Dyanamic Grammar-8-2077

10. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. Write a letter. (Into passive)
b. Sony said to me, “Are you from Nepal?” (Into indirect speech)
c. Nothing happened to me. (Into affirmative)
11. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. Let me compose a song. (Into passive)
b. He said to us, “I might call you tonight at the party.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He must be here on time. (Into negative)
12. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. Who was calling you? (Into passive)
b. He said to them, “May you all be ruined.” (Into indirect speech)
c. I put some sugar in tea. (Into interrogative)
13. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. What are you doing now? (Into passive)
b. His father said to us, “What a fool you are!” (Into indirect speech)
c. None of the players are playing well. (Into affirmative)
14. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. What have you done for me? (Into passive)
b. The new teacher said, “I don’t like bad students.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He used to call us every Saturdays. (Into negative)
15. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. What does he do? (Into passive)
b. Kamal said to me, “Don’t insult the poor.” (Into indirect speech)
c. He hit the dog with a stick. (Into interrogative)
16. Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. He said to me, "Write carefully!" (Into Indirect Speech)
b. I have to write a letter. (Into Passive Voice)
c. I put some sugar in tea. (Into Interrogative)
17. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. Help the poor. (Into Passive Voice)
b. I said to him, “Please guide me how this machine works.” (Into Indirect Speech)
c. It has some meaning. (Into Negative)
18. Rewrite the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
a. Let me write a letter. (Into Passive Voice)
b. He said to us, “Don’t follow that bad company.” (Into Indirect Speech)
c. She has to take the exam. (Into Interrogative)

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 151

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GRAMMAR III

1. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Slow and steady ____ the race.

b. I ____ my exam last year.

win wins complete completed

2. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. One flower ___ no garland.

b. I ___ my exam by 2 o’clock.

make makes will complete will have completed

3. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Manners__ a man.

b. At this time yesterday, we ____ in the park.

make makes sat were sitting
4. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.
a. Every student ____ potential to learn.

b. The sun ____ bright.

have has shine shines
5. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.
a. Either of the players ___well.

b. My father ____ to Kathmandu tomorrow.

play plays is going goes
6. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.
a. Neither of the boys ___ notebook.

b. My sister _____last week.

have has marry married
7. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.
a. All of us ____ about the problem of this school.

b. I ____ here since my childhood.

knows know am studying have been studying

8. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Five kilometers ____ a long distance to travel.

b. Our school ____ at 9:00 am.

is are start starts

9. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Rice and curry ___ my wholesome food.

b. The sheep ____ in the field.

is are are grazing is grazing

152 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

10. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Many a good man ___ suffering from cancer.

b. Don’t talk much! The baby____.

is are cries is crying

11. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Mathematics ___ my best subject.

b. The earth ____ round the sun.

is are rotate rotates

12. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Either he or we____ to swim.

b. He ___me tomorrow.

learn learns see will see

13. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Which one of those caps ___his?

b. Don’t go there! The bridge ____.

is are breaks is breaking

14. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. No news ___ good news.

b. A bad man ____ his tools.

is are blame blames

15. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Fifty miles ___a long distance to travel.

b. Many people ___in the flood of Terai.

is are were died were killed

16. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. A number of people____ present there.

b. The Brazilians____ the world Cup five times.

is are won have won

17. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. Politics ____a dirty game.

b. I ____gone to Pokhara five times.

is are won have gone

18. Fill in the blanks with correct words from the box.

a. One of the boys ___ absent today.

b. I ___him on the way to school last Sunday.

is are met had met

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 153

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INTERPRETATION OF

CHARTS and GRAPHS

Charts, diagrams, schedules, routines, and graphs are ways presenting information. They
display the varied numerical and fundamental factors of any subject or field. They can be
designed in many forms. Some of them include the system of charts, diagrams, maps, tables,
graphs, lists, schedules, etc.

Students should be familiar with the way of changing the information of charts, diagrams,
maps, tables, graphs, lists, schedules, etc. into language of accurate form. A high level of
attention should be paid while interpreting or writing the main information of the given
statistics. In addition, it is necessary to compare, contrast, analyze, and show the trends of
changes in the figures and fats presented.

Generally charts are described in three paragraphs:

Paragraph 1: Introduction

Describe the type of chart that it belongs to. (Bar chart, pie chart, table, diagram, schedule,
etc.

Paragraph 2: Main Body

Write exciting and suitable information taking out from the given type of graph. Additionally,
describe the section of the graph accordingly in order to find one central idea and, if possible
one or two slighter ideas.

Paragraph: 3: Conclusion

In winding up it is needed to write a short ending giving an overall view of what the chart is
about.

Some helpful words and expressions commonly used for describing charts and diagrams:

Introduction: explains, illustrates, points out, shows, presents, describes, classifies, informs,
deals with, is about, focuses on, etc.

This chart shows………, the graph shows how …………, the pie chart presents information on
………, the information given in the chart deals with ………., the chart shows the percentage
of………….., the percentage of …………..is described on the chart.

Main Body:

Verbs: go up, go down, rise, fall, grow, decline, increase, decrease, etc.

Nouns: a fall, a rise, an increase, a decrease, a growth, a decline, an improvement, a drop,
etc.

Adjectives: slow, gradual, slight, quick, moderate, significant, dramatic, sudden, regular,
rapid, remarkable, etc.

154 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Adverbs: slowly, gradually, slightly, dramatically, suddenly, a little, etc.

Conclusion: In conclusion ________, in general_______, in summary________, in brief, we
can say that __________, on the basis of the chart given, we can say that _______, it is
possible to make a hypothesis on the basis of this graph that __________, etc.
A. Interpret the information given in the following pie chart.

Sources of drinking water in Nepal

spring river ot3h%ers
water system
7%
1%

well tap/piped
10% 50%
htaunb2de9pw%uemll/p

This is a pie chart. This chart shows the sources of drinking water in Nepal. Overall, tap water/
piped water source is greater than that of the rest.

According to the chart, the sources of drinking water in Nepal are categorized into six different
topics namely tap/piped water, tube well/hand pump, well, spring water, river system, and
other. Based on the chart, tap/piped water is the prime source of drinking water in Nepal which
carries 50% of consumption. The tube well/hand pump is on the second source of drinking
water that carries 29% of total consumption which is nearly half of the first one. Similarly,
10% consumption of water seems to be of well that comes in the third one followed by 7%
spring water and 3% other sources of water respectively. However, only 1% consumption of
water is of river system which is significantly less in comparison to other sources of drinking
water.

On the whole, the chart shows that half of the populations of the country depend on piped
water which is significantly more than the rest of other sources.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 155

B. Interpret the information given in the following Bar graph.
Monthly Expenditure of a Family

FOOD GAS CLOTHING

5800 6000 7000
6000
3000 4500
3500 3500 3300 3000
2000
2000

JAN FEB MAR APR

This a bar graph. The bar chart depicts the monthly expenditure on food, gas, and clothing
of a family living in the Kathmandu in 2017. Overall, it can be seen that levels of expenditure
fluctuated over the period.

To begin, in January the most money was spent on food, at approximately 5000 per month.
Although expenditure on food increased slightly the following month, it then fell to account
for the lowest expenditure of all the items at the end of the period at just over 3000.

Gas appeared to follow the opposite pattern to food spending. It started lower at about 3500
per month, falling in the following month at 2000, slightly increasing in March at 3500, and
then increasing significantly to finish at just under 6000 in April.

Clothing, which at just over 2000 accounted for the lowest expenditure at the beginning
of the period, fluctuated dramatically over the time frame. After reaching around the same
levels as food in February nearly 6000, it dropped markedly in March, then jumped to just
under 7000 in the final month.

With the exception of an increase in March, average spending decreased slightly over the
four months.

156 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Practice Questions

1. Interpret the information given in the following pie chart.

Types of Fuel Used for Cooking in Nepal

o1th%er

bio gas kerosene
1% 9%

cow13d%ung

Lpg gas firewood
5% 71%

2. Interpret the information given in the following bar graph.

67.26 Type of Lighting Facilities in Nepal

18.28

Electricity Kerosene 7.44 0.93 6.09
Solar Biogas Others

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 157

3. Interpret the information given in the following bar graph.

Population aged 10+ years by economic activity in Nepal

5627787 Male Female 5632753

4163311 3542892

Usually active 121024 43064 315323738406 Economically 99173 111782
Employed active
Usually active Usually not Economically active
unemployed active not stated

4. Interpret the information given in the following pie chart.

Monthly Expenditure of Mr. Shrestha's Family
charity
5%

he7a%lth f1o1o%d
edu3c2a%tion clothes
20%

rent
25%

5. Interpret the information given in the following bar graph.

Boys Girls Total number of Students in a school 60 60 65 65
50 55 55
50 45
45

2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
158
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GE T START
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BROKEN DIALOGUE

Some tips to the students
 Read the given broken dialogue thoroughly and carefully so as to understand the
basic ideas or the subject matter.
 You must fill in the blank spaces of the incomplete dialogue not with your own ideas but
with the ideas/sentences/phrases/words given in the box or list.
 Think carefully whether the ideas/sentences/phrases/words given in the box or list are
going to fill best fit the context or not while filling in the blank spaces.
 Look carefully at the sentences/phrases/words that come before and after the blank
spaces.
 Rewrite the dialogue thoroughly filling the gaps/spaces with appropriate sentences/
phrases/words given in the box or list.
 Underline the sentences/phrases/words that you have filled in the blank spaces. If you do
not underline the correct answer, the examiner may not award you with marks.
 Eventually, read the completed dialogue once more to confirm whether the ideas are
logical and best fitted or not.
Example:
William : Waiter... Waiter! Please, come here.
Waiter :Yes! Can I help you, sir?
William :Er, we haven't got a menu.
Waiter :Oh, I'm sorry I'll bring you one now.
William :Thank you.
Waiter :Here's the menu, sir.
William :Would you serve us two halves chaumine, two omelets, a cup of tea, and a
coke.
Waiter :Okay, sir! (After a while) Here're the dishes, please
William :Thank you, waiter.
Jenny :Let's start having meal.
1. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Waiter : ………………….. What would you like?
Dilip :………………………………
Waiter :Here you’re, sir.
Dilip :………………..and a glass of lassi. What would you take Radha?

