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Automation: 7. technology 397
Program structure of CNC m achines according to PAL
PAL cycles for milling machin es Machining example
G72 Rec tangular poc k et milling c y c le
Struc ture of NC bloc k
G72 ZI/ZA LP BP D V [W ] [RN] [AK] [AL] [EP]
[DB] [RH] [DH] [O] [Q] [H] [E] [F] [S] [M ]
Obligatory addresses:
ZI/ZA depth of the circular pocket in the infeed axis
Zl incremental from the top edge of the pocket
ZA absolute, relative to the coordinate system of
the workpiece
LP length of the rectangular pocket in X direction
BP width of the rectangular pocket in Y direction
D max imum depth of cut
V safety distance to the material surface
Optional addresses [..]:
AK pocket edge finish allowanc e
AL pocket bottom finish allowance
RN corner radius
WEPO, EPre1t,rEacPt2l,eEvPe3l, dineffiansittiomnootifotnhe setp oint at cycle call N15 G72 ZA-9 LP47 BP24 D4 V3 AK0.4 AL0.5 W8
H type of machining N20 G79 X40 Y36 ;cycle call for G72
H1 rough machining H4 finishing Machining example
H2 face rough ing of the rectangular surface
H14 rough-machining and finishing with the same tool N15 G73 ZA-15 R20 D4 V2 AK0.4 AL0.5 W5
E feed rate for plun ging N20 G79 X46 Y27 ;cycle call for G73
G73 Circ ular poc k et and s pigot milling c y c le
Struc ture of NC bloc k +Y
G73 ZI/ZA R D V [W] [RZ] [AK] [AL] [DB]
[RH] [DH] [O] [Q] [H] [E] [F] [S] [M]
Obligatory addresses:
ZI/ZA depth of circular pocket in the feed axis
ZZAl ainbcsroelmuteen, trael lfartoivme ttohethteopcoeodrgdeinoaftethesypstoecmket
of the workpiece
D m a x i m u m d e p th o f cu t
V safety distance to the material surface
Optional addresses [..]:
RZ radius of the optional spigot
AK pocket edge finish allowance
AL pocket bottom finish allowance
DB cutter path overlap in %
W retract level, in fast mo tion
H -E as with G72
G74 Slot milling cycle (longitudinal slot)
Structure of NC block Machining
G74 ZI/ZA R D V [W] [RZ] [AK] [AL] [DB] example
[RH] [DH] [ 01 [Q] [H] [E] [F] [S] [M] +Z
Obligatory addresses:
ZI/ZA depth of the slot in the infeed axis
Zl incremental from the top edge of the slot
ZA absolute, relative to the coordinate system of
the workpiece
LP slot length BP slot width J
50
D maxim um depth of cut V safety distance
Optional addresses [..]:
W retract level
AK pocket edge finish allowance 26
AL pocket botto m finish allowance
EPO, EP1, EP2, EP3 definitio n of the setpo int at cycle call
0 infeed mo tion
01 vertical tool immersion N15 G74 ZA 15 LP50 BP22 D3 V2 definition of longitudinal slot via G74
02 ramping tool immersion N20 G79 X... Y... ;cycle call at a particular point via G79
H -E as with G72
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398 Automation: 7. techn ology
Program structure of CNC m achines according to PAL
PA L c y c le s fo r m i l l i n g m a c h i n e s
G75 Slot m illing cycle (arc)
Structure of NC block
G75 ZI/ZA BP RP A N/A O A O/AP D V (W] (AK] (AL]
[EP] [O] [Q] [H] [E] [F] [S] [M ]
Obligatory addresses:
ZI/ZA slot depth
Zl incremental from the top edge of the slot
ZA absolute depth
BP slot width
RP slot radius
AN polar start angle relative to the positive X axis and the
center point of the slot's first end radius
AO polar aperture angle between the center points of the slot's
end radii
AP polar final angle relative to the p ositive X axis and the
center point of the slot's second end radius
(only 2 of the 3 polar angles need to be defined) Machining example
D maximum depth of cut
V safety distance
Optional addresses [..]:
EP definition of the calling point for the slot cycle
EPO center of the circular slot
EP1 center of the right or top sem icircle at the rear end
EP3 center of the left or bottom semicircle at the rear end
W retract level, in fast mo tion
AK slot edge finish allowance
AL slot bottom finish allowance
Q direction of motion
01 climb milling
02 conventional milling
H type of machining
H1 rough machining
H4 finishing N15 G75 ZA-15 BP12 RP80 AN70 A0120 AK0.3 AL0.5 EP3 D5 V3 W6
H14 rough mach ining and finishing N20 G79 X64 Y30 ;cycle call for G75 at EP3
feed rate for plunging
G76 Cycle call on a straigh t line (hole line)
Structure of NC block
G 7 6 [X/XI/XA ] [ Y/YI/YA] [Z /Z I/Z A] AS D O [AR ] [W ] [H]
Obligatory addresses:
AS angle of the straight line relative to the first geome try axis
+ counter clockwise
- clockwise
D spacing of the cycle calls on the line
O num ber of cycle calls on the line
XO,pXtioI,nXaAl adXdcreososredsina[.t.e]: of the first po int
X absolute or incremen tal X coordinate (G90, G91)
XI difference in coordinates between the current tool Machining example
position and the first point on the line longitudinal slot with G74
XA absolute coordinate input of the starting point
Y, Yl, YA Y coordinate of the first point
Y absolute or incremen tal Y coordinate (G90, G91)
Yl difference in coordinates between the current tool
position and the first point on the line
YA absolute coordinate input of the starting point
Z, Zl, ZA Z coordinate of the first point 181
Z absolute or incremental Z coordinate (G90, G91)
Zl difference in coordinates between the current tool +x 126
-o
ZA apbosoitliuotne acnodortdhienafitrest inppouintt oofnthtehestlainreting point
AR angle of rotation relative to the positive X axis N15 G74 ZA-5 LP34 BP20.... /definition of long itudinal slot with
W retract level, absolute G74 N20 G76 X126 Y18 ZO AS120 D42 03 A R-30 ;cycle call
H reversing position
H1 tool travels to safety distance betwee n tw o po sitions and to
the retract level after the last position
H2 tool travels to the retract level between two positions
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Automation: 7. techno logy 399
Program structure w ith CNC m achines according to PAL
PA L f u n c t i o n s f o r m i l l i n g m a c h i n e s
G77 Cycle call on a pitch circle (hole circle)
Struc ture of NC bloc k
G77 [l/lA] [ J /J A ] [Z/ZI/ZA ] R AN/A I AI/AP O [AR] [W] [H] [FP]
ORbligraatdoiruys aodfdpreitscshecsi:rcle
AN polar angle of first object
Al constant segm ent angle
AP polar angle of last object
O num ber of objects on the pitch circle
Optional addresses [..]: Machining example
I difference in X coordinates between the c ircle center and the starting point
IA absolute X coordinate of the circle center
J difference in Y coordinates between the circle center and the starting point
JA absolute Y coordinate of the circle center
Z absolute or incremental input via G90/G91
Zl difference in Z coordinates between the current tool pos ition and the
pitch circle center
ZA absolute coordinate of the target point
AR angle of rotation in direction of the positive first geometry axis
Q orientation of the object to be processed
01 forced rotation of the object 02 fixed orientation of the object
W retract level, absolute
H retracting motion
H1 the tool travels to the safety distance V after completion
of the machining process
H2 the tool travels to the retract level W
after com pletion of the mac hining process N15 G74 ZA-5 LP34 BP20 .... longi tud ina l s lot wit h G74
H3 like H1, but the tool travels to the next position N20 G77 R40 AN-65 AI60 AR40 05 IA80 JA60 ;cycle call
on the pitch arc
G78 Cycle call at a particular point (with polar coord inates)
Struc ture of NC bloc k Machining example
G78 [l/lA] [J /J A ] RP AP [Z/ZI/ZA] [AR] [W] ^AR T
Obligatory addresses: d t— }
I, IA X coordinate of the center of rotation . A Yl \
J, JA Y coordinate of the center of rotation 1 rx ^s
RP radius of the rotation circle
AP angle of rotation relative to the X axis d M x IA
Optional addresses [..]: N15 G72 ZA.. LP. BR.. ;rectangular pocket w ith G72
Z, Zl, ZA Z coordinate of the top edge N20 G78 IA45 JA2 RP50 AP60 AR135 ;cycle call G78
AR angle of rotation of the object
relative to the X axis
W retract level
G79 Cycle call at a particular point (with Cartesian coordinates)
Struc ture of NC bloc k Machining
G 79 [X/XI/XA ] [Y/YI/YA] [ Z/ZI/ZA] [AR] [W ] example
Optional addresses [..]: N15 G72 ZA.. LP.. BP.. ;rectangular pocket with G72
X, XI, XA X coordinate of the first point N20 G79 XA55 YA40 AR-45 ;cycle call G79
Y, Yl, YA Y coordinate of the first point
Z, Zl, ZA Z coordinate of the first point
AR angle of rotation of the object relative to the X axis
W retract level, absolute in workpiece coordinates
G61 Linear interpolation for contour routing
Struc ture of NC bloc k
G61 [XI/XA] [YI/YA] [Z/ZI/ZA] [D] [AT] [AS] [RN] [H] [O]
Optional addresses [..]:
XI, XA X coordinate of the target point
YZ,l,ZYl,AZA Yinfceoeodrdinintahtee Zofatxhies target point
D travelling distance AT transition angle
AS ascent angle relative to the X axis N15G1 X... Y...
N20 G61 AT 135 RN20
RN+ rounding radius R- chamfer width N25 G61 XA93 YA56 AS30
H1 sma ll ascent angle H2 larger ascent angle
01 short distance 02 longer distance
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400 Automation: 7. techno logy
Program structure of CNC m achines according to PAL
PA L c y cl es f o r m i l l i n g m a c h i n e s
G62/G63 Circ ular interpolation for c ontour routing
Struc ture of NC bloc k Machining example
G62 or G63 [XI/XA ] [YI/YA] [Z/ZI/ZA ] [l /IA] [J /J A ] [R] [AT] [AS] [AO]
[O] [AE/AP] [RN] [H] [O] [F] [S] [M]
Optional addresses [..]: AS P1, - A\P \|
y
XI, XA, Yl, YA coordinates of the target point AT
ir
Z, Zl, ZA infeed in the Z axis
R radius of the arc
R+ shorter arc R - longer arc +
AS angle between tangents AT transition angle (starting point)
AO ape rture ang le AE angle between tangents (end point)
AP polar angle of the arc's end point N15G1 X... Y... ;P1
RN+ rounding radius RN- chamfer width N20 G63 R+40 AS-45 RN15 ;P2
H1 smaller AT angle H2 larger AT angle N25 G61 Y75 AS130 ;P3
01 shorter arc 02 longer arc
G34-G39 Circ ular interpolation for c ontour routing
G34 I Start-up of the c ontour poc k et c y c le (CPC) Machining example P4/P5
Structure of NC block GM ZI/ZA [AK] [AL] pocket
Obligatory addresses: island
Zl depth of bore from tool position
ZA absolute depth of bore adjustab le absolute zero po int
Optional addresses [..]: N5 G54 ;s tart-up of c on tour poc k et c y c le
AK pocket edge finish allowance N10 T1 M.. G97 S.. G94 F.. ;rough-machining technology of the CPC
AL pocket bottom finish allowance ,-finishing techn ology of the CPC
N15 G34 ZA-10 AK0.5 AL0.5
G35 Rough-machining technology N20 G35 T01 D6 M3
of the c ontou r poc k et c y c le N25 G37 T02 D6 M3 S.. F..
Struc ture of NC bloc k
G35 T D [V] [TC] [TR] [TL] [DM ] [DB]
[RH] [DH] [O] [Q] [E] [F] [S] [M] NN3350 GGO38XH-410 YO ;;Pc o1ntour des c ription of the poc k et
G36 Residual material rough -machining N40 G61 AS90 RN+9 ;P2
technology of the contour pocket cycle
N45 G63 JA20 R13 RN+9 01 ;P3
Structure of NC block
G36 T D [V] [TC] [TR] [TL] [DM ] [DB] N50 G61 AS5 RN+9 ;P4
[RH] [DH] [O] [Q] [E] [F] [S] [M ] N55 G63 IA40 R13 RN+9 01 ;P5
G37 Finis hing tec hnolog y of the N60 G1 X50 Y-25 ;P6
contour pocket cycle
N65 ...
Structure of NC block
G37 T D [V] [TC] [TR] [TL] [DB] [RH] N70 G80 com pletion of G38
[DH] [O] [Q] [H] [E] [F] [S] [M ] N75 G38 H2 ;c ontour des c ription of the is land
N870 ...
