assess yourself 3 51
Add correct reflexive pronoun to the following sentences.
1. Anuska dressed _____beautifully.
2. The horse hurt _____ while running.
3. Our leaders _____ are very unpopular due to corruption.
4. They consider _____ the powerful.
5. We always eat food _____.
6. They destroyed the house_____.
7. We exerted much pressure_____.
8. They enjoyed _____at the party.
9. We developed our village_____.
10. They gave _____ a lot of trouble.
11. They have landed _____ in difficulties.
12. Very young children should not go swimming by _____.
13. If you request him, he’ll do it _____.
14. I’m not going to do it for you. You can do it _____.
15. It stopped hammering _____.
16. The teacher explained _____ for us.
17. It’s our own fault. We should blame _____ for this.
18. We seldom see _____ as others see us.
19. I will see it _____when I am free.
20. We’d never met before, so we introduced _____ to each other.
21. What I did was very wrong. I’m ashamed of _____.
22. Mina, Do it______.
23. Can’t you phone him _____?
24. They fought among _____.
25. Why didn’t you clean it _____?
26. They have got _____ into a mess.
27. Yesterday, I wrote an essay _____.
28. You can explain it_____.
29. They have gone to their home _____.
30. Our children hid _____inside the house.
31. His ox broke its horn _____.
32. The cat _____ found a bone.
33. The chair fell_____ on the ground.
34. You can look at in the mirror _____.
35. Students, clean your class _____.
36. Did you cut your finger ____.
37. You expressed_____ very imperfectly.
38. Have you broken this bench _____?
39. You must do all the exercises _______.
40. They must do their homework ______.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 4
Add correct reflexive pronoun to the following sentences.
1. Do you like to talk about_______?
2. Eroj fell and hurt______ on the ice.
3. Frank said that he______ could meet us at the airport.
4. Gupta burnt______ with the match.
5. Iman ______ will deliver the speech.
6. I shave_____ every morning.
7. John hurt______ when he fell on the pavement.
8. Kamal______ wrote to me.
9. Manu______ will attend the meeting.
10. Smith______ will speak to us.
11. Tulasa looked at______ in the mirror.
12. Upama people like to talk about _______.
13. The ambassador______ will sign the agreement.
14. Yam cannot dress ____. He is only 2 years old.
15. Preeti cut______ with a pen-knife.
16. Tripti killed ___________.
17. Mr. President______ attended the meeting.
18. We enjoyed______ in the concert.
19. They______ will wait for you.
20. You______ have to do it, boys.
Vocabulary in Use
Match the following words with their meanings.
achrymose desist; go without; withdraw
haughtiness damaged; destroyed; ruined
enshroud gullible; ready to believe anything
credulous cover
blighted arrogance; pride
abstain tearful; sad
tedium deliberately make something difficult to understand
repudiate an excess
plethora shun; eschew
obfuscate boredom
52 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
GE T START
ED
TENSE
Read the following texts.
Nepal is famous for birds. Danphe is a beautiful, multi-coloured bird. It is also our national
bird. Pandas are also beautiful animals. They are found in China. Cheetahs live in Asia and
Africa. They live in hot, flat places. A cheetah can run one hundred kilometres an hour but
only for a few minutes. It can catch deer. Giraffes also live in Africa. Giraffes are very tall. They
can eat leaves 6 meters high.
One day a dog walked in the street. He found a piece of meat. He wanted to eat alone, so he
ran towards the forest with the meat in his mouth. On the way he came to a narrow bridge
across the stream. When he crossed the bridge, he saw his own image at the clear water of
the stream. He thought that there was another dog with a similar piece of meat. He wanted
to have that piece, too. He jumped into the stream to snatch the piece of meat from the other
dog. Sadly, he lost his own piece in the stream. He got out of the water and walked away
feeling sad and angry at himself.
I will go to my village tomorrow. I will take the early bus. I will be travelling with my father. I
will have taken help of my father. He will be helping me there because he knows a lot about
it. I will have visited different places of my village by the end of this week. I will go to river
and swim there. I will go to forest and enjoy the scenery. I will have returned to Kathmandu
by next Sunday.
Do you Know? The given texts represent present, past and future tenses.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given texts.
a. How many tenses are there in English?
b. Which tense does the first text represent?
c. Which tense does the second text represent?
d. Which tense does the third text represent?
e. What verbs in the text represent present tense?
f. What verbs in the text represent past tense?
g. What verbs in the text represent future tense
Listening Practice
Repeat these structures after your teacher.
Tense Structures
Simple Present s+v1/v5+obj
Present Continuous s+is/am/are+v4+obj
Present Perfect s+has/have+v3+obj
Present Perfect Continuous s+has/have+been+v4+obj
Simple Past s+v2+obj
Past Continuous s+was/were+v4+obj
Past Perfect s+had+v3+obj
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 53
Past Perfect Continuous s+had been+v4+obj
Simple Future s+will/shall+v1+obj
Future Continuous s+will/shall+be+v4+obj
Future Perfect s+will/shall+have+v3+obj
Future Perfect Continuous s+will/shall+have+been+v4+obj
Going to Future Tense s+is/am/are+going to+v1+obj
Grammar Focus: Simple Present Tense
Read the following description.
Manuel and Lila have a busy lifestyle. Manuel is a doctor at a hospital.
He works at night, so he goes to work at 7:00 p.m. and comes home
at 7:00 a.m. His wife Lila works at a bank. She goes to work at 8:00
a.m. and comes home at 6:00 p.m. They don’t see each other a lot
during the week. They also have two children, Labish and Dikshaya.
Every morning they all have breakfast together at 7:30. Then, Labish
and Dikshaya go to school, and Labish goes to work. Manuel washes
the dishes, and then goes to bed. Dikshya usually does her homework
at a friend’s house in the afternoon and Labish has soccer practice.
Manuel gets up at 4:00 p.m. At 6:00 p.m., he has dinner with Lila, Labish, and Dikshaya.
After dinner, he goes to work. Manuel and Lila have a busy schedule during the week, but
on weekends they relax.
Do You Know ?: In the given description, the coloured words are in simple present tense.
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb a song.
I, We, You, They sing a song.
He, She do not sings a song.
I, We, You, They does not sing a song.
He, She I, we, you, they sing a song?
Do he, she sing a song?
Does (Sub+V1/ v5+obj) sing
Affirmative: (Sub+do /does+ not +obj)
Negative: (Do/Does +sub + obj +?)
Interrogative:
Quick Tip : Simple present tense tells us about the things that are permanently true. Let’s
observe the following table:
It is used to express universal, general truths.
The sun sets in the west. Water freezes at 0°C.
The sun shines bright. Blood is thicker than water.
Water flows down. Man is mortal.
54 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
It is used to express habitual actions, regular actions.
I always go to temple on Saturdays. He visits his uncle once a week.
I wake up early in the morning. She has a bath every day.
It is used to express scheduled future actions, future actions with present time table.
The train leaves at 6:00 pm.
I take the first bus tomorrow.
It is used to express English proverbs and quotations.
Slow and steady wins the race.
Honesty is the best policy.
It is used to explain events in the live commentaries.
Mr. Rai catches the ball and kicks it away to the players.
It is used to express timetable and travel management.
Our school assembly starts at 9:00 am.
The first bus leaves at 7:30 am.
It is used with simple future tense, in the clauses of cause and effect.
If you call me, I will come to you.
If you beat him, he will cry.
It is used tell about someone’s job or profession.
My father is a teacher. She works in a consultancy.
It is used to describe events, situations, or actions described in stories, dramas,
fictions, films, etc.
In Hatchi, the dog always goes to take his owner at the train station for 8 years.
At last the man commits suicide.
It is used with the following adverbs: always, seldom, daily, usually, occasionally,
hardly, now-a-days, rarely, sometimes, never, generally, frequently, often, every day,
every week, every month, every year, once a week, twice a day, thrice a month,
whenever, after, every time, etc.
I always drink coffee.
We usually put on school dress.
You rarely complete your homework.
He never tells a lie.
Our teachers take test once a week.
Grammar Focus: Present Continuous tense
Read the following description.
I met my grandmother after a long time. I love my grandmother very
much. At this moment, I am sitting on her lap. She is telling a story. I
am listening to it fondly. I am laughing at her story. Kaman is my father.
He is a farmer. At present, he is working in the field. My mother is
preparing food for him. My sister and brother are playing in the garden
with their friends. The village life is very pleasant. The sun is shining
brightly today. The sky is clear. Everything is going on perfectly here.
Do You Know?: The verbs in coloured letters are in present continuous tense.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 55
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I
We, You, They am singing a song.
He, She a song.
I are singing a song.
We, You, They a song.
Am is singing a song.
Are a song?
Is am not singing a song?
Affirmative a song?
Negative are not singing
Interrogative
I singing
we, you, they singing
he, she singing
(Sub + is/am/are+v4+obj)
(Sub + is/am/are+ not+v4+obj)
(Is/Am/Are+Sub+v4+obj+?)
Quick Tip: Present continuous tense describes the things that are happening or existing for a
period of time without interruption.
It is used for an action going on at the time of speaking.
The classes are going on.
The principal is observing the classes.
It is used for an action that is planned to take place in the near future.
My father is going to the USA tomorrow.
They are going to India next month.
It is used for a long- term process and development.
The population density in Kathmandu is increasing.
The number of vehicles in cities is increasing.
It is used for a changing situation.
My handwriting is improving slowly.
His health is getting worse.
It is used for a temporary situation.
We are living on a rent house.
My sister is taking dance classes.
It is used for a temporary action which may not be actually happening at the time of
speaking.
We are doing a research on this problem.
He is writing a book on grammar and composition.
It is used after short expressions that draw attention like: Stop! Listen! Look! Don't
disturb! Don't cross the road! After 'but today, but now', etc.
Wait a minute! I am coming.
Listen! Somebody is calling us.
Don’t disturb! I am listening to news.
56 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
It is used with the following adverbs: now, still, at present, at the moment,
at this time, this morning, afternoon, evening, next day, week, month, year, soon, in
the near future, tomorrow morning, etc.
I am drawing a picture.
We are painting the wall at this moment.
They are inviting an exhibition today.
I am coming there soon.
Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Tense
Read the following description.
I am a student studying in grade 8. My exam is coming near. I am quite worried about the
exam. On Sunday, my English exam is going to start. I have revised only five chapters so far.
My friend Hem has already revised seven chapters and Suraj has completed nine chapters
till now. The clock has shown that it is ten o’clock now. My English teacher has told me not
to stay late at night. Thus, I am going to sleep now.
Do You Know ?: The verb forms in coloured letters are in present perfect tense.
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I, We, You, They have sung a song.