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 159

Radha : ……………….and fanta.
Waiter : Would you like ……………, madam?
Radha : Oh, I like veg noodles.
Waiter : Thank you madam.
a. I’ll take noodles
b. to mix anything in noodles?
c. Good afternoon, sir.
d. I want chicken Momo.
e. Can I see the menu?
2. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Krishna : Hello, Radha. How are you?
Radha : Well,……………………….
Krishna : What did he tell you?
Radha : He said that ………….but I mustn’t take any medicine.
Krishna : ………………that you are ill?
Radha : I was teaching my cousin to ride a bicycle, and I couldn’t run as fast I had to.
Krishna : Well,……………………….?
Radha : I haven’t planned anything. …………………..?
Krishna : Not this time. There are some good films in this week and I want you to go with
me.
a. Are you going to invite me for dinner?
b. I have a weak stomach
c. What are you doing tomorrow evening?
d. How did you notice
e. I was to the doctor’s yesterday
3. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Michael : Let’s have a house warming party in our new flat.
Carol : ……………………………... Yes, let’s have a party.
Michael : There is a lot of room ……………..
Carol : Isn't there any option?
Michael : Well, we have a lot of cushions …………..

160 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Carol : …………… Have we many glasses? 161
Michael : ………..many glasses.
a. We’ll sit on the floor.
b. But, there isn’t much furniture.
c. What about glasses?
d. That's wonderful idea.
e. No, we haven’t
4. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Shyam : Would you like a cup of tea?
Radha : Yes,…………………………
Shyam : Milk and sugar?
Radha : …………………………….
Shyam : oh, no.
Radha : …………………………….
Shyam : The machine is out of order.
Radha : Let’s ………………………
Shyam : …………………………….
a. What’s the matter?
b. Please.
c. try the next coffee shop.
d. That would be great idea.
e. Sure.
5. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Amar : Hi! Madan! How are you?
Madan : Hi! Amar! I’m fine…………..and you?
Amar : I’m also fine. I’ve heard that you are going to marry soon. ……………
Madan : Absolutely right.
Amar : Could you please tell me that lucky fellow?
Madan : ………… she is Miss Shrute.
Amar : Ok! That’s one who limps while walking.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Madan : You’re right. But .................... nor is her character lumping.

Amar : How do you know, Mr. Madan?

Madan : ……. she loves children very much.

a. My dear friend

b. I’ve seen her very closely.

c. Thank you.

d. Am I right?

e. neither her nature

6. Complete the dialogue choosing the correct options given underneath.

Ekbal : Excuse me,.......................?

Budhawa : Of course. How can I help you?

Ekbal : ........................where the Reading Room is?

Budhawa : It's three houses down the road on the left.

Ekbal : Thank you.................................?

Budhawa : It’s very easy. You’ll have to fill up a form and put a photograph on it

Ekbal : Do I have to........................?

Budhawa : Yes. Only one hundred.

Ekbal : ........................................

a. ……deposit some money

b. Can you help me?

c. How can I get the membership?

d. Thank you so much.

e. Could you tell me……….

7. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given in the box below.

Mike : Hi Jane!.................................

Jane : Come on what’s on your mind?

Mik e : Well,..............................

Jane : Why did you decide so, Mike?

Mike :.................................It's a management position.

Jane : ………………...You have my support.

162 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Mike : Thank you Jane.

Jane : ........................................................................

Mike : I’m going to miss this place too.

a. I got an offer from a very good company

b. Then we're going to miss you here.

c. I've something to tell you.

d. Congratulations!

e. I've decided t o leave this company.

8. Complete the following dialogue using the expressions given given below.

Hari : Hello, where are you from?

Peter : ………………………………

Hari : Your name, please?

Peter : Peter……………

Hari : Yes, my name is Hari.

Peter : ………………………..?

Hari :Walk straight for about 5 minutes. Then turn on your right. It’s near
Basantapur.

Peter : By the way………………..?

Hari : I am a student.

Peter : Thank you very much.

Hari : …………………

a. Would you please tell me your name?

b. Not at all.

c. I’m from London.

d. What are you ?

e. How do I get to Hanuman Dhoka?

9. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.

Receptionist : Good Morning……………………….

Guest :…………………………….

Receptionist : We have single, double and deluxe……………….

Guest :………………. How much is it?

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 163

Receptionist :It's 500 rupees
Guest : Can you tell me in US dollar, please?
Receptionist :……………………………..
Guest : That’s not bad. Thank you.
a. It’s just 7 US dollar.
b. I want to book a room, please
c. Can I help you, Madam?
d. Single is enough for me.
e. Which one would you like?
10. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Student : ……………, which lesson do we learn today?
Teacher : Well, today we learn lesson 10. Are you ready?
Student : Yes sir, …………… about?
Teacher : It’s about …………. a letter. Today, I’ll tell you ……………. and their models
Student : Sir, would you please tell us how to write letters?
Teacher : Yes,………… Shyam, have you written any letter?
Student : No Sir.
a. Listen to me carefully.
b. What is it.
c. Excuse me.
d. different types of letters.
e. How to write
11. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given in the box below.
Ramita : Do you have any new experience, Manohar? …………
Manohar : Not a special one but yesterday………….
Ramita : Really? How was the garden?
Manohar : There were fountains running on all sides.
Ramita : Did the flowers present a scene of colorfulness?
Manohar : Yes,………………….
Ramita : Wonderful! How was the garden?

164 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Manohar : In certain bushes the birds were making their nests and…………..

Ramita : I love fountains. They look very beautiful.

Manohar : Exactly! ………………..

a. On all sides were green trees and flowering plants.

b. We paid a visit to the Children's Garden.

c. Let me listen to it.

d. The water of the fountains was sparking in the bright sun-shine.

e. We felt like plucking them.

12. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.

Puja : Hello, Sagun! How are you?

Sagun : …………………………….?

Puja : I haven’t planned anything for tonight. What about you?

Sagun : ………………………?

Puja : No, I haven’t. What’s it called?

Sagun : ……………….

Puja : Who are the stars?

Sagun : ………………….

Puja : It sounds good. I’ll come. Where shall I meet you?

Sagun : At Kantipur hospital, Tinkune.

Puja : What time?

Sagun : ………………………….

Puja : All right, Bye.

a. How about meeting at 4 p.m.?

b. I’ve thought to go to watch a film in ’Gopi Krishna.’ Have you seen it?

c. It’s called ‘MA TIMI BINA MARIHALCHHU.’

d. Bhuwan K.C., Susmita, Jharna etc.

e. Hello, Puja, I am fine, what are you going to do tonight?

13. Complete the following dialogue using the expressions given below.

Patient : …………..

Doctor : ………………

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 165

Patient : Doctor. Can you give me a few minutes?
Doctor : Certainly! Now, what’s the matter with you?………………..
Patient : No,……………….. and yet I am always suffering from indigestion.
Doctor : ………….?
Patient : I’m a clerk in an office, and have to work long hours.
Doctor : Well, you need a rest and a change. All your troubles are sings of nervous
exhaustion.
a. what’s your work
b. I’ve no appetite for my food
c. Are you troubled with headaches?
d. Good morning doctor !
e. Come in and sit down.
14. Complete the following dialogue using the expressions given below.
Hiralal : Hello, Suyog! Fancy meeting you here!
Suyog : What! Hiralal! ………….. It must be years since we met.
Hiralal : …………………. Where are you living now and what are are you doing?
Suyog : ……………….And what are you doing?
Hiralal : I’m a lawyer in Patan.
Suyog : You always were a clever fellow …………?
Hiralal : I must not complain, but…………. Where are you going now?
Suyog : I’ m travelling for orders.
a. There is keen competition and it is hard work
b. Have you got a good practice?
c. I’m glad to see you.
d. Yes, indeed. It is ten years since we both left college
e. Bag bazaar and I’m a businessman.
15. Complete the following dialogue choosing the expressions given below.
Dipesh : Excuse me. May I come in, sir?
Principal : Yes, of course!
Dipesh : Good morning, sir.
Principal : Good morning. ……………..

166 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Dipesh : Will you be kind enough to admit me in your college, please? 167
Principal : ………………….?
Dipesh : From a village school, sir. It’s very remote place from here
Principal : Which stream would you like to study?
Dipesh : ………………….
Principal : ……………….?
Dipesh : I’ve great interest in science. I’ve a dream to be a doctor.
Principal : Have you got your mark-sheet and other documents?
Dipesh : …………………..
Principal : All right. Come tomorrow here at 10 am.
a. Here they are, sir.
b. Science stream, sir.
c. Why have you chosen this stream?
d. Which school are you from?
e. What can I do for you?
16. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Teacher : Congratulations! ……….in the first division.
Student : Thank you, sir.
Teacher : No this is the fruit of your hard work.
Student : Yes, sir. It’s partly true. It’s ………..
Teacher : O.K, thank you. Which stream do you like to join now?
Student : …………… I have to consult my parents.
Teacher : That’s a good idea.
Students : Can you suggest to me about it, sir?
Teacher : I think………….
a. mostly the result of your proper guidance.
b. You have passed the exam
c. it depends on your inclination.
d. This is the result of your blessings.
e. I haven’t decided it yet.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

17. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Sharan : This is a nice house-warming party. There are a lot of people and they are all
dancing……..
Shanti : I don’t want to dance………
Sharan : Bimala will give you some tablets for your headache………….
Shanti : No, thanks…………
Sharan : ………….
Shanti : Oh, I don’t know I went to the party yesterday evening.
a. I have a terrible headache.
b. What’s the matter with you, Shanti?
c. then you will be better.
d. Do you want to dance, Shanti?
e. I don’t want to be better.
18. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Receptionist : Good morning madam!
Mrs. Gurung : Good morning…………. My husband will arrive this afternoon.
Receptionist : ………………..
Mrs. Gurung : ……….. perhaps for a week.
Receptionist : Let me see, of course, this is the busiest time of the year for us
But ah yes, …………….
Mrs. Gurung : …………………….
a. Then we are very lucky.
b. And how long do you wish to stay, madam?
c. I want to arrange accommodation.
d. Oh, for three nights.
e. I can give you a room with a balcony.
19. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Receptionist : ……………..
Tourist : Good evening ……………
Receptionist : Yes, madam. What type of room do you want?
Tourist : I want one single on the ground floor.

