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Material science: 4.14 Hazardous m aterials 199
Hazardous substances, R-phrases*
Hazardous substances adversely affect the safety and health of huma ns and endan ger the enviro nme nt. They must
be specially labeled (see page 342). The followin g R Phrases1' are standard phrases and point out the special risks
when handling a hazardous substance. Special safety data sheets for each hazardous substance contain further
extensive information.
R-Phrases: Not es on special risks cf. RL 67/548/EWG 2' (2004-04)
R-Phrases 3) Meaning R-Phrases 3) Meaning
R1 Explosive when dry R 34 Causes burns
R2 Risk of explosion by shock, friction, R 35 Causes severe burns
fire, or other sources of ignition R 36 Irritating to the eyes
R3 Extreme risk of explo sion by shock, friction, R 37 Irritating to respiratory system
fire, or other sources of ignition R 38 Irritating to the skin
R4 Forms very sensitive explosive m etallic R 39 Danger of very serious irreversible effects
compounds R 40 Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect
R5 R 41 Risk of serious dama ge to eyes
R6 Heating may cause an explosion R 42 May cause sensitization by inhalation
R7 Explosive with or without contact with air R 43 May cause sensitization by skin contact
R8 R 44 Risk of explosion if heated under confinem ent
May cause fire R 45 May cause cancer
R 10 Contact with combustible material may R 46 May cause heritable genetic damage
R 11 cause fire R 48 Danger of serious damage to health by
R 12 prolonged exposure
R 13 Flammable R 49 May cause cancer by inhalation
R 14 Highly flammable R 50 Very toxic to aquatic organisms
R 15 Extremely flammable R 51
Extremely flammable liquid gas R 52 Toxic to aquatic organisms
R 16 Harmful to aquatic organisms
Reacts violently with water R 53
R 17 Contact with water liberates extremely May cause long-term adverse effects
R 18 flammable gases R 54 in the aquatic environment
Explosive when m ixed with Toxic to flora (plants)
R 19 oxidizing substances R 55
R 20 Spontaneously flammable in air R 56 Toxic to fauna (animals)
R 21 R 57 Toxic to soil organ isms
In use, may form flammable/explosive R 58 Toxic to bees
vapor-air mixture May cause long-term adverse effects
May form explosive peroxides in the environment
Harmful by inhalation
Harmful in contact with skin
R 22 Harmful if swallowed R 59 Dangerous to the ozone layer
R 23 Toxic by inhalation R 60 May impair fertility
R 24 Toxic in contact with skin R 61 May cause harm to the unborn child
R 25 Toxic if swallowed R 62 Possible risk of impaired fertility
R 26
R 27 Very toxic by inh alation R 63 Possible risk of harm to the unbo rn child
R 28 Very toxic in contact wit h skin
R 29 Very toxic if swallowed R 64 May cause harm to breastfed babies
Contact with water liberates toxic
R 30 gases R 65 Harmful: May cause lung damage if
R 31 R 66 swallowed
R 32 Can become highly flammable in use Repeated exposure may cause skin dryness
Contact with acids liberates toxic gases R 67 or cracking
R 33 Contact with acids liberates very toxic R 68
gases Vapors may cause drowsiness
Danger of cu mula tive effects and dizziness
Possible irreversible damage
1 ) R = Risk 2 ) EU-D irective, Ap pe ndix III
3 ) Co mb inatio ns of the risk phrases are possible; e.g. R 23/24: Toxic by inhalation and in contact with skin
*) According to European Standards
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200 Material science: 4.14 Hazardous m aterials
Hazardous sub stances, S-Phrases*
The follow ing standardized recom mend ed safety m easures (S phrases)1' are to be followed while handling hazardous
substances and preparations. By complying with them dangers can be avoided or reduced.