He, She has sung a song.
I, We, You, They have not sung a song.
He, She has not sung a song.
Have I, we, you, they sung a song?
Has he, she sung a song?
Affirmative (Sub + has/have+v3+obj)
Negative (Sub + has/have+ not+ v3+obj)
Interrogative (Has/Have+sub+v3+ obj+?)
Quick Tip: The present perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action done in a
period up to the present.
It is used to denote a completed action in the recent past.
I have just taken my lunch. She has just come from Dhading.
It is used to denote recent past actions which have results in the present.
She has played football. (She is sweating)
Rohit has cut his leg. (It's bleeding)
It is used with 'since + point of time or for + period of time’ to denote an action beginning
at sometime in the past and continuing up to the present moment.
I haven't seen him since last year.
I have taken leave for 2 days.
It is used to express interesting incidents or experiences.
Joe has seen a one-legged person.
I have spent two years in the USA.
We have read Muna Madan.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 57
It is used with the following adverbs: already, recently, always, ever, lately, never,
not + yet, just, today, this morning, since, for, all the time, etc.
I have never been to the sea.
Denga has recently bought a computer.
We have already visited the park.
Grammar Focus : Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Read the following description.
Sony and Sonia are best friends. They have been spending time together since they were
young girls. Every morning, they get dressed and walk to the post office together. They have
been walking together to the post office every morning for the past 5 years.
Lately, Sonia has not been feeling well. Sony has been walking to post office alone each
morning. Then she visits Sonia at home. She has been bringing Sonia her letters and emails
every morning for 2 weeks. She hopes for her speedy recovery soon.
Do You Know ?: In the above description, the verb forms in coloured letters are in
present perfect continuous. The present perfect continuous tense is the form of
verb that expresses an action that started somewhere in the past and is continuing up
to now to the present. The action might continue up to the future too. Let’s observe the
following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I, We, You, They have been singing a song.
He, She has been singing a song.
I, We, You, They have not been singing a song.
He, She has not been singing a song.
Have I, we, you, they been singing a song?
Has he, she been singing a song?
Affirmative (Sub +has/have +been +v4 + obj)
Negative (Sub+has/have+not+been+v4+obj)
Interrogative (Has/Have +sub+ been +v4 +obj+?)
a. This tense is used for an action which began at some time in the past and is still
continuing.
We have been living in a flat for 2 years.
I have been teaching here since 2072.
b. ‘Since +point of time', 'for +period of time + now', 'all +present time: all this morning,
afternoon, evening, all this week, month, years’.
He has been composing a song all this morning.
We have been studying here since our childhood.
c. It is used used with these verbs: stay, live, wait, work, sleep, read, etc.
He has been working for two hours.
I have been waiting here since morning.
58 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
Grammar Focus : Simple Past Tense
Read the following description.
This winter I learned to skate! A friend of mine had an extra pair of skates. He persuaded
me to go skating with him one Saturday afternoon in February. I borrowed the skates and
we went skating!
It was cold outside! We wore hats, scarves, and mitts to keep warm. He showed me how
to put on the skates. He helped me walk onto the ice. He showed me how to start moving.
He also showed me how to stop! I moved very slowly at first and lots of people skated past
me. When I fell nobody laughed at me. Instead, they helped me get back up. I kept trying!
Soon I felt much better. I liked skating!
Do You Know ?: In the above given description, the verbs in coloured words are in simple
past tense. The simple past tense is used to describe the completed actions in the past. Let’s
observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I, We, You, They sang a song.
He, She sang a song.
I, We, You, They did not sing a song.
He, She did not sing a song.
Did I, we, you, they sing a song?
Did he, she sing a song?
Affirmative (Sub + v2 + obj)
Negative (Sub +did + not+v1+obj)
Interrogative (Did+ sub + v1 + obj+?)
It is used to denote an action completed in the past.
His mother died of pneumonia last month.
I visited Pokhara on Saturday.
It is used to express past habits.
She went to club every day. (But not now)
Joe ran miles every morning.
It is used to express the historic events.
The earthquake destroyed many monuments in Nepal.
Flood in terai took many lives.
It is used with when clause.
When his brother came in, he started drawing a picture.
When the bell rang, the students stopped playing.
It is used with the following adverbials:
yesterday, ago, last night, week, day, month, year, century, in the past, in + past time,
just now, a few minutes ago, long time ago, three days ago, when, while, until, before,
after, once, as soon as, in 2005, etc.
I met my old friend yesterday.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 59
We heard this story 2 years ago.
My father became sick last month.
Grammar Focus : Past Continuous Tense
Past continuous tense describes the things that were happening or existing for a
period of time without interruption in the past. Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I singing
We, You, They was singing a song.
He, She singing a song.
I were singing a song.
We, You, They singing a song.
Was was singing a song.
Were singing a song?
Was was not singing a song?
Affirmative a song?
Negative were not
Interrogative
I
we, you, they
he, she
(Sub +was/were +v4+ obj)
(Sub +was/were +not+v4+ obj)
(Was/Were +sub+v4+ obj+?)
It is used to denote an action going on at sometime in the past.
I was reading all morning yesterday.
He was visiting temple at this time yesterday.
It is used to refer to a temporary situation in the past.
We were living in hostel during school.
I was taking computer classes.
It is used with while clause.
My maternal uncle came while I was sleeping.
It often occurs with ' all +past time':
all day yesterday, all last night , Sunday, week, month year, at this time yesterday, at
this moment yesterday, etc.
The farmers were working in the field at this time yesterday.
GramThme vaorluFnotceuerss:wPearestdPisetrribfeuctitngTegnoosdes all last Saturday.
The past perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action done in a period in the
past. Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
sung
I, We, You, They had sung a song.
sung a song.
He, She had sung a song.
a song.
I, We, You, They had not
not
He, She had
60 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
Had I, we, you, they sung a song?
sung a song?
Had he, she, it
Affirmative (Sub +had +v3 + obj)
Negative (Sub +had +not+v3 + obj)
Interrogative (Had +sub+v3 + obj+?)
It is used to denote an action completed before a certain moment in the past.
She had met me in Budhathum in 2017.
We had seen him last three years before.
It is also used to show which of two actions in the past happened earlier than the
other.
I went to post the letter after I had written it.
We had submitted the project before the deadline expired.
Simple past for 2nd action, past perfect for 1st action.
The patient had already died before the doctor examined him.
As soon as +past perfect + simple past (If two actions happen in the past one after
another)
GramAsmsoaornFaosctuhsey: had completed their work, they went out for playing.
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
The past perfect continuous tense is the form of verb that expresses an action that
started somewhere in the past and was continuing upto some point of time in the
past. Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
singing
I, We, You, They had been singing a song.
singing a song.
He, She had been singing a song.
singing a song.
I, We, You, They had not been singing a song?
a song?
He, She had not been
Had I, we, you, they been
Had he, she been
Affirmative (Sub +had +been +v4 + obj)
Negative (Sub +had + not+ been +v4 + obj)
Interrogative (Had +sub+ been +v4 + obj+?)
This tense is used for an action that began at certain point in the past and continued up to
that time.
By the time I met him, Mr. Thapa had already been working there for six months.
I had been trying to get her on the phone.
Grammar Focus : Simple Future Tense
The simple future tense is the time that will come after the present or the event that
will happen then. Let’s observe the following table:
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 61
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
sing
I, We, You, They will sing a song.
sing a song.
He, She, It will sing a song.
sing a song.
I, We, You, They will not sing a song?
a song?
He, She, It will not
Will I, we, you, they
Will he, she
Affirmative (Sub +shall/will +v1 +obj)
Negative (Sub +shall/will +not+v1 +obj)
Interrogative (Shall/Will +sub+v1 +obj+?)
This tense is used for an action that has still to take place.
We will come to your house this Saturday.
I will buy a laptop tomorrow.
It is used with 'If clause'.
If you call me, I will come to your house.
If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
I (don’t) think, I (don’t) expect, I am sure, probably + simple future tense
I think she will surely win the match.
I am sure I will be first this time.
I don’t think he will pass the driving test.
It is used with the following time adverbials:
soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, next (time, day, week, month, year) in a few (minutes,
days, weeks, months years), etc.
I will call you after this class.
They will marry in a couple of weeks.
Grammar Focus : Future Continuous Tense
The future continuous tense is the time that expresses an ongoing action at a certain point in
the future. Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I, We, You, They will be singing a song.
a song.
He, She will be singing a song.
a song.
I, We, You, They will not be singing a song?
a song?
He, She will not be singing
Will I, we, you, they be singing
Will he, she be singing
Affirmative (Sub +shall/will +be +v4 +obj)
Negative (Sub +shall/will +not+ be +v4 +obj)
Interrogative (Shall/Will +sub+ be +v4 +obj+?)
62 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
It is used for an action going on at some time in future.
I will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
It is used for future events that are planned.
He will be performing a song next month.
Adverbials: at this time tomorrow, at this moment tomorrow, etc.
We will be playing football at this moment tomorrow.
I will be drawing a picture at this time tomorrow.
Grammar Focus : Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense is the form of verb that expresses an action completed before
a particular point in the future. Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
I, We, You, They will have sung a song.
He, She will have sung a song.
I, We, You, They will not have sung a song.
He, She will not have sung a song.
Will I, we, you, they have sung a song?
Will he, she have sung a song?
Affirmative (Sub +shall/will +have +v3 + obj)
Negative (Sub +shall/will +not+have +v3 + obj)
Interrogative (Shall/Will +sub+ have +v3 + obj+?)
Uses:
It is used to indicate the completion of action by a certain future time.
We will have reached there by 2 o’clock.
I will have posted this letter by tomorrow.
Our exam will have been over by the end of Chaitra.
Before you go, I will have completed my project work.
By + time, before + time, in + period of time.
The company will have completed the project in three years.
By 2030, scientists will have discovered the cure on AIDS.
I will have bought a car by 2035.
Grammar Focus : Future Perfect Continuous Tense
This tense is used to refer to ongoing activities lasting through the present into the future.
Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Aux Aux Main verb
verb verb
I, We, You, They will have been singing a song.
have been singing a song.
He, She will not have been singing a song.
I, We, You, They will
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 63
He, She will not have been singing a song.
a song?
Will I, we, you, they have been singing a song?
Will he, she have been singing a song.
a song.
Affirmative (Sub +shall/will +have+been+v4+obj) a song.
Negative a song.
Interrogative (Sub +shall/will +not+have+been+v4+obj) a song.
a song.
(Shall/Will +sub+ have+been+v4+obj+?) a song?
a song?
'By, before + future time' and 'for+ period of time' a song?
By next year, she will have been working in this office for three years.