N85 G80 /completion of G38
N90 G39 ... ;c all the c ontour poc k et c y c le
TObligtaotoolrynuamdbderer ssDesafbosr oGlu3te5, dGe3p6t,h Go3f7b: ore G39 Cpaarllaclloelnttooutrhepoccoknettocuyr coler wloiothp-teyiptheemr mataetreiraial lrreemmoovvaall
Optional addresses for G35, G36, G37: Struc ture of NC bloc k
G 39 Z/ZI/ZA V [W ] [X/XI/XA ] [Y/YI/YA] [AN ] [H ]
V safety distance
Obligatory addresses:
T... addresses for tool change (p. 388) Z, Zl, ZA material surface in Z
V safety distance to the material surface
DM infeed minimum for island height optimization
Optional addresses [..]:
DB cutter path overlap at the bottom W height of retract level, absolute
X, XI, XA starting point of mac hining in X
RH radius of the center path of the helical infeed Y, Yl, YA starting point of m achining in Y
AN angle for loop-type material removal,
DH infeed per helical turn
if AN is not defined, removal is parallel to the contour
01 plunging 02 helical plunging
Q1 climb milling 02 conventional milling
H4 finishing of edge/bottom H4 finishing of bottom/edge
H6 finishing of edge only H7 finishing of bottom only
E feed rate for plung ing
G38 Contour des c ription of the c ontour p oc k et c y cle HH18 irsooulgahti-nmg aicnhfiinniinsghingH2miosodleating (facing) H4 finishing
Struc ture of NC bloc k H14 rough-machining and finishing
G38 H [ZI/ZA] [(IA J A R) / (LP BP IA JA [RN] [AR])] G80 Completion of a G38 pocket/island
Obligatory addresses: contour description
H1 pocket H2 island H2 pocket in an island Structure of NC block: G39
Opti on al addresses [..]: see on p age 397 404/431
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A u t o m a t i o n : 7 .8 I n f o r m a t io n t e c h n o l o g y 401
Numbering systems
Decimal system Binary num ber sys tem
Base 10 Nu mb ers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Base 2 Numb ers: 0, 1
Binar y number n2
Decimal number n 10 205 1010
i JT T
21 321
Place value 10 = 100 10 = 10 10°= 1 Place value 2 = 8 2 = 4 2 =2 2°= 1
Value 2•100 = 200 0 - 1 0 = 0 5-1=5 Valu e 1 -8 = 8 0 -4 = 0 1-2 = 2 0 - 1=0
Total 5 = 205 Total
value / i 1 0 = 200 H- 0 h value /?i o = 8 f 0 -h 2 H 0 = 10
(decimal)
(decimal) L
Hexadecimal numbering system
Base 16 Nu mb ers and letters: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A , B, C, D, E, F
De cim al v alue: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
Conversion into decimal number: Conversion into binary number: A2F
A2F Every digit represents a
-TTL
group of 4 Bits
Place va lue 162 = 256 161 = 16 16° = 1 Number value 10 2 15
Value 10-256 = 2560 2- 16 = 32 1 5 - 1 = 1 5 4 bit group (tetrad) 1010 0010 1111
Total I
value /7 10 = 2560 h 32 -h 15 = 2607 Binary number n2 10100010 1111
(decimal) I I
B i n ar y n u m b e r s n a n d h e x a d e c i m a l n u m b e r s n 1 6 f o r d e c i m a l n u m b e r s n 1 0 u p t o 2 5 5
CD bs 0 0 n 0 n n 0 n 1 1 1 1111
U u u u
b7 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 \ 1111
5-• be 0 un 1 1 nU un 1 1 0 0 1 00 11
i 'w ^ 0 1 nU 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 10 1
be b t»6 bs b4 b2 <>1 Bit pattern (binary numbers) } r
1st tetrad 2nd tetrad No. Decimal numbers and hexadecimal num b ers
0 0 0 0 "10 0 16 32 48 64 80 96 112 128 144 160 r 6 192 208 224 240
"16 001 1170 3230 4309 4605 8501 60 70 80 90 AO B0 CO DO E0 F0
0 0 0 1 "10 01 11 21 31 41 51 97 113 129 145 161 i ; 1 193 209 225 241
61 71 81 91 A1 B 1 C1 D1 E1 F1
"16 98 114 130 146 162 1 J8 194 210 226 242
62 72 82 92 A2 B2 C2 D2 E2 F2
n A 1 n "10 2 18 34 50 66 82
u u I u "16 02 12 22 32 42 52
0 0 1 1 "10 3 19 35 51 67 83 99 115 131 147 163 179 195 211 227 243
"16 03 13 23 33 43 53 63 73 83 93 A3 B3 C3 D3 E3 F3
n 10 0 "10 4 20 36 52 68 84 100 116 132 148 164 180 196 212 228 244
u "16 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 74 84 94 A4 B4 C4 D4 E4 F4
0 1 0 1 "10 5 21 37 53 69 85 101 117 133 149 165 181 197 213 229 245
"16 05 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95 A5 B5 C5 D5 E5 F5
0 1 1 n "10 6 22 38 54 70 86 102 118 134 150 166 182 198 214 230 246
u "16 06 16 26 36 46 56 66 76 86 96 A6 B6 C6 D6 E6 F6
0 1 1 1 "10 7 23 39 55 71 87 103 119 135 151 167 183 199 215 231 247
"16 07 17 27 37 47 57 67 77 87 97 A7 B7 C7 D7 E7 F7
10 0 0 "10 8 24 40 56 72 88 104 120 136 152 168 184 200 216 232 248
"16 08 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 98 A8 B8 C8 D8 E8 F8
10 0 1 "10 9 25 41 57 73 89 105 121 137 153 169 185 201 217 233 249
"16 09 19 29 39 49 59 69 79 89 99 A9 B9 C9 D9 E9 F9
10 10 "10 10 26 42 58 74 90 106 122 138 154 170 186 202 218 234 250
"16 OA 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 9A AA BA CA DA EA FA
1 n 1 1 "10 11 27 43 59 75 91 107 123 139 155 171 187 203 219 235 251
u "16 0B 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B AB BB CB DB EB FB
1 1 n 0 "10 12 28 44 60 76 92 108 124 140 156 172 188 204 220 236 252
u "16 OC 1C 2C 3C 4C 5C 6C 7C 8C 9C AC BC CC DC EC FC
1 1 n 1 "10 13 29 45 61 77 93 109 125 141 157 173 189 205 221 237 253
u "16 0D 1D 2D 3D 4D 5D 6D 7D 8D 9D AD BD CD DD ED FD
14 30 46 62 78 94 110 126 142 158 174 190 206 222 238 254
1110 "10 0E 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E AE BE CE DE EE FE
"16
1 1 1 1 "10 15 31 47 63 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
"16 OF 1F 2F 3F 4F 5F 6F 7F 8F 9F AF BF CF DF EF FF
E x a m p l e o f r e a d i n g f r o m t a b l e : B i n a r y n u m b e r n 2 = 10110010 c o r r e s p o n d s t o d e c i m a l n u m b e r n 1 0 = 17 8 o r h e xa d e c i m a l n u m b e r n-16 = B2.
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402 A u t o m a t i o n : 7 .8 I n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y
7-Bit ASCII Code ASCII co de1)
Dec Hex Char. Dec Hex Char. Dec Hex Char. Dec Hex Char. Dec Hex Char. Dec Hex Char. Dec Hex Char. Dec Hex Char.
0 0 NUL 16 10 DLE 32 20 SP 48 30 0 64 40 @ 80 50 P 96 60 \ 112 70 P
49 31 1 65 41 A 81 51 Q 97 61 a 113 71 q
1 1 SOH 17 11 DC1 33 21
2 2 STX 18 12 DC2 34 22 a 50 32 2 66 42 B 82 52 R 98 62 b 114 72 r
3 3 ETX 19 13 DC3 35 23 # 51 33 3 67 43 C 83 53 S 99 63 c 115 73 s
4 4 EOT 20 14 DC4 36 24 52 34 4 68 44 D 84 54 T 100 64 d 116 74 t
5 5 ENQ 21 15 NAK 37 25 % 53 35 5 69 45 E 85 55 U 101 65 e 117 75 u
6 6 ACK 22 16 SYN 38 26 54 36 6 70 46 F 86 56 V 102 66 f 118 76 V
7 7 BEL 23 17 ETB 39 27 55 37 7 71 47 G 87 57 w 103 67 g 119 77 w
8 8 BS 24 18 CAN 40 28 ( 56 38 8 72 48 H 88 58 X 104 68 h 120 78 X
9 9 HT 25 19 EM 41 29 ) 57 39 9 73 49 I 89 59 Y 105 69 i 121 79 y
10 A LF 26 1A SUB 42 2A 58 3A 74 4A J 90 5A z 106 6A j 122 7A z
11 B VT 27 1B ESC 43 2B + 59 3B i 75 4B K 91 5B [ 107 6B k 123 7B {
12 C FF 28 1C FS 44 2C i 60 3C < 76 4C L 92 5C \ 108 6C I 124 7C I
13 D CR 29 1D OS 45 2D — 61 3D — 77 4D M 93 5D ] 109 6D m 125 7D }
62 3E > 78 4E N 94 5E A 110 6E n 126 7E
14 E SO 30 1E RS 46 2E
15 F SI 31 1F US 47 2F / 63 3F ? 79 4F O 95 5F 111 6F 0 127 7F DEL
Meanings of control characters
Dec Char. Name Dec Char. Name
0 NUL NULL 17 DC1 DEVICE CONTROL 1
1 SOH START OF HEADING 18 DC2 DEVICE CONTROL 2
2 STX START OF TEXT 19 DC3 DEVICE CONTROL 3
3 ETX END OF TEXT 20 DC4 DEVICE CONTROL 4
4 EOT END OF TRANSMISSION 21 NAK NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGE
5 ENQ ENQUIRY 22 SYN SYNCHRONOUS IDLE
6 ACK ACKNOWLEDGE 23 ETB END OF TRANSMISSION BLOCK
7 BEL BELL
2254 CEAMN CENANDCOEFL MED IUM
98 BHTS BHAOCRKIZSOPNACTAEL TABULATION 26 SUB SUBSTITUTE CHARACTER
27 ESC ESCAPE
10 LF LINE FEED 28 FS FILE SEPERATOR
11 VT VERTICAL TABU LATION 29 GS GROUP SEPERATOR
12 FF FORM FEED 30 RS RECORD SEPERATOR
13 CR CARRIAGE RETURN
14 SO SHIFT-OUT 31 US UN IT SEPERATOR
15 SI SHIFT-IN 32 SP SPACE
16 DLE DATA LINK ESCAPE 127 DEL DELETE
Meanings of special characters (International reference version)
Dec Char. Name Dec Char. Name Dec Char. Name
32 space 43 + plus 64 at
33 exclamation point 44 comm a 91 [ bracket open
34 quotes 45 - minus, dash 92 back slash
46 period, decimal point
35 # number symbol 93 ) bracket closed
36 dollar symbol 47 / forward slash 94 A circumflex
37 % percent
38 business 'And' 58 : colon 95 underline
39 ' apostrophe 59 / semicolon
60 < less than 96 accent grave
40 ( parenthesis open 61 = equal to
41 ) parenthesis closed 62 > greater than 123 { curly bracket open
63 ? question mark
42 asterisk 124 I vertical line
125 } curly bracket closed
126 tilde
Control symbols (0-32 and 127 decimal) cannot be seen on monitor or printer; they are for transmitting system com-
mands.
Numbers 128-255 (decimal) in expanded ASCII code are either coded like symbols 0-127 or they are used for
special symbols (cursive symbols, graphic symbols, user defined code). For example, number 128 is the EURO
symbol €.
1 ) ASCII = AMER ICAN STAND ARD CODE FOR INFORM ATION INTERCHANGE
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Graphical symbols for data processing
S y m b o l s fo r p r o g r a m f l o w c h a rt s cf. DIN 66001 (1983-12)
Symbols for Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams cf. DIN 66261 (1985-11)
Repeating bloc k
Sequence block Repeating block with end condition
Instruction 1 with starting condition
Instruction 1
Starting condition:
Repeat, if...
Instruction 2 Instruction 1 Instruction 2
Instruction 3 Instruction 2 Instruction 3
Instruction 4 Instruction 3 End condition:
If ..., then repeat
Alternative Alternative Alternative
Simple alternative Conditional alternative Multiple alternatives
Condition Condition Condition
not not Condition
^ ^ sa ti sfi e d satisfied
sa ti sfi ed satisfied 1 2C o n d i t i o n Condition
nstruction 3
Instruction No Instruction Instruction Instruction
instruction
(empty) Instruction
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404 A u t o m a t i o n : 7 .8 I n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y
Graphical symbols for data processing
Program flow chart and Nassi-Shneiderman diagram
Example: Circle calculations Nassi-Shneiderman diagram
Pr o g ra m fl o w c h a rt
Program: circle calculation
Begin ^
Clear screen
Clear screen Value assignm ent PI = 3.1415927
Initial value assignment W $ = " n"
Value ass ignment PI Repeat, until W$ = "]'
Input D1, D2, S
Initial value W$ D1 diameter of the Output error
smallest circle Value assignment D = D1
Loop Repeat, until D > D2
until W$ = "j" D2 diameter of the
largest circle Calculation
C = D * PI
S increment A = D A 2 * PI/4
Ou tput D, C, A
Increment value of D by S
Input W$
Program end
BASIC program
Loop C circumference REM ** * Circle Calculation Program ** *
until D > D2 A area REM * * * for circumference and area of circle ** *
CLS
Processing C, A PRINT
CONST PI = 3.1415927 #
Output D, C, A W$= "n"
REM ** * Input value ** *
Increment value of D DO UNTIL W$ = " j"
End of loop PRINT "Diame ter initial value :";
INPUT D1
Input W$ PRINT "Diameter end value:";
INPUT D2
PRINT "Increment:";
INPUTS
IF D1 < 0 OR D1 > D2 OR S < = 0
THEN
PRINT "Invalid input"
END IF
REM *** Processing and Output ***
PRINT "D", "C", "A"
D = D1
DO UNTIL D> D2
C = D * PI
A = D A 2 * PI/4
PRINT D, C, A
End of loop LOODP= D + S
REM *** End ***
C^D PRINT "End program? (y/n)";
INPUT W$
LOOP
END
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A u t o m a t i o n : 7 .8 I n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y 405
MS WORD w ord processing commands
Command Explanation Command Explanation
File Menu
New Insert Menu
Open
Close Creates a new document. Break Configures page break or column
Save Opens an existing document. break.