S (safety) phrases: Recommended Safety Measures cf. RL 67/548/EWG 2' (2004-04)
S phrase3' Meaning S phrase3' Meaning
S 1 Keep locked up S 39 Wear eye/face protection
S 2 Keep out of the reach of children S 40 To clean the floor and all objects contam. by this
S 3 Keep in a cool place S 41 material, use ... (to be specif, by the manufacturer)
S 42
S 4 Keep away from living quarters In case of fire and/or explosions do not breathe
S 5 Keep contents und er... (appropriate liquid to S 43 fumes
be specified by the m anufacturer) During fumigation/spraying wear suitable
respiratory equ ipment (appropriate
S 6 Keep contents und er... (appropriate linert gas word ing to be specified by the manufacturer)
to be specified by the manufacturer)
In case of fire, use ... (indicate in the space
S 7 Keep container tightly closed the precise type of fire-fighting equipm ent
if water increases risk, add: 'Never use water')
S 8 Keep container dry
S9 Keep container in a well-ventilated place S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unw ell,
S 12 Do not keep the container sealed seek medical advice im mediately
S 13 S 46 (show the label where possible)
Keep away from food, d rink and animal S 47
S 14 feeding stuffs If swallowed, seek medical advice im med iately
and show this container or label
S 15 Keep away from ... (incompatible materials
to be indicated by the manufacturer) Keep at temperature not exceeding ... °C
(To be specified by the manufacturer)
Keep away from heat
S 16 Keep away from sources of ignition - no smoking S 48 Keep wet with ... (appropriate material
S 17 Keep away from combu stible m aterials to be specified by the manufacturer)
S 18 Handle and open container w ith care S 49
S 50 Keep only in the original container
S 20 When using do not eat or drink
S 21 When using do not smoke S 51 Do not mix with ... (to be specified
S 22 Do not breathe dust S 52 by the manufacturer)
S 23 Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapor/spray
(appropriate w ording to be specified by the S 53 Use only in well-ventilated areas
S 24 manufacturer)
Avoid contact with skin Not recomm ended for interior use on large
surface areas
Avoid exposures4', obtain special
instructions before use
S 25 Avoid contact with eyes S 56 Dispose of this material and its container
S 26 S 57 at hazardous or special waste collection point
In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately
S 27 with plenty of water and seek medical advice Use appropriate co ntainer to avo id 5'
environmental contamination
Take off imm ediately all co ntaminated
S 28 clothing S 59 Refer to manufacturer/supplier for information
After contact with skin, wash im med iately with S 60 on recovery/recycling
S 29 plenty of... (to be specified by the manufacturer) S 61
S 30 S 62 This material and its container must be
S 33 Do not empty into drains disposed of as hazardous w aste
S 63
S 35 Never add water to this product Avoid release to the environmen t.
Refer to special instructions/safety data sheets
S 36 Take precautionary measures against
S 37 static discharges If swallowed, do not induce vomiting:
seek medical advice im mediately
This ma terial and its container m ust be and show this container or label
disposed of in a safe wa y
In case of accident by inhalation: move victim to
Wear suitable protective clothing fresh air and keep at rest
Wear suitable gloves
S 38 In case of insufficient ventilation, S 64 If swallowed, rinse mou th with water (only if the
wear suitable respiratory equipme nt person is conscious)
1 ) S = safety 2 > EU- Directive, App end ix IV
3 ' Com binations of the S phrases are possible; e.g. S 20/21: when using do not eat, drink or sm oke,
4 ' i.e. do not expose yourself to this hazard 5 ' Contamination, infestation
*) According to European Standards
