, As)
6. Archana can come early ____ Maya can’t. (but, as, though)
7. Can you hold my bag ____ I fill this form? (after, when, until)
8. Catch me ____ you can. (if, unless, as)
9. Deepa ____ Kripa arrived school together. (but, and, as well as)
10. Each listens carefully ___ the teacher explains the lesson. (why, when, that)
11. Ganesh ____ Harish study in this school. (but, and, as well as)
12. He ate a lot ____ he was still hungry. (but, as, though)
13. He can speak in English ____ he can’t write in it. (but, however, though)
14. He didn’t tell me the truth ____ he is my best friend. (but, as, though)
15. He didn’t work hard; ____ he failed. (but, therefore, though)
16. He failed ____ he worked hard. (but, as, although)
17. He fell off his bicycle ____ hurt his back. (but, and, as)
18. He missed the train ____ he ran hard. (even though, and, however)
19. He ran away ____ he was afraid. (as, unless, but)
20. He tried ____ did not succeed. (but, and, however)
21. He visited not only Pokhara, ____ also Lumbini. (but, and, as well as)
22. He went to bed ____ he was tired. (because, although)
23. I am hungry ____ I won’t eat right now.(but, therefore, though)
24. I am not leaving ____ I see the doctor. (when, until)
25. I called ____ no one answered. (but, and, though)
26. I didn’t go to school ____ I was unwell. (because, so, therefore)
27. I locked the door ____ I went out. (before, when)
28. I managed to get up earlier ____ complete my work. (to, for, since)
29. I think he is ____ Indian nor Pakistani. (neither, nor, after)
30. I trust him ____ he speaks the truth. (because, so, since)
31. I waited him ____ the train arrived. (still, till, when, while)
32. I will phone you ____ I arrive. (but, when)
33. I won’t have any more to eat ____ I am full. (because, so, therefore)
34. I’ll return your book ____ I say good bye. (after, when)
35. I’ll show you my letter ____ we are having lunch. (so, while)
36. Is that boy fat ____ thin? (also, or, so)
37. It was Saturday ____ the children wanted to enjoy the holiday. (as, and, thus)
38. My sister fried some eggs ____ I made coffee. (because, while)
39. The meeting was boring ____ I went home. (but, so)
40. This lesson will end ____ the bell rings. (when, until)
142 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 2

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. ___ you __ your friends are responsible for it. (Either-or, Neither-nor)
2. ____ (Even, Although, Because) she was very dull, she passed the exam.
3. ____ (For, In spite of, Because) of his poverty he can’t buy a coat.
4. ____ (In spite of, Because of, Because) her illness, she didn’t give up working.
5. ____ (Where, When, Which) I was younger, I used to think so.
6. ____ being hard working, Nepalese are still poor. (Despite, However, Though)
7. ____ it is a small city, it is very popular with tourists. (Although, If)
8. ____ Nina ____ Philip bought a new bag each. (Both ... and, Either…or)
9. ____ they spend huge money, no roads are good. (Although, However, Despite)
10.____his blindness, he can walk to proper places. (In spite of, Though, For)
11. Did you hear____ (when, what, where) they said.
12. Don’t give up hope ____ you get success. (as, until, still)
13. Everyone is against you____ (although, because, however) you scold them.
14. Farmers keep cows ____they can get milk and fertilizer. (so, so that, so-that)
15. Gautama Buddha was born in Lumbini ___ (which, where, who) is a holy place.
16. He bought a radio____ (as, so, so that) he could listen to the news.
17. He can’t travel by plane____ (because, because of, so that) his poverty.
18. He did not eat____ (so that, because of, because) it was sour.
19. He did not go to the office____ (as, since, because) he was ill.
20. He didn’t answer the call __ (whether, so, although, because) I phoned twice.
21. He didn’t attend the concert ____ he wasn’t well. (although, because)
22. He didn’t do his homework ____ he was punished. (so, so that, because)
23. He died in the village____ (when, where, whom) he was born.
24. He got punishment ____ he was not wrong. (as if, though, as though)
25. He has become popular ____ (because, in spite of, because of) his honesty.
26. He is ___ handsome ___everybody loves him.(so, so-that, so-and)
27. He is honest___ (when, before, because, though) he is poor.
28. He is intelligent ____ (and, but, so) his brother is dull.
29. He is strong ____ he is thin. (though, despite, however)
30. He is the man____ (who, which, whom, where) we all respect.
31. He knows the value of learning ___ (since, because, that) he is a man of letters.
32. He lost the pen___ (who, which, where) I gave him.
33. He speaks ____ he is chief. (as, when, as though)
34. He tried hard___ (because, but, so that) he did not succeed.
35. He was guilty, ____ (therefore, because of, then) he was punished.
36. He was such an honest man ____ (when, who, that) all respected him.
37. He was very angry ____ (as, although, because, because of) their behaviour.
38. He’s always fond____ (to, because of, for, of) doing a risky job.
39. I am stronger ____ you are. (then, more, than)
40. I asked the boy____ (who, when, how, where) old he was.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 143