Save as Closes the current docum ent. Page Num bers
AutoTex t Defines location and layout.
Page setup Saves the current docum ent. Symbol
Saves the current document Inserts predefined text.
Print Preview under a user-selected name. Index and
P r i nt Tables Inserts special characters from available
Exit Sets margins, page orientation, paper Picture character sets.
size and paper source. Text Box
Edit Menu Displays a print image of the document. File Selects text for an index, creates table
Undo Object of contents.
Repeat Configures printer and printout. Inserts graphics.
Cut Ends MS -Wo rd.
Inserts a text box.
Copy
Inserts a file.
Paste
Select All Inserts a formula, table, etc.
Find
Replace Undoes the last action. Hyperlink Inserts a link to an URL.
Repeats the last action.
Goto Deletes selected text and saves it to the URL = Uniform Resource Locator
clipboard. (Internet address)
View Menu Copies selected text or graphics
to the clipboard. Window Menu
Normal Inserts the clipboard contents.
Print layout Selects the entire docum ent. New Window Opens a new win dow with contents of
Outline Searches for text or form atting. current window.
Toolbars Searches and replaces text or for- Arrange All
Ruler matting. Split Arranges all open documents.
Header and Jum ps to point in text or specific page. 1 Document 1
Footer Splits a document into tw o windo ws.
Zo om Normal view for creating documents.
Displays print layout of a document. List of opened documents.
Format Menu Shows outline of a document.
Shows/hides toolbars. Tools Menu
Font Shows/hides ruler.
Paragraph Inserts text at top or bo ttom of page. Spelling and Checks docum ent for spelling and
Bullets and grammar grammatical errors.
Numbering Magnifies or reduces the screen Language Sets the language for corrections.
Borders and display. Letters and
Shading Mailings Links document to data of a control file
Tabs Defines font type and character sets. Macro (database).
Text direction Configures paragraph settings.
Configures numbering and bullets. Customize Combines individual commands into
one action.
Configures border type and shading.
Configures screen layout.
Sets tab stop locations.
Changes orientation of text from Options Defines settings for MS-Word.
horizontal to vertical. Table Menu
Insert Table Creates a table.
Insert
Inserts individual cells (rows,
Delete columns).
Select
Merge Cells Deletes individual cells (rows,
columns).
Selects individual cells (rows,
columns).
Combines cells into one cell.
Split cells Splits individual cells into multiple
cells.
Convert Converts table to text and vice versa.
Table Properties Defines cell height, colum n wid th and
table layout.
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406 A u t o m a t i o n : 7 .8 I n f o r m a t i o n t e c h n o l o g y
| Comm and EXCEL Spreadsheet Commands
1 File Men u
New E x p l a na t io n Comm and Explanation
Insert Menu
Open
Close Creates a new workbook, chart or Cells Inserts individual cells.
Save macro template. W hen open ing a chart
Save as Inserts entire rows.
Page setup the commands on the menu bar Rows Inserts entire columns.
Print Area Inserts a new w orksheet in the w ork-
Print Preview change. Columns book.
Print Inserts charts in the workbook.
Exit Opens an existing workbook. Worksheet Sets page and/or column breaks.
Inserts m athema tical functions for cal-
Closes the current workboo k. culation.
Inserts graphics.
Saves the current workbo ok. Chart Inserts a form ula, a table, a chart, etc.
Page Break
Saves the current w orkbook under a Function Inserts a link to an URL.
newly chosen name and file format. URL = Uniform Resource Locator
Picture
Sets margins, page orientation, paper Object (Internet address)
size and headers/footers.
Sets the selected print area.
Displays a print preview of the work-
book. Hyperlink
Configures printer and printout.
Ends Excel.
E d it M e n u Window Menu
Undo Undoes the last action. New Window Opens a new window with contents of
Repeat Arrange cu r re n t w i n d o w.
Cut Repeats the last action. Split
Deletes selected area of worksheet Configures window layout for opened
Copy and saves it to the clipboard. workbooks.
Copies selected text or graphics Sp l its a wo r kb o o k i n to two wi n d o w s.
Paste tIonstehretscdliipabgoraamrds. or data series from Freeze Panes vFireewez. es a workshee t in the screen
the clipboard or other applications. List of opened w orkbooks.
Fill 1 Workbook 1
Copies contents of selected cells Tools Menu
Delete Sheet downwards, upwards, to the right or
Move or Copy left. Spelling Checks table for spelling errors.
Sheet
Find Deletes worksheet of a w orkbook. Share workbook Lets mu ltiple users work on the
Replace workbook simultaneously.
Moves or copies single worksheets
within a workbook. Protection Protects workbook or individual work-
sheets from unauthorized access.
Searches for text or formatting.
Searches and replaces text or format-
ting.
1 Data Menu AF ou rdmi tui nl ag Sanedarcchroesss-froerfeerreronrcsesw. ithin functions
Macro
Combines individual commands into
Sort Sorts table area in alphabetical order. Customize one action.
Options
Import External Enables importing from external data- Defines screen layout.
Data bases, tables or text.
Configures settings for EXCEL.
View Menu Format Menu
Page Break Displays expansion of a table on one Cells Sets number format, orientation, font
Preview or more pages. and frames.
Toolbars Switches the toolbars on and off. Rows Sets cell height.
Ruler Turns ruler on and off. Columns Sets column width.
Header and Inserts text at the top and/or Sheet Sets name of sheet.
Footer bottom of all pages.
Conditional Applies the format of a cell if a specific
Zoom Magnifies or reduces the screen Formatting condition is true.
display.
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Standards: 8.1 International standards 407
International Material Comparison Chart
Chart 1
Germany USA U. K. France Japan Sweden
Standard
DIN, DIN EN Mat. No. BS JIS SS
AISI/SAE
AFNOR
Structural a n d machine construction st eels
S185 1.0035 A 283 (A) 1449 15 HR; HS A 33 1300
S235JR 1.0037 1015, A 283 1311
S235JRG1 1.0036 A 283 (C) Fe 360 B E 24-2 STKM 12 A; C 1311,1312
S235JRG2 1.0038 A550. 36 1312
Fe 360 B 4360-40 B - -
S235J0 1.0114 -
S235J2G3 1.0116 Fe 360 B; E 24-2 NE STKM 12A; C
S235J2G4 1.0117 A 515 (55)
S275JR 1.0044 1513 6323-ERW 3; CEW 3
S275J0 1.0143 1020
A 572 (42) 4360-40 C E 24-3, E 24-4 -
Fe 360 D 1 FF E 24-3, E 24-4 - 1312,1313
A 2 E 36-4 -
Fe 430 B FU E 28-2 SN 400 B; C; SN 490 B; C 1412
- 1414-01
4360-43 C E 28-3, E 28-4
S275J2G3 1.0144 A 500 (A; B; D) Fe 4 30 D1 FF E 28-3, E 2 8 -4 S M 4 0 0 A ; B; C 1411, 1412, 1414
S355JR 1.0045 - 4360-50 B E 36-2 STK 400 2172
S355J0 1.0553 320-560 M 1606
S355J2G3 1.0570 A 6 7 8 (C) A3 E 36-3, E 36-4 - 2132 to 2134, 2174
S355J2G4 1.0577 A 52 FP 2174
S355K2G3 1.0595 1024; 1524 1449 50/35 HR; HS STK 500
S355K2G4 1.0596 - -
E295 1.0050 A 738 (A; C) Fe 510 D2 FF - -
E335 1.0060 -
E360 1.0070 A 678 (C) 224-430 1550,2172
A 50-2 - 1650
A 678 (C) 224-430 A 60-2
SM 570 SS 490 -
A 570 (50) Fe 490-2 FN SM 570
1650 -
A 572 65) Fe 590-2 FN -
- Fe 590-2 FN 2334-01,2134-01
Unalloyed quality steels -
S275N 1.0490 A 516 60) -- -
-
S275M 1.8818 A 715 (7) - - - -
S355N 1.0545 A 714 (III) - -
4360-50 E E 355 R -
S355M 1.8823 A 715 (7) 2143
-
-
Alloy high grade steels -
-
S420N 1.8902 A 633 m - E 42 0 R -
S420M 1.8825 - 1265
S460N 1.8901 - - -
S460M 1.8827 - -
A 633 m E 46 0 R
A 734 B) 1370
-
-
I Quenched a n d tempered structural steels wi th higher yield strength
2173
S460QL 1.8906 - 4360-55 F S 460 Q, T SM 520 B, C 2127
S500QL 1.8909 S 500 T 2523
S620QL 1.8927 - - S 620 T - 2523
S960QL 1.8933 - S 960 T -
- - -
-
I Unalloy ed steels - Case hardened steels
2506
C10E 1.1121 1010 040 A 10, 045 M 10 C 10, CX 10 S 9 CK, S 10 C 2506
C10R 1.1207 1011 2523
C15E 1.1141 1015 - E 355 C S 15, S 15 CK
C15R 1.1140 1016
040 A 15, 080 M 15 XC 12 -
080 A 20 -
I Alloy steels - Case hardened steels
16MnCr5 1.7131 5115 527 M 17 16 MC 5, 16 Mn Cr 5 -
16MnCrS5 1.7139 5115 620-440 16MC5
18CrMo4 1.7243 5120/5120 H 527 M 20 20 MC 5 -
18CrMoS4 1.7244 5120/5120 H 527 M 20 20 MC 5
20MoCr4 1.7321 K12220 Scr 420 M
20MoCrS4 1.7323 K12220 - - Scr 420 M
15NiCr13 1.5752 3310
20NiCrMo2-2 1.6523 8620 H 655 H 13 - -
20NiCrMoS2-2 1.6526 8620/8620 H 805 H 2 0
17NiCrMo6-4 1.6566 12 NC 15 -
- - 20 NCD 2
20 NCD 2 SN C 815 H)
815 M 17 18 NCD 6 SNCM 220 H
SNCM 2 2 0 M
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408 Standards: 8.1 International standards
Chart II International Material Comparison Chart
Germany USA U.K. France Japan Sweden
Standard
DIN, DIN EN Mat. No. AISI/SAE BS AFNOR JIS SS
17NiCrMoS6-4 1.6569 4718/47 18 H - - - -
20MnCr5 1.7147 5120 -
20MnCrS5 1.7149 5120/5120 H 527 M 20 20MC5 S M n C 420 H
14NiCrMo13-4 1.6657 9310 527 M 20 20 MC 5 Scr 420 M 2523
18CrNiMo7-8 1.6687 - 832 M 13 16NCD13
18NCD6 - -
- -
1450
Unalloyed steels - Quenched an d tempered steels S 20 C, S 22 C 1450
S 20 C
C22 1.0402 1020 055 M 15 AF 42 C 20 -
C22E 1.1151 1023 055 M 15 2 C 22, XC 18, XC 25 -
C25 1.0406 1025 070 M 26 1 C 25 1450
C25E 1.1158 1025 (070 M 26) 2 C 25, XC 25 S 25 C, S 28 C 1572, 1550
C35 1.0501 1035 060 A 35 C 35, 1 C 35 S 35 C, S 35 CM 1550, 1572
C35E 1.1181 1035 080 A 35 C 35 S 35 C 1672, 1650
C45 1.0503 1045 080 A 46 C 45 S 45 C, S 45 CM 1672
C45E 1.1191 1042, 1045 080 M 46 XC 42 H 1 S 45 C
C60 1.0601 1060 060 A 62 C 60 S 58 C -
C60E 1.1221 1064 060 A 62, 070 M 60 2 C 60 S 58 C, S 6 0 CM,
S 65 CM 1665, 1678
C30 1.0528 G 10300 080 A 30 XC 32 S 30 C
-
C35 1.0501 1035 060 A 35 - - -
C40 1.0511 1040 080 M 40 A F 6 0 C 40 S 50 C F. 1 1 4 A
S 55 C, S 5 5 CM
C50 1.0540 G 10500 080 M 50 XC 50 -
C55 1.0535 1055 070 M 55, 5770-50 C 54; 1 C 55 1655