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u Table of Contents
is: 5 Machine elements
5.1 Threads (overview ) 202
Metric ISO threads 204
W hitw orth threads, Pipe threads 2 0 6
Trapezoidal and buttress threads 207
Thread tolerances 208
5.2 Bolts and screws (overview ) 209
Designations, strength 210
Hexagon head bolts & screws 212
Other bolts & screws 215
Screw joint calculations 221
Locking fasteners 222
Widths across flats, Bolt and screw drive systems 223
5.3 Countersinks 2 24
Countersinks for countersunk head screws . . . . 224
Counterbores for cap screws 2 25
5.4 Nuts (overview) 226
Designations, Strength 227
Hexagon nuts 228
Other nuts 231
5.5 Washers (overview ) 233
Flat wa shers 234
HV, Clevis pin, Conical spring washers 235
Parallel and wo od ruff keys 240
241
J Splined shafts, Blind rivets 242
Tool tapers
244
5 .8 S p r in g s , c o m p o n e n t s o f j i g s a n d t o o l s 247
Springs 251
Drill bus hings
Standard stam ping parts 253
256
5.9 Drive elemen ts 259
Belts 260
Gears
Transm ission ratios 261
Speed graph 262
22 66 53
5.10 Bearings 269
Plain bearings (overview ) 270
Plain bearing bush ings 271
272
TAynptiefrsicotfiornollbeer abreinagrsing(osverview)
Retaining rings 203/431
Sealing elements
Lubricating oils
Lubricating greases
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202 Machine elem ents: 5. ads
Types of threads. Overview a. DIN 202 (1999-11)
Right-hand threads, single-start
Thread Thread profile Code Designation N o m i n a l s i ze s A p p l i c a t i o n
name letter example
Metric threads DIN 14-M 08 0.3 to 0.9 mm Clocks, precision
ISO threa ds DIN 13-M 30 1 to 68 m m
DIN 13-M 20 x 1 1 to 1000 mm mechanisms
nn M DIN 2510-M 36 12 to 180 m m General purpose
DIN 158-M 30 x 2 6 to 60 m m (coarse thread)
Metric threads with
DIN 158-M 30 x 2 keg General purpose
/ y f f y y ylarge clearance (fine thread)
Metric straight Bolts/screws w ith
internal threads anti-fatigue shank
Drain plugs and
grease nipples
60°
Metric M 6 to 60 m m Drain plugs and
teaxpteerrnal threads grease nipples
Pipe threads, G DIN ISO 228 -G 1 1 / 2 (internal) Does not seal on
straight DIN ISO 228-G1/2A(external) 1/s to 6 inches thread
Parallel D IN 2999 - R p 1 / 2 1/i6to 6 inch
pipe threads Rp
(internal threads) V 8 to 1 1 / 2 inch Pipe threads,
D IN 38 58- R p 1 / 8 V16 to 6 inches seals on thread;
Taper for threaded pipe,
pipe threads DIN 2999-R 1/2 fittings, screwed
R pipe joints
(external threads)
DIN 385 8-R 1 / 8 - 1 1/s to 1 1 / 2 inches
Metric ISO i n Tr DIN 103-Tr 40 x 7 8 to 300 mm General purpose as
trapezoidal motion screw
threads threads
Buttress threads m S DIN 51 3-S 48 x 8 10 to 640 mm General purpose as
8 to 200 m m motion screw
Knuckle threads DIN 405-Rd 40 x V6 10 to 300 mm threads
Rd 1.5 to 9.5 m m
Tapping screw General purpose
threads DIN 2040 0-Rd 40 x 5
Knuckle threads w ith
ST ISO 1478-ST 3,5 large thread overlap
For tapping
screws
Designation of left-hand and m ultiple start threads cf. DIN ISO 965-1 (1999-11)
Type of thread E xplanation Code designation (examples)
Left-hand threads The code designation "LH" is placed after the complete M 30-LH
thread designation (LH = Left-Hand). Tr 40 x 7 - L H
Multiple start The lead P h and the pitch Pfollowthe code designation M 16 x P h 3 P 1,5 or
right-hand thread and the thread diameter. M 16 x P h 3 P 1,5 (double-start)
"LH " is placed after the thread designa tion of the m ulti-
Multiple start left- ple start.1) M 14 x P h 6 P2-LH or
hand thread M 14 x P h 6 P 2 (triple-start)-LH
1 ) For parts wh ich have right-hand and left-hand threads, "RH " (Right-Hand) is placed after the thread desig nation of
the right-hand thread and "LH" (Left-Hand) after the left-hand thread. The number of starts for multiple-starts is
found by: no. of starts = lead Ph / pitch P.