assess yourself 3

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. I ate nothing ____ I was very hungry. (because, in spite of, though)
2. I attended the meeting ____ I was very tired that day. (though, because)
3. I bought it ____ you like it. (from, to, because)
4. I buy newspaper ____ I can read about world events.(so, so that, so-that)
5. I cannot lend you the books ____ you return them on time. (unless, until)
6. I could not go to the temple___ (despite, because, because of) the heavy rain.
7. I couldn’t meet the principal ____ he was busy in a meeting. (because, so)
8. I couldn’t sleep ____ I was very tired. (although, despite, because)
9. I didn’t find the book___ (which, when, who, whom) I bought yesterday.
10. I didn’t follow his suggestion ____it was not wrong. (as if, even if, however)
11. I don’t care whether you like it ____not. (or, nor, either)
12. I don’t know____ (which, when, where) Rara lake is located.
13. I don’t know____ (which, whose, whom) daughter she is.
14. I don’t like stories ____ have unhappy ending. (who, which, where)
15. I told you not to go out, ____ you didn’t listen to me. (yet, since)
16. I visited all the relatives ___ (because, as, so that) I could please my mother.
17. I wanted her ____ she refused. (and, but)
18. My brother washed the dishes ____ I was cleaning the table. (until, when)
19. Please wait outside ____ you want to meet him.(if, unless)
20. Rosh ____ likes singing ____ dancing. (whether...or, neither-nor)
21. Run fast ____ you will miss the train. (unless, otherwise, as)
22. She had to walk home ____ she had no money. (although, because)
23. She isn’t a manager and___ is he. (so, nor, or)
24. She lost both her money ____ her passport. (and, but)
25. She may wait outside __ we must tell the principal about it. (so, while)
26. She told me ____ she prefers Chinese food to Italian food. (what, that)
27. She went trekking ____ she knew it would be hard. (if, although)
28. Sometimes they sing for hours ____ friends request them. (when, if)
29. Sunil kept waiting ____ it was 8 o’clock. (until, when)
30. The boy ____ didn’t come to school was seriously ill. (who, whom)
31. The ceremony was ____ long ____ boring. (either .... or, both .... and)
32. The girl, ____ I met in Pokhara, was an engineer. (who, whom)
33. The traffic was heavy ____ he arrived here late. (so, because)
34. They couldn’t win the match ____ they played very well. (although, because)
35. This laptop is expensive ____ very useful. (and, but)
36. What would you do ____ a stranger hurt you? (when, if)
37. You ____ any of your friends can come with me. (or, and)
38. You can use the computer ____ you need to. (if, unless)
39. You may sit ____ you like. (whoever, wherever)
40. I phoned her ____ I visited her. (after, when)

144 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

assess yourself 4

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. Ram (and, or) Priya are siblings.
2. Hari is six years old (and, yet) Selma is five.
3. (Since, Although) they are so close in age, they are the best friends.
4. Sheetal will not go anywhere (unless, although) Sabin goes too.
5. sTchheeymaree. a naughty pair. One (and, or) the other always comes up with some mischievous
6. (Although, Unless) they can’t do without each other, they often quarrel.
7. Sheela loves to play in the park (but, if) Bhawana prefers indoor games.
8. Romeo was very upset (because, until) Juliet started school a whole year before her.
9. You cannot succed (if unless) you work hard.
10. Shreejana is at school, (and, but) she is very happy.
11. Shulav won’t go to sleep (till, unless) you tell her a story.
12. I like reading (because, but) I don’t get much time.
13. I ate an apple( but, and) a toast for breakfast.
14. Shyam will go (after, if) Hari goes.
15. He is taking a rest (because, if) he is ill.
16. Manoj is absent today (since, yet) he has fever.
17. I like him (so, because) he is an honest boy.
18. I’ll help her (since, therefore) she is my best friend.
19. Mandip is weeping (because, so) he had failed the exam.
20. Everybody loves him, (since, so) he is very obedient.
21. He is a kind person (so, since) everyone likes him.
22. (Although, So) she is beautiful, she is not proud.
23. He missed the bus (because, so) he got up late.
24. Ranjit is rich (but, because) he is unhappy.
25. Sovit failed the exam (although, and) he worked hard.
26. He is good.(However, though) a few people like him.
27. He succeeded(because of, despite) his laziness.
28. I love Nepali Khana (and, but) it takes a lot of time to cook.
29. I can neither dance (or, nor) play the piano.
30. I have secured less (so, because) I did not study hard.
31. Mina did not attend the party (because, due to) she was feeling unwell.
32. Muna went to market (so that, to) buy some vegetables.
33. She is looking for a job (for, in order to) earn money.
34. She wanted to be a teacher (as, since) she was a little girl.
35. She went to meet him (but, although) he was not at home.
36. They tried hard (as, but) couldn’t win the match.
37. You will be late (if, unless) you hurry.
38. You will get the prize (if, unless) you work hard.
39. I moved to Pokhara (before, and) I got married.
40. I have been living in Chitwan (as, since) I left school.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 145