Alloy steels - Quenched a n d tempered steels -
38Cr2 1.7003 - 120 M 36 38 C 2, 38 Cr 2 - 2245
38CrS2 1.7023 530 A 40 42 C 4
46Cr2 1.7006 5140 Scr 440 M -
46CrS2 1.7025 5045 - 42 C 2, 46 Cr 2 -
34Cr4 1.7033 A 768 95) - -
34CrS4 1.7037 5132 - - -
37Cr4 1.7034 4340/4340 H SNB 5 -
37CrS4 1.7038 5135 530 A 32 32 C 4, 34 Cr 4 SCr 430 H) -
25CrMo4 1.7218 5135/5135 H SNCM 439
24CrMoS4 1.7213 4118 818 M 40 35 NCD 6 Scr 435 (H) (M) 2225
41Cr4 1.7035 4130/4130 H Scr 435 H 2223-01
41CrS4 1.7039 5140 530 A 36 37 Cr4, 38 C 4 SCM 420
34CrMo4 1.7220 L1 SC M 430 M -
42CrMo4 1.7225 4137 - 38 Cr 4 Scr 440 (H) (M)
50CrMo 4 1.7228 4140 2092
51CrV4 1.8159 4150 ,4147 708 M 25 25 CD 4 2234
36CrNiMo4 1.6511 6150 2244
9840 CDS 110 30 CD 4 SCM 432 2512
34CrN iMoS4 1.6582 SCM 440 (H) 2230
30NiCrMo8 1.6580 4337, 4240 530 A 40 41 Cr 4, 42 C 4 S C M 4454 (H)
36NiC rMo16 1.6773 SUP 10 —
5135/5135 H 524 A 14 -
Nitriding steels — 2541
708 A 37 35 CD 4
SNCM 447 -
708 M 40 42 CD 4 SNCM 431 -
Scr 435 M
708 A 47 50 Cr Mo 4 2240
735 A 50 50 CV 4 -
817 M 37 36 CrNiMo 4, 35 NCD 5, 2940
40 NCD 3
-
816 M 40, 817 M 40 34 CrNiMo 8
1672
823 M 30 30 CrNiMo 8 2245
2244
- 38 Cr 4 1572
31CrMo12 1.8515 - 722 M 24 30 CD 12 -
34CrAIMo5-10 1.8507 30 CAD 6.12 -
40CrAIMo7-10 1.8509 A 355 CI.D - 40 CAD 6.12
E 7140 SACM 1, SACM 645
905 M 39, En 41 B -
-
40CrMoV13-9 1.8523 - 897 M 39
Steels fo r flame a n d induction hardening
Cf45 1.1193 1045 060 A 47, 080 M 46 XC 42 H 1 T S S 45 C, S 45 CM
42Cr4 1.7045 5140 530 A 40 42 C 4 TS Scr440
41CrMo4 1.7223 4142 708 M 40, 3111-5/1 42 CD 4 TS SNB 22, SCM 440
Cf35 1.1183 1035 080 A 35 XC 38 H 1 TS S 35 C, S 35 CM
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Chart III Standards: 8.1 International standards Sweden
Germany International Material Comparison Chart
USA U. K. France Japan
Standard
DIN, DIN EN Mat. No. AISI/SAE BS AFNOR JIS SS
Cf53 1.1213 1050 070 M 55 XC 48 H 1 TS S 5 0 C, S 5 0 CM 1674
Cf70 1.1249
Free cuttin g steels
11SMn30 1.0715 1213 230 M 07 S 250 SUM 22 1912
11SMnPb30 1.0718 12 L 13 S 250 Pb SU M 23 L 1914
11SMn37 1.0736 1215 - S 300 SUM 25 1926
11SMnPb37 1.0737 12 L 14 - S 300 Pb
10S20 1.0721 1108 ,110 9 10 F 2 - 1957
10SPb20 1.0722 (210 M 15) 10 Pb F 2
35S20 1.0726 - 35MF6 SUM 43
46S20 1.0727 - 45MF4
1140
1146 212 M 36
En 8 DM
Cold work steels unalloyed
C80U 1.1525 W 108 B W 1 A C 80 E 2 U , Y-| 8 0 SK 3 1880
C105U 1.1545 W1 Y 105
Cold work steels alloy
45WCrV7 1.2542 S1 BS 1 45 WCrV 8 S1 2710
60WCrV8 1.2550 S1 BS 1 55 WC 20
100MnCrW4 1.2510 O1 BO 1 90 MnWCrV 5 -
90MnCrV8 1.2842 02 BO 2 90 Mn V 8, 90 MV 8 -
X210Cr12 1.2080 P 3 BD 3 Z 2 0 0 C 12 SKS 3
102Cr6 1.2067 L3 (BL 3) 100 Cr 6, Y 100 C 6 2710
45NiCrMo16 1.2767 BP 30 Y 35 NCD 16 SKD 12
X153CrMoV12 1.2379 D2 BD 2 Z 160 CDV 12 SUJ2 -
X100CrMoV51 1.2363 A2 BA 2 Z10 0 CDV 5
X40CrMoV51 1.2344 H 13 BH 13 Z 40 CDV 5 SKD 12 2260
X210CrW12 1.2436 D4 (D6) BD 6 Z 210 CW 12-01 SKD 12 2260
SKD 61 2242
SKD 2 2312
Ho t work steels 1.2714 H 11 BH 11 - SKS 51
1.2343 H 10 BH 10 SKD 6
55NiCrMoV7 1.2365 Z 38 CDV 5
X37CrMoV5-1 -
32CrMoV12-28 32 CDV 12-28
High speed steels
HS6-5-2C 1.3343 M2 BM 2 HS 6-5 SKH 51 2722
HS6-5-2-5 1.3243 M 35 BM 35 Z 85 WDKCV 06-05-04-02 SKH 55 2723
HS 10-4-3-10 1.3207 BT 42 SKH 57
HS2-9-2 1.3348 M7 HS 10-4-3-10 -
- HS 2-9-2, SKH 59
HS2-9-1-8 1.3247 M 42 Z 100 DCWV 09-04-02-02 2782
S2-9-2-8 1.3249 M 42 BM 42
BM 34 HS 2-9-1-8 2716
-
Stainless steels austenitic
X10CrNi18-8 1.4310 301 301 S 21/22 Z 12 CN 18-09 SUS 301 2331
X2CrNi18-9 1.4307 F 304 L 304 L S US F 304 L
X5CrNi18 9 1.4350 304 30 4 S 3 1 Z 5 C N 18.09 SUS 304 2332
X2CrNiN19-11 1.4306 304 L 304/305 S 11 Z 2 CN 18-10 SCS 19, SUS 304 L 2352
X2CrNi18-10 1.4311 304 LN 3 0 4 S 6 1 Z 3 CN 18-07 Az SUS 304 LN 2371
X5CrNi18-10 1.4301 304 304 S 17 Z 5 CN 17-08 SUS 304 2332, 2333
X8CrNiS18-9 1.4305 303 303 S 22/31 Z 8 CNF 18-09 SUS 303 2346
X6CrNiTi18-10 1.4541 321 321 S 31/51 Z 6 CNT 18-10 SUS 321 2337
X4CrNi18-12 1.4303 305/308 305S 17, 305S 19 Z 5 CN 18-11 FF SUS 305 J1, SUS 305 2347
2350
X5CrNiMo17-12-2 1.4401 316 316 S 13/17/19 Z 3 C N D 17-11-01 SUS 316 2353
X6CrN iMoTl 17-12-2 1.4571 3 1 6 7 1 320 S 18/31 Z 6 CNDT 17-12 S US 3 1 6 71
X2CrNiMo18-14-3 1.4435 316 L 316 S 11/13/14 Z3CND 17-12-03/ SUS 316 L
Z3CND 18-14-03
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410 Standards: 8.1 International standards
Chart IV International Mater ial Comparison Chart
Germany USA U. K. France Japan Sweden
Standard
DIN, DIN EN Mat. No. AISI/SAE BS AFNOR JIS SS
X 2 C rNiM o N 1 7 -13 -3 1 .44 2 9 316 LN 32 6 S 6 3 Z 3 C N D 1 7-12 A z (SUS 316 LN) 2375
X2CrN iMoN 17-13-5 1 .44 3 9 Z2CND 17-12 SUSF316L 2348
X1 NiCrMo Cu 2 5 -2 0 -5 1.4539 316 L 316S 11 Z 2 NCDU 25-20 2562
-
USN N 08904 -
| Stainless steels, ferritic
X2CrNi12 1.4003 A 268 403 S 17 - - -
X6Cr1 3 1.4000 403 430 S 15
X6Cr17 1.4016 430 4 09 S 19 Z 8 C 12, Z 8 C 13 FF SUS 403 2301
X2CrTi12 1 . 4 5 12 409 43 4 S 17 Z 8 C 17 SUS 430 2320
X6CrMo17-1 1.4113 434 Z3 C T1 2 SUH 409
X2C rMoT i18-2 1.4521 443/444 - Z 8 CD 17.01 SUS 434 -
SUS 444
- -
2326
J Stainless steels, martensitic
X12CrS13 1 .40 0 5 416 4 1 6 S 21 Z11 CF13 S US 4 1 6 - 2380
410 2302
X12Cr1 3 1.4006 420 41 0 S 21 Z 10 C 13 SUS 410 2303
420 F SUS 420 J 1 2304
X20Cr13 1.4021 42 0 S 3 7 Z 2 0C 13 SUS 420 J 2 2304
- SUS 420 J2
X30Cr1 3 1.4028 420 S 45 Z 3 0C 13 -
5925 SCS 5, SCS 6
X46Cr13 1.4034 CA 6-NM (420 S 45) Z 44 C 14, Z 38 C 13 M 2384
X39CrMo17-1 1.4122 - - -
X3CrNiMo13-4 1.4313 42 5 C 1 1 Z 4 C N D 1 3. 4 M 2090
2253
Hot rolled steels for springs
-
38Si7 1.5023 - - 41 Si 7 -
46Si7 1.5024 - 51 S 7, 51 Si 7 2230
55Cr3 1.7176 9255 55 Cr 3, 5 5 C 3 -
61SiCr7 1.7108 5155 525 A 58 61 SC 7 1146
51CrV4 1 . 8 1 59 9261,9262 55 Cr V 4 SUP 9 (A) (M) 1147
6150 -
- 0110-00
735 A 50 0115-00
SUP 10 0120-00
0125-00
Cold rolled s trip and s heet from s oft s teels
DC03 1 . 0 3 47 A 619 1449 3 CR E CR 2
DC04 1.0338 SPCE; HR 4
A 620 (1008) 1449 2 CR; 3 CR ES
Cas t iron wi th flak e graphite gray iron)
EN-G JL-100 EN-JL-10 10 A 48 20 B 1452 Grade 100 Ft 10 D G 5501 FC 10
EN-G JL-150 EN-JL-10 20 A 48 25 B
EN-GJL-200 EN-JL-1030 A 48 30 B 1452 Grade 150 A 32-101 FGL 150; FT 15 D G 5501 FC 15
EN-G JL-250 EN-JL-1040 A 48 40 B 1452 Grade 220
A 32-101 FGL 200; FT 20 D G 5501 FC 2 0
1452 Grade 250/
260 A 32-101 FGL 250; FT 25 D G 5501 FC 25
EN-GJL-300 EN-JL-1050 A 48 45 B 1452 Grade 300 A 32-101 FGL 300; FT 30 D G 5501 FC 30 0130-00
EN-GJL-350 EN-JL-1060 A 48 50 B 1452 Grade 350 A 32-101 FGL 350; FT 35 D G 5501 FC 35 0135-00
Cas t iron w ith s ph eroidal nodular) graphite
EN-GJS-350-22 EN-JS-1010 - - - - 0717-15
EN-GJS-500-7 0727-02
EN-GJS-600-3 EN-JS-1 050 A 536 60-45-12 2789 Grade 500/7 A 32-201 FGS 500-7 G 5502 FCD 500 0732-03
EN-G JS-700-2 G 5502 FCD 600 0737-01
EN-JS-1060 A 536 80-55-06 2789 Grade 600/3 A 32-201 FGS 600-3 G 5502 FCD 700
EN-JS-10 70 A 536 100- 2789 Grade 700-2 A 32-201 FGS 700-2
70-03
Malleable cast iron
EN-GJMW-350-4 EN-JM 1010 - 86681 W 35-04 A 32-701 MB 35-7 G 5703 FCMW 330 -
EN-GJMW-400-5 EN-JM 1030 - 6681 W 40-05 A 32-701 MB 40-05 G 5703 FCMW 370 -
EN-GJM W-450-7 E N-JM 1 0 40 - 6681 45-07 A 32-701 MB 450-7 G 5703 FCMWP 440 -
EN-GJM B-350-10 310 B 340/12 A 32-702 MN 350-10 G 5703 FCM B 340
E N-JM 1 1 30 A 47 Grade 0815-00
EN-GJMB-450-6 22010+32510 6681 P 45-06 A 32-703 MP 50-5 -
EN-GJM B-550-4 6681 P 55-04 A 32-703 MP 60-3 0854-00
EN-GJM B-650-2 EN-JM 1140 - 6681 P 65-02 G 5703 FCMP 540 0856-00
EN-GJM B-700-2 6681 P 70-02 - 0862-03
E N-JM 1 1 60 - - 0862-03
A 32-703 MP 70-2
E N-JM 1 1 80 - G 5703 FCMP 690
E N-JM 1 1 90 A 2 2 0 Gra d e
70003
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Chart V Standards: 8.1 International s tandards Sweden
Germany International Material Comparison Chart
USA U. K. France Japan
Standard
DIN, DIN EN Mat. No. AISI/SAE BS AFNOR JIS SS
Cas t s teels for general applic ations -
-
GS-38 1.0420 - - - SC 360
GS-45 1.0446 SC 450 -
A 27 —
Cast steels for pressure v essels
GP240GH 1.0619 A 216 Grade 1504-161 Gr. B - -
G17CrMo5-5 1.7357 WCC -
-
A 217 Grade
WC 6
A l u m i n u m a nd w r o u g h t a l u m i n u m a ll o ys
old new old new
Al 99.5 1050 A 1050 A 1B 1050 A A-5 1050 A A 1050 4007
Al Mn1 3103 3103 N3 3103 - 4054
Al MnlCu 3003 3003 -
Al Mg1 5005 A 5005 A N 41 (3103) A- M 1 -
Al Mg2 5251 5251 N4 5005 A-G 0.6 3003 A 3003
Al Mg3 5754 5754 5251 A-G 2 M 5005 A 5005 4106
Al Mg5 5019/5119 5019/5119 - A-G 3 M 5251 -
Al Mg3Mn 5454 5454 - A-G 5 5754 - -
Al Mg4.5Mn0.7 5083 5083 5454 A-G 3 MC
AlCu PbM gMn 2 0 07 2 0 07 N 51 5083 A-G 4.5 MC - 4125
Al Cu4PbMg 2030 2030 N8 A-U 4 PB
Al MgSiPb 6012 6012 5454 A 5454 -
Al Cu4SiMg 2014 2014 - A 5083
Al Cu4M gSi 2017 2017 -
Al Cu4M g1 2024 2024 -- -
Al MgSi 6060 6060 4140
Al SilMgMn 6082 6082 - A-SGPB - 4335
Al Zn4.5Mg1 7020 7020
Al Zn5 Mg3 Cu 7022 7022 H 15 (2014 A) A-U 4 SG - -
Al Zn5.5MgCu 7075 7075
- A-U 4 G - -
2 L 9 7 /9 2 0 2 4 A - U 4 G 1 A 2017 -
2024 A 2024 -
H 9 (6063) A-GS 6060 A 6063
6082 - -
H 30 6082 A-S GM 0.7 7020 (A 7 N 01)
4103
H 17 7020 A-Z 5 G - 4212
4425
- A-Z4GU 7075 A 7075
-
2 L 95/96 7075 A-Z 5 GU
-
I A l u m i n u m c a s ti n g a ll o y s
| AC-AISi7Mg AC-420 00 A 356 L M 25 A-S 7 g - I
Magnes ium alloy s . Titanium , Titanium alloy s
MgMn2 3.3520 M 1 A MAG-E-101 G-M2 - -
MgAI3Zn 3.5312 AZ 3 1 B MAG-E-111 G-A 3 Z 1 -
MgA I6Zn 3 .5 61 2 A Z 6 1 A MAG-E-121 G-A 6 Z 1 - -
MgAI8Zn 3.5812 AZ 80 A G -A 7 Z 1 - -
Ti1 3.7025 - - -
Ti2 3.7035 - - - -
T1AI6V4 3.7165 - TA 1 -
TiAIMo4Sn2 3.7185 - TA2 - -
T A 10-13, 28, 56 - -
T A 45-51, 57 -
-
The publisher and its affiliates have taken care to collect the above data to the best of their ability. However, no
responsibility is accepted by the publisher or any of its affiliates regarding its content or any statement herein or
omission there from which may result in any loss or damage to any party using the data shown above.