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Machine elements: 5. ads
Thread standards of various countries (selec tio n)1'
Thread name Thread profile Code Thread designation C o u n tr y 2 )
Unified National internal thread UNC
Coarse Thread Example Meaning ARG, AUS,
UNF CAN, GBR,
Unified National Fine 1 4-20 UNC-2A ISO-UNC-thread IND, JPN,
Thread U NEF with V4 inch
nominal diameter, SNWORE, PAK,
Unified National and others
Extra Fine C2 0l atshsr e2aAd s / i n c h ,
Thread ARG, AUS,
V4-28 UNC-3A ISO-UNF threads CAN, GBR,
with V4 inch IND, JPN,
nominal diameter, NOR, PAK,
28 threads/inch, SWE
Class 3A and others
V4-32 UN EF -3A ISO-UNEF threa d ARG, AUS,
with V4 inch CAN, IND,
nominal diameter, NOR, PAK,
32 threads/inch, SWE
and others
Class 3A
Unified National UNS 1 4-2 7 UN S UNS threads with ARG, AUS,
Special Thread, V4 inch nominal CAN, NZL,
special diameter/lead diameter, USA
combinations 27 threads/inch
Threads for / / / / / ////\ NPSM 1/2- 1 4 N PSM NPSM threads USA, CAN
Mechanical Joints wit h V2 inch
, straight / / / / / nominal diameter,
American Standard ' internal thread/ 14 threads/inch
Taper Pipe Thread / / / / y / y / /
p NPT 3/g — 18 NPT NPT thread BRA, CAN,
straight with 3 / 8 inch FRA, USA
external thread nominal diameter, and others
18 threads/inch
taper
internal thread
American Taper Pipe NPTF V2~14N PTF NPTF threads BRA, CAN,
Thread, Fuel (dryseal) wit h V2 inch USA
American trapezoidal taper nominal diameter,
threads external thread 14 threads/inch,
h = 0.5 • P (dry sealing)
internal thread
Acme 1 3 /4- 4 A c m e - 2 G Acme threads AUS, CAN,
with 1 3 /4 inch GBR, NZL,
nominal diameter USA
4 threads/inch,
Class 2G
American truncated Stub 1/2-20 Stub Stub Acme threads CAN, USA
trapezoidal threads Acme Acme wit h V2 inch
ft = 0.3 • P 2n0omthinreaal ddsi/ainmcehter,
external thread
1 ) cf. Kaufmann, Manfred: "W egweiser zu den Gewindenormen verschiedener Lander"
DIN, Beuth-Verlag
2 ) Three -letter cod es for cou ntries , cf. DIN EN ISO 3166-1 (2008-06)
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203 Machine elements: 5. ads
Imperial Threads
| Imperial Threads fo r general purposes
internal thread P oo Major diameter d =D
Pitch P
i
Os D e n t h n f e x t e r n a l t h r e a d h-, = 0 fi134 . P
'trr,
- Depth of internal thread 0.5413 P
m
CL OM Radius at root Ft = 0.1443 P
CD Basic pitch 0 d2 = D2 = d- 0.6495 • P
S Minor 0 of external thread
ii CVI i\ ji Minor 0 of internal thread d3 = d- 1.1904 • P
Tap hole drill 0
1A1 Thread angle D-, = d- 1.0825 • P
\ Stress area =d-P
60° , 0
7i •/ d 2 + —d3Y
c externalthr ead S = — —~
c 4V 2 /
Basic sizes fo r Unified National Coarse Threads (UNC) ANSl/ASME B I.1 (1989)
No. Threads Major Pitch M iinor ThreacJ depth Stress
size pe r inch diameter External Internal External Internal
o r inches threads threads area S
32 D Pitch diameter threads threads Radius inch2 Drill b it f<jrtap hole
6 32 P Drill size Decimal
8 24 inches d2 = D2 ch D^ inches inches R
10 24 inches 0.01920 0.01691 equival.