168 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Receptionist : I am sorry, madam ………..
Tourist : What about on the first floor?
Receptionist : Yes, madam ……………..
Tourist : What facilities do you provide here?
Receptionist : Of course! Here is a brochure giving all information about the hotel.
Tourist : Well, I want to book a room for a week.
Receptionist : ……………………….
a. There is no single room lying vacant at the moment on the ground floor.
b. Good evening. Can I help you, madam?
c. O.K. Thank you, madam.
d. Have you any room vacant?
e. We have one on the first floor.
20. Complete the following dialogue with appropriate sentences given below.
Rita : Hi Suman! Which………….. ?
Suman : Science. I like Science too much.
Rita : Why……………….?
Suman : Because it is the fact and………….
Rita : Oh, yes. I like English most.
Suman : That’s good. It……….. .
Rita : Yes, I am interested in………….
a. develops language skills
b. is your favorite subject
c. interesting
d. language
e. do you like it

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 169

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NEWS STORY

News stories are those, which are meant for newspaper. They should be written in a simple
way and they must be clear. There shouldn’t be any confusing words or lines.
Most news stories are written in the inverted pyramid style. This means all the important
information, most of the 5 W’s can be found in the lead. Information and quotes are added
according to their importance. The most important information is written at the top whereas
the least important information can be found at the bottom of the story, or pyramid. Look at
the following pyramid.

Headline
Byline

Placeline
Lead
Body

Facts

Layout of a news story

Element Definition

Headline catches your attention and sums up the story

All capital letters: 15 HURT IN TWIN BUS ACCIDENTS IN DHADING

Only the important words capital: 15 Hurt in twin bus accidents in
Dhading

First letter of all words capital: 15 Hurt In Twin Bus Accidents In
Dhading

Byline or Source writer’s name and specialty, e.g. sports, food, crime, current events

source: RSS, THT, THT, The Republica, The Kantipur, etc.

Place line and Date where and when the story begins

Lead the opening section

gives most important information

should answer most of the 5w’s

Body supplies detail

most important details come first

Facts simple true statements

Quotation what someone actually said

adds accuracy

adds “at the scene” feeling

170 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Headline Specimen-1
Byline 15 HURT IN TWIN BUS ACCIDENTS IN DHADING
Place and Date Republica Online
Lead Dhading, Aug 13
A passenger bus Na 3 Kha 1989 heading to Kathmandu from Bardibas
Facts met with an accident at Ghatbesi in Pida -2 here in the district at around
5 am on Monday, injuring at least six people on board.
Additional Those injured are Phul Kumari Lama, 65, of Janakpur, Shanti Basnet, 65,
Details of Dhanusha, Parmeshwor Mahato, 50, of Mahottari, Netra Chauhan,
15, of Sindhuli, Laxmi Rokka, 55, of Sindhuli and Arjun Mahato, 55, of
Dhanusha.
Among them, Laxmi is in critical condition, police said. The injured have
been taken to Kathmandu after primary health treatment at a local
hospital. Earlier, police with help of locals had rescued them from the
incident site.
Police believe speeding to be the cause of the accident. The bus driver
has been detained following the incident and has been kept at the area
police office, Gajuri.

Specimen-2

Three Nepalese Killed In Horrific Car Accident

By Habib Toumi
Manama, March 24
Three Nepalese workers were killed when a car crashed into them on a busy highway near
Manama, yesterday.
Bel Bahadur Pun, 47; Kul Prasad Pun Phakami, 23; and Tuka Raj Thapa, 22, were trying to
cross the highway on their way home when a car, driven by a Bahraini, ran into them at
around 2pm on Friday.
A spokesman for Gulf Fencing and Specialist Surfacing Establishment where the three victims
worked told media that two of men were thrown 50 meters away because of the impact
of the crash, while the third victim was dragged by the car after he got trapped under the
wheels. The driver sustained severe injuries and was taken to hospital for treatment.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 171

Specimen-3
Twin Otter Crashes at Dadeldhura
Dadeldhura, February 23 (RSS):
A twin otter plane of Yeti Transport Pvt. Ltd. crashed while flying to Dadeldhura, killing all
the passengers and crews on board, the airport agency reported here today.
The ill-fated plane flew from Bajhang with 25 passengers sharp at 4 pm. After a few minutes"
flight, it collided with a large pine tree at Churia Hills and crashed killing all the 25 on board
including the 3 crew members. All the dead bodies have been found and handed over to
the suffered family.
Most of the passengers on board were said to be civil servants and college students. The
students were coming to take part in the football tournament. Condolences were extended
to the family of the deceased by the ministry of civil aviation. The reason of the crash is yet
to be found out.

Practice Questions
1. Write a news story on the basis of the following clues in the box.
9 Injured in a Road Mishap
Passenger jeep fell down----------9 injured-------taken to district hospital--------other went
home…….investigation going on

2. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
Workers on Strike
Asian Paints Pvt. Ltd. HID, Hetauda, Makwanpur-------demand increase in salary, allowances
and bonus---------5 day’s negotiation failed…….hunger strike from tomorrow

3. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
12 Killed in a Bus Mishap
A night bus (BA PA 5432) going to Baglung from Birgunj-------collided with a truck near
Manahari near Makwanpur district--------10 killed on the spot--------2 died in Chitwan
Medical College Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur------driver in custody

4. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
Nepal Beat Maldives
Mayos Gold Cup------Dasharath Stadium, Kathmandu-------one goal by Amit Acharya-------no
goals after half time-------outstanding performance of Amit

172 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

5. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
Three die in Detroit marathon
October 18, 2009 – three runners died– police told CNN – deaths occurred between 9 and
9:20 a.m. – a man in his 60s fell and hit his head – the cause of the fall unknown – the man
was transported to Detroit Receiving Hospital – pronounced dead –two other men (ages 36
and 26) – collapsed during the race – were dead at the hospital.

6. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
Student lost in jungle rescued
Mr. Dinesh B. K.-lost in the jungle – a student of Bageswori School – rescued by a cowboy –
on way to his school through the jungle – parents heartily thanked him.

7. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
Flights to eastern hilly region cancelled
Flights to eastern hilly region – cancelled – bad weather condition – passengers, stranded
at Biratnagar Airport – flights to Suvetar, Bhojpur, Lamidada, Okhaldunga – also cancelled
– dense fog in these districts – regional office of NAC reported – Rumjatar airport most
affected by fog – chief of NAC said.

8. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
Japan gives aid for increasing food production
The Government of Japan – a grand assistance of Rs. 324 million to Nepal – Japanese
ambassador Zenji Kaminaga and Bhanu Prasad Acharya, Secretary at the Ministry of Finance
– signed and exchanged notes – behalf of their respective governments – to increase food
production –utilized for the development of agriculture, forestry, fisheries – efforts would
help in the socio-economic development of Nepal.

9. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
University Opened
University of information Technology –---- opened among a big crowd at Patan – built from
the grant financial support of China – project started in 1995 – ended in 2004 – has the
capacity for 200 students a year – best wishes from the minister of education.

10. Write a news story using the following clues in the box.
3 missing in boat capsize
Odraha VDC-1, Siraha------missing in Odraha stream-----Thakur Mukhiya, 35 Gyan Bahadur,
44 and Rit Bahadur, 32----fishing in the river-------rescue going on

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 173

GE T STARTED

WRITING LEAFLET

A leaflet is a printed sheet of paper or a few printed pages that are given free to advertise or
give information about something.
Include these things in your leaflet
 Area and location
 Background information
 Special features
 Accessibility
 Additional information
Specimen Leaflet-1: A Visitor’s Guide to Pokhara

A Visitor’s Guide to Pokhara
We warmly welcome you to Pokhara and wish you to have a good time. Here are a few
things that’ll help you make your journey comfortable.
Getting there
To go to Pokhara, you can fly direct from capital city, Kathmandu or
you can take a bus or taxi, enjoying the beautiful scenery.
Accommodation
You can find many luxurious hotels near Lakeside, a famous tourist
place.
Places to visit
There are lots of beautiful places to visit. Fewa Lake, Begnas Lake, Sarankot, Shanty Stupa,
Bats Cave, and Davies Falls are the main attractions in Pokhara.
Time to visit
Pokhara has a mild climate throughout the year; not so cold in winter and not so hot in the
summer. However, spring and autumn are the most appropriate seasons to visit Pokhara.
Money
A Nepali rupee is the currency. Traveller’s cheques are accepted by most banks. US dollars
are also accepted. One US dollar is approximately 95 NRs. Money can be exchanged at any
bank

Specimen Leaflet-2: Students House

Students House
International Students House is a unique club and accommodation centre for British and
overseas students in London. It is located in the heart of London’s West End and is close to
all public transport facilities.
Accommodation
 comfortable accommodation for up to 450 people in single, twin, ¾ bedded and
multi-bedded rooms

174 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

 44 self-contained flats for married students and families

 long and short stays welcomed

Membership

Club membership is open to all fulltime students, professional trainees, student nurses and
au pairs.

Membership costs are kept to an absolute minimum to enable the widest possible access.
You can join for as little as one month and for up to one year at a time. Membership entitles
you to use the various facilities of the House. It has:

 restaurants  student bars and coffee shop

 study rooms  clubs and societies

 aerobics and fitness training  discos, dance, jazz, cinema

 travel and excursions and much more.

The best way to check out all we have on offer is to drop in any Tuesday evening between
7.15 pm and 8.30 pm for Open House in the Club Room. This is an opportunity for you to
meet the staff and other club members, enjoy a free cup of coffee and find out all about
what’s going on. You can take advantage of special membership offers. (Useful tip: bring
along 3 passport size photographs if you wish to take out membership.)

Advice Service

Thanks to the support of STA Travel and in association with LCOS (the London Conference on
Overseas Students) International Students House now provides the service of an International
Students Adviser. This new welfare service is open to all students at London’s bona-fide
academic institutions. It aims to provide welfare support to help students overcome any
personal or practical difficulties they may be experiencing whilst studying in Britain. One of
the key features of the Advice Service is that the Adviser can be seen during the evenings
until about 8 pm, Monday to Thursday.