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4 1 2 Sta nda rds : 8.2 DIN, DIN EN, ISO etc. sta nd ard s
Index of cited standards and other regulations
No. Type of standard and short title Page No. Type of standard and short title Page
DIN DIN
13 66
74 Metric ISO screw threads 204 824 Folding drawing sheets 219
76 Counter sinks 224 835 Studs 219
82 Thread runouts Drain plugs 219
Knurls 89 908 Drain plugs
91 910
103 Metric ISO trapezoidal threads 207 929 Hexagonal weld nuts 232
1 2 5 1) Flat washers 233 935 Castle nuts 232
1261) Flat washers 234 938 Studs 219
Tapered thread s 205 939 Studs 219
158 Headed drill bushings 247 962 Designation of bolts and screws 210
172
173 Slip type jig bushing 247 962 Designation of nuts 227
179 Drill bushing s 247 974 Counterbores 225
268
220228 SMcorreswe ttharpeeards, tMypeetrsi,cOtavpeervrsiew 242, 224032 918011 31} LHooctkronluletsd froorurnodllesrtebeel abrainr gs 144
250 Radii 65 1014 1) Hot-rolled square steel bar 144
319 Ball knobs 248 1 0 1 7 1) Hot-rolled flat steel bar 144
323 Preferred numb ers 65 1025 I-beams 149,150
332 Center holes 91 1026 Steel chan nel
336 Drill diameter for clearance holes 1 3 01 Units of measurement 146
406 Dimensioning 204 1302 Mathematical symbols 17,20-22
75-82
19
4331) Flat wa shers 234 1304 Sym bols, mathematical 19
434 Washers for channels 235 1414 Twist drills 301
435 Washers for I-beams 622, 3653 11454857 CHleexvaisgopninascworitnh nthurtse,adheigdh sftourdmend 223318
461 Coordinate systems 232 16511 Free cutting steels 134
466 Knurled nuts, high form
467 Knurled nuts, low form 232 17001) Heavy non-ferrous m etals, design ation 174
471 Retaining rings for shafts 269 17071) Solders 334
472 Retaining rings for holes 269 1732 Welding filler metals for Al 326
475 Widths across flats 223 1850 Plain bearing bushings 262
508 Nuts for T-slots 250
Steep taper shanks 242, 243
509 Undercuts 2080 Disk s prings 246
513 Metric buttress threads 92 2093 Compression springs 245
207 2098
580 Eye bolts V-belt pulleys 254
582 Eye nuts 219 2211 Classic V-belts 253
609 Hexagon head bolts and screws 231 2215
214 V-belts, cogged 253
616 Dimension series for roller bearings Pipelines, identification 343
617 Needle bearings 2215 Radial seals 270
623 Roller bearings, designation 264 2403 O-rings 270
625 Deep groove ball bearings 268 3760 Form deviations
628 Angular-contact ball bearings 264 3771 1> 98
265 4760
650 T-slots 265 Safety signs 338-341
711 Axial deep groove ball bearings Tool holders, designa tion 297
720 Tapered roller bearings 4844 Indexable inserts, designation 296
780 Module series for gears 250 4983
787 Bolts and screws for T-slots 266 4987 Lock washers 268
820 Standardization Cylindrical roller bearings 266
267 5406
257 5412 Roller bearings, moun ting dimensions 265-267
250 5418
Felt seals 270
8 5419
1 ) The standard was withd raw n. R eplacement standard, if available, is given on the cited book page. 416/431
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Standards: 8.2 DIN, DIN EN, ISO etc. standards
Index of cited standards and o ther regulations
No. Type of standard and short title Page I No. Type of standard and short title Page
DIN DIN 138
138
5425 Tolerances for installation of roller 110 17221^ Spring steel 135
bearings 172231 Steel wire for springs 172
5 5 20 347-349
6311 Bending radii, non-ferrous metals 318 173501 Tool steels
6 3 19 Thrust pads 248 17860 Titanium, titanium alloys 346-349
6321 Spherical washers and conical seats 250 19225 Controllers
Locating and supporting pins 2 49 346, 347
178
6 3 23 Loose slot tenons 19226 Basic term inolo gy of control
6332 Grub screws with thrust point 250 engineering 358-360
Star knob 190
6335 Fluted knobs 248 19227 Code letters, sym bols
Title blocks 249 30910 Sintered metals 191
6336 249 407191) Function charts 292
6 7 7 1 1) 271,272
66 50125 Tensile test spe cim ens 271
368
6773 Hardness specifications in drawings 97 50141 Shear test
6780 Holes, simplified representation 83 51385 Machining coolants
67841> Workpiece edges 88 51502 Lubricants, designation
Center punch on turned parts 88 51519 ISO viscosity grades
6785 Conical spring washers 235 51524 Hydraulic oils
6796
6799 Circlips 269 53804 Statistical analysis 277, 278
6885 Feather keys 240 55350 Quality inspection and testing 276
6886 Program flow charts, sym bols 403
6887 Keys 239 66001 CNC machines, program structure
6888 Gib-head keys 239 66025 CNC machines, coordinates 382-385
Woodruff keys 240 66217 381
69141) Hexagon head bolts and screws 214 6696286711 SNtaesespi-Stahpneeridsehramnkan diagrams, symbols 420433
69151) Hexagon nuts, heavy 230 69893 Hollow taper shafts 243
6935 Bending radii, steel 318,319 70852 Lock nuts 231
7157 Fit recom mendations 111 70952 Lock w ashers 231
7500 Thread forming screws 218
7719 Wide V-beIts 253
7721
Timing belts, synchronous belts 253, 255 DIN EN
/
H n u h l p \ /- h p l t < ; 253 Inert gas
7726 Wire electrodes
7753 L/UUUIC UCILO 185 439 Wrought aluminum alloys 325
FNoaarrmo wmaVt-ebreialtlss 253, 254 440 325
Rod electrodes 166, 167
485 Material condition of Al alloys
253 1) 327
Designation for Al alloys 165
77896874 VC-arpibsbcerdewbse,ltsocket head 215 499 Wrough t alum inum alloys
7989 Washers for steel constructions 515 Al round and square bar 165
7991 Countersunk head screws 234 Wrought aluminum alloys 166, 167
7999 Work safety with robots 169, 170
Hexagon fit bolts 216 573 166, 167
Brazing
214 754 Flux for brazing 380
Compressed-gas cylinders
85541> Gas welding rods 754 333
97131) Al channel 324 755 Gas cylind ers - Identification 334
9 7 15 Mag nesium wro ugh t alloys 171 7751> Copper alloys, material c onditions 324
9812 Pillar presses 1 72
331,332
9816 Pillar presses 252 1044 174
252 1045
9819 Pillar presses 252 1089
OyoObCi 1 Punches OZ DK 1I 1089
16901 Plastic molde d parts, tolerances 1173
1 7 2 1 11) Nitriding steels 186
Steels for flame hardening
172121 134
134, 156
1 ) The standard was withd raw n. R eplacement standard, if available, is given on the cited book page. 417/431
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414 Standards: 8.2 DIN, DIN EN, ISO etc. standards
Index of cited standards and o ther regulations
No. Type of standard and short title Page No. Type of standard and short title Page
DIN EN DIN EN
1412 161
1560 Copper alloys, material numbers 174 10293 Cast steel 142
1561 Designation of cast iron 158 10297 Tubes, machine construction 142
1562 141
1 56 3 Cast iron with flake graphite 160 10305 Precision steel tube 175
Malleable cast iron 161 10327 Hot dip coated sheet
Cast iron wit h spheroidal graphite 160 12163 Copper-zinc alloys
1661 Hexagon nuts with flange 230 12164 Copper-zinc-lead alloys 175
1706 Aluminum casting alloys 168 12413 Grinding, maximum speeds 308
1753 Magn esium cast alloys 172 12536 Gas welding rods 324
1780 Designation for Al cast alloys 168 12844 High-grade zinc casting alloys 176
1982 Copper alloys, designation 174, 176 12890 Patterns 162, 163
6506 Hardness test by Brinell 192 13237 Eq uipm ent in EX area 357
10002 Tensile testing 190 14399-4 Hexagon nuts, heavy 230
1 0 0 0 31) Hardness test by Brinell 192 14399-4 Hexagon head bolts, heavy 214
10020 Steels, classification 120 14399-6 Flat was hers 233, 235
1 0 02 5 -2 Unalloy ed structural steels 130 20273 Clearance holes for bolts 211
10025-3 Fine grain structural steels 131 2 0 8 98 Property classes for nuts 228
10025-4 Fine grain structural steels 131 22339 Tapered pins 237
10025-6 Quenched and tempered structural steels 131 22340 Clevis pins without heads 238
10027 Steels, designation system 121-125 22341 Clevis pins with head 238
10045 Notched-bar impact bending test 191 22553 Welding symbols 93-95
10051 Sheet metal, hot-rolled 141 24015 Hexagon head bolts and screws 213
10055 Equal leg tee steel 146 2 4 7 66 Set screws, slotted 220
10056 Steel angle 147, 148 27434 Set screws, slotted 220
10058 Hot-rolled flat steel bar 144 27435 Set screws, slotted 220
10059 Hot-rolled square steel bar 144 28738 Washers for clevis pins 235
10060 Hot-rolled round steel bar 144 29454 Flux for soldering 334
10083 Quenched and tempered steels 133, 156 296921) Welding, weld preparation 323
10084 Case harden ing steels 132, 155 Electrical equipment 353
10085 Nitriding steels 134, 157 60445 Wires and connections 353
10087 Free cutting steels 134, 157 60446 Protective systems 357
60529
10088 Stainless steels 136, 137 6 0 61 7 Circuit diagrams, graphical sym bols 350-352
138 Function charts 358-360
10089 Spring steel 131 60848 Laminated materials
101131> Fine grain s tructural steels 140 60893 Proximity sensors, designation 184
131 60947 Electrical circuit diagram s 355
10130 Sheet metal, cold-rolled 610821 354
101371 Quenched and tempered structural
373-375
steels
1 0 1 4 2 1) 61131 PLC
10210 141
10213 Sheet metal, electroplated
10219 Hot-rolled tubes 151
10226 Cast steel for pressure vessels 161
Cold-rolled tubes 151
Whitworth pipe threads 206
10268 Sheet metal, cold-rolled 140
1 0 27 0 Steel wire for springs 138
10270 Steel wire for tension springs 244
10277 Delivery conditions, bright steel 145
10278 Bright steel products 145
1 ) The standard was withd raw n. R eplacement standard, if available, is given on the cited book page. 418/431
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Standards: 8.2 DIN, DIN EN, ISO etc. standards
Index of cited standards and other regulations
No. Type of standard and short title P a ge No. Type of standard and short title Page
DIN EN ISO DIN EN ISO
128 Lines 67 7050 Flat countersunk head tapp ing screw 217
216 Paper form ats Raised head countersunk tapp ing 217
527 Tensile prope rties of plastics 66 7051 screws
868 Hardness test by Shore Flat washers 233
898 Property classes of bolts and screws 195 Flat washers 234
195 7090 Flat washers 234
1043 Basic poly me rs 211 7091
1 10 1 Geom etric tolerancing Title blocks 66
1207 Cap screws, slotted 7092 Hazardous substance labels 331
1234 Cotter pins Hexagon nuts, fine thread 229
1302 Indication of surface finish 180 7200 Hexagon nuts, fine thread 229
112-114 7225 Hexagon nuts, low form 230
1 87 2 PE molding com pound s 8673
1873 PP molding com pound s 216 8674 Hexagon head bolts and screws 213
2 0 09 Countersunk head screws, slotted 232 8675 Dowel pins, hardened 237
2010 Raised head countersunk screws, 99, 100 Straight grooved pin 238
slotted 1/2 length reverse taper groove d pins 238
2039 Hardness test on plastics 183 1/3-1/2 length center grooved pins 238
183 8676
217 8734
217 8740
8741
195 8742
2338 Dowel pins 237 8743 1/3-1/2 length center grooved pins 238
2560 Rod electrodes 327 8744 Tapered groove pin 238
Half length taper groove d pin 238
3098 Fonts 64 8745 Grooved pins with round head 238
3166 Three-letter codes for countries 203 8746 Grooved pins with countersunk heads 238
3506 Property classes of bolts and screws 211 8747
3506 Property classes of nuts 228 8752 Spring pins, heavy duty 237
4014 Hexagon head bolts and screws 213
4017 Hexagon head bolts and screws 212 8765 Quality managem ent 274, 275
4026 Hexagon head bolts and screws 212 9000 Quality managem ent 274
4027 Set screws, hexagon socket 220 9001 Quality management 274
Set screws, hexagon socket 220 9004