12 20 0.1380 inches inches inches 0.01920 0.01691 inches
1/4 18 0.1640 0.0313 0.02558 0.02255 0.0045
5/16 16 0.1900 0.0313 0.1177 0.1008 0.1042 0.02558 0.02255 0.0045 0.0093 #36 0.1065
3/8 14 0.2160 0.0417 0.03067 0.02706 0.0060 0.0142 #29 0.1360
7/16 13 0.2500 0.0417 0.1437 0.1268 0.1302 0.03411 0.03007 0.0060 0.0179 #25 0.1495
1/2 12 0.3125 0.0500 0.03834 0.03383 0.0072 0.0246 #16 0.1770
9/16 11 0.3750 0.0556 0.1629 0.1404 0.1449 0.04380 0.03866 0.0080 0.0324 #7 0.2010
5/8 0.4375 0.0625 0.04717 0.04164 0.0090 0.0532 0.2579
0.5000 0.0714 0.1889 0.1664 0.1709 0.05110 0.04511 0.0103 0.0786 F 0.3125
0.5625 0.0769 0.05576 0.04921 0.0111 0.1078 5/16 0.3680
0.6250 0.0833 0.2175 0.1905 0.1959 0.0120 0.1438 U 0.4219
0.0909 0.0131 0.1842 27/64 0.4843
0.2764 0.2464 0.2524 0.0144 0.2288 31/64 0.5313
0.0160 17/32
0.3344 0.3006 0.3073 0.0180
0.0206
0.3911 0.3525 0.3602 0.0206
0.0241
0.4500 0.4084 0.4167 0.0241
0.0289
0.5084 0.4633 0.4723 0.0321
0.5660 0.5168 0.5266 Radius
3/4 10 0.7500 0.1000 0.6851 0.6310 0.6418 0.06134 0.05413 R 0.3382 21/32 0.6562
0.06014 0.4666 49/64 0.7656
7/8 9 0.8750 0.1111 0.8028 0.7427 0.7547 0.06815 0.06766 inches 0.6120 0.8750
0.07732 0.0036 0.7713 7/8 0.9844
1 8 1.0000 0.1250 0.9188 0.8512 0.8647 0.07668 0.07732 0.0040 0.9781 63/64 1.1093
0.09021 0.0045 1.1664 1 7/64 1.2187
1 1/8 7 1.1250 0.1429 1.0322 0.9549 0.9704 0.08765 0.09021 0.0052 1.4179 1 7/32 1.3437
0.10825 0.0052 1.9171 1 11/32 1.5625
1 1/4 7 1.2500 0.1429 1.1572 1.0799 1.0954 0.08765 0.12028 0.0060 2.5207 1 9/16 1.7812
0.0060 1 25/32
1 3/8 6 1.3750 0.1667 1.2668 1.1766 1.1946 0.10225 0.0072
0.0072
1 1/2 6 1.5000 0.1667 1.3918 1.3016 1.3196 0.10225 0.0080
0.0080
1 3/4 5 1.7500 0.2000 1.6201 1.5119 1.5335 0.1 2268
0.0090
2 4.5 2.0000 0.2222 1.8557 1.7355 1.7594 0.13630 0.0103
0.0120
I Basic sizes fo r Unified Nation al Fine Threads (UNF) 0.0120 ANSl/ASME B1. 1 1989) |
0.0120
No. Threads Major Pitch Pitch Mi nor ThreacI depth 0.0120 Stress Drill bit fc >rtap hole
size p er inch diameter P diameter External Internal External Internal 0.0120 area S Drill size Decimal
threads threads threads threads inch2
inches equival.