'In + period of time' and 'for + period of time'
I will have been learning computer for a month by next Saturday.
Grammar Focus : Going to Tuture Tense
This tense is used to refer to the likely future actions.
Let’s observe the following table:
Subject Auxiliary Verb Main Verb
We, You, They
I are going to sing
He, She
We, You, They am going to sing
I
He, She is going to sing
Are
Am are not going to sing
Is
Affirmative am not going to sing
Negative
Interrogative is not going to sing
we, you, they going to sing
I going to sing
he, she, going to sing
(Sub + is/am/are + going to + v1 + obj)
(Sub + is/am/are + not+ going to + v1 + obj)
(Is/Am/Are + sub+ going to + v1 + obj+?)
It is used to express intention.
I am going to be a teacher.
I am going to write a poem.
It is used to describe that something is beyond our control.
The dog is going to die.
The top of the tree is going to fall.
It is used for planned action.
I have written a letter. I am going to post it.
It is used without a time expression.
I am going to paint my room.
64 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
Grammar Focus : Summary of All Tenses
SIMPLE
She sang She sings She will sing
yesterday. everyday. again tomorrow.
PROGRESSIVE
She was singing She is singing She will be singing
at 9 am yesterday. right now. at 6 pm tonight.
PERFECT
12 12 12
When she retired,
So far, When she retires, she
she had sung she has sung will have sung all her
all her life. all her life.
life.
12
When she retired, PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
she had been singing 12 12
for 40 years. She has been singing When she retires, she
will have been singing
for 40 years.
for 40 years.
Grammar Focus : Tense Contrasts
A. When + simple past + past continuous
First action-main clause that has already been started
Second action-when clause that interrupts the first action
When the teacher entered the class, the students were singing.
He telephoned me, when I was watching TV.
B. When/by the time+ simple past + past perfect
First action-main clause in which one action had already completed before another
started
Second action-when clause
When the teacher entered the class, the students had already gone.
By the time I reached the bus station, the bus had already left.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 65
C. When+ simple present + simple present/future
First action-when clause
Second action-main clause that is the result of first action
When the teachers go to the class, the students greet them.
When I beat him, he will be angry.
D. While + past continuous + simple past
First action-while clause
Second action-main clause
While it was snowing, they started climbing up the mountain.
While they were discussing, I drew a fine picture.
E. Simple past + after, that, what, as soon as + past perfect
First action-another clause
Second action-main clause
He arrived at the bus stop after the bus had gone.
Surya started crying as soon as he had heard of his brother’s death.
F. Past perfect + by the time, before, until + simple past
First action-main clause
Second action-another clause
The bus had gone before we arrived at the station.
The patient had died before the doctor examined him.
G. If/unless + simple present + simple future: to talk about particular time in future
If I learn well, I will score better grade.
Unless I go there, they won’t come to us.
H. As/when +simple past + simple past: one action caused another action
As I rebuked her, she started crying.
When I saw him, I ran away.
She cried when I beat her.
I. While + past continuous + past continuous: two actions are happening at the same
time
While I was sleeping, my brother was reading.
The class was going on while I was reading in the library.
J. Going to/Present Continuous + time word
It is often possible to use either tense:
I'm seeing her next week. I'm going to see her next week.
The going to future is very common, especially in conversation.
If there is doubt about which of the two futures to use, it is better to use going to. With
the verbs go and come, it is better to use the present continuous. Present continuous +
time word is generally used for plans arranged for a particular time in the future.
66 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 1
Change the following sentences into different aspects of tense.
Tense Sentences Sentences
Simple Present I eat rice. We play a game.
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Going to Future
assess yourself 2
Change the following sentences into different aspects of tense.
Tense Sentences Sentences
Simple Present He sings a song. She draws a picture.
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Going to Future
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 67
assess yourself 3
Put the correct form of the verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. I ___ an application for leave. (write)
2. A bad carpenter ____with his tool.(quarrel)
3. Amish______ (make) me sing a song.
4. Did he ____ you his camera? (show)
5. Bikas ______ (have) his house decorated.
6. Diva ____ (sell) the clothes gifted to him.
7. By 2020, robots ____ many of the jobs that people do today. (take over)
8. Computer technology ____ a long way since the 1970s. (come)
9. Dharma ____ (get) his clothes stitched.
10. Every time I visit my uncle, he ________ happy.(become)
11. Hari _____ (sit) on a chair and _______ (write) a story.
12. Yuban ____ a new car last week. (buy)
13. Dip had his clothes _______ (wash).
14. Jitu ____ at a ripe old age. (die)
15. Kushal ____ for the crown. (fight)
16. Did you think you ____ me somewhere before? (see)
17. She has bought some clothes; she ____ herself a blouse. (make)
18. Lal____ freely when he had drunk alcohol. (express)
19. He would have passed if he ____ hard. (study)
20. Muskan ____ here for the last five years. (work)
21. She used to visit us every week, but she ____ now. (rarely come)
22. Don’t cross the road, the bus ____ here. (come)
23. The old beggar was ____ by a mad dog. (bite)
24. Netra____ his work. He doesn’t need to do it again. (do)
25. The next term ____ on 19th December. (begin)
26. She ______ a new pen last week. (buy)
27. Osan____ slave of low desires. (become)
28. Does he________ (study) hard?
29. The phone rang while he ____ home assignment. (do)
30. Puran____ play football when he was twenty. (use to)
31. Everyday my aunt ____ a plate. (break)
32. The news ____ my dinner. (spoil)
33. Rohit____ unconscious since five o’clock. (be)
34. Sachin ____ for the examination. (sit)
35. Tony ____ hold of the wrong end of the stick. (get)
36. She ____ worried about something. (look)
37. Unique ____ the last word on the matter. (say)
38. Vijaya ____ by a scorpion. (bite)
39. Yam jumped off the van while it ____ (move).
40. The pollution in Kathmandu Valley ______day by day.(increase)
68 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 4 69
Put the correct form of the verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. Here ____the train.(come)
2. We __ (play) football at this time yesterday.
3. Hurry up! The programme ____ (start) soon.
4. Sony____ (cut) her finger. It is still bleeding.
5. I ____ (dream) that I was in Singapore.
6. Goma____ (never see) the sea.
7. Hema____ a lot of work today. (do)
8. We ___ (be) reading our book yesterday.
9. Indira____ a strange noise since last week. (hear)
10. Jessica____ English for seven years. (study)
11. We ____ her since we met a month ago. (not see)
12. They ____ him for five years. (know)
13. Yamuna____ in a hospital before starting a clinic. (work)
14. We ___ (be) going to visit Pokhara soon.
15. I____ into town later on. Do you want a lift? (drive)
16. The students____ my work at 2 o’clock. (finish)
17. I ____ my work by Sunday. (complete)
18. They____ something burning. (smell)
19. We ___ (be) reading a book.
20. Baman ____ there since 1997. (work)
21. Damodar___ this book in a few days. (finish)
22. We____ (visit) India last year.
23. They____ your house this afternoon. (pass)
24. We ___ (complete) our course.
25. I ____all evening. (sleep)
26. He and I ____an answer now. (write)
27. I ____asleep (fall) while I was reading.
28. We____ here until he comes back.(be)
29. The postman ____this letter by tomorrow. (post)
30. Mahesh ____this work in ten minutes. (finish)
31. I am listening and ____about it.(speak)
32. They ___ (harvest) the paddy all morning.
33. I am not feeling well. I ____sick.( be)
34. They ___ (dance) in the disco at present.
35. We __ (not love) to watch television.
36. I am sure you ____the exam. (pass)
37. We __ (complete) our course next year.
38. I am used to ________only five in a day. (smoke)
39. We ___ (build) a dam last year.
40. They ___ (build) the bridge for several months.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 5
Put the correct form of the verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. I’m sure I ____ him at the party last night. (see)
2. If she sings a song, I ____ (dance).
3. Mr. Giri ____ the village a couple of months ago. (leave)
4. It ____ since early morning. (rain)
5. Maya ________ (already do) her work.
6. It is the first time he ____ (travel) by plane.
7. My father ____here by 3 o’ clock. (arrive)
8. It seemed to me that she had never ____ so well. (sing)
9. Jim’s grandmother ____ in 1989. (die)
10. Liquid ____ in 0˚C. (freeze)
11. Mira doesn’t ____ her teeth in the evening. (brush)
12. Listen! Someone ____ at the door. (knock)
13. Look! Your sister ____ coming. (be)
14. My father never _______alcohol.(drink)
15. No one ____ (come) here lately.
16. No sooner we had come in the base camp than everyone ____eating.(start)
17. Oh dear! I ____. (sneeze)
18. Ramita had her daughter ________ (milk) the cow.
19. Our country ________ by 2020. (progress)
20. Peter (paint) ____the portraits after he (draw) ______a rough sketch.
21. Our exam ____from the 2nd of this month.(start)
22. Rita _____ (arrive) after the class had started.
23. My small son ________ (eat) all his chocolate before I got home.
24. Our guests____. They are sitting in the garden. (arrive)
25. People of Nepal___ (have) struggling for peace process.
26. My father ____ a businessman.(be)
27. Presently, my father ____ for an NGO. (work)
28. Rita ____ to be a doctor. (want)
29. Saru ____ (take) part in music competition.
30. Sham finished doing his homework, ________ you finish, Gopal? (Do)
31. A better day for a drive could not have been ____. (choose)
32. Someone has ____ my purse. (steal)
33. A puppy ____ twice as much fifteen years ago. (cost)
34. Sheena ____ her case. (pack)
35. A rolling stone ____no mass.(gather)
36. Shakespeare ________ (write) many famous plays.
37. After the storm we ____ a spell of fine weather. (have)
38. The blood ____ in their veins. (freeze)
39. Amish made me ________ (laugh).
40. She________ a book now.(read)
70 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 6 71
Put the correct form of the verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. They ___ (not finish) their work,yet.