Christmas & New Year

Are you unable to get home for Christmas?

How about joining in the fun at International Students House! Check out our special
programme of activity taking place over the Christmas period. Even come and stay – the
House will be offering reduced accommodation rates for students wishing to spend a few
days in London over Christmas. We’ll also have an exciting New Year’s Eve party so come and
join us and ring in the New Year in the spirit of internationalism.

Practice Questions

1. Write an attractive leaflet based on the samples mentioned above on Kathmandu City.
2. Write a leaflet of an interesting place of your locality.
3. Prepare a similar leaflet on Chitwan National Park.
4. Produce an attractive leaflet of your village or town.
5. Produce a well-designed leaflet of your school.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 175

GE T START
ED

STORY WRITING

Tips to write a story
Students are generally asked to build a complete story from the given outlines. It carries five
marks in the examination. Here are some useful points for skeleton stories:
 Read the given outline carefully and understand the idea it conveys.
 Generally the outline for a story is given in the present tense but the story is often written
in the past tense.
 Completing a story is not simply a gap filling task. So do not add only a few words in the
gaps to complete the story. Try to develop a readable story using the outline.
 Remember a good story has a beginning, a problem, a solution to the problem, an
ending.
 Think of a good starting in the first paragraph. Introduce the main characters; use some
adjectives to describe them. To bring your characters to life, you must describe them:
their appearance; their personalities; their strengths and weaknesses.
 Think of a good setting that expresses the time, place, and even the weather in which a
story occurs.
 Use dialogues, exclamations, adverbs and some expressions to make your story interesting
and readable.
 Give a suitable title and a moral to the story.

An Old Farmer and His Lazy Sons

An old farmer……..three lazy sons…….old man dying……tells sons treasures hidden in the
fields…..dies before spotting the place…..dig the ground…..no treasure…..plant crops…..
more crops…..realize truth…..labour productive…..moral.

Long ago in the mists of time, there was an old farmer lived in a village with his three sons.
The sons were very lazy. The old man was dying soon. He was worried about the laziness of
his sons. One day, he thought of an idea to make them work hard. He called all his sons and
said, “My sons, I have buried the treasures in the fields. Now, I am in the mouth of death. So,
it is your job to use them.” Unfortunately, the old man died before spotting the place.
The lazy sons dug the whole field with the greed of treasures. They were greedy about the
treasures so that they worked hard to find it but they didn’t find the treasures. They, then,
planted crops in the field. That year, they got more production of crops than the previous
years. At the end, they understood that labour brings the treasures as they produced better
crops. They realized that the crops were better than the hidden treasures.
Moral: Labor brings the treasures.
A True Friend

A bee falls into a tank …..... a dove flies past …..... drops a large leaf into the water …..... the
bee climbs on to the leaf …..... flies away….....a hunter takes aim at the dove….....the bee
stings him …..... the dove is saved.

176 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

It had all happened so quickly that a small bee on its way to search nectar fell in a tank and
tried its way to come out but each time it tried it failed. Fortunately, a dove saw these all and
felt pity on the little bee struggling hard to save its life. The dove flew on the tree and picked
up a large leaf with its beak and dropped into the water. The bee climbed on the tree leaf and
the dove took the leaf out of water and the bee was saved and the kind dove flew away.
Some days later, the bee was sitting on a branch of a tree. A hunter took aim at the dove but
the bee saw the sight. Before the hunter could fire his gun, the bee stung him and the hunter
shouted aloud. Hearing the sound, the dove flew away. The little bee flew away quite proudly
for being able to repay the debt to his savior once.
Moral: One who helps others will be helped.

A Barber and a Monkey
A barber shop….....near the jungle….....a barber….....people visit….....shaving everyday….....
nearby a monkey on a tree….....watching….....shaving finished….....the barber goes to
the river….....the monkey climbs down….....tries saving….....cuts mouth and nose….....
scream….....moral.

This is a story I heard a long time ago that there lived a barber in a village. The barber had a
shop nearby a city. There was a small forest nearby the barber’s shop where monkeys used to
live. The barber was very honest and hard working man. He was known for his good service.
So, many people used to come to his shop. People used to come there for shaving every
day.
One day, a monkey came near the shop and sat on a tree. The monkey was watching the
barber’s activities very curiously. The monkey also wanted to do the same by himself. The
barber went to the river after he had finished shaving. Meanwhile, the monkey climbed down
the tree and went into the barber’s shop. After that, the monkey took the barber’s shaving
machine and started shaving his face. The monkey did not have the skill of shaving and as a
consequence, cut his mouth and nose and started screaming loudly in pain.
Moral: Every work requires corresponding skill.

A Cruel Master

Androcles– slave – runs away – lives in a cave in the desert – the lion comes limping – thorn
in its foot – Androcles pulls out the thorn – lion grateful – soon after Androcles caught –
condemns to be thrown to lions – one lion not touches him – lays at his feet – same lion –
master hears Androcles story – pardons Androcles – sets lion free– moral.

Long ago there was a kingdom which was ruled by a cruel master. There was extreme slavery
and poverty in the kingdom. People were afraid of the master.
The master had many slaves working for him. Among them was Androcles, who was so badly
treated by his master when he ran away from the master to a desert. He sheltered into a cave.
One day he saw a lion with a wounded paw. It came to him limping. He saw a big thorn in
its paw. He took out the big thorn. The lion was very much grateful to him and they became
good friends.
Androcles and the lion were living happily in the desert till the day when he was caught by
his master again. He was condemned to be thrown before a hungry lion. His master threw

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 177

Androcles to a lion. But the lion didn’t hurt him rather it laid at his feet. The master and all
others were astonished to look at the behaviour of the lion.
Androcles is knew that it was the same lion that he had met in the desert. When the master
heard Androcles story, he felt so deeply that he pardoned Androcles and set the lion free.
Moral: If you help others you will be helped.

The Clever Crows

A dog eating a bone under tree-----two hungry crows see him----they think to take the bone-
--one comes down and pulls the dog’s tail------dog leaves the bone------runs after the crow--
----the other climbs down and takes away the bone------enjoy feast-----puzzled------moral

Many years ago, there was dog which was fond of having bones. One day, while he was
deliciously eating a piece of bone, two hungry crows saw him. Their mouth watered seeing
the dog eating the bone deliciously. They thought of a plan to take the bone from the dog.
After that one of them came down and started to pull the dog’s tail. The other looked down
sitting on the tree. The dog was very angry with the crow and left the bone on the floor and
ran after the crow to attack him.
But the crow flew up and sat on the tree. At the same time, the other crow flew down and
took away the bone. The dog returned and looked at the bone but it wasn’t there. The dog
saw that the crows were enjoying the feast sitting at the top of tree. The dog was puzzled at
his foolishness.
Moral: Stare before you jump.

The Shepherd Boy

A village boy…daily takes sheep out for grazing…gets tired of work…shouts `Wolf’ as a fun…
villagers run for help…find no wolf…boy laughs at them…play the same joke again…villagers
angry…at last wolf really comes…boy shouts…villagers take no notice…moral.

Many years ago there was a beautiful village in the lap of beautiful snow capped mountains
and green forests. There lived so many diligent and honest people. In the same village there
was a young boy. He generally used to take his sheep out for grazing to a nearby forest. It
was rather lonely for him the entire day and he was tired of that monotonous work. So, one
day, he thought of a plan by which he could get a little company and some excitement. He
rushed down towards the village shouting `Wolf! Wolf! Help!’ The villagers working in the
fields hastened to his help, and some of them stayed with him for a considerable time. They
found no wolf there. The sheep were safe and sound and the boy was pleased. The villagers
knew that the boy played a joke on them and they were very angry with him. A few days after
he tried the same trick and again some villagers came rushing to his help. They found nothing
there, except that, the boy was laughing. Again, they were very angry with the boy.
But shortly after that, a Wolf actually came out from a bush in the forest, and began to chase
the sheep. The boy was terrified and shouted `Wolf! Wolf! Help!’ louder than before. But that
time the villagers, who had been fooled twice before, did not come to help him. So, the wolf
made a good meal of the boy’s flock of sheep.
Moral: A liar will not be believed even if s/he speaks the truth.

178 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Practice Questions
Construct readable stories with the help of outlines given in the box below:
1. A hungry fox ...... grapes ...... tempted to eat ...... tried to reach ...... in vain...... went away
...... grapes are sour ...... wise saying ...... never be upset for what we find too difficult to
get.
2. A snake frozen by cold ...... found by a villager ...... takes it on how ...... warms...... comes
to life ...... darts ...... at children ...... escape ...... angry ...... kill the snake.....moral.
3. A king lion ...... very old ...... kills animals one by one ...... a clever rabbit wants to
trick ...... meets lion ......tells about another lion ...... challenge the king ...... the
rabbit convinces the lion ...... walks to a well ...... reflection ...... thinking as another
lion...... jumps into well...... dies ...... wisdom stronger than strength.
4. Once ...... a hard working ant and an idle grasshopper ...... ant worked all summer
and collected food for winter ...... grasshopper spent days by singing...... went to the
ant ...... beg food in the winter ...... the ant told him to go and dance ...... moral.
5. A cat kills many rats ...... rats hold a meeting ...... discuss on how to be safe ...... a young rat
says, ‘Let’s tie a bell around its neck’ ...... all agree; happy ...... a wise old rat says, ‘But who
will bell the cat?’ ...... all quiet.....moral.
6. Tiger kills an Indian lady traveling through the jungle ...... as he eats her body, he
notices her gold bangle...... keeps it as he thinks it may be useful ...... later he hides
himself by a pool ...... traveler comes to pool, dusty and tired-strips and baths in
cool water-sees the tiger in bushes watching-terrified ...... tiger greets him
with mild voice ...... says he is pious and spends time in prayer ...... as a sign of
goodwill, offers the traveler the gold bangle ...... traveler’s greed overcomes his fear ......
crosses pool to take bangle – tiger springs on him and kills.....moral.
7. A famine ...... a rich man distributes loaves among children every day ...... children
quarrel over loaves ...... a small girl waits patiently ...... gets the smallest loaf last of all
...... cuts it on reaching home ...... finds two rupees in her loaf ...... rungs to the rich
man to return the loaves ...... the rich man returns them to her as a reward for her
patience ...... Moral.
8. A rich farmer.....apple garden......migrate to a nearest city.....a watchman......paid very
little......no honesty.....appoints a lady .....even no honesty....dismisses her too........
appoints a lame and a blind........no honesty.....title and moral.
9. A dog ......finds a piece of flesh ......keeps in mouth......comes across river...... tries to
cross......his own shadow......thinks of another dog......tries to snatch it......loses his
own......moral.
10. A clener washerman ......an ass......puts on tiger's skin......leaves the ass in crops......
farmers scared......run away......surprise to see the tiger eating crops......cries like an
ass......villagers identify......everyone beats......moral.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 179

GE T START
ED

PARAGRAPH WRITING

A paragraph is a group of sentences dealing with a single theme. These sentences are logically
arranged expressing a thought on one and the same topic. Paragraph writing tests a student’s
ability to think fast and connect different aspects. The paragraph not only tests a student’s
awareness of the various issues but also his ability to argue a point convincingly. Besides,
paragraph writing also reveals whether a student is capable of organizing his thoughts logically
in a limited time or not. Apart from these, paragraph writing also tests a student’s fluency in
English.