4028 Set screws, hexagon socket 220 9013 Therm al cutting 330
4 0 32 Hexagon nuts, coarse threads 228 9453 Soft solder alloys 334
4033 Hexagon nuts, coarse threads 229 9692 Weld preparation 323
4035 Hexagon nuts, low form Industrial robots 378, 379
4 0 63 We lding methods, designation 229 9787 Work safety with robots 380
322 10218
4287 Surface finish 98 1 0 51 2 Hexagon nuts with insert 230
4288 Surface finish 98, 99 10642 Countersunk screws, hexagon socket 216
4 7 59 Product grades for bolts and screws 1 3 33 7 Spring pins, light duty 237
4762 Cap screw s, socket head 211 13920 Welding, general tolerances 322
4957 Tool steels 215 1 4 52 6 Phenolic powde r mo lding com poun ds 184
135, 155
5457 Drawing sheet sizes 66 14527 Urea molding compounds 184
6506 Hardness test, Brinell 192 14539 Grippers 380
6507 Hardness test by Vickers 193 14577 Martens hardness 194
6508 Hardness test by Rockwell 193 15065 Countersinks for countersunk head screws 224
6 9 47 We lding positions 322 15785 Bonded joints, representation
96
7040 Hexagon nuts with insert 230 15977 Blind rivets (flat head)
7046 Flat head countersunk screws, 217 15978 Blind rivets (countersunk head) 241
cross recessed Conversion tables for hardness values 241
7047 Raised head countersunk screws, 1 8 26 5 Cupping test 1 94
cross recessed Cap screws, socket head 191
217 20482 216
21269
1 ) The standard was withd raw n. R eplacement standard, if available, is given on the cited book page. 419/431
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416 Standards: 8.2 DIN, DIN EN, ISO etc. standards
Index of cited standards and other regulations
No. Type of standard and short title Page No. Type of standard and short title Page
BGV
14 DIN ISO
128 241 A8 Safety signs 338-341
Splined shaft joints 67-75 B3
228 Lines D12 Noise Protection Regulations (German) 344
Pipe threads 206
273 Clearance holes for bolts 225 Grinding tools, application 308
286 ISO fits 102-109
DGQ
513 Cutting tool materials, designation 294, 295 1 1- 19 Quality Science, Introduction 281
525 Abrasives 309 16-31 Normal distribution in random samples 278
848 Grit designation 311
965 Multiple start threads, designation 202 67/548 EWG guidelines
965 Thread tolerance classes 208 67/548
R-Phrases, S-Phrases 199, 200
1219 Circuit symbols for fluidics 3 6 3 -3 6 5 60479 Danger symbols 198, 342
1832 Indexable inserts 296
2162 Representation of springs 87 IEC
2203 Representation of gears 84
2768 General tolerances Effects of alternating current (AC) 356
80 110
2859
3040 Acceptance sampling 280 VDI
4379 Designation on cones 304
4381 Plain bearing bushings 262 2229 Bonded joints, preparatory treatment 336
4382 Plain bearing materials 261 2740 Grippers 380
Plain bearing materials 261 2880 PLC app licatio ns 375
5455 3258 Machine running time 285
5456 Scales 65 3368 Punch dimensions 316
5599 Projection methods 69, 70
6410 5-way pneumatic valves 3411 Abrasive bonds 309,311
6411 Screw threads, representation 364
Center bores, representation 79, 90 VDMA
6413
6691 Representation of splines 91
6753 Plain bearing materials
7049 Plates for cutting tools 24569 Hydraulic fluids, degradable 368
8062 Pan head tapping screws 87
Dimensional tolerances for castings 261
251
218
163
8826 Roller bearings, simplified 85
representation
9222 86
10242 Seals, simplified representation 251
13715 Punch holder shanks
Workpiece edges 88
DIN VDE 356
356
0100-410 Safety measures
0100-430 Autom atic cutout fuses
Clos ed Subs tanc e Cy c le and Was te Man agem ent Ac t
Regulation for waste requiring 197
special monitoring
1 > The standard was withd raw n. Replacem ent standard, if available, is given on the cited book page. 420/431
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Subject index 417
Subject index
Abrasives 309 Alu min um , Alu min um alloys, overview 1 64
ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Alu min um , welding fillers 3 26
181,187 Am ino plastic mo ldin g materials 1 84
copolymers)
34 Ana log controllers 348
Acceleration 36 AND operation 350,37 5,376
Acceleration due to gravity 36 Angular-contact ball bearings
Acceleration force 280 Anti-ro tation lock for screws 265
Accep tance qua lity level (AQL) 2 80 Aram ide fibers 222
Acceptance sam pling Arc length, dimension ing 1 87
Accident prevention regulations with 344 Arc we lding
3 32 Arc welding , weld design 78
regard to noise protection 2 03 Area graphs 327, 328
Acetylene cylinders, color coding 1 85 Argo n cylinders, color codin g
Acm e screw threads 3 82 Arrow projec tion method 3 28
Acrylo nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) 3 36 63
Address codes, CNC controls 2 22 ASCII code
3 69 Austenite 332
Adhesive bond ing Au sten itic steels 70
Adhesives, microenca psulated 42 Automation
Air cons um ption of pneum atic cylinders 157 Auxiliary dimensions 402
Air pressure 1 68 Average speed of crank mech anism 153
Alu min um alloys, heat treatment 1 68 Axial deep groove ball bearings 136
Alu minu m casting alloys 169-171 Ax ono metric representation 345-406
Alu min um c as tings , des ignation 169
Alu min um profiles 1 71 81
Alu min um profiles , ov erv iew 35
Alu min um tubes 266
69
B
Ball bearin gs 265, 266 Boiling temp erature 116,117
Ball knobs 39
Basic dim ensio ns 248 Bolt thread as inclined plane
Basic geom etrical construction s 209-2 21
Basic hole 81 Bolts and screws 250
Basic polym ers, designation 210
Basic qua ntitie s 58-6 1 Bolts and screws for T-slots 223
Basic shaft
Basic units 103 Bolts and screws, designa tion 209, 210
Beam cutting 221
Beam cutting , areas of application 180 Bolts and screws, head styles 336
Bearing forces 96
Belt drive, transm ission ratio 20 Bolts and screws, overvie w 337
Bending 337
Bending load 103 Bolts, tight enin g torques 88
Ben ding stress 185
Bending, bend ing radius 20 Bonded joints, preparation 333
Bending, calculation of blanks 286
Ben ding, sprin g back 329, 330 Bonded joints, representation 192
Bevel gears, calcu lation 46
329 Bonded joints, testing 42
Binary logic 207
Binary num ber system 37 Bonded joints, types
Binomial formula
Blind rivet 259 Bosses on turned parts
Block and tackle
318,319 BR (butad iene rubbe r)
47 Brazing ma terials
47 Breakeven poin t
318 Brinell hardness test
318,319 Buckling, load
319 Buoyant force
258 Buttress thread s
350
401
15
241
39
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418 Subject index
Subject index
c
Cabinet projection 69 Coefficient of therm al cond uctivity 1 17
Calculations wi th brackets 15 Coefficient of volum etric expansion 116, 117
Captive fastener 222 Coefficients of friction
41
Carbon dioxide cylinders, color coding 332 Cold wo rk steels
Carbo n fibers 187 Cold wo rk steels, heat treatm ent 135
Cartesian coordinate system Com bination signs 1 55
Case hard enin g steels 62 Combined dimens ioning 341
Case hardenin g steels, heat treatm ent 132 Com posite materials
Case-hardening 1 55 Compressed-gas cylinders 82
Cast copp er alloys 154 Compressed-gas cylinders, color codin g 1 77
Cast iron wit h flake graphite 176 Com pression springs 324
Cast iron wit h spheroidal graphite 159,160 Compressive load 332
Cast iron, bainitic 159, 160 Com pressive stress 245
Cast iron, designa tion system 159 Condu ctor resistance
Cast iron, dime nsiona l tolerances 1 58 45
Cast steel 1 63 Cone, surface area and volu me 45
Casting toleran ce grade 159,16 1 Conical seats 53
Castle nuts 163 Conical spring washers
Cavalier projection 232 Continuo us controllers 30
Cellulose acetate plastics (CA) Contribution margin 250
Cellulose aceto butyra te plastics (CAB) 69 Control characters of com puters 235
Centrifugal force 181 Control dimensions 348
Cen troids, lines 181 Controlled systems 2 86
Cen troids, plane areas 37 Controllers 394
Ceramic ma terials 32 Coordinate axes in prog ram ming
Chamfers, dimen sioning 32 Coordinate dimen s ioning 81
Change in volu me 177 Coordinate systems of CNC machines 349
Character sizes Cop per-tin alloys 346-349
Character types 78 Copper-zinc alloys 381
Chemicals used in metal techn ology 51 Corrosion
Chlorep oxyprop ane rubber (CO) 64 Corrosion protection 82
Circle, area 64 Cosine 381
Circle, circumference 1 19 Cost accounting 175
Circle, findin g the center of 1 85 Cost calculation 175
Circlips 10,27 Cost com parison me thod 196
Circuit diagram s 27 Cotan gent 1 96
Circuit diagram s, hydraulic 60 Cotter pins 11,13
Circuit diagram s, pneum atic 269 Counterbores for cap screws and 284
Circuits, electrical 354 284
Circular mo vem ents of CNC machines 365, 367 hexagon head bolts 286
Circular ring (annu lus), area 365, 366 Counter nut 12, 13
Circular sector, area 351-35 4 Countersink depth, calculating 232
Circular segm ent, area 384, 385 Countersinking, productive time
Circumferential velocity, calculating 28 Countersinks for countersunk head screws 225
Clearance fit 28 Coun tersinks for screws 222
Clearance holes for bolts 28 Countersunk head screws, slotted 225
34, 35 Countersunk screws, hexagon socket 289
102 CR (chloro pren e rubbe r) 224
211 224, 225
217
216
185
Clevis pins 238 Cross-section area 73
Closed loop control, general term s 346 CSM (chlorosulfonated polyethy lene elastomers) . . 185
Closed Substance Cycle and W aste Cube root 15
Man agem ent Act 197 Current density 54
Coarse threa ds 204 Currents 356
Coefficient of linear expansion 116,117 Cutting data, drilling 301
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Subject index 419
Subject index 300
299
Cutting data, grindin g 308,311 Cutting force, face milli ng 298
Cutting data, honin g 312 Cu tting force, specific 300
Cutting data, millin g 3 05 Cutting force, turn ing 298
Cutting data, reamin g 3 02 Cutting powe r in face milling 298
Cutting data, tappin g 3 02 Cutting power, drilling
Cutting data, turnin g 303 Cutting power, turn ing 35
Cutting force 46 Cutting speed, calculating 294, 295
Cutting force, drilling 2 98 Cutting tool materials
307
D-controllers D 349
Danger criteria
Danger sym bols 348 Differential indexing 76
Data processing, graphical sym bols 342 Digital controllers 76
Deceleration force 342 Dime nsion lines 77
Decimal system 403, 404 Dimension numbers 75
Deep draw ing force Dim ension ing rules 286
Deep draw ing, blank diame ters 36 Dimensioning systems 284
Deep draw ing, deep draw ing force 393 Direct cos ting 55, 351
Deep draw ing, draw ing gap 321 Direct costs 307
Deep draw ing, draw ing ratio 3 20 Direct Current (DC) 349
Deep draw ing, draw ing steps 321 Direct indexing 246
Deep draw ing, tool radii 320 Discontinuo us controllers 197
Deep groo ve ball bearing s 321 Disk sprin gs 307
Deep-draw ing, hold -dow n force 321 Disposal of substance s 79
Defect chart 320 Dividing head 219
265 Divisions, dimensio ning
Deflection 321 Drain plug s 247
Density, values 281 389
Des cription of hazards 210
Detent edge d ring 47 Drill bushings 301
Deviations 116,117 Drillin g cycles 299
Diameter, dimensio ning Drilling screws 306
Diametric projection 342 Drilling, cutting data 289
Die clearance 222 Drilling, cutting force and cutting pow er 293
Die dime nsion s 102 Drilling, problem s
Drilling, productive time 38
78 Dry mac hining 38
69 185
316 15
316 353
191
E 340
23
EC Directive on Hazardous Substa nces 198, 199 Energy, kinetic 153