2. We ___ (not play) since Sunday.
3. They ___ (write) a book since March.
4. We ___ (play) since four o’clock.
5. The boy has ____ across the Indus. (swim)
6. We ___ (visit) Pokhara for our educational tour.
7. The earth ____ round the sun. (move
8. Our faithful dog ____ his blind master. (lead)
9. The village ____ its appearance completely since 2011. (change)
10. Mr. President ____the great mountaineers.(honour)
11. The village master ____ his little school students. (teach)
12. Our school principal ____to speak to you. (want)
13. A poor diet ___ to bad health. (lead)
14. The Shah Dynasty ___ (have) ruling in Nepal for 140 years.
15. Why is this soup ____ bad? (taste)
16. The sun ___ (rise) in the east and ___ (set) in the west.
17. The toast was ____ with great enthusiasm. (eat)
18. The water in the pond ______ (freeze) last night.
19. Yedu never ____ me a chance to speak. (give)
20. They __ (play) the piano for two days.
21. Yaman rarely ____to his office on time.(go)
22. They ___ (live) in the city for 10 years.
23. Anup stayed at school to ____ his homework. (finish)
24. They ___ (plant) crops for five years.
25. Help! I ____ down. (fall)
26. The monkeys ___ (be) chattering.
27. Her father ____ last month. (die)
28. They ___ (prepare) for marriage since July.
29. We ____ for his call since 6:30 (wait)
30. They ___ (read) a story book for a month.
31. We ____ beneath a spreading oak. (lie)
32. They ___ (play) the drums all night.
33. We thought her dying when she ____. (sleep)
34. When I ____ my dinner, I went to bed. (have)
35. This book is not long. I ____ it by lunch time. (read)
36. We ___ (learn) English now.
37. Two and two ____four.(make)
38. Unless we ____ now we can’t be on time. (start)
39. We ____the work on time.(complete)
40. By the time we got there, the man___. (already die)
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 7
Put the correct form of the verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. I don’t believe in ghost. I ____the ghost. (not see)
2. I have ____ a million tears. (weep)
3. I have finished my homework and ____ my copy in the bag. (keep)
4. Unisha knows all about that film because she ____ it thrice. (see)
5. We meant to repair T.V, but we ____ time to do it today. (not have)
6. I reported him that I ________my work.(finish)
7. When Jack arrived home, Carol _______ (already cook) food.
8. I will phone you when I ____the house.( get into)
9. I wish I _____mathematics. (know)
10. When I saw Purina, she ____ a letter. (write)
11. I wish I ____a cycle. (have)
12. When we reached the cinema, the film ____. (already start)
13. I_____ to Kathmandu tomorrow.(go)
14. When Neeta pushed Rita, she ____ into the pond. (fall)
15. Anita ___ (already answer) this question.
16. By next May, we ___ (live) here for five years.
17. Whenever he needs money, he ___ (come) to me.
18. You ___ (complete) your homework by tomorrow.
19. You ___ (go) to Pokhara tomorrow.
20. They ___ (plant) the seedlings of rice now.
21. They promise that they___ (not fight) again.
22. Our friends ___ (not help) us in need.
23. We ___ (go) home tomorrow.
24. You___ (help) us many times in the past.
25. His family members ___ (visit) Lumbini this year.
26. They ___ (praise) him for his exceptional contribution.
27. These boys ___ (live) here for two years.
28. I’ll ___ (work) here for five years by the end of this month.
29. I’ll ___ (teach) for twenty–five years next June.
30. I ___ (suffer) from fever for three days.
31. Ana ___ (not answer) this question yet.
32. They ___ (play) cricket at this time tomorrow.
33. She ___ (leave) before you go to see her.
34. Ansu ___ (cook) food since morning.
35. She ___ (not swim) tomorrow.
36. The children ___ (read) for exam.
37. I will finish my work and then ____to you. (come)
38. The dog ___ (be) at the door.
39. By the time this letter reaches you, I ___ (leave) the country.
40. The earth ___ (move) round the Sun.
72 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 8
Change the following sentences into different aspects of tense.
Tense Sentences Sentences
Simple Present The mosquito bites us. They learn a lesson.
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Going to Future
Vocabulary in Use
Match the following words with their meanings.
kindle calm; peaceful
enfranchise fake; false
counterfeit give voting rights
abhor harmful; poisonous; lethal
noxious hate
hamper hinder; obstruct
bigot lucky charm
talisman narrow-minded, prejudiced person
placid payment for work done
remuneration to start a fire
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 73
GE T START
ED
REPORTED SPEECH
Read the following sentences. Indirect Speech
Aman said that he couldn’t find his book.
Direct Speech Manu said that she felt ill.
Aman said, “I can’t find my book.” Mom said that her car wouldn’t start.
Manu said, “I feel ill.” Peter said that John was hitting him.
Mom said, “My car won’t start.” Sara said that it was time to leave.
Peter said, “John is hitting me.” Hama suggested to work /working hard.
Sara said, “It’s time to leave.” Mom wished that I might be good.
Hama said, “Work hard.” He asked me if I was fine.
Mom said, “May you be good.” I exclaimed with joy that it was a lovely flower.
He said, “Are you fine?”
I said, “What a lovely flower it is!”
Do you We use reported speech when we are saying what other people say,
Know? think or believe. It is used to repeat what someone had previously said.
The two ways of narrating are direct speech and indirect speech.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given sentences.
a. What are the two ways of narrating?
b. What is direct speech?
c. What is indirect speech?
d. What punctuation marks are used in the direct speech?
e. What punctuation marks are used in the indirect speech?
Listening Practice
Repeat these sentences after your teacher.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
I said, “I am leaving this week.” I said that I was leaving that week.
He said, “These are my books.” He said that those were his books.
She said, “I am working here.” She said that she was working there.
They said, “We are tired today.” They said that they were tired that day.
She said, “I am sleeping now.” She said that she was sleeping then.
Jana said, “I will visit you tomorrow.” Jana said that she would visit me the next day.
Dip said, “I called you yesterday.” Dip said that he had called me the day before.
She said, “My father will come soon.” She said that her father would come soon.
The sentences in the direct speech have two parts. One is separated with comma (,)
and the other one is enclosed with the inverted comma (“….”) e.g. He said, “I love my
nation.” direct (the 1st part separated with the comma is called the reporting part or
verb and the 2nd part is known as the reported speech.) It has the following parts:
74 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
a. Reporting subject
b. Reporting verb
c. Reporting object
For example, My father said to me “You are an honest boy.” In this sentence
My father-Reporting subject
Said to-Reporting verb
Me-Reporting object
You are an honest boy.–Reported speech
Thus, indirect or reported speech is a report of what somebody has said without using direct
wGorardms.mar Focus : Changes in Reported Speech
1. Tense Change
Direct Indirect
Simple present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect Past perfect
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Will/shall/can/may Would/should/could/might
Will/shall/can/may+have+v3 Would/should/could/might+have+v3
Has to/have to + v1 Had to + v1
Do not/doesnot+v1 Did not+v1
Must Had to
Would/should/could/might No change
Had + v3 No change
Had better/ought to/used to No change
Universal truth No change
2. Adverbial Change
Direct Indirect
this that
these those
here there
today that day
now/just then
thus so
hence thence
tomorrow the following day/the next day
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 75
yesterday the previous day/the day before
next day/week/month the following day/week/month
the day before yesterday two days ago
last week/month/year the week/month/year before
ago before
hither thither
tonight that night
come go
3. Person Change Possessive Self-form
Person Subjective Objective
case case
1st I Me P1 P2 Myself
My Mine Ourselves
We Us Our Ours Yourself/Yourselves
2nd You You Your Yours Herself
3rd She Her Her Hers Himself
Him His His Itself
He It It Its Themselves
It Them Their Theirs
They
4. Reporting Verbs and Joining Words Change
Reporting verbs Joining words that
statement told / said to / not to
request asked / requested to / not to
command told / said / ordered / commanded if / whether
yes/no question asked / enquired / questioned w-h words
w-h question asked / enquired / questioned that / w-h words
exclamation asked / exclaimed that
optative wished / blessed / cursed
5. Punctuation Mark Change
“ ” (Inverted comma),? (Question mark), ! (Exclamation mark) and, (comma)-full stop (.)
Grammar Focus : Reported Speech of Different Types of Sentences
1. Universal Truth
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He told us, “The world is round.” He told us that the world is round.
76 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
She said, “My brother is living in She said that her brother is living in Australia.
Australia.”
Partita said, "The sun rises in the East." Partita said that the sun rises in the East.
My father said, “We are mortal”. My father said that we are mortal.
Tulsa said, “Time and tide waits for none” Tulsa said that time and tide waits for none.
Dina said, "Asia is the largest continent." Dina said that Asia is the largest continent.
2. Conditionals II and III
Active: Kunal said to me, “If I were you, I would go and meet her.”
Passive: Kunal told me that if he were me, he would go and meet her.
Active: Lok said, “If I had done well, I would have got better result in exam.”
Passive: Lok said that if he had done well, he would have got better result in exam.
However, tense is changed in case of conditional I.
Active: Guna said, “If you request Mohan, he may help you.”
Passive: Guna said that if I requested Mohan, he might help me.
3. Assertive Sentences
If the reporting verb (said, said to, asked) is in the past tense, the speech is changed into past
tense
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
said, said to said, told
Pal said, "I sit in the garden." Pal said that he sat in the garden.
Pal said, "I'm sitting in the garden now." Pal said that he was sitting in the garden
then.
Pal said, "I have sat in the garden." Pal said that he had sat in the garden.
Pal said, "I have been sitting in the garden." Pal said that he had been sitting in the
garden.
Pal said, "I sat in the garden yesterday." Pal said that he had sat in the garden the day
before.
Pal said, "I was sitting in the garden." Pal said that he had been sitting in the
garden.
Pal said, "I had sat in the garden." Pal said that he had sat in the garden.
Pal said, "I had been sitting in the garden." Pal said that he had been sitting in the
garden.
Pal said, "I will sit in the garden tomorrow." Pal said that he would sit in the garden the
next day.
Pal said, "I can sit in the garden." Pal said that he could sit in the garden.
Pal said, "I may sit in the garden." Pal said that he might sit in the garden.
Pal said, "I would sit in the garden.” Pal said that he would sit in the garden.
Pal said, “I don’t sit in the garden.” Pal said that he didn’t sit in the garden.
Pal said, “I have to sit in the garden.” Pal said that he had to sit in the garden.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 77
The verb tense remains the same in reported speech if the introductory verb is in present
or future tense.
Active: Kim says, “I am ready to go there.”
Passive: Kim says that he is ready to go there.
Active: Ray will say, “I may come to you.”
Passive: Ray will say that he may come to me.
Active: Ali has said, “I have finished it.”
Passive: Ali has said that he has finished it.”
4. Modal Verbs
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He said, “I can sing a song.” He said that he could sing a song.
Krish said to me, “I may buy an auto.” Krish told me that he might buy an auto.
Nil said, “You must practice hard.” Nil said that I had to practice hard.
(necessity)
Min said to me, “You must obey your Min told me that I must obey my parents.
parents.” (duty/law/truth)
Joe said to me, “I shall appreciate it.” Joe told me that he should appreciate it.
The students said, “We would apply for The students said that they would apply for
visa” visa.
Bin said, “I could run faster” Bin said that he could run faster.
Dip said to me, “I might meet him” Dip told me that he might meet him.