or inches D 0.0250 d2 = D2 <h 01 hs HI 0.0103
0.0278 inches inches 0.0149 #33 0.1130
inches 0.0313 inches inches inches 0.0203 #29 0.1360
0.0357 0.0262 #21 0.1590
6 40 0.1380 0.0357 0.1218 0.1082 0.1109 0.0153 0.01353 0.0368 #14 0.1820
0.0417 0.0587
8 36 0.1640 0.0417 0.1460 0.1309 0.1339 0.0170 0.01504 0.0886 I 0.2720
0.0500 0.1198 I 0.2720
10 32 0.1900 0.0500 0.1697 0.1528 0.1562 0.0192 0.01691 0.1612 Q 0.3320
12 28 0.2160 0.0556 0.2046 25/64 0.3906
0.0556 0.1928 0.1735 0.1773 0.0219 0.01933 0.2578 29/64 0.4531
33/64 0.5156
1/4 28 0.2500 00..00672154 0.2268 0.2075 0.2113 0.0219 0.01933 37/64 0.5781
0.0833
5/16 24 0.3125 0.0833 0.2854 0.2629 0.2674 0.0256 0.02255
0.0833
3/8 24 0.3750 0.0833 0.3479 0.3254 0.3299 0.0256 0.02255
0.0833
7/16 20 0.4375 0.4050 0.3780 0.3834 0.0307 0.02706
1/2 20 0.5000 0.4675 0.4405 0.4459 0.0307 0.02706
9/16 18 0.5625 0.5264 0.4964 0.5024 0.0341 0.03007
5/8 18 0.6250
0.5889 0.5589 0.5649 0.0341 0.03007
0.7500 0.7094 0.6756 00..76982773 0.0383 0.03383 0.3754 11/16 0.6875
73//84 1146 0.8750 0.8286 0.7900 0.0438 0.03866 0.5127 13/16 0.8125
1 12 1.0000 0.0511 0.04511 0.6674 59/64 0.9219
0.9459 0.9008 0.9098 0.0511 0.04511 0.8607 1 3/64 1.0469
0.0511 0.04511 1.0785 1 11/64 1.1719
1 1/8 12 1.1250 1.0709 1.0258 1.0348 0.0511 0.04511 1.3208 1 19/64 1.2968
1 1/4 12 1.2500 0.0511 0.04511 1.5877 1 27/64 1.4219
1.1959 1.1508 1.1598
1 3/8 12 1.3750 1.3209 1.2758 1.2848
1 1/2 12 1.5000
1.4459 1.4008 1.4098
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Machine elements: 5. ad s
Imperial Threads ANSI/ASME B1.20.1 - 1983 (R 1992)
Basic sizes National Pipe Taper (NPT)
internal Thread depth h3 = 0.8 P
thread
Hight H= 0.865 P
outside
diameter
of pipe
external N
thread °V • . < ,,
\ t a P e r 1 _ 1 6
axis o f thread f
Thread s Outsid e Pitch Gauge Usuable Depth o f Drill bit for tap hole
diam. of pipe length o f external Drill size i Decimal
N o. size Pitch diame ter leng th e x t . th re a d
D thread equival.
P dz = D2 /-i L2
h3 = 8P
al l dimensions in inches
1/16 27 0.3125 0.03704 0.28120 0.1598 0.2611 0.02963 C 0.2420
1/8 27 0.4050 0.03704 0.37360 0.1613 0.2639 0.02963 Q 0.3320
1/4 18 0.5400 0.05556 0.49163 0.2 275 0.4018 0.04444 7/16 0.4380
3/8 18 0.6750 0.05556 0.62701 0.2398 0.0478 0.04444 9/16 0.5620
1/2 14 0.0625 0.07143 0.77843 0.3199 0.5337 0.05714 45/64 0.7030
3/4 14 1.0500 0.07143 0.98887 0.3391 0.5457 0.05714 29/32 0.9060
1 11 1/2 1.3150 0.08696 1.23863 0.3997 0.6828 0.06957 1 9/64 1.1410
1 1/4 11 1/2 1.6600 0.08696 1.58338 0.4197 0.7068 0.06957 1 31/64 1.484