Effective leng th of bent parts 318, 319 Energy, potential 153
Elastom ers 179, 185 EPR (ethylene prop ylen e rubber, EPDM) 406
Electric curren t Equations, solving 76
Electrical circuit sym bols 53, 54 Equip men t, electrical 186
Electrical circuits 351,352 Erichsen cup pin g test 219
Electrical cond uctan ce 353, 354 Escape route and rescue signs 231
Electrical engine ering, fundam entals Euclidean theo rem
Electricity, quantities and units 53 Eutectic 423/431
Electroc hem ical series 53-5 5 Eutectoid
Electrohydraulic controls EXCEL, com ma nds
Electropneum atic controls 22 Extension lines
Ellipse, area 196 Extrusion
Ellipse, construc ting 3 67 Eye bolts
Em bedd ing materials (matrix) for plastics 366 Eye nuts
Energy of position
28
60
1 87
38
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420 Subject index
Subject index
Face millin g, cutting force and cutting power 300 Flux for soldering 334
1 85
Fatigue test 189 Foam materials
96
Feather tapered keys, overview 239 Folded joints, representation
Feather keys 240 Fonts 64
Feed rate, calcu lating 35 Force diagram , calculation 36
Forces 36
Felt rings 270 Forces, adding and resolving 36
Forces, repres enta tion 36
Ferrite 153 Form and positional tolerances 112-114
Form deviations 98
Ferritic steels 137 Form ing gas (IC) cylinders, color coding 332
Foundry technology 162,163
Fiberglass 187 Free cut ting steels 134
Free cut ting steels, heat trea tm ent 157
Filler meta ls 334
Freezing temp erature 1 17
Fillers and reinforc ing materials for plas tics . . . . 180 Frequency, relative 277
Friction
Fine thread s 204 Friction pow er 41
Frictional mo me nt 41
Fire extinguishing lines, identification Frictional work 41
Functio n block langu age (FBL) 38
marking 343 Function charts 373, 374
Function diagram s 358-36 0
Fire protection sym bols 340 Fundam ental deviations 361,362
Fits, ISO system 102 Fundam ental deviations for holes 1 02
Fundam ental deviations for shafts 1 05
F i ts , r e c o m m e n d e d 1 11 Fundam ental tolerance grades 1 04
Fundam ental tolerances 102,103
Fixed costs 286 Fuses 1 03
Flame -cutting, dime nsiona l tolerances 330 356
Flame -cutting, standard values 3 29
Flat head cou nter sun k screw s, cross recessed . . . 217
Flat head countersunk tappin g screw 2 17
Flat steel bar, brig ht 145
Flat steel bar, hot-ro lled 144
Flip-flop elem ents 350, 352
Flow rates 371
Fluorocaoutchou c (FKM) 1 85
Fluted knobs 249
Flux for brazing 334
G
Gage pressure 42 GRAFCET, graphical design language
Gas cylinders, color coding 331
Gas cylinders, identification 331 for sequential control 358
Gas shielded metal arc we lding 325, 326
Gas we ldin g rods 324 Graphical symbols for data processing 403, 404
Gaseous ma terials, characte ristics 117
Gear win ch Graphs 62,63
General toleran ces 39
General tolerances, weld me nts 110 Greek alpha bet 64
Geom etric tolerancing 3 22
Geom etrical areas, calculating 1 1 2 - 11 4 Grinding 308-311
Geom etrical areas, centroid 26-2 8
Geom etrical areas, units Grindin g whee ls, selection 310
Gib-head keys 32
Golden Rule of Mechanics 20 Grinding , cutting data 308, 311
239
38, 39 Grinding, maximum allowable peripheral velocity .. 308
Grinding , productive time 291
Grippers 380
Grooved drive studs 238
Grooved pins 238
Grub screws with thrust point 248
H
Handling systems, job safety 3 80 Hardness limits 97
Hard milling 293 Hardness penetration depth 97
Hard turnin g 2 93 Hardness specifications in draw ings 97
Hardening 153,154 Hardness test 188-195
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Subject index 421
Subject index
Hardness values, conversion table 1 94 Hexagonal fit bolts, heavy 214
Hatching, representation 73
Hatchings, material depend ent 75 Hexa gona l steel bars, brig ht 145
Hazardous gases and substance s 198
Hazardous ma terials, gases 198 High-g rade cast zinc alloys 176
Hazardous substances 198-200
Hazardous was te 197 High-performance grinding 311
Headed drill bushings 2 47
Heat flux 52 High-speed ma chining 293
Heat of com bustio n 52
Heat of fusion 52 High-spe ed steels 135
Heat of vaporization 52
Heat transfe r 22 High-spee d steels, heat trea tment 155
Heat transm ission 52
Heat transm ission coefficient 52 High-tem perature plastics 1 87
Histogram 277
Hoisting winc h 39
Hold-down forc e in deep drawing operations .. . . 321
Hollow cylinder, surface area and volu me 29
Hollow taper shanks 243
Hom ogenizing anneal 1 53
Honing , cutting values 312
Heat treatm ent 153-157 Honing , productive time 289
Heat treatm ent inform ation 97 Honing , selection of hon ing stones 312
Hooke's law
Heat treatm ent of steels 153-157 Hot wo rk steels 36
Hot work steels, heat treatm ent 135
Helical line, constructin g 61 HSC (High speed cuttin g) 1 55
Hydraulic circuit sym bols 293
Helium cylinders, color codin g 332 Hydraulic fluids 363, 364
Hydra ulic oils 368
Hex adec imal num bering s y s tem 401 Hydra ulic press 368
Hydraulics 370
Hexagon head bolts screws 212-214 363-372
Hydrostatic pressure
Hexagon head bolts with reduced shank 2 13 Hyperbola, constructing 42
61
Hexagon head bolts, heavy 214
Hexagon nuts 228-231
Hexagon, constructin g 59
Hexagonal acorn nuts 231
Hex agonal fit bolts with long threaded s tem . . . . 214
IJ
I-beams, me dium width 149 Injection pressure 186
I-beams, wid e 149,150 Instru ction List IL 373, 375
l-controller Interference fit
Ideal gas law 348 Intersection line, representation 102
Imperial threads 42 Involute curve, construc ting 73
Incline, dim ensio ning IR (isoprene rubbe r) 61
Inclined plane 203 Iron-Carbon phase diagram 185
Indexing 78 ISO fits 1 53
Indus trial robo ts 39 Isobutene-isoprene rubber
Inert gas Isometric projection 104-109
Informa tion signs 307 Job ti me acc. to REFA (German association 1 85
Information technology 378, 379 69
Injection mo ldin g for work time studies)
325 Jointing, productive time 282
341 2 89
401-406
1 86
K
Keys, feather keys, wo odr uff keys 239 Knurls 91
Kinetic energ y 38 Krypton cylinders, color codin g 332
Knurled nuts
2 32
L
Labels for hazardous good s 331 Laser beam cutting, dime nsiona l tolerances 330
Ladder diagram LAD
Laminate materials 374 Laser beam cutting, standard values 330
184 Latent heat of fusion 116,117
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422 Subject index
Subject index
Law of cosines 14 Lines in technical draw ings 67, 68
Law of sines 14 Lines, centroid 32
Leader lines 77 Liquid ma terials, characte ristics 117
Ledeburite 153 Load cases 43
Left-hand threads 2 02 Load types 43
Length, calculating 24, 25 Lock nuts 231
Length, effective Lock nuts for roller bearing s 268
Length, units 25 Lock washers for bolts and screws 222
Lever 20 Lock washers for roller bearing slotted nuts 268
Lever principle 37 Lock washers, slotted nuts 231
Lifting work 37 Lock wire for screws 222
Limit dime nsions for threads 38 Locking edge washe r 222
Limits 208 Locking fasteners 222
Linear expansion 102 Lubricants 272
Linear functio n 51 Lubricating greases 272
Linear mo vem ents of CNC machines 16 Lubricating oils 271
384, 385
M
Machine capability 281 Melting temperature 116,117
Me mo ry (Flip-flop) 350,35 2
Machine hourly rates 2 85 Metric ISO screw threads
Me tric tapers 204
Machined plates for press tools and fixtures 251 MF (melam ine formald ehyde ) resin 242, 243
Microstructures of carbon steel
Ma chining coolants 2 92 1 81
1 53
MAG (M etal active gas) we lding , standard values 326
326
Ma gnesiu m, cast alloys 1 72 305
300
Magnesium , wrou ght alloys 172 MIG (Metal-inert-gas) weld ing, standards
Magnetism 22 Millin g, cutting data 392-400
Malleable cast iron 159,161 Millin g, cutting force and cutting pow er 306
Ma ndato ry signs 340 Milling, cycles acc. to PAL 290
Ma nufacturing costs 284 1 02
Martens hardness 1 94 (German association) 1 02
Ma rtensitic steels 137 Milling, problems 211
Mass mo me nt of inertia 38 Millin g, produc tive time 1 02
Mass, calculation 31 M ini m um clearance
Mass, linear mass density and area Minim um dimension 293
31, 152 Min imu m engagement depth for screws 257
mass den sity M inim um interference
46
Material characteristics 116,117 Min imu m quantity of machining coolant 1 83
Mo dule series for spur gears 1 84
Material remov al proc ess es , produc tiv e time . . . . 313 Mo dulus of elasticity 1 19
Mo lding materials, thermoplastic 242, 243
Material remo val rate, standard values 313 Mold ing materials , thermos e tting
Molecu lar groups 34
Material science 115-200 Mo rse taper 34
Mo tion, accelerated 34
Material testing 188-195 Mo tion, circular 202
Motion, uniform
Material testing, overvie w 188-189 Mu ltiple start threads
Mathematical symbols 19
Mathematics 9-32
Ma trix ma terials for plastics 187
Ma xim um clearance 1 02
Ma ximum dimension 10 2
Ma xim um interference 1 02
Mean value, arithme tical 2 78
Mean value, standard deviation chart 2 79
Mechanical strength properties 44, 45
Mechanics, quantities and units 20, 21
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Subject index 423
Subject index
N
NAND operation 3 50 NOR operation 350
Narrow V-belts 254 Norm al distribu tion 278
Nassi-Shneiderman diagram s 3 95 Norm alizing 153, 154
Needle bearing s 268 NOT operation 350
Neon gas cylinders, color coding 3 32 Notched-bar impact bend ing test 1 91
NPSM threads 203
Net calorific value 52 NPT threa ds 203
NPTF threa ds 203
Nitriding 154 NR (natural rubber) 185
Numerical control technology 381-400
Nitr idin g steels 134 Nuts 226-232
Nuts for T-slots 250
Nitriding steels, heat treatm ent 1 57 Nuts, designa tion 2 27
Nuts, overview 226, 227
Noise 344
Nuts, prop erty classes 228
Noise Protection Regulations (German) 344
Noise, damag es to health 344
Nom inal dime nsions 1 02
Non-ferrous metals 164-176
Non-ferrous metals, material numbers 165, 174
Non-ferrous metals, systematic designation . 165, 174
O
O-rings 270 Orientation tolerance 1 13
Ohm 's law 53 Overhead 284
Open loop contro l, general terms Oxygen cylinders, color codin g 332
OR operation 346, 347
350
P
PA (polyam ide) plastics 180-182 PI (Proportional-integral) controller 348
PAL drilling cycles (Germ an associatio n) 389
PAL mil ling cycles (German association) PID (Proportional-integral-differential) co ntroller . 348
PAL turn ing cycles (German association) 392-40 0
Parabola, constructin g 389 -391 Pillar presses 252
Parallel circuit
Parallel dim ensio ning 61 Pins 236-238
Parallelogram area 54
Pareto diagram 82 Pins, locatin g 249
Partial views in draw ings 26
Path correction in CNC ma chining 281 Pins, overview 236
Patterns, colo r cod ing 71
PC (polyca rbona te) plastics 3 83 Pins, seating 249
PC ABS plastics 162
PC PET plas tics 180, 181 Pipe lines, iden tificatio n 343
PD controller 1 87
PE (polyethylene) plastics 187 Pipe threa ds 206
PE mo lding materials 348
Pearlite 180-182 Piston speeds 371
Percentage, calcu lating 1 83
Periodic table of the elemen ts 153 Plain bearin g 261, 262
PF (phenol forma ldehyde ) resin 18
PF PMC mo lding materials 1 18 Plain bearing bushings 262
PF mo lding materials 1 81
pH valu e 1 84 Plain bearing materials 261
Phenolic mo lding materials 1 84
Phenolic plastic mo ldin g materials 119 Plasma cutting, standard values 329
Physics 1 84
1 84 Plastic proce ssing, setting s 186
33-56
Plastic process ing, toleran ces 186