She told me, “We should be really happy.” She told me that they would be really
happy.
However, shall and should with first person pronoun (I, we) change into would.
Active: Kale said to me, “I shall do it for you.”
Passive: Kale told me that he would do it for me.
Active: Tony said, “We should be proud of you.”
Passive: Tony said that they would be proud of me.
5. Interrogative Sentences
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
asked, said to, said asked, enquired of, questioned,
interrogated
He said, “Do you like me?” He asked me if I liked him.
He said, “Does he go to office?” He asked me if he went office.
He said, “Did you watch that video He asked me if I had watched that video the
yesterday?” day before.
78 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
He said, "Is it snowing outside?" He asked if it was snowing outside.
He said, "Are you single or married?" He asked me whether I was single or
married.
He said, “Were you present in the He asked if I had been present in the
programme?” programme.
He said, “Has he called you?” He enquired if he had called me.
He said, "Have you got a phone?" He wanted to know whether I had got a
phone.
He said, "Can you swim?" He asked if I could swim.
He asked, "How old are you?" He asked how old I was.
He said to me, "Where do you live?" He asked me where I lived.
She asked, "What time does your office She asked what time my office started.
start?"
She asked, "When will you come to me?" She asked when I would go to her.
He said, “Had you phoned him?” He asked whether I had phoned him.
6. Imperative Sentences
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
said, said to ordered, commanded, advised, suggested,
requested, prayed, begged, persuaded,
warned
"Don't drink alcohol!" the doctor warned The doctor warned me not to drink alcohol.
me.
"Don't give up," she said to her students. She told her students not to give up.
"Get out!" he said. He told me to get out.
"Leave the room," he told me. He told me to leave the room.
He said to me, "Help the poor man." He told me to help the poor man.
He said to me, "Walk slowly!" He told me to walk slowly.
He said, "Don't hesitate”. He persuaded me not to hesitate.
I said to Pabi, “Open the door.” I told Pabi to open the door.
Min said to Alan, “Don’t work from Min threatened Alan not to work from the
tomorrow.” next day.
Mother Said, "Don't argue with each other”. Mother told me not to argue with each
other.
The General said to the soldiers, “Be ready The General commanded the soldiers to be
for parade.” ready for parade.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 79
7. Optative Sentences
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
said , said to said, told, prayed, blessed, wished, bade
He said to me, “May you be victorious!” He wished me that I might be victorious.
She said to Rita, “May you ruin soon!” She cursed Rita that she might ruin soon.
He said, “Good bye, Sir!” He bade sir goodbye.
Mother said to me, “May you get good Mother blessed me for good grade.
grade!”
Mother blessed me that I might get good
grade.
Tom said to me, “May you prosper." Tom wished that I might prosper.
8. Exclamatory Sentences
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
said, said to cried, exclaimed, applauded, confessed, bade
Gun said, "Alas! How fool I have been." Gun confessed with regret that he had been very
fool.
He said to me, “Congratulation!” He congratulated me.
He said, “Hurrah! My sister has come.” He exclaimed with joy that his sister had come.
He said, “What a beautiful flower it is!” He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful
flower.
I said to him, “Thank you!” I thanked him.
She said, “Alas! She passed away.” She expressed her sorrow that she had passed
away.
9. Hopes, Intentions and Promises
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
said, said to promised, hoped, threatened
He said, "I'll return your book tomorrow." He promised to return my book the next day.
He promised that he would return my book the
next day.
He said, "I'll be back by midnight." He promised to be back by midnight.
He promised that he would be back by
midnight.
They said, "We should arrive before They hoped to arrive before nightfall.
nightfall."
They hoped that they would arrive before
nightfall.
He said, “I’ll shoot you!” He threatened to shoot me.
He threatened that he would shoot me.
80 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
10. Requests and Suggestions
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
said, said to suggested, warned, asked, advised, invited,
begged, taught, forbade, urged
"Please, improve for the exam," he said. He urged me to improve for the exam.
"Take care of your health," I said. I advised him to take care of his health.
“You had better help me” she said. She advised to help her.
I said to him, “Please bring my newspaper.” I asked him to bring my newspaper.
He said, “Could I know your name?” He asked for my name.
I said to him, “Please guide me to solve this I requested/asked him to guide me to solve
problem” that problem.
Juna said to Mina, “Please don’t tell anyone Juna begged Mina not to tell anyone about
about my secret!” her secret.
Our teachers said to us, “Don’t smoke.” Our teachers advised/ forbade/ prohibited
us not to/to smoke.
She said, “Could you please be quiet,” She asked/requested me to be quiet.
She said, “Please help me.” She requested to help her.
She said, “Water, please.” She asked for water.
She said, “You ought to care your parents.” She advised me to care my parents.
She said, “Why don’t you do it yourself?” She suggested that I should do it myself.
The doctor said to me, “Stop drinking!” The doctor advised/suggested me to stop
drinking.
11. Offers
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
said suggested, ordered, urged, advocated,
requested
He ordered me, “Let them go.” He ordered to let them go.
He said, “Let’s have a party tonight.” He suggested to have a party that night.
He suggested that they should have a party
that night
He said, “What shall I do for you?” He asked what he should do for me.
They said to the teacher, “Let us come in, They requested to the teacher to let them
sir.” go in.
12. Miscellaneous sentences
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
He says, “Meet me at the party. He says that we are to meet him at the party.
He said, “You might visit the park.” He requested me to visit the park.
He said to me, “Close the door, will you?” He told me to close the door.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 81
"We are playing football," she explained. She explained that they were playing football.
"I have lost my bag," he admitted. He admitted that he had lost his bag.
"She went to Baseri," I thought. I thought that she had gone to Baseri.
He said, "I wish I were in Japan." He said that he wished he had been in Japan.
He said, "I would rather drive." He said that he would rather drive.
He said to me, “They'd better stay up." He suggested to stay up.
"I may call you," she promised. She promised that she might call me.
He said, "I must wash these dishes.” He said that he had to wash those dishes.
He said, "We must do it on time." He said that they had to do it on time.
assess yourself 1
Change the following sentences into reported speech.
1. Aman said to me, "Be careful!"
2. My mother said to me, "Buy some bananas for me,"
3. Biren said to me, "Did you ever live in Arughat?"
4. Mother said to me, "Go and help your father."
5. I said to her, "George has forgotten his books”.
6. Manu said to me, "Go and see Tom”.
7. I said to her, "Have you brought any money for me?"
8. He said to me, “May you be courageous!”
9. She said to me, "I did not write the letter”.
10. My father said to me, "Pick that bag up and put it on the table”.
11. The boss said, "Switch on the fan and bring me a glass of water."
12. Inspector Rai said to me, "Take this man to the office.”
13. The teacher said to us, “Be ready to answer my question.”
14. My manager said, “Do you really come from India?”
15. She asked me, “Do you take coffee or not?”
16. My friend said to me, “Do you want to go by air or road?”
17. My teacher said to me, “Don’t repeat such mistakes again.”
18. The beggar said to the little boy, “Do you have anything to tell me?”
19. She said to her servant, “Hurry up. It’s getting late.”
20. She asked me, “Is anyone there?”
21. My mother said to us “May you both be happy!”
22. The designer said, “How smart you are!”
23. The librarian said to us, “Please don’t whisper in the library.”
24. The waiter said to me, “Shall I bring you a cup of tea?”
25. Grandfather asked us, “Shall I stay here or go away?”
26. Bikash said to me, “I’m living in London now.”
27. The teacher said, “Sit down, boys.”
28. Deepak said to his friend, “Please try not to be late."
29. The cowboy said to his friend, “Take off your hat.”
30. Biru said, “Kunti wasn’t feeling well.”
82 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 2 83
Change the following sentences into reported speech.
1. Akbar said, “I have killed the snake.”
2. Bipasa said, “I want to go on holiday but can’t afford it.”
3. Gauri said to me, “I had planned a trip.”
4. Kusalata said to me, “Have you seen Sweta?”
5. I said, “Don’t walk in the sun, girls.”
6. My father said to me, “May you pass the exam!”
7. Jitu said to Monik, “Don’t quarrel with each other.”
8. The electrician said, “Don’t touch these wires.”
9. Ganesh said, “How can you say that she is not a thief?”
10. Hira said, “I speak the truth.”
11. Intu said, “The horse died in the night.”
12. Reetu said to me, “The train will have arrived after an hour.”
13. Hem said to his wife, "I’ll probably be late tonight.”
14. Hritik said, “Father, do you love your wealth more than us?”
15. Ishwor said, “I have not done this work.”
16. The priest said, “ May god save you all !”
17. He asked a boy, “Would you give me a drink, please.”
18. He said, “Alas! Our toes are too strong.”
19. Kale asked me, “Do you need any money right now?”
20. Abash asked me, “What will you buy for me?”
21. The teacher asked me, “Would you mind closing the door?”
22. He enquired, “When do you intend to pay the bill?”
23. Jitu enquired me, “When will you leave for London?”
24. The manager enquired, “Do you agree with this idea?”
25. He said, “Alas! My friend has died.”
26. Manju said to her, “May you go to the hell!”
27. The coordinator said to her, “Please speak loudly.”
28. He said to me, “Bina likes to sing a song.”
29. The captain said to soldiers, “Come here immediately.”
30. Bulbul said to me, “I arrived here yesterday.”
31. Carol said to me, “I went to the USA last year.”
32. The curator said to me, “I will have managed it by lunch time.”
33. The waitress said to me, “Shall I bring you a glass of water?”
34. My son said to me, “When will you sleep?”
35. The interviewer said to me, “You had written a novel, hadn’t you?”
36. Megan said to me, “You have cheated me.”
37. The judge said to me, “You have spoken very well.”
38. My father said to me, “Bravo! You have done well!”
39. Amrita said to us, “Go outside and play.”
40. He said to us, “Will you help me in need, please?”
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 3
Change the following sentences into reported speech.