In a paragraph, the main thought is stated in the opening sentence and is then it is enlarged
or elaborated in the following lines or body of the paragraph.

Paragraph Structure

Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure—introduction, body, and conclusion.
You can see this structure in paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, and comparing,
contrasting, or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in
communicating your meaning to your reader.

Introduction: The first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any
other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or
provide a transition.

Body: It follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments,
analysis, examples, and other information.

Conclusion: It is the final section which summarizes the connections between the information
discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s controlling idea.

How to write a good paragraph?

Single theme: As a paragraph should cover only one theme, the main thought, if needed, is
stated in the opening sentence and this theme should be kept in mind while writing the other
sentence of the paragraph.

Main thought: Though the main thought is often stated in the opening sentence of a
paragraph, this need not always is the case. To attract the attention of the readers, one can
also make the opening sentence of a paragraph a striking one.

Coherence: The sentences of a paragraph, though independent by themselves, should be
stated in a logical manner.

Natural sequence: Each sentence that follows the opening sentence should originate from
the previous sentence in a natural fashion.

180 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Unity: A paragraph should have structural unity with every sentence of a paragraph reflecting
the main theme. While writing a paragraph, this aspect should be uppermost in mind as unity
of theme and structure makes a paragraph a tight well-knit unit or an organic whole.

Ending: While closing the paragraph, care should be taken to make the ending as effective
as possible. In other words, one should pay as much attention to the closing sentence as one
pays to the opening sentence.

Style: This is the manner of writing which characterizes a particular writer. While writing
sentences one should avoid wordiness or more words than are needed. Similarly one should
stay away from verbiage or the use of more difficult words. After all, brevity is the soul of wit.
While choosing the apt words that convey one’s thoughts, care should be taken to arrange
the words in the sentence or phrases according to the rules of grammar (syntax).

Readability: The sentences should be easy or enjoyable to read. To ensure this, long sentences
should be avoided. Instead of using too many compound or complex sentences, simple
sentences should be used as far as possible. Such an approach will ensure that the reader’s
mind is not taxed.

Limit: An ideal paragraph should not contain more than 150 to 200 words.

Food

Food is the necessity of our life. It provides our body with nutrition, nourishment, and growth.
Food can be classified into cereals, pulses, nuts and oilseeds, vegetable, fruits, milk and milk
products and flesh food. Food comprises of protein, facts, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals
salts, and water. Most of the food items contain all these in varying properties. Oil and
ghee are exclusively fats while sugarcane and starch contain high amount of carbohydrates.
Accordingly, food items are termed as protein rich, vitamin rich, fat rich food, etc. Proteins,
fats, and carbohydrates are usually termed as proximate principles. Along with water, which
is an important food element, proximate principles from the main bulk food. These are burnt
or oxidized in the body to provide energy for the different activities of life. Vitamins and
minerals do not supply energy but they play a very crucial role in the regularization of various
body functions.

Untouchability

Nepal is a cast governed country. Caste system, regardless of every possible effort of the
government to remove it, has continued to form an important part of Nepali social life. This is
truer of the Nepali rural society which is not perfectly educated. Because of the caste system,
the institution of uuntouchability’ has been existing. Those who belong to particular caste
are known as ‘sudras’ who are considered as untouchables. Evil of untouchability has not
been confined to the sudras alone. The superior castes consider other inferior to them as
untouchables. This problem of untouchability is in fact a problem of social evil. As a result
of this social evil certain disabilities are placed on the people of the caste who are known as
dalits. The untouchable castes are those who suffer from various social and political disabilities
many of which are traditionally prescribed and socially enforced by higher castes.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 181

Public parks

Public parks have been the most desirable places for city people. Population in big cities is
growing very fast. The cities are becoming crowded day by day but the land is limited. We
cannot get a place to rest and wait for someone for some time. When people have some free
time they want to spend it in peace. We do not get a place to enjoy in our leisure time. If we
have public parks, we can go there and enjoy meeting our friends and make our minds free.
We can make appointments and meet them there. Public parks also add beauty to the cities.
There are many parks in Kathmandu. We feel fresh and peaceful when we enter them from
the roadside. These parks are helping to provide a little relief to the people of Kathmandu.
Therefore public parks should be set up in big cities like Kathmandu.

My ambition in life

Man is ambitious by nature. Ambition gives us aim. It gives us a sense of direction in life. My
ambition is to become an ideal teacher so that I can serve my people. A true teacher is the
builder of the nation. I will make ideal citizens by cultivating the character of my students. I
shall also help them in choosing their careers. As an ideal teacher, I must have a high moral
character. I shall be punctual, disciplined, humble, efficient, and righteous. A good profession
is its own reward. People choose a profession which can give them maximum money but my
own ambition is not of this category. Wealth, power, and possessions do not attract me. My
aim is to serve my country. I can serve my people by becoming an ideal teacher to produce
able citizens. This will be the greatest prize for a true and ideal teacher.

Health

Health is wealth. In the life of a human being, health occupies an important place.
Preservation of health should be the primary duty of mankind. Health is man's normal
condition and his birth right. It is the result of living in accordance with the natural laws,
pertaining to the body, mind, and environment. These laws relate to fresh air, sunlight,
balanced diet, regular exercise, rest, relaxation and sleep, cleanliness of internal and external
parts, right attitudes of mind, good habits, and good patterns of living. Our ignorance about
health continues to be profound. There are no yardsticks for measuring health. Health is often
taken for granted and its value is not properly realized until it is lost. However, during the past
few decades, there has been a reawakening that health is not merely a precious possession,
but also a 'resource'. So it is desirable to maintain and promote our health.

Air Pollution

Most of the air we breathe is impure. It contains harmful substances called pollutants
which cause air pollution. Air pollution is one of the major problems of the world.
Air pollution can be reduced by planting more trees. Trees cleanse the air of carbon dioxide
by absorbing it for the process of photosynthesis. Trees also bring rain which helps in
cleansing the atmosphere. Industries are the key sources of air pollution. If industries are
established in uninhabited areas, the effect of pollution can be reduced. Smokes coming from

182 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

vehicles cause several health problems in people. Polluted air can create serious threats in
human being ranging from minor to deadly health problems. As many people die because
of the problem created by air problem, it is our duty to manage pollution and make the
environment clean. Old vehicles should be banned and environmental sanitation must be
increased to reduce the effects.

Water

Water is a resource of prime importance. We need water for irrigation, industries, transport,
drinking, bathing, and several additional purposes in everyday life. Water is the major
constituent of living matter. Life on the earth would not have been evolved without water.
Water has become indispensable for the disposal of urban sewage and dirt. Water is essential
for the existence of life on the globe. Without water we cannot live on. Agriculture is the
major source of food for us. Water is essential for raising food crops. Fish which make up
a large chunk of our food and their existence depends on water. Forests which provide us
numerous things and keep our ecological balance intact also need water. Water is an excellent
and cheap resource for generating hydroelectricity. It is a renewable and pollution-free source
of energy, essential for modern comfortable living. Therefore, water is indispensable in our
everyday life.

Leisure

Leisure is a time when one is not busy in the usual work. It is off time. If it is spent in some
pleasant pursuit, it gives us a great joy. Leisure gives the lost energy back to the mind. One can
spend one's leisure in gardening, painting, photography, reading, rowing, stamp collecting,
etc. Today, man is not happy with what s/he has. S/He wants to earn more money. So s/he
has no leisure. S/He mostly lives in stress and strain. He suffers from many diseases such
as sleeplessness, hypertension, and nervous breakdown. Therefore, there is need to have
leisure. One should not waste one's leisure staying idle and spending time in unnecessary
chores. Leisure has a great significance in a man's life. The wise and hardworking people
utilize their leisure time by involving themselves in productive activities which can give them
real happiness. Thus, leisure is essential for all.

Life in my village

I live in a small village that lies in Dhading. People in my village have different lifestyles.
Most of the people there are farmers. Some are also traders and officers. The farmers are
very hardworking and thus busy growing crops of their needs. They often get up early in the
morning and spend their whole day in the field. They even visit their field at night to see if
there is something wrong with their crops. They enjoy various festivals as many groups of
people live there. Most of them like to celebrate the festivals like Maghe, Sankranti, Dashain,
Tihar, Chhath, etc. There is a Higher Secondary School in our village where children go for
studies. Our village lacks modern facilities like concrete road, good market, etc. Recently the
young people have started going to foreign countries to earn money. People live together in
harmony despite their simple life there.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 183

A Bicycle
A bicycle is a machine designed to transport a person by means of his or her own physical
effort. It is, therefore, almost entirely environmentally-friendly. Since the amount of friction
generated is much reduced, it is also extremely efficient. It consists of four main sections:
the two spoked wheels, a set of handlebars, and a revolving cog, held together by a metal
frame. The cyclist, who is balanced on top of a seat covered by a soft saddle, leans forwards,
and grips the handlebars, pushing down with his or her feet on the pedals which rotate up
and down. They drive a central notched cog which is connected by a metal chain to the back
wheel hub. Alternative gear positions are available by operating a gear lever at hand level.
Also on the handlebars is the brake lever, which is linked by a cable to a set of brakes on the
back wheel. Accessories include an air pump, with which the rubber tyres which are filled
periodically with air, a speedometer, and a headlamp for use at night.