1 1/2 11 1/2 1.9000 0.08696 1.82234 0.4197 0.7235 0.06957 1 23/32 1.7190
2 11 1/2 2.3750 0.08696 2.29627 0.4354 0.7565 0.06957 2 3/16 2.1880
2 1/2 8 2.8750 0.12500 2.76215 0 .6825 0.10000 2 39/64 2.6090
1.1375
Basic sizes American National Standard General Purp. Acme Screw Thread ANSI/ASME B1.5 -1988 (R 1994)
a c up to 10 tpi = 0.020
c over 10 tp i = 0.010
thread / a 0.06 • P
0.12 • P
Hi d3 = d- ( P + 2 • a c)
D 4 = d+ 2 • ac
R2 D,= d-P
Minor 0 external threads d2 = D2 = d-0. 5 • P
h3 = H 4 = 0.5 • P + a c
Major 0 internal threads w = 0.370- P-0.259
Minor 0 internal threads
Pitch 0
Thread depth
Width of flat
N o. size Threads Nomin al diameter Pitch Pitch diameter Minor diameter Thread depth
pe r inch External thread i Internal thread
3/8 d P d2=D2 h 3 = HA
7/16 12 <h
1/2 12 0.3750 0.0517
5/8 10 0.4375 al l dimensions in inches 0.0517
3/4 8 0.5000 0.0700
7/8 6 0.6250 0.0833 0.3333 0.2717 D ,0.2917 0.0825
6 0.7500 0.3342 0.1033
1 5 0.8750 0.0833 0.3958 0.3600 0.3542 0.1033
1 1/8 5 1.0000 0.4600 0.4000 0.1200
1 1/4 5 1.1250 0.1000 0.4500 0.5433 0.5000 0.1200
1 3/8 4 1.2500 0.6683 0.5833 0.1200
1 1/2 4 1.3750 0.1250 0.5625 0.7600 0.7083 0.1450
1 3/4 4 1.5000 0.8850 0.8000 0.1450
4 1.7500 0.1667 0.6667 1.0100 0.9250 0.1450
2 3 2.0000 1.0850 1.0500 0.1450
2 1/4 3 2.2500 0.1667 0.7917 1.2100 1.1250 0.1867
2 1/2 3 2.5000 1.4600 1.2500 0.1867
2 3/4 2 2.7500 0.2000 0.9000 1.7100 1.5000 0.1867
2 3.0000 1.8767 1.7500 0.2700
3 2 3.5000 0.2000 1.0250 2.1267 1.9167 0.2700
3 1/2 2 4.0000 2.3767 2.1667 0.2700
2 4.5000 0.2000 1.1500 2.4600 2.4167 0.2700
4 5.0000 2.9600 2.5000 0.2700
4 1/2 0.2500 1.2500 3.4600 3.0000
3.9600 3.5000
5 0.2500 1.3750 4.4600 4.0000
4.5000
0.2500 1.6250
0.2500 1.8750
0.3333 2.0833
0.3333 2.3333
0.3333 2.5833
0.5000 2.7500
0.5000 3.2500
0.5000 3.7500
0.5000 4.2500
0.5000 4.7500
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204 Machine elements: 5. ads
Metric threads and fine threads
Metric ISO threads for gen eral purpose application , basic profiles cf. DIN 13-19 (1999-11)
internal thread Major diameter d =D
Pitch P
Depth of external thread h3 = 0.6134- P
DRaedpituhsoaf tinroteortnal thread "R1 == 00..15441433 •• PP
Basic pitch 0
Minor 0 of external thread d2 = D2 = d-0.6495 P
Minor 0 of internal thread
Tap hole drill 0 d3 = d- 1.2269 • P
Thread angle
01 = d- 1.0825 • P
Stress area
external thread = d- P d3\2
60 c )
n fd 2 +
S • •( 2
Basic sizes for coarse threads Series 1 1 ) (dim ens ions in m m) cf. DIN 13-1 (1999-11)
Thread- Minor 0 Thread depth Drill bit Hexago-