1. Alisha said, “Bring your book, Bishal.”
2. Bhanu said to me, “Congratulations!”
3. Kulman said, “Death is the ultimate goal of life.”
4. Hema said, “Honesty is the best policy.”
5. Dhiraj said, “How cruel he is!”
6. Keisha said, “How’s your father?”
7. Amir said, “Hurrah! My aunt has come.”
8. Farina said, “I came here today.”
9. Garima said, “I do not understand her problem.”
10. He said, “I had bought a novel.”
11. Ina said, “I had worked all morning.”
12. Java said, “I have a pen.”
13. Kaka said, “I haven’t seen Ravi recently.”
14. Lale said, “I shall have finished writing a story.”
15. Mane said, “I was reading a book.”
16. Naira said, “I will read a book.”
17. The scientist said, “If you heat water, it evaporates.”
18. He said, “Let them walk freely.”
19. Mama said, “May God save us!"
20. Guru said, “May you succeed!”
21. The passenger said, “Oh! I have missed the train.”
22. Mr. Manu said, “Oh! That’s a nuisance.”
23. One of the travellers said, “Oh! What a beautiful scene it is.”
24. My sister said, “They are getting married next month.”
25. Teacher said, “The earth goes around the sun.”
26. Maya said, “They had a nice journey to America.”
27. Gautam said, “Truth is always bitter.”
28. The visitor said, “What a dreadful creature it is!”
29. My father said, “What a lazy boy you are!”
30. Sumin said, “What do you like to do?”
31. The instructor said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”
32. My friend said, “Why don’t you buy a flat?”
33. He said, “Do you have any time to do it?”
34. The mechanic said, “Will you help me, please?”
35. He said, Bravo! You have done well.”
36. Nirab always says, “I like milk.”
37. Lale said to me, “Do you go now?”
38. One of my friends said, “Alas! I am ruined!”
39. Hitesh said to Alana, “Go home at once.”
40. My friend said to me, “Did you return from Kathmandu yesterday?”
84 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 4 85
Change the following sentences into reported speech.
1. We said to him, “We will surely find you tomorrow.”
2. Nandi and Manu said, “We will have gone by 9:20 am.”
3. They said, “We will go to Salyan tomorrow.”
4. Sudan said, “My mother was washing some dishes in the kitchen.
5. Simran said, “How wonderfully it works!”
6. My friends said, “We were staying in hostel last month.”
7. She said, “You are making a doll.”
8. They said, “We were preparing for our exam.”
9. She said, “Will you listen to such a man?”
10. They said to her, “We met your dad here yesterday."
11. The young boy said, “Uncle, what is that queer object?”
12. Unisia said, “Two and two makes four.”
13. The teacher said to the boys, “You should not break the school rules.”
14. The teacher said to her, “Do not read so fast.”
15. The policeman said to us, “Where are you going?”
16. Mr. Sharma said, “When did that accident take place?”
17. An old man said to her, “Don’t push me.”
18. The old man advised the boys "Don't go swimming in the river.”
19. The man told me, "I’ve ordered your book but it hasn't come yet."
20. The duty master said, "The money has not been claimed yet."
21. The captain said, “Have we lost the game?”
22. Suzan said, “Anita had bought some books.”
23. Sushi said to Pratik, “Go away.”
24. Susan whispered, “I’ve drawn the picture.”
25. Peter asked Mary, "Have you finished yet?"
26. Nobody was injured in the accident," my brother said.
27. Neil was told, "You are not tall enough to get in the Police."
28. Neeta said to me, “I am sleeping now.”
29. Salina said, “Let’s buy the story books.”
30. Rubin said to me, “Help me".
31. Rosa said to Deepak, “Why didn’t you go to market?”
32. Magmata ordered me, “Take a look at yourself in the mirror”
33. Luna said, “Why don’t you look at in the cupboard?”
34. Lila said, “Lomu, where have you put my bag?”
35. Krishna said to me, “Where do you live, Amish?”
36. Kina said, “It may rain tomorrow.”
37. Sumi said, “My parents are very well.”
38. Sheena said, “We have won the match.”
39. She will probably reply, “I’m too busy to go to the wedding."
40. She said, “Will you consider my application?”
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 5
Change the following sentences into direct speech.
1. Badri asked them what they wanted.
2. Bhupal said that his mother had died the previous year.
3. Father forbade Ram to quarrel.
4. Harry assured him that he would pay him back.
5. He asked his father what he should do.
6. He asked them whether they would listen to such a man.
7. He confessed that he had been very foolish.
8. The teacher congratulated us saying that we had done well.
9. He ordered his servant to lock the door.
10. Jim proposed that they should wait for the award.
11. He requested me to eat slowly.
12. Giri said that he had seen her two days before.
13. He suggested travelling by train.
14. He told us that he had waited an hour.
15. We asked her how often she visited her grandfather.
16. They asked him who he was.
17. The doctor told the patient not to smoke.
18. I forbade him to do that work.
19. The doctor advised me to take a morning walk every day.
20. Joni confessed that she had done a great mistake.
21. Lolita said that she was coming that week.
22. Manish reminded his sister to order the books.
23. Sunil asked Devi if she was ill.
24. Mr. Singh asked us what we were talking about.
25. Ram said that he had bought her pen there.
26. Yeshiva asked what time it was.
27. Kalpana said that she was living in Koteshwor then.
28. Selma told me to take off my shoes.
29. Trisha asked her father when the next letter would come.
30. Anurag asked me when I would sleep.
31. My mother asked me where I lived.
32. She exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful place.
33. Om requested me to let him go.
34. She said that the earth moves round the sun.
35. The captain commanded soldiers to march quickly.
36. Grandmother told them not to make so much noise near her.
37. Sumatra wished me a good afternoon.
38. The doctor asked whether I had taken the medicine.
39. We said that we had written many proposals the day before.
40. They told me that I had to go into that matter.
86 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 6
Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. My father angrily said, “What a stupid fellow you are!”
2. Nina said to me, “What do you want?”
3. The stranger asked, “Where do you live?”
4. His brother said to him, “Why don’t you take your meal?”
5. The teacher said, “You'd better labour hard to get success”.
6. All of them said, “We had made the biggest mistake.”
7. Babu said, “How clever I am!”
8. Dambar said to Ali, “I had helped you last week.”
9. Binod said, “What a fool I am!”
10. Nina said to me, “What is your problem?"
11. He said to me, " I have an urgent work now."
12. She said to me, "I am fine here."
13. They said to me, " We are visiting the zoo today."
14. We said to them, " We saw a lion yesterday."
15. You said to me, " I do not know this boy."
16. Raj said to me, " I must see doctor tonight."
17. Electron said to me, " Our class is off today."
18. He said to me, " Work hard."
19. She said to me, " Don't make noise."
20. They said to me, We are having some problems."
Vocabulary in Use
Match the following words with their meanings.
temper self denying; refraining from indulging
rescind free-spirited; carefree
pliable active at dawn and dusk
objective clear pronunciation; accent; articulation
lackluster stubborn; willful
headstrong dull; monotonous; bland
enunciation unbiased; not subjective
crepuscular flexible; not stubborn
blithe retract; repeal
abstemious to moderate; soften
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 87
GE T START
ED
CONCORD
Read the following description.
Food provides the body with energy it needs for everything it
does, from repairing damaged cells to sleeping. A calorie is a
measure of the amount of energy a food can produce. The body
changes the calories in food to energy. When a person eats more
food than the body needs, the body changes the extra calories
into fat. Eating less food than the body needs will cause a person
to lose weight. The number of calories needed by a person each
day depends on how much energy a person's body uses. For example, an active child usually
needs more calories than an adult who works at a desk.
Do you In the above given description, the coloured words are in subject-verb
Know? agreement pattern. Singular subject must always agree with singular
verb and plural subject must always agree with plural verb.
Speaking Practice based on the given description.
Answer these questions
a. What does food provide the body?
b. What is a calorie?
c. What happens when a person eats more food than the body needs?
d. What is the result of eating less food?
e. Who need more calories?
Listening Practice
Repeat these singular subjects after your teacher.
anyone everyone someone no one everybody anybody
something
nobody somebody everything nothing anything
little
each every either neither much mathematics
one another enough other politics
Grammar Focus : Subject Verb Agreement
1. Singular subject V5/was / is / has takes singular verb:
He has an ability to communicate with people effectively.
The dog always barks in the morning.
All his money was spent on clothes.
Sony is an honest girl.
2. Plural subject V1/were/ are/ have takes plural verb:
Cats love mice.
The poor are honest.
All your friends were jealous of your success.
These students are obedient to their teachers.
88 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
3. Modal auxiliary verbs such as will/would/ can/ could / shall / should / may / might /
ought to/ must/need to/dare to/used to, etc. are always followed by plural verbs
even if the subject is singular.
I will convey this message to your parents tomorrow.
I would appreciate it if you could kindly help me.
What shall I do for you?
We should have good communication skills.
It may rain today.
We might defeat them if we played well.
They can overcome any difficult situations.
He could attract the attention of others with his dancing skills.
You ought to take care of yourself first.
I must complete this project right now.
We need to be there on time.
Most of them dare to delay the work.
They used to organize a dancing competition every year.
4. Two or more nouns or pronouns joined by 'and' often require a plural verb.
She and I are living together.
Ram and Sita are an ideal couple.
A cat and a dog do not cooperate each other.
My father and mother are going to the market today.
But, if the noun suggests one idea to the mind or refers to something, the verb is
singular.
Thread and needle is required to sew this cloth.
Rice and curry is my main food.
Time and tide waits for none.
5. Two or more subjects joined by 'as well as', 'with', 'together with', 'along with',
'accompanied by', 'including', 'in addition', ‘no less than’, etc. take verb according to the
former subject.
The teacher as well as his students is going to the library.
My father with his friends always goes for yoga.
The goat together with other cows grazes fondly.
The manager along with all his staff works hard.
The captain accompanied by other players is coming today.
The Prime Minister including his ministers has resigned from his post.
This exercise in addition to many other is difficult to solve.
The class contains no less than 50 students.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 89
6. Some nouns ending in –s are plural in form, but singular in meaning like:
a. Field of study/subjects: mathematics, linguistics, statistics, economics, ethics,
physics, politics, gymnastics, athletes, etc.
b. Diseases and Injuries: measles, shambles, rabies, AIDS, mumps, tuberculosis, syphilis,
paralysis, crisis, diabetes, shingles, rickets, etc.
c. Games and Sports: rounders, table tennis, checkers/ draughts, noughts and crosses,
musical bumps, fives, billiards, bowls, darts, dominoes, etc.
This statistics is incorrect.
Mathematics is a difficult subject.
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease.
Billiards has a wide scope.
Table tennis seems suitable game for you.
7. Some nouns like staff, cattle, livestock, people, vermin, poultry, sheep, deer, salmon,
fish, police, outskirts, stairs, arms, swine, gentry, and clergymen take plural verb.
The Cattle are grazing in the field.
These stairs are difficult to climb.
The police are investigating the case.
The Sheep were grazing in the field.
I have 20 staff working for me.
Many young people are out of work in Nepal.
They live on the outskirts of the city.
But a sheep/ deer/ fish/ policeman/ clergyman takes singular verb.
A deer is grazing in the field.
A policeman is on duty.
Our one ship was lost in the forest.
A clergyman is a male priest or minister in the Christian Church.
This fish tastes horrible.