Practice Questions
1. Write a paragraph on why we should go to school.
2. Write a paragraph on values of travelling.
3. Write a paragraph on importance of English language in Student’s Life.
4. Write a paragraph on my school library.
5. Write a paragraph on health is wealth.
6. Write a paragraph on junk food.
7. Write a paragraph on my school.
8. Write a paragraph on medicine.
9. Write a paragraph on environment.
10. Write a paragraph on culture.

184 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

GE T STARTED

ESSAY WRITING

An essay is a piece of structured writing usually written in formal academic writing. The word
essay is derived from the French Essai (English essay) meaning trial or attempt. Essay writing
is an intellectual exercise. It is usually prose in nature and precise on a particular subject. It is
one of the ways of increasing student creativity and improving writing skills.

Types of essays

A critical essay analyzes the strengths, weaknesses, and methods of someone else's work.
Generally these essays begin with a brief overview of the main points of the text, movie, or
piece of art, followed by an analysis of the work's meaning.

A definition essay attempts to define a specific term. It describes the meaning of a specific
word, or defines an abstract concept. The analysis goes deeper than a simple dictionary
definition; it should attempt to explain why the term is defined as such.

An argumentative essay is one that attempts to persuade the reader to the writer's point
of view. The writer can either be serious or funny, but always tries to convince the reader
of the validity of his or her opinion. The essay may argue openly, or it may attempt to subtly
persuade the reader by using irony or sarcasm.

The cause/effect essay explains why or how some event happened, and what resulted from
the event. This essay is a study of the relationship between two or more events or experiences.
A cause essay discusses the reasons why something happened.

The compare/contrast essay discusses the similarities and differences between two things,
people, concepts, places, etc. A comparison essay usually discusses the similarities between
two things, while the contrast essay discusses the differences.

The descriptive essay provides details about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, makes
one feel, or sounds. It can also describe what something is, or how something happened.
These essays generally use a lot of sensory details. The essay could be a list-like description
that provides point by point details.

The narrative essay tells a story. It can also be called a "short story." Generally the narrative
essay is conversational in style, and tells of a personal experience. It is most commonly written
in the first person. This essay could tell of a single, life-shaping event, or simply an ordinary
daily experience.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 185

Parts of an Essay

Introduction

The introduction guides your reader into the paper by introducing the topic. It should begin
with a hook that catches the reader’s interest. This hook could be a quote, an analogy, a
question, etc. The ideas within the introduction should be general enough for the reader
to understand the main claim and gradually become more specific to lead into the thesis
statement.

Thesis Statement

The thesis statement concisely states the main idea or argument of the essay, sets limits on
the topic, and can indicate the organization of the essay. The thesis works as a road map for
the entire essay, showing the readers what you have to say and which main points you will
use to support your ideas.

Body

The body of the essay supports the main points presented in the thesis. Each point is
developed by one or more paragraphs and supported with specific details. These details can
include support from research and experiences, depending on the assignment. In addition
to this support, the author’s own analysis and discussion of the topic ties ideas together and
draws conclusions that support the thesis.

Conclusion

The conclusion brings together all the main points of the essay. It refers back to the thesis
statement and leaves readers with a final thought and sense of closure by resolving any ideas
brought up in the essay. It may also address the implications of the argument. In the conclusion,
new topics or ideas that were not developed in the paper should not be introduced.

Ambition

Ambition means a strong desire to attain success in one's life. All of us have certain ambition.
Some have good ambition such as to be a famous doctor or a social worker etc. Some others
have bad ambition. Some want to be rich like Bill Gates. Some want to be Sai Baba and Gandhi
while some others want to be very rich.

If one's ambition is noble then he will surely prosper. On the contrary if one's ambition is
selfish and narrow, he will surely fall in the long run. A person with bad ambition may initially
be successful. But finally his ambition will be frustrated. Most people have an ambition to
get power and prestige, wealth, and fame. Sometimes they are successful and sometimes
unsuccessful depending upon the nature of the means.

186 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Ambitious man is hard working. He exercises his will power and ability. Ambition without
industry and will power is meaningless. If a person does not go to the field, his ambition to be
a farmer cannot be fulfilled. Similarly, a student with an ambition to be a doctor should read
diligently. If he does not work hard, he cannot be a doctor.

Thus, ambition coupled with hard work brings success and prosperity. History shows many
examples. In the sphere of games and sports, mere ambition has no meaning. Ambition
should not turn into day-dreams. Nobody can build castles in air. Only an idle man can do it.
It is therefore advisable to be practical in our ambition.

Child Rights

Child rights are fundamental freedom and the inherent rights of all human beings below the
age of 18. These rights apply to every child irrespective of the child's, parent's/guardian's
race, colour, sex, creed or other status. Equality of opportunity is the essential message. Girls
should be given the same opportunities as boys. All children should have the same rights and
should be given the same opportunities to enjoy an adequate standard of living.

Children are the nation builders of tomorrow. The overall development of the nation solely
depends on the children of today. They should be given proper care, food, cloth, shelter, love
and affection, medical facilities and education. We see many children roaming in the streets
collecting plastics and bottles that are against the child rights.

Children are innocent, trusting, and full of hope. Their childhood should be happy and loving.
Their lives should mature gradually as they gain new experiences. Children have been abused
and exploited. A child need not live such a life. Their childhood must be preserved. Children
have the right to survive, develop, be protected, and participate in decisions that impact their
lives.

Despite problems existing on the subject of child rights, it is our duty to provide them with
their fundamental plus additional rights in order to protect the future manpower of the
country. The time has come to raise our voice against the evil practices of employing children
in works of different kinds and pass suitable laws for the protection of child rights.

City Life and Village Life

There are towns as well as villages in every country. Some country has more villages but some
has more towns. In the developed countries of the world like America there are more towns
than the villages. In our country Nepal, there are few Towns. Majority of the people live in
the village here.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 187

The towns have many advantages. There are many facilities like good schools, colleges,
and hospitals for the quick treatment of patients. There is the facility of transport and
communication. It is easier to go from place to place as there are good roads. There is the
facility of telephone. There are police posts. Home is lighted by electricity and we can buy
required things in the town.

The disadvantages of towns are they are densely populated and many industries are located
there. Smoke comes out of the vehicles. Thus, the air is polluted. People are unhealthy
because of impure air. Foods are not fresh and the things are costly. People are strangers
to one another who are not friendly and co-operative. There are many wicked persons who
commit crimes.

The advantages of village are people are friendly and co-operative. They help one another
when somebody is in trouble. They take the sick man to hospital, lend money in need and do
not deceive and cheat anybody. People enjoy fresh air and food in the village. They eat fresh
vegetables and fruits which they produce themselves. They are healthy and strong. Life is not
costly. Things are cheap.

Mobile Phone

Mobile phone is a means of communication. It is a modern scientific device. It has made the
world very small. We can keep in touch with our relatives, family and friends in every corner
of the world with the help of this device. It is a portable device in pocket and can be taken in
every field where we work.

Mobile phone has many advantages. By using mobile phone, we can save our time and travel
expense. In emergency, we can contact with doctors, ambulance, fire engines, police, etc. in
time. It is very useful in business. If there is the internet access, we can know the world affairs
within hours in our palms. We can be up to date with our traveling relatives.

There are also some disadvantages of this device. Teenage boys and girl misuse it and use
for making love. They spend their precious time and lots of money hanging on it doing some
unnecessary gossip. Sometime we receive bluff calls which irritate us. It is being used to kidnap
persons by making secret plots. It has increased the crime rate. Criminals make secret plan
using it and later on defuse the SIM card so that the police cannot arrest them. Students play
games and watch movies on it as fashion. Sometimes, when we are in important meeting or
classrooms it disturbs all other attendant. Thus, it is upon us to use mobile wisely or unwisely.
Based on our use it has both advantages and disadvantages too.

188 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

Television

Television is an electronic device. It telecasts the motion picture along with audio sounds.
It is a gift of modern technology. Modern science and technology have made everything
possible on earth. Every device has some good and bad aspects. Television also has both of
the aspects.

It has got many advantages as we can see the world events instantly on its screen sitting
in our own room. It has made the world narrow. We can look at many useful programs
like news, sports events, agricultural and technological achievements, knowledgeable and
scientific information on TV. It makes us up to date to the current world affairs. We can get
entertainment by watching films and Tele-serials when we are bored or have leisure time. It
is also an important public media. We can publicize or advertise anything through the TV. It
makes us aware about public, national, and international affairs.

However, it has got some disadvantages also. TV crazy people waste their time by hanging
around the TV. There is a saying that television is a one eyed monster. It causes eye damage.
Who watches it longer hours every day, they are likely to lose their eyesight. School children
spend time by watching it and become weak in their study and damage their eyesight. Some
people misuse it by watching vulgar movies. When something is used properly, it becomes
beneficial. If it is misused, it will be disadvantageous. Therefore, we must use television
properly. We must be selective in case of programs.

Importance of Extracurricular Activities

The students of some schools are far better than other schools. The most important reason
behind this is ‘the extracurricular activities’ performed in the schools. For the all round
development of a student only the course books and class room teaching are not enough.
They must be involved in extracurricular activities. These may include games, quiz contests,
spelling contests, dancing, singing, oratory contests, drawing, writing poems, stories, essays,
etc.

Games help them develop physically and other activities broaden their mind. Educating
students does not only mean to teach each and every line of textbooks and solve mathematical
problems. To educate means to develop the inherent capacity of the students. For this purpose
we should give them chances to take part in the activities of their interest. How can we find
out which student has the potentiality to become a singer until we give him/ her chances?