assess yourself 5

Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. Fire (and, or) water do not agree.
2. Ram (or, and) Laxman are brother.
3. The party was great (and, but) the food was horrible.
4. I couldnot go (though, because) I had no time.
5. I drink hot water (after, before) I sleep.
6. We return back (before, after) school is over.
7. (Despite, Although) he is smart nobody loves him.
8. (Although, In spite of) her beauty, he didnot like her.
9. I could not succeed (though, despite) hard labour.
10. (Despite, Though) we were tired, it was exciting to walk.
11. You are under age (so, so that) you can not vote.
12. She went to the party (to, so that) meet her friends.
13. He is sick (so that, as) he cannot attend the party.
14. You cannot pass exam (if, unless) you study hard.
15. I did mistake. (As, Therefore) I was punished.
16. (Unless, If) you respect me, you won't get respect.
17. He got accident (because, because of ) break failure.
18. She is lost (when ever, where ever ) she goes.
19. India is hotter (then, than) Nepal.
20. He cooked food and (than, then) had it.

Vocabulary in Use

Match the following words with their meanings.

precept uncertainty; vagueness

deprecate frank; honest

candid criticize; denounce

immutable scholarly explanation or interpretation

exegesis unchanging; permanent

trite long life

salacious wealthy; rich; magnificent

ambiguity guiding principle

opulent lecherous; erotic

longevity unoriginal; dull

146 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

GE T START
ED

GRAMMAR I

1. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. I saw ____ewe yesterday. (a/an/the)
b. I am shocked____ his death. (to/with/at/by)
c. He lost his bag ____ his carelessness. (despite/because/because of)
d. I do my work ____. (herself/himself/myself)
e. I am a boy, ________? (aren’t you/aren’t I/amn’t I )
2. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. My brother is _____ university student. (a/an/the)
b. He died _____ Monday. (in/on/at)
c. I saw a man_____ was very ugly. (who/which/whose)
d. Last night we fooled ______. (himself/yourself/ourselves/themselves)
e. We’re good at English, ________?(isn’t we/aren’t we/don’t we)
3. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. I have seen _____ one eyed man. (a/an/the)
b. My father bought me a cycle ____ Dashain. (in/at/for)
c. The teacher taught us ______ his sickness. (despite/because/because of)
d. We are practicing mathematics ____. (themselves/ourselves/myself)
e. He is a young man, ________? (isn’t he/aren’t they/doesn’t he)
4. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. He is from _____ UK. (a/an/the)
b. She is working _____ the kitchen now. (in/at/on)
c. We mostly go to river _____ swimming. (for/in order that/to)
d. You must do your work ____. (themselves/ourselves/yourself)
e. You’d better go there, ________? (hadn’t you/wouldn’t you/don’t you)
5. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. Those students are from _____ USA. (a/an/the)
b. These dogs are fond____ chewing bones. (of/at/on/to)
c. He was very hardworking ____ he got A+ in the examination. (despite/because/so)
d. He is very loyal to ____. (oneself/herself/himself)
e. I’d rather go there, ________? (wouldn't I/ hadn't I /dont'I)
6. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. I have seen _____ one legged man. (a/an/the)
b. My father bought me a cycle ____ Tihar. (in/at/for)
c. The teacher didn't teach us ______ his sickness. (despite/because/because of)
d. They are practicing mathematics ____. (themselves/ourselves/myself)

e. Niroj is a smart boy, ________? (doesn't he/isn't he/is he)

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 147

7. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.

a. He gave me ____ Euro yesterday. (a/an/the)

b. My father cut his leg _____ an axe. (by/with/because of)

c. Nabin failed the exam ______ his hard labour. (in spite of/because/because of)

d. The tree fell down_______ last week. (oneself/itself/myself)

e. Neither of them is good, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)

8. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.

a. A son is _____ heir of his father. (a/an/the)

b. The boy is standing____ the wall. (by/with/against)

c. ___he is poor, he is very honest. (In spite of/Because/Although)

d. The school _______ was closed last week. (oneself/itself/myself)

e. Either of the players is honest, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)

9. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.

a. Srilanka is _____ Island. (a/an/the)

b. Many children are deprived ____ education in Nepal. (of/to/in/at)
c. I go to market ____ I can buy some vegetables. (so/so that/so….that)
d. Manu cut his finger ______. (oneself/himself/herself)
e. None of them is good, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)
10. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. He is ____ smartest student in our class. (a/an/the)
b. My father fell _____ his bike yesterday. (by/off/of)
c. My brother goes to work _____ earn money. (in order to/for/so)
d. Please Hem, do your work_____. (oneself/yourself/myself)
e. All of them are good, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)
11. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. I have ____ one handed friend. (a/an/the)
b. The shopkeeper deals ____ clothes. (by/with/in)
c. The house is ____ beautiful____ everybody likes it. (so/so that/so….that)
d. My son washes his clothes______. (oneself/himself/herself)
e. Somebody has invited me, ________? (hasn’t they/don’t they/haven’t they)
12. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. It is ____user manual. (a/an/the)
b. He is good ____ mathematics. (in/at/on/by)
c. I won’t come to you____ you come to me. (since/as/for)

d. Muna, take bath ____. (myself/herself/yourself)

e. Nobody is perfect, _______? (don’t they/aren’t they/ are they)

148 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

13. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. I have ____ unanimous plan. (a/an/the)
b. There is a picture hanging ___ the wall. (by/in/on/at)
c. He got accident _____ his carelessness. (because/because of/despite)
d. We found the lost dog____ in the park. (our self/ourselves/oneself/themselves)

e. No one speaks well here________? (doesn’t they/do they/don’t they)
14. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. You need to help ____ poor. (a/an/the)
b. His father died _____ cancer last week. (by/of/on/at)
c. He ate much____ he was very hungry. (since/because/because of)
d. Most of the players practice _____ well. (yourselves/themselves/ourselves)
e. Everyone is looking at me, ________? (aren’t they/are they/don’t they)
15. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. My father is ____ NGO officer. (a/an/the)
b. The thief walked ____ the forest. (by/through/across)
c. We go to school ____ gaining knowledge. (for/to/in order that)
d. Education ____ is a great wealth. (oneself/itself/myself)
e. Let’s go there, _____? (will you/shall we/don’t we)
16. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. My sister is _______secretary. (a/an/the)
b. I've been waiting______ forty minutes. (since/for/in)
c. I'm not better ______the pills. (because of/in spite of/although)
d. Please pull the load_______. (yourself/himself/oneself)
e. Our parents love us, ____? (do they/don’t they/doesn’t they)
17. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. _____butcher is someone who sells meat. (A/An/The)
b. A young man threw himself _____this bridge last year. (of/away/off)
c. Laura went to the bank ____cash a cheque. (so that/ to /so)
d. The dead body decayed ____ in the forest. (itself/oneself/himself)
e. They have never been to Pokhara, ______? (haven't they/have they/don't they)
18. Rewrite the following sentences selecting the correct options.
a. Could I have _____piece of bread please? (a/an/the)
b. I will meet you ______the airport. (in/at/on)
c. This is the place____ I was born. (where/what/that)
d. He ____ taught us how to use the machine.(oneself/herself/themselves/himself)
e. She's a good teacher, ____? (isn't she/hasn't she/doesn't she)

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 149

GE T STARTED

GRAMMAR II

1. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. He types a letter. (Into passive)
b. He said, “I am fine today.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He hardly believes us. (Into affirmative)
2. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. My son is eating an apple. (Into passive)
b. She said, “We are visiting Pokhara next year.” (Into indirect speech)
c. We go to market once a week. (Into negative)
3. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. We have completed our project. (Into passive)
b. They said, “He has murdered his own wife.” (Into indirect speech)
c. Let’s hurry up. (Into interrogative)
4. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. He killed a snake with a stick. (Into passive)
b. The teacher said, “I went to market yesterday.” (Into indirect speech)
c. We rarely go there. (Into affirmative)
5. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. They were playing a game. (Into passive)
b. My mother said, “May god bless you.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He cut his one of the legs. (Into negative)
6. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. We had visited the park. (Into passive)
b. The captain said, “Be ready for the parade.” (Into indirect speech)
c. Type this letter very soon. (Into interrogative)
7. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. I can sing a song. (Into passive)
b. The commander said, “Come to the ground at once.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He did not invite us at the party. (Into affirmative)
8. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. He has to call us. (Into passive)
b. He said to me, “What a beautiful flower it is!” (Into indirect speech)
c. We will go there next year. (Into negative)
9. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. Help the poor. (Into passive)
b. She said to us, “What do you like?” (Into indirect speech)
c. He read a novel yesterday. (Into interrogative)

150 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8