8. Two or more nouns qualified by each or every, joined by 'and' require singular verb.
Each and every boy has not done homework.
Every teacher, parent and student is conscious about value based education.
Every student and every teacher is in school uniform.
9. If the subject of a sentence begins with 'either of / neither of / each of / one of /
everyone of + plural nouns, it must be followed by singular verb.
Either of these players plays well.
Neither of them has good communication skill.
Each of these books is good for students.
One of the boys doesn’t have his book.
Every one of the students enjoys my class.
90 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
10. Two or more nouns/pronouns corrected by 'either.....or.....’ and 'neither......nor......'
take verb according to the latter subject.
Either Som or I am good at English.
Neither you nor Diraj learns well.
Either he or we have many problems.
Neither Buna nor her friends are going for hiking.
11. Phrases beginning with -a crowd of / a band of/ a group of / a herd of / a flock of / a
gang of / a regiment of / a set of / a team of / a pack of / a pride of +plural nouns take
both plural and singular verbs.
A whole crowd is/are going to the field.
A group of girls is / are helping each other.
A herd of deer is/ are coming to our village.
A flock of sheep is/ are grazing.
12. Phrases beginning with a chain of / a bunch of / a bouquet of / a batch of / a galaxy of
/ a series of / a packet of +plural nouns generally take singular verb.
A bunch of flower is on the floor.
A galaxy of stars is seen in the sky.
13. Subjects that are about specific quantity or amount, distance, measurement and
arithmetic sums often have a singular verb.
Fifty miles is a long distance.
Twenty meters of cloth is required to cover the area.
Forty thousand rupees is enough for my study.
Twelve hours equals to a day.
Ten months is enough to finish this task.
Six plus three equals nine.
Twelve minus five is seven.
Ninety dollars is a lot of money.
14. Plural noun which is a proper noun for some single object or some collective unit must
be followed by a singular verb.
The United States is one of the most developed countries in the world.
The Arabian Nights has got mammoth popularity.
Tom and Jerry pleases many children.
15. Some nouns like scissors/ shorts/ pants/ jeans/ trousers/ binoculars/ tongs/ pliers take
a plural verb but a pair of trousers/ shorts/ pliers/ pants/ jeans/ binoculars/ tongs/
pliers take a plural verb.
These pants are torn.
These scissors do not cut very well.
A pair of trousers is required for me.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 91
16. Collective nouns such as committee, crew, government, parliament, jury, staff, family,
team, audience may take either singular or plural verb.
Our team is/are performing nicely.
The audience was/were asking to repeat the song.
The committee has/have planned to appoint the President.
None of the players is/are good.
The government has/have already lost majority.
The jury has/have retired to consider its verdict.
All my family enjoy/enjoys football.
17. The subject of a sentence beginning with some of / most of / all of / a few of / a lot of
+ plural nouns take a plural verb but some of / most of/ all of + uncountable nouns take
a singular verb.
Most of the people are poor in Nepal.
All of us belong to an aristocratic family.
A few of them disobey us.
A lot of people were there at the party.
18. Indefinite pronouns as subjects have the following type of agreement:
Always Singular: anyone, everyone, someone, no one, everybody, anybody, nobody,
somebody, everything, nothing, anything, something, each, every, either, neither, much,
little, one, another, enough, other
Always Plural: both, few, many, several, others
Either singular or plural: more, most, none, any, all, some
Is there anyone in the class?
Everyone has a special quality.
Someone is knocking at the door.
No one wants to be ruined.
Everybody knows the Prime Minister.
Either of us has a problem.
One of the teachers is coming.
Several people are attending the ceremony.
None of us are hard working.
All of them enjoy the party.
19. Gerund and to-infinitive as subject is always followed by singular verb.
To delay justice is to deny justice.
Smoking in public places is against the law of the country.
Exchanging things which are of about equal value is fair exchange.
Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.
Nothing succeeds like success.
To err is human.
Caring for someone should begin with those closest and dearest to you before others.
92 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
20. Agreement in Different Structures Who are these people?
WH + plural verb + plural noun What are the students doing?
WH + singular verb + singular noun What is there in the field?
Who was arrested yesterday?
No + plural noun + plural verb
No + singular noun + singular verb No helpers are required to finish this work.
A number + plural noun + plural verb
No helper is required to finish this work.
The number + plural + singular verb
A number of people are honest in Nepal.
There +singular verb + singular noun A number of files are missing.
There + plural verb + plural noun The number of Ministers is 64 in Nepal.
Many a + singular noun + singular verb The number of teachers is 35 in this school.
Many + plural noun + plural verb
Here + singular verb + singular noun There is a visitor outside your office.
Here + plural verb + plural noun There is a beggar asking for money.
Pair + singular noun + singular verb
Couple + plural noun + plural verb There are five doctors in the room.
Many a small boy is working in factories.
Many small boys are working in factories.
Here comes the actor.
Here are some apples for you.
The pair of trousers is lost.
I saw a couple of men get in.
Additional Practice: Read these sentences.
1. A hundred kilometers is a long distance.
2. Neither boys nor girls are interested in hockey.
3. Ali and Gem go to the club once a week.
4. Everyone loves this place.
5. All students are considering this problem seriously.
6. Neither the teachers nor the student seems happy with the new timing.
7. All the people present were shocked.
8. Arjun and Manhari are brothers.
9. Frank, along with his friends, has gone on a picnic.
10. Manu and Ana walk to school.
11. Both the complainants have to be present for the hearing.
12. Bread and jam goes well with milk.
13. Different models of cars are available in this showroom.
14. Each minute is precious.
15. Previously the jury were divided on its verdict.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 93
16. Either the ministers or the administration has to take the decision.
17. Many students were present for the ceremony.
18. Either you or your friends are wrong.
19. Fifty paisa is equal to half a rupee.
20. Pickwick Papers was written by Charles Dickens.
21. Half a kilo of sugar is left.
22. The United Nations is taking an important decision against North Korea.
23. Just a minute of your time works.
24. My best friend and severest critic is my brother.
25. The mob have scattered now.
26. No one has heard from him for the past ten months.
27. One of the delegates has just finished his speech.
28. The jury was united on its verdict.
29. Ramhari or Ganesh was present at the party.
30. The news is true.
31. Saba and Alan are waiting at the bus stop.
32. It is such a beautiful day that everyone is enjoying it.
33. Ten thousand rupees is a lot of money.
34. The Harry Potter is still very popular with children.
35. An angry crowd has assembled at the accident site.
36. The army is on the march.
37. A committee has been formed.
38. The colour of those flowers is appealing.
39. A list of invitees was prepared.
40. The committee are/is divided on this matter.
41. The dog or the cat has eaten up the food.
42. A mass of cotton wool and other materials are left on the table.
43. The furniture in that show room is expensive.
44. A white cat and a black cat are sitting on the window sill.
45. These designer tables and chairs cost quite a lot.
46. Two-thirds of the work is complete.
47. Watching this programme is quite odd.
48. Yam and Ali are brothers.
49. You and he are invited.
50. The king needs an heir to the throne.
Grammar Focus : Common Errors
Incorrect Correct
Everyone are responsible in this class. Everyone is responsible in this class.
Ram along with his brothers are present. Ram along with his brothers is present.
He, not his friends are good. He, not his friends is good.
Rice and curry are my best food. Rice and curry is my best food.
The captain and first boy are good. The captain and first boy is good.
Many a small girls is working in circus. Many small girls are working in circus.
94 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 1
Complete the following sentences with correct verb forms.
1. A crowd of people____ (is/are/were) shouting.
2. Most of the birds ___ (fly/flies) in the sky.
3. A dictionary ___ (tell/tells) you about the words.
4. Biru and Jonu, like their mother ___very tall.( is/am/are/have)
5. All her dreams ___ (has/have) come true.
6. Each and every student ____ unique. (is/am/are)
7. All she ___ (want/wants) is to be happy.
8. Do you ___ (want/wants) to eat a pear?
9. Each boy and girl____ present at the party yesterday. (is/was/were)
10. Dogs ___ (bark/barks) when they ___ (is/are) hungry.
11. Everyone ___ (need/needs) food, shelter and love.
12. He ___ (bring/brings) goods from the supermarket.
13. Everyone ___ (was/were) watching the movie in silence.
14. He is a student and so___ (is/am/do) I.
15. Five kilometers ___covered in an hour. (is/am/are)
16. She, not me____ (is/are/has/have) going to see the movie.
17. A refrigerator___ (keep/keeps) food cool.
18. Vivek ___ (is/am/are) afraid when he ___ (ride/rides) the horse.
19. He is one of the boys that ____ absent from my class yesterday. (is/was/were)
20. I along with my family members ___ (am, are, is) fond of MOMO.
21. He together with many other friends ___ (play/plays) with me.
22. I have done my job so___ (have/has/done) she.
23. John bought some fruits so____ (had/did/bought) they.
24. Large amount of money ___ (is/are) spent every year to control girl trafficking.
25. Let ______ (my/him/me) do what he wants.
26. My brother ___ (has/have) a car as he ___ (is/am/are) older than me.
27. Her brother and I ___ (has/have) a room for ourselves.
28. Neither Harry nor Krishna ____ (is going/will be going/went) home now.
29. One of my friends ____ waiting for me.(has been/have been/is being)
30. Some of the fools ___ (is/are) making a noise in the street.
31. Neither Kamala nor her daughter____ (make/makes) lunch in the morning.
32. One of the books ___ (is/are) lying on the floor.
33. She put the book on the table, it____ (will/would/should) be safe.
34. Some men of the village ___ (come/comes) and sit down at his table.
35. That night every one of the boat crew ___ (was/were) down with fever.
36. The biscuits in the packet ___ (is/are) sour.
37. The cow ___ (eat/eats) grass, from my field and destroys the crops.
38. The poet and the leader ____ died. (is/are/have been)
39. The price of the shoes____ (is/are/has) Rs. 400.
40. The quality of papers _____ good. (is/are/were)
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 95
assess yourself 2
Complete the following sentences with correct verb forms.