It is human nature that everyone likes to win and do things better than others. A student who
is weak at theoretical study can be brilliant at other extracurricular activities. If we give them
chances to take part in these activities, they will not fall into bad company. Rather, they will

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 189

use their free time in creative activities. Schools provide students with necessary training
for their professional careers. They also strive to develop students’ creativity, insight, and
analytical skills. By acquainting students with complex ideas in an intellectually stimulating
environment, schools can provide unique opportunities for personal enrichment while
preparing students for future careers.

Importance of Education

Education is regarded as one of the greatest virtues of a man. It is truly a lifelong process that
signifies the preparation for life. It raises a man above animals. It is said that a man without
education is similar to an animal without tail. Education is the source of happiness that
helps to emerge the hidden competence and potential of an individual. Educated manpower
can accomplish any task in an efficient manner. Thus, education is the most precious and
permanent property of an individual.

Education is the backbone for national development. Since we lack education and skilled
human power, available means and resources are immobilized in Nepal. Education produces
both administrative and technical manpower required for the prosperity of the country.
Unless a country possesses required educated manpower, it cannot prosper its development.
Education is only the key to strengthen unity, harmony, cooperation and the feeling of
fraternity. It enables us to discriminate between the right and wrong and implement right
ideologies of life. Thus, education is the chief source of national integrity and sovereignty.

Education, at present, is progressing in Nepal. Our present measures are not adequate to
bring all people in educational mainstream. The people should be made conscious enough
about the importance of education and ensure education as the fundamental right of every
citizen. Vocational education should be provided to the people in that educated, efficient,
and technical manpower can be produced and the overall development of the country is
possible with the help of it.

Importance of English Language

There are about seven thousand living languages in the world. Among them, English language
is an international language spoken all over the world. It is spoken by more than 300 million
native speakers, and between 400 and 800 million foreign users. Over the years, English has
been of great importance for us.

One of the main significances of English language is that the world’s best books are written
in English language. So, a person with sound knowledge of English can get great academic
achievement in his career. In many countries, English is the main medium of science, literature,

190 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

commerce and international studies. Realizing this importance, the Ministry of Education
in Nepal has also started teaching English from primary level.

In addition to its importance in academic field, English is a means not only for international
Commerce; it has become increasingly essential for inter-state commerce and communication.
Without its knowledge, one cannot read the instructions written on many products or things
that we use in our life. It is the official language of air transport and shipping; the leading
language of international conference, technology, computers, commerce, employment,
etc. Overall, we find English language used in every aspect of our life so it has become an
important language.

In conclusion, we can say that to go ahead in our life and in our stream we should learn
English so that it would be easier to reach our achievements. That is how English plays a
major role in our life.

Importance of Good Hygiene in Children

Children should be taught about the importance of good hygiene and the ways to achieve
is very early to keep themselves and others healthy and to reduce the risk of being bullied
at school. If a person has to go to hospital frequently, that person will be very aware of his
hygiene. The thought of being vulnerable and exposed to strangers can cause the person
to become very strict on their hygiene needs. The wound should be cleaned and dressed
suitably to reduce the risk of infection and pain.

Communicable diseases should be treated immediately to prevent further infections and
spread of it to others. Hand washing can be emphasized enough as this simple action can
prevent a plethora of illnesses and disorders. Many people forget to wash their hands after
using the toilet or before handling foods which can cause a great deal of illness and even
death.

By being well presented, clean and tidy, people can feel more confident, especially in social
situations. Many job interviews and such like are highly dependent on sound hygiene as many
decisions are made by first impressions within the first few minutes of meeting. Our chances
of succeeding either in work or social settings, or even with the opposite sex can be altered
by our maintenance of hygiene.

Maintaining hygiene practices help to reduce the risks of ill health. But the way how we and
others perceive ourselves can influence our levels of confidence and self-esteem affecting
many functions of our body.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 191

Importance of Physical Exercise

“Those who do not find time for physical exercise will have to find time for illnesses” is a
well said statement. Exercise is an activity that results in contraction of skeletal muscle and
promotes physical fitness and overall health. Different kinds of activities like dancing, games,
aerobic, jogging, walking, running, swimming, yoga, etc. are done for various reasons as
regular exercises.

Physical exercise helps for weight loss or maintenance, burns fat from our body, and helps
to lose weight. We go to gym or yoga centers or play indoor and outdoor games to remove
toxic fat from our body. The activities like skating, dancing, cycling, etc are also done for
enjoyment.

Likewise, physical exercise makes our immune system better, and helps to prevent some
diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. It decreases the effects of childhood obesity.
The researches show that it also helps to cut genetic obesity. It reduces the risk of death due
to heart disease and stroke, reduces weight, prevents diabetes mellitus, strengthens bones,
and enhances immune function. The psychological benefits are also broad. It also improves
mental health and helps to prevent depression. Old age people too are doing various kinds of
yoga, walking and jogging to get relief from their health problems.

It is said that good daily activity, good balanced diet, and good thinking are necessary to live a
happy life. These things are directly or indirectly maintained by frequent and regular exercise.
So to keep ourselves healthy and well, we must exercise.

My Hobbies

Everybody needs pleasure. We have different means of entertainment. Hobby is one of
the ways of entertaining doing something repeatedly. We can utilize our spare time doing
something as our hobbies which make us feel entertained.

Different individuals enjoy different hobbies. Some of the common hobbies are taking
photograph, colleting stamps, gardening, collecting coins, painting and drawing, etc. Some
people seem to be fond of visiting places or playing indoor games. Some people enjoy their
spare time writing poems, songs, reading novels and stories. Everybody enjoys his spare time
according to his interests and circumstances.

I am fond of visiting new places and taking photographs. By visiting places and things, we
can have pleasure and knowledge. The photographs of natural scenes are really entertaining
for me. I have taken many photographs of mountains, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, forests, caves,
grasslands, animals, birds, etc. Similarly, I have a good collection of arts and handicrafts.

192 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

There are some of the advantages of my hobbies. I can properly utilize my spare time and do
not feel bored. Hobbies are one of the easiest and cheapest ways of having pleasure. I do not
need more money to fulfill my needs related to hobbies. The people who have hobbies cannot
be lazy because if they have a spare time, they start enjoying their hobbies. We can have both
mental and physical exercises. If we read novels, stories, poems, etc, we can have mental
exercise. Thus, we can enrich our mental and physical strengths through our hobbies.

Obedience

Obedience is a spiritual discipline. It is training for the mind. It builds up character. It teaches
us self-restraint. It is the parent of harmony and peace. Therefore, it has been said that he
who does not know how to obey does not know how to command. Often the question is
raised - whom should we obey? Our first duty, of course, is to obey our parents.

Subsequently, we should obey the rules of any organization that we join. When on the
playground -let us obey our captain. Have we joined a school? Let us conform to the discipline
of the school and obey the teachers who are there for our good. In a State, we are compelled
to obey the laws for fear of punishment.

The man who obeys dutifully is worthy of being someday a commander. Therefore, it should
be a universal rule to recruit the captain of tomorrow from the soldiers of today. Obedience
often becomes extremely unpleasant because we may have to obey against our will.

Finally, we must say something about the highest kind of obedience—that to one's conscience.
We should teach ourselves to listen to the still soft voice of conscience that is within us. To do
this one must be free from passion and self-love; then conscience is the positive guide.

Obedience leads us towards the path of success. An obedient student in school is liked by all
teachers. Thus, obedience is one of the determining qualities of a civilized human being.

Punctuality

Punctuality means working as per the program of time. Punctuality involves time factor. We
are to see that we are working strictly according to the time fixed. It is a kin to regularity that
implies working as per rules, regulations, and program of time.

If we are punctual, we can reach our work on time. Punctuality checks unnecessary wastage
of time. As time is very valuable, we can save it only by punctuality. Time and tide waits for
none. Seconds, minutes, hours and days pass by in the right order. If we are punctual, a single
second of us will never go waste.

The English men are very punctual. They put on wrist-watches to exercise punctuality. But we,
the Nepalese put on wrist-watches only for show. We cannot progress, if we are not punctual.
Punctuality helps us in our progress. It also saves money in other ways. There is a saying. "A

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 193

stitch in time saves nine". So, if we take our food punctually, we will never be sick and we will
never have to spend money on medicines and doctors or to worry our near and dear ones in
this connection. And this principle applies well in all other cases.

Everybody should be punctual in his everyday life. Every student should make a habit of
punctuality. Punctuality is the first condition for becoming great in life. So, punctuality should
be the motto in our life. We should not only be punctual ourselves but also advise others to
be punctual.

Simplicity

Simplicity is a great virtue which one can observe in life. We are rightly advised by the wise
elders to believe in simple living and high thinking. We should observe simplicity in our food
habits. We should consume simple but nourishing food. If we are children, we should take
milk, butter, bread, vegetables, curd, cheese, and fruits. We should avoid fast foods. If we
are grown ups, we should take less fat and salt, but we should take vegetables and fruits
in abundance. In all cases fast food, fried items, soft drink, and alcoholic drinks should be
avoided. We should not smoke at any cost.

We should also observe simplicity in our clothes. We should not wear very tight clothes which
make the movement of our limbs difficult. We should observe simplicity in our speech and
manners too. We should be sweet, polite, and humble in our talk. We should not boast, nor
should we try to bully others. We should never lose our temper under any circumstances. We
should be honest and straightforward in our dealings.

We must have a simple life-style. We need not run after fashions. We should not spend more
than our means. Our houses should be of simple and cute categories. We need not have very
expensive gadgets in our houses except those which are essential for leading a comfortable
and tension-free life. Thus, inculcating simplicity in one’s life, one can lessen expenses, gain
good health, have eternal peace, and develop positive thinking in life.

The Power of Sleep

Many of us want to sleep as little as possible. There are so many things that seem more
interesting or important than getting a few more hours’ of sleep. As exercise and nutrition
are essential for optimal health and happiness, so is sleep. The quality of your sleep directly
affects the quality of your waking life, including your mental sharpness, productivity, emotional
balance, creativity, physical vitality, and weight.

Sleep is not merely a time when your body and brain shut off. While you rest, your brain stays
busy, overseeing a wide variety of biological maintenance tasks that keep you running in top

194 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

condition and prepare you for the day ahead. Without enough hours of invigorating sleep,
you are like a car in need of an oil change. You will be unable to work, learn, create, and
communicate at a level even close to your true potential due to lack of sleep.