Plastics 179-187
Plastics testin g 195
Plastics, cutting 301-30 5
Plastics, disting uishin g characteristics 1 81
Plastics, hardne ss test 195
Plastics, iden tificatio n 181
Plastics, ma terial testing 195
Plastics, tensile load 195
Plastics, therm al behavior 1 79
Plateau honin g 312
Plates for pillar presses 251
PLC, controls 373-37 7
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Subject index
PLC, program ming 373-376 Probability netwo rk 277
PLC, program ming languages 373-376 Process cap ability 281
PMM A (polym ethylm ethacryla te) plastics . . . 181, 182 Process steps 280
Pneuma tic circuit symbols 363, 364 Production costs 284
Pneuma tic cylinders, air con sum ption 3 69 Produc tion engineering 273-344
Pneumatic cylinders, dime nsions 3 69 Productive time, counte rsinking 289
Pneumatic cylinders, piston forces 3 69 Productive time , drilling 289
Pneumatics 362-371 Productive time , grindin g 291
Polar coordinate system 63 Productive time , honin g 289
Polar coordinates in drawin gs 82 Produc tiv e time, material remov al proc ess es . . . . 313
Polyblends 187 Productive time, milling 290
Polye thereth erketon e (PEEK) 187 Productive time, reaming 289
Polygon, construc ting 59 Productive time, thread cutting 287
Polygon, irregular 27 Productive time, turn ing 287
Polygon, regular 27 Productive time, turn ing wit h v= const 288
Po lyim ide (PI) resin 187 Program flow chart 404
Polyoxidem ethylene (POM, polyacetal) resin .. 181, 182 Program structure of CNC machines 382
Polyp heny lene sulfide (PPS) plastics 187 Program mab le logic control (PLC) 373-3 77
Polystyrene plastics 180-182 Prohibitive signs 338
Polysu lfone (PSU) plastics 187 Projection me thods 69, 70
Position toleran ces 114 Prope rty classes of bolts and screws 211
Positional dime nsions in draw ings 81 Proportion, calculating 18
Position al toleran ces 114 Proportional controller 348
Potable wate r lines, identification ma rking 343 Protective measures against dangerous currents . . . 356
Potential energy 38 Proxim ity sensors 355
Pour poin t 368 PTFE 181, 187
Power factor 56 Pulley, fixed 39
Power, electrical 56 Pulley, mova ble 39
Power, mechan ical 40 Pum ping capacity 371
Powers (exponen tiation) 15 Pumps, pow er 371
PP (poly prop ylen e) plastics 181, 182 Punch dime nsions 316
PP mo lding materials 1 83 Punch hold er shanks 251
PPE PS plas tics 187 Punch holde r shanks, locatio n 317
Precision steel tubes for hydraulic and Punches 251
3 72 PUR (polyurethane) foam 1 85
pneum atic applications 142 PUR (polyu retha ne) plastics 181
Precision steel tube s, seamless Pure alum inum 164,166
Preferred num bers 65 PVC (po lyvin yl chlorid e) plastics 181, 182
96 PVC-P plas tics (plastic ized PVC) 182
Pressed joints, representation 42 Pyramid, slant height 29
Pressure 370 Pyramid, volum e 29
Pressure intensifie r 42 Pythagorean theore m 23
Pressure units 98 Pythagorean theore m of height 23
Prim ary profile (P profile) 284
Prime cost 276
Probability
Quadratic function 16 Quality ma nagem ent, definitions 275
Quality and process capability 281
Quality control 2 76 Quality manag ement, standards 274
Quality contro l chart 2 79
Quality control circle 2 76 Quality planning 276
Quality inspection and testing 276
Quality managem ent 274-281 Quan tity of heat 51
Quenched and tem pered steels 1 33
Quenched and tem pered steels, heat treatm ent .. 156
Quenching and tempe ring 1 54
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Subject index 425
Subject index
R
R-Phrases Informatory notes on possible hazards Robot axes 378
Rockw ell hardness test 193
and risks, acc. to the German Hazardous Rod electrodes, designa tion 327
Substances Regulations (GefStoffV) 1 99 Roller bearin g fits 110
Roller bearings 263-26 8
Radial seals (rotary shaft seals) 270 Roller bearings, designa tion
Roller bearings, dim ensio n series 264
Radius 65 Roller bearings, overview 264
Roller bearings, representation 263
Radius, dimens ioning 78 Roller bearing s, selection
Rolling friction 85
Raised head coun tersun k screws 217 Roman nume rals 263
Roots, extrac ting
Raised head countersunk tapp ing screws 2 17 Rotation, kinetic energy 41
64
Raised head tapp ing screws 2 18 Rough dimensions in drawings 15
Roughness depth in turn ing operations 38
Random sample tests, attribute testing 2 80 Roughness parameters
Rough ness profile (R-profile) 81
Random samples 2 78 Roun d bar steels, brig ht 303
Round bar steels, polish ed
Range (of samp les) 278 Roun d steel bar, hot- rolled 98
RS flip-flop 98
Raw data 277 Rubbers 145
Rule-of-ten (for costs) 145
Raw data chart 279 Run-out tolerances 144
Running dimension ing 350,352
Reaming, cutting data 3 02 185
Reaming, productive time 2 89 276
Recom mend ed safety measures 2 00 1 14
Recrysta llization ann ealing 153 82
Rectangle, area
Reference lines 26
Reference points of CNC machines 77
Reinforcing fibers 381
Retain ing rings 18 7
Retaining rings, representation 269
Rho mb oid, area 87
26
Rhom bus, area
26
S
Safety colors 338 Serrations, representa tion 87
Safety factors 44 Set screws, hexago n socket 220
Safety measures for robot systems Set screws, slotted 220
Safety signs 380 Shape dimen sions
Sales price 338-341 Shear cuttin g force 81
SAN (styrene-acrylonitrile) copolym ers Shear cutting work 315
SB (styrene-butadiene) copolym ers 284 Shear load 315
1 8 1 , 18 2 Shear strength
180-182,187 Shear stress 46
Shear test 46
SBR (styrene-butadien e) rubber 185 Shearing 46
Scales 65 Shea ring, design of press 191
SCARA robots 379 Shearing, die dimen sions 316,317
Screw joints , calculation 221 Shearing, edge wid th 315
Screw joints, representation 90 Shearing, edge wid th 316
Screw thread standards of various countries 2 03 Shearing, location of clamp ing pin 316
Screw threads 202-208 Shearing, punch dimen sions 316
Seals, representation 86 Shea ring, utilization of strip stock 317
Second mo me nt of inertia 49 316
Sectional view s 73, 74 317
Sections, com pariso n of load capacity 50
311396
Selection of fits 111 SShheeeatrianngd, wsetrbipwmidetthal, overv iew 140
Sensors 355 Sheet meta l, cold-ro lled 141
Sequ ential charts 359 Sheet meta l, hot-dip galvanized 141
Sequ ential con trol 358, 360, 367 Sheet meta l, hot-rolle d 141
Series circuit Sheet, hot-dip galvanized
Serrated lock wash ers 54
222
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426 Subject index
Subject index
Shewha rt quality control chart 2 79 Square, dimen sioning 77
Shore hardness test 195 Stainless steels 136,1 37
Shrinkage Standard deviation
Shrinkage allowances 51 Standardization, regulation body 278
Shrinka ge chucks 1 63 Star knob 8
SI quantities and units 243 Static friction
Silicon e rubb er (SIR) Statistical analysis 249
Simple indexing 20 Statistical process control 41
Sine 185 Steel bars, brig ht
Sintered metals 3 07 Steel bars, hot-rolled 277
Size factor 11,13 Steel chan nel 279
Sliding friction 1 78 Steel section s, hot-ro lled 145
Slip type jig bushin g Steel sheet 144
Slot tenon s 48 Steel tube s 146
Slots, dimen sioning 41 Steel tubes, hot-rolled 143
2 47 Steel tube s, seamless 139-141
SSoofldtwearirneg controllers 2 50 Steel tubes, weld ed 142, 372
Solde rs 79 Steel wire for springs, patented draw n 1 51
Solid lubrica nts Steels for flame and induction hardening 142, 372
Solid s, characte ristics 333495 Steels, alloying elemen ts 1 51
Soun d level 333, 334 Steels, classificatio n 1 38
Soun d, definitions Steels, identification codes 1 34
SPC (statistical process con trol) 272 Steels, num berin g system 1 29
Special characters, CNC mac hines 116, 117 Steels, overvie w 120
Special characters, computers Steep tape r shanks 122-125
Specific cutting force standard values 344 Strength of materials 1 21
344 126,127
279 242
382 43-5 0
402
2 98 48
43
Specific heat 116,117 Stress concen tration 153,154
Speed graph 2 60 Stress limits 41, 48
Speeds of machines 35 Stress relief anneal 139,140
Sphere, dimen sioning 78 Stress, allowa ble 317
Sphere, surface area and volu me 30 Strip steel, cold-rolled 1 30
Spherical segm ent, surface area and volu me 30 Strip stock utilization in shearing 131
Spherical washers 2 50 Structural steels, carbon 128, 129
Spiral, constructio n 60 Structural steels, quench ed and tem pered 146
Splined shaft joints 241 Struc tural steels, selecting 373,3 74
Splines, representation 87 Struc tural tee steel, equal legs
Spreadsheets 406 Structured text (ST) 203
219
Spring back in bend ing 319 Stub-Ac me screw threads
Spring force 36 Studs 24
Spring lock washers Sub -dividing lengths 98
Spring pins 2 22 Surface profile 29, 30
Sp ring rate 2 37 Surface areas, calcu lation 48
Spring steel wire 244, 245 Surface cond ition factor 99
Spring steel, hot-rolled 1 38 Surface finish 99, 100
Spring washers 1 38 Surface indic ation s 45
Springs, representation 2 22 Surface pressure, stress 1 96
Springs: tension , compression, disk Surface protection 1 01
Sprockets, representation 87 Surface roughness, attainable
244-24 6 349
19-22
84
255
Spur gears, calculating 256, 257 Sw itching controllers 255
Square prism, area 29 Symbols, mathematical 1 03
Square prism, volum e 29 Synch ronous belts
Square root 10,15 Synch ronous pulleys
Squa re steel bar, hot-ro lled 144 Systems for fits
Squa re, area 26
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Subject index 427
Subject index
T-slots 250 Three-phase power 56
Tally sheet 277 Three-po int controller 349
Tangent Thrust pads 248
12
Tap hole diame ter for tapp ing screws Title block in drawin gs 66
Tap holes, drill 2 18 Tolerance class 102
Taper pins 204 Tolerance grade 102
Taper turn ing 237 Tolerance indications in draw ings
Tapered keys 304 Tolerances of form 80
Tapered roller bearing s 239 Tolerances of pos ition 1 13
Tapered thread s 267 Tolerances, dim ensio ning 114
Tapers, dim ensio ning 205 Tolerances, ISO syste m
Tapers, nom enclature Tool holders for indexable inserts 80
Tapping drill holes, diame ter 78 Torque 103
Tapping screw threads 304 Torsion, loading 297
204 37
Tapp ing screws 2 02 Total run-o ut toleran ces
Technical draw ing Transformers 47
Temperature 217, 218 Tran sition fit
Theo rem of intersecting lines 57-114 Transmission ratios 114
Thermal conduction 51 Trapezoid, area 56
Therm al cond uctivity, definition 14 Trapezoidal screw threads 102
Therm al condu ctivity, values 52 Triangle , area 259
Therm ody nam ic temperature (Kelv in) 52 Triangle, construc ting circumscribe d circle 26
Thermodynamics 116, 117 Triangle, constru cting inscribed circle 2 07
The rmo plas tics 51 Triangle, equilateral 26
Therm oplastics, am orpho us Truncated cone, surface area and volu m e 60
22,51,52 60
Therm oplastics, semi-crystalline 179, 182, 183 Truncated pyramid, volum e 27
Thermos et mold ing materials Tubes 30
Therm oset plastics 1 79 Turning cycles
Thread cutting , productive time Turning with v = const., productive time 30
Thread form ing screws 1 79 Turning, cutting data 142, 151
Thread mo lding , cutting data 1 84 Turning, cutting force and cutting pow er 388-3 91
Thread runouts 1 79 Turning, cycles acc. to PAL
Thread tapp ing, cutting data 2 87 288
218 (German association) 303
3 02 298
89
3 02 388-3 91
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