1. A farmer with five sons____ (works/work/working) in field every morning.
2. Each of the girls ___ (have/has) some problems.
3. A few students ____ not interested at all. (are/is/has)
4. Every farmer, worker, and student ____been called to the party. (has/have/are)
5. A fridge ___ (keep/keeps) food cool.
6. Everybody who___ (has/have/is/was) heart problem must get rest.
7. The news ___ (has/have) spread to a crowd of people.
8. Every girl always ______ homework. (do/does/did)
9. An old man with his daughter___ coming to our residence. (is/are/has)
10. Anyone ___ (is/are) welcome.
11. Each of them ___ (ask/asks) him many questions.
12. Everyone from the village ___ an umbrella with them. (has/have)
13. He ___ (spent/spends) his childhood in Pokhara.
14. He and I ___ (am/is/are) busy.
15. It ___ in northern part of our country. (lie/lies)
16. Jitu or his friend ___ (was/were) there.
17. Most of his days ___ (is/are) spent on hunting.
18. One of the pens ___ (is/are) lying on the floor.
19. Most of the people ___ (follow/follows) Hinduism.
20. They ___ (cheat/cheats) in exam.
21. Neither Mohan nor they ___ (has/have) understood my questions till now.
22. Neither of the rooms we visited____ (was/were/nothing) suitable.
23. One of the key persons in my life ___ (was/were) my English teacher.
24. People living in village___ (is/are/has) honest and simple.
25. People____ know what the future will be. (don’t/doesn’t/didn’t)
26. Someone has forgotten ____ (his/her/their) books.
27. Sorrow or happiness________ unknowingly.(comes/come/are coming)
28. The elephant from the forest ___ (destroy/destroys) the villages.
29. The girls from the hostel ___ (wear/wears) blue dress.
30. The helicopters ___ faster than the birds. (fly/flies)
31. They ___ (neglect/neglects) their household needs.
32. We ___ (go/goes) to the park.
33. The majority of people today ___ (own/owns) mobile phones.
34. We ___ (has/have) a bunk bed.
35. When the sky ___ (turn/turns) dark, we ___ (walk/walks) back home.
36. Whenever I touch, it ___ (hurt/hurts).
37. The quality of these red apples ___ (was/were) not good.
38. We ___ (are/were/was) younger when we came to this house.
39. The ship, with its crew, ___ (was/were) lost.
40. The news ___ (is/are) true.
96 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 3 97
Complete the following sentences with correct verb forms.
1. A gang of rough boys____ (is/am/are) laughing.
2. Bread and Butter ___ (is/are) his only food.
3. A group of boys____ (is/am/are/have) taking lunch now.
4. Either Sara or Nita____ (has/have/was) taken my purse.
5. A group of girls____ learning swimming. (is/are/have)
6. Every evening, I ___ (take/takes) my dog for a walk.
7. A lot of boys____ coming. (is/am/are)
8. But my dog ___ (bark/barks) at strangers.
9. Dictionaries ___ (tell/tells) you about words.
10. Each of them___ gone out. (has/have/are having)
11. He loves singing but he____ not interested in dancing. (is/are/have)
12. Every book and notebook___ (has/have/had) been torn by the little child.
13. Mathematics ___ (is/are) not difficult, if you labour hard.
14. Fifteen minutes ___ (is/are) allowed to each speaker.
15. He and I____ good friends. (am/are/will)
16. He does not ___ (studies/study/has studied) hard.
17. He plays football and so ___ (is/does/do) I.
18. He will come to school and so ___ (would/will/do) they.
19. Many a good man____ been addicted to drugs. (has/have/are having).
20. Monkey ___ (climb/climbs) the trees but the dogs ___ (do not, does not)
21. Everybody ____holiday. (enjoy/enjoys/don’t enjoy)
22. My bed ___ (is/am/are) the lower one because I ___ (is/am/are) younger.
23. My brother who travels many places ___ coming home today. (is/am/ are)
24. The Arabian Nights ___ (is/are) still a great favourite.
25. Nepali, as well as Sanskrit ____ very interesting language. (is/am/are)
26. Ninety rupees ___ (is/are) too much for this bag.
27. No news ______ good news. (is/am/are)
28. No one ___ (was/were) willing to eat that food.
29. Smoking fifteen cigarettes ___ (is/are) bad for health.
30. Some of the boys in my class ____quite interesting. (is/am/are)
31. Somebody ___ (has/have) stolen my book.
32. The earth ___ (move/moves) round the sun.
33. The horses ___ fast. (run/runs)
34. The house ___ (is/are/was) built five years ago.
35. The teacher and all the students ____ going for a picnic. (is/am/are)
36. The teacher with his students, ____ presented the paper. (has/have/are)
37. The temperature ___ (varies/vary) when altitude changes.
38. The temple and the god___ (are/is/am) named after the name of the place.
39. The tiger ___ deer. (kill/kills)
40. We ___ (walk/walks) back home.
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 4
Complete the following sentences with correct verb forms.
1. A number of teachers____ fed up with teaching. (is/are/have)
2. Every neighbour in the locality ___ (do/does) a different job.
3. Everybody ___ (has/have) completed the task.
4. Aaron ___ going to the circus today. (is/are)
5. All that glitters___ not gold. (are/was/is)
6. At first both of the participants ___ (was/were) nervous.
7. At night dog ___ (keep/keeps) a watch in our house.
8. Both Ram and Alana____ late for school. (was/were/have)
9. Christians ___ (visit/visits) Church and celebrate Christmas.
10. Dad ___ (feed/feeds) our dog.
11. Either of us ____ capable of doing the job. (is/ are/were)
12. Fire and water ___ (do not/does not) agree.
13. Gambling ___ (mean/means) paying activities of change for money.
14. My dog ___ (play/plays) with the pets of my friends.
15. Getting e-mails from old friends ___ (give/gives) me a lot of pleasure.
16. Good and bad____ two parts of a coin.(is/are/have)
17. Gulliver’s Travels ___ written by swift.(are/were/was)
18. He ___ (say/says) “He will come.”
19. My mother ___ (work/works) in a clinic.
20. He___ (speak/speaks/speaking) loudly.
21. Her grandmother ___ (hear/hears) quite well now as she has a hearing aid.
22. Horse with a long tail ___ my favourite (is/are)
23. I, who ___ (is/am/are) your friend.
24. I, with my friends, ___ at the cricket match (was/were).
25. It ___ (is/are/am) next to a hillock.
26. Linguistics___ the scientific study of language. (is/are/was)
27. Look! There ___ (is/are) a child crossing the road in front of you.
28. Look, the deer______ (is/are/were) grazing.
29. My community’s people ___ (wear/wears) different traditional dresses.
30. Neither of them ___ (like/likes) sitting with these bad boys.
31. Neither you nor he_______ speaking the truth. (is/am/are)
32. Now there ___ (is/are) only a few stars in the sky.
33. One of the students ___ (is/are/have been) blind.
34. One of the teachers____ (is/am/are/have) absent today.
35. My teachers ___ (teach/teaches) us about the origin of the earth.
36. Our happiness or misery___ without information.(come/comes/have come)
37. Our house ___ (has/have) three rooms.
38. Peace is the thing that everybody___(want/wants/has a want).
39. People in Nepal___ (is/am/are/have) simple and honest.
40. Rabin ___ (tear/tears) his books.
98 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
assess yourself 5
Complete the following sentences with correct verb forms.
1. The number of players in the team ____ 18. (is/am/are)
2. A number of boys_____ well here. (play/plays)
3. Someone ___ (bring/brings) coffee for the guest.
4. Raj Shrestha’s house ___ (lies/lie) next to the house of Shyam Gurung.
5. Many a good girl _____ married early. (get/gets)
6. Raju, who ___ (own/owns) this house is in foreign country.
7. He as well as his friends ___ fluently. (speak/speaks)
8. Ram as well as Shyam _____ here. (is/has/are)
9. She ___ (lost/loss) all her money.
10. Aliza is ____ (tall/taller/tallest) than her friend.
11. Smokers ___ (suffer/suffers) from different diseases.
12. Helen is one of the criminals who____ abducted two months ago.(were/was/will)
13. Slow and steady ______ the race. (win/wins/has won)
14. Students from our school ___ (win/wins) the match.
15. Saran ____ (was/were/have been) fishing all day but had caught nothing.
16. Ten kilometers ____ (is/are/were) a long distance to run.
17. One of the players ____ sick today. (is/ am/ are)
18. The cyclones that pass through our state ___ a lot of harm. (do/does)
19. None of the victims _____ got assistance. (has/ have)
20. The dog ___ bone. (like/likes)
21. Either of them ____ a house in Kathmandu. (have/ has)
22. The number of students in class ten ____ (is/are/have been) adjustable.
23. Neither of the villagers ____ hard. (work/ works)
24. The parliament ____ (has/have/have been) passed the bill.
25. Both of us ____ invited to the party. (is, are)
26. The poet and leader ____died. (is/has)
27. The poet and singer____ (is/was/were) coming to our campus next week.
28. The sun ___ (rise/rises) from the east.
29. The wages of sin____ (is/was/were/have) death.
30. The water in these rivers____ polluted. (is/have/are)
31. These decorative items __ (look/looks) more attractive.
32. They ___ (stand/stands) in the middle of the road.
33. Time and tide ___ (waits/wait) for none.
34. To write letters to old friend ___ (is/are) wonderful.
35. We ___ (is/am/are) living in this house for the last four years.
36. We ___ (work/works) for a living.
37. Writing essays on various topics ___ (improve/improves) your English.
38. Writing many letters ____ her happy. (make/makes/are making)
39. You ___ (have/has) broken your finger.
40. You as well as he ___ (is/are) mistaken.
40. He said to us, “Will you help me in need, please?”
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 99
assess yourself 6
Complete the following sentences with correct verb forms.
1. Five and five ____ to ten. (equal, equals)
2. Fire and water ____ not agree. (do, does)
3. Boys ____ stronger than girls. (is, are)
4. Cats ____ fish. (love, loves)
5. Dogs ____ bones. (chews, chew)
6. Reading book ____a good habit. ( is, are)
7. Smoking ____cancer. (cause, causes)
8. Drinking alcohol ____ our health. ( affect, affects)
9. Tej and Raj ____ to school on foot. (go, goes)
10. Shanta always ____ to school on foot. (walk, walks)
11. Fifty thousands ____ a big amount. (is, are)
12. Everybody ____to be successful. (want, wants)
13. Nobody ____ to be poor. (desire, desires)
14. All of them ____ one or another problem. (has, have)
15. One of my fingers ____ cut off. (is, are)
16. Either of these boys ____ me. (ignore, ignores)
17. My brother ____ in a university. (is, are)
18. AIDS ____ a deadly disease. (is, are)
19. Sixty miles ____ a long distance. (is, are)
20. Even a rupee ____ a great value for me. (has, have)
Vocabulary in Use
Match the following words with their meanings.
blunderbuss difficult to understand; obscure
abstruse ancient weapon (type of gun); a clumsy person
envenom recoil; flinch; shy away
cringe to cause bitterness and bad feeling
laconic self indulgence; pleasure-seeking
hedonism using few words; brief; to the point
plumage indirect; slanting
oblique feathers of a bird
tenacious acceptance of fate
resignation stubborn; resolute; holding firm to a purpose
100 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8
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