It is not just the number of hours in bed that is important—it is the quality of those hours
of sleep. If you are giving yourself plenty of time for sleep but you are still having trouble
waking up in the morning or staying alert all day, you may not be spending enough time in the
different stages of sleep—especially deep sleep. By understanding how the sleep cycles work
and the factors that can lead to those cycles being disrupted, you will be able to start getting
both the quantity and the quality of sleep you need.

Practice Questions

1. Write an essay on “My school” in about 150-200 words.
2. Write an essay on “The Place You Live” in about 150-200 words.
3. Write an essay on “Your Favorite Game” in about 150-200 words.
4. Write an essay on “Importance of Discipline” in about 150-200 words.
5. Write an essay on “Village Life” in about 150-200 words.
6. Write an essay on “Tourism in Nepal” in about 150-200 words.
7. Write an essay on “My Aim in Life” in about 150-200 words.
8. Write an essay on “Value of Time” in about 150-200 words.
9. Write an essay on “Natural Resources of Nepal” in about 150-200 words.
10. Write an essay on “Importance of Games and Sports in Student’s Life” in about 150-200
words.
11. Write an essay on “Discipline” in about 150-200 words.
12. Write an essay on “My Daily Routine” in about 150-200 words.
13. Write an essay on “My Country, My Pride” in about 150-200 words.
14. Write an essay on “The Usefulness of the Computer” in about 150-200 words.
15. Write an essay on “Importance of Wildlife Conservation in Nepal” in about 150-200
words.
16. Write an essay on “My Best Teacher” in about 150-200 words.
17. Write an essay on “Problems in Student Life” in about 150-200 words.
18. Write an essay on “My Vilage/City” in about 150-200 words.

19. Write an essay on “Food Culture” in about 150-200 words.

20. Write an essay on “Impunity” in about 150-200 words.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 195

GE T START
ED

LETTER WRITING

A letter is a message that is written down or printed on paper and usually put in an envelope
and sent to somebody else in order to communicate with them.

1. Informal/Personal Letter
Informal/personal letters are written to friends, relatives, family members and among others
who are in close contact with us. We are to communicate informally in personal letters.
A letter to your friend telling him about your ambition in life

Address Gangajamuna-7, Dhading
Date January 20, 2019

Greeting Dear Raj,

Body I received a letter from you after a long time. I was pleased to know that
you have done well in your examination. I have also charged well in all
the papers and hope to get good marks.
You are very curious to know about the ambition of my life. As you know
that I have been fascinated to the profession of medicine. It is a noble
profession. A doctor is considered next to God. He is a source of great
hope and strength to the patient. Hence, I want to become a doctor to
serve the society. In fact, it had been the dream of my mother.
In Nepal, a large number of people die every year due to lack of proper
medical treatment. Particularly in rural area, medical aid is rare. I
would like to go to rural areas where the services of a doctor are most
required.
I am very serious for the good preparation of it and working hard to be
doctor in future. I am interested to know what you want to do in life.

Closing Convey my regards to your parents.

Subscription Yours sincerely,
Signature Laxman
Postscript Send me some copies of family photographs.

A letter to a friend describing about holiday
Nilkantha Municipality, Dhading
August 20, 2019
Dear Susan,
It feels like such a long time since the last time I saw you. I know it's only been several weeks
since I saw you. So far my summer has been great!

196 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

I spent all my weekends at the beach. I am getting a nice time and you can no longer say I
am sadder than you. I have been playing volleyball, surfing and building a nice collection of
sea shells. Just this past weekend I took second place in a sandcastle building contest!
On the weekdays I work. I drive an ice cream truck around and sell ice cream to the kids. It
is so cool. It is a combination of the two things I love most, ice cream, and kids. The pay isn't
too great but I love the job so much.
I hope the summer's been going well for you too. There's only a month and a half left in
summer vacation and after that it's back to school. Would you like to meet up some time
before school starts?
Best wishes.
Yours affectionate friend,
Roman
P.S: Ryan says hi.

A letter to your younger brother or sister asking him/her not to eat junk food because it is
harmful to health.
Tripurasundari, Dhading
August 20, 2019

Dear Sami,

I am pretty well here and hope you are also well there. I got your daring letter yesterday.
Thanks for the letter. As you are getting unwell these days, I think this is because of all that
junk food you eat.
Junk foods contain little nutritious value. These foods are high in calories, fat, sugar, or
caffeine. Cereals, candies, chips, cookies, cheese, puffs, biscuits, noodles, French fries, gum,
ice-cream, sodas, cold drinks, and most sweet desserts are junk foods.
There are various problems with junk food. The main problem is that they have high
satisfactory value that is why so many people consume it even though they know it is
not healthy. Junk food tends to replace other more nutritious food and an increase in
consumption of junk food is directly associated with the increase in obesity, heart diseases,
high blood pressure, certain types of cancer and tooth decay. Similarly, Fats from junk food
trigger the brain to want more food. This effect can last for several days. Mothers who eat
junk food while pregnant or breast feeding have children who are prone to obesity. Children
are also more prone to diabetes, raised cholesterol, and high blood pressure. Additives and
preservatives such as common food dyes can cause children to become more hyperactive
and easily distracted than usual. If children eat junk food regularly, it is likely to lead them
to violent behavior later in life.
Finally, I want to suggest that we should not eat junk food because it is the cause of various
diseases. Thus, junk food is harmful to health.
Best wishes.
Yours lovely brother,
Roman
PS: Send me some dry vegetables.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 197

Some ways to write the first paragraph of a personal letter
 I am pleased to receive your letter. I am really glad to know that you are well with your
family. I found the letter really enlightening. I got opportunity to know more about
………….. and……………
 I received your kind letter yesterday. My happiness knows no bounds to be in touch with
you. I was very hurried to know about …………. Thanks a lot for your invaluable information.
Now, I am going to write about ………..as you have requested in your letter.
 I became very happy to receive your letter and I just went through it. It is a matter of great
joy for me to learn about your ………. Thanks a lot for good information. I came to learn
that you are very curious to know about ……… So, here follows a little description about
it. I hope you will appreciate it.
 How are things with you? I trust you and your family are in good health and that you
benefited from an enjoyable holiday in …………… I went to the …….. for a couple of days
with several acquaintances. Please find enclosed a photo of us at ………….. Hope you like
it.
 I am very glad to get your daring letter. The news of your desire to come to Nepal made me
mad with joy. Please do come fast. I along with my parents, brother, and sister look forward
to your coming here. This letter of mine will give a brief information about ………………..
2. Letters of Apology/Regret
If you are unable to attend a function, particularly one for which you have received a written
invitation, a letter of regret is not only polite, but usually expected. The letter you write should
be warm and friendly. In many cases, you may want to explain why you are not able to attend.
Be sure to thank the person for the invitation and let them know you appreciated it.
A letter of apology can be either formal or informal. It can be written when someone has
made a mistake, has failed to perform a duty or is not able to fulfill a promise.
The main body contains reasons for the inconvenience caused. In the final paragraph you can
express your hope to improve the situation or promise to make up for any problems that have
been caused.
Introduction
Paragraph 1 - reason for writing
Main Body
Paragraphs 2-3 - reasons to explain the inconvenience caused
Conclusion
Final Paragraph - express understanding/regret or promise to make up for the situation
Closing remarks
Full name
Useful Language for Letters of Apology
Opening Remarks:
Formal
 I am writing to apologize for...

198 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8

 I must apologize for...
 Please accept my sincerest apologies for...
 How can I apologize enough for...
 I must apologize profusely...
Informal
 I hope you will understand when I say that...
 What can I say, except I'm sorry that...
 I'm sorry for...
 I owe you an apology...
 I'm so sorry if I upset you in any way...
 I can't describe how sorry I am and how guilty I feel...
Closing Remarks:
Formal
 Once again, sincerest apologies for...
 I hope you will accept my apologies...
 I hope my apologies will be/are accepted...
Informal
 I hope you believe me when I say how sorry I am...
 I can't tell you how sorry I am...
 I beg you to forgive me for...
 There is no excuse for ... and I hope you'll forgive me...
A Letter of apology for a bad behavior

Gongabu, Kathmandu
December 25, 2019

Dear Suresh,

Please allow me to apologize for what I did on Saturday. My behaviour was extremely
inappropriate, immature, and lacked the respect you deserved. It was a disruption and
distracted others from doing their work.
It was embarrassing, but I learned that nobody appreciated my poor behaviour. In the
future, I have every intention of curbing my thoughtless actions and learn to adjust my
behaviour befitting the environment and situation.
Again, I am sorry for my actions and I hope that we can put this matter behind us. I look
forward to hearing a word of excuse from you soon. If you have any thoughts in this, please
feel free to share. You may contact me at your convenience at my email.
With love.
Sincerely yours,
Nirmal

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8 199

A thank you letter to your friend for his help
Kalanki, Kathmandu
January 10, 2019
Dear Friend,
I would like to thank you for the time you took to complete my missed homework and
assignments during the annual examination. If you had not helped me, I would have been
missed a lot of information which could be a cause of my failure in exam.
It was very kind of you and I felt very happy more than I had before. I am planning to do
arrangements and continue my study now. Once again, I would like to thank you for your
selfless help in difficult time. I will never forget it throughout my life.
Yours best friend
suman Adhikari

A complain letter about the bad quality of meal
Sitapaila, Kathmandu
January 11, 2019

The Manager
Thakali Kitchen Restaurant
Balaju, Kathmandu

Dear Sir,
I am writing this letter to complain about a meal we had in your restaurant yesterday.
As we had already booked a table for five, there were no free tables there when we reached.
We had to wait for 45 minutes to sit down.
Additionally, only five dishes were available from a menu of 15 different dishes. The quality
of food was very poor and the fish, in particular tasted awful and the waitress was quite
rude when we complained him about this.
It is to note that we have eaten in your restaurant for several times in the past but this is the
first time we have ever received such a bad treatment. Hence, I would like to ask you for a
refund and improve the quality of your dishes and service.

Yours faithfully,
Than Prasad Nepal

200 Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-8