0 for nal width
d etsi iognn a - Pitch Pitch 0 ethxrteerandasl tihnrteerandasl ethxrteerandasl tinhtreerandasl Roruonodte d Sa rter eas sS tap
mm2 hole 2 ) across
d= D P d2 = D2 d3 D^ h3 " i R flats3'
M1 0.25 0.84 0.69 0.73 0.15 0.14 0.04 0.46 0.75 -
M 1.2 0.25 1.04 0.89 0.93 0.15 0.14 0.04 0.73 0.95
M 1.6 0.35 1.38 1.17 1.22 0.22 0.19 0.05 1.27 1.25 -
M2 0.4 1.74 1.51 1.57 0.25 0.22 0.06 2.07 1.6 3.2
M 2.5 0.45 2.21 1.95 2.01 0.28 0.24 0.07 3.39 2.05
M3 0.5 2.68 2.39 2.46 0.31 0.27 0.07 5.03 2.5 4
5
M4 0.7 3.55 3.14 3.24 0.43 0.38 0.10 8.78 3.3 5.5
M5 0.8 4.48 4.02 4.13 0.49 0.43 0.12 14.2 4.2
M6 1 5.35 4.77 4.92 0.61 0.54 0.14 20.1 5.0 7
8
M8 1.25 7.19 6.47 6.65 0.77 0.68 0.18 36.6 6.8 10
M 10 1.5 9.03 8.16 8.38 0.92 0.81 0.22 58.0 8.5
M 12 1.75 10.86 9.85 10.11 1.07 0.95 0.25 84.3 10.2 13
16
M 16 2 14.70 13.55 13.84 1.23 1.08 0.29 157 14 18
M 20 2.5 18.38 16.93 17.29 1.53 1.35 0.36 245 17.5
M 24 3 22.05 20.32 20.75 1.84 1.62 0.43 353 21 24
30
M 30 3.5 27.73 25.71 26.21 2.15 1.89 0.51 561 26.5 36
M 36 4 33.40 31.09 31.67 2.45 2.17 0.58 817 32
M 42 4.5 39.08 36.48 37.13 2.76 2.44 0.65 1121 37.5 46
55
M 48 5 44.75 41.87 42.59 3.07 2.71 0.72 1473 43 65
M 56 5.5 52.43 49.25 50.05 3.37 2.98 0.79 2030 50.5
M 64 6 60.10 56.64 57.51 3.68 3.25 0.87 2676 58 75
85
95
Basic sizes for fine th reads (dim ens ions in mm ) cf. DIN 13-2 - 10 (1999-11)
Thread Pitch 0 Mino r 0 Thread Pitch 0 Minor 0 Thread Pitch 0 Minor 0
designation ext. th. int. th. designation designation
ext. th. int. th. ext. th. int. th.
d x P cfe = D 2 d3 D^ dx P dz = D2 dz D^ dx P d2 = D2 d3
M 2 x 0.25 1.84 1.69 1.73 M 1 0 x 0 .2 5 9 .8 4 9.69 9.73 M 24 x 2 22.70 21.55 21.84
M 30 x 1.5 29.03 28.16 28.38
M 3 x 0.25 2.84 2.69 2.73 M 10 x0 .5 9.68 9.39 9.46 28.70 27.55 27.84
M 30 x 2
M 4 x 0.2 3.87 3.76 3.78 M 10 x 1 9.35 8.77 8.92
M 4 x 0.35 3.77 3.57 3.62 M 12 x 0.35 11.77 11.57 11.62 M 36 x 1.5 35.03 34.16 34.38
34.70 33.55 33.84
M 5 x 0.25 4.84 4.69 4.73 M 12 x 0.5 11.68 11.39 11.46 M 36 x 2 41.03 40.16
M 42 x 1.5 40.38
M 5 x 0.5 4.68 4.39 4.46 M 12 x 1 11.35 10.77 10.92
M 6 x 0.25 5.84 5.69 5.73 M 16x0.5 15.68 15.39 15.46 M 42 x 2 40.70 39.55 39.84
M 6 x 0.5 5.68 5.39 5.46 M 16 x 1 15.35 14.77 14.92 M 48 x 1.5 47.03 46.16 46.38
M 6 x 0.75 5.51 5.08 5.19 M 16 x 1.5 15.03 14.16 14.38 M 48 x 2 46.70 45.55 45.84
M 8 x 0.25 7.84 7.69 7.73 M 20 x 1 M 56 x 1.5 55.03 54.16 54.38
19.35 18.77 18.92 54.70 53.55 53.84
M 56 x 2 62.70 61.55
M 8 x 0.5 7.68 7.39 7.46 M 20 x 1.5 19.03 18.16 18.38 M 64 x 2 61.84
M 8x 1 7.35 6.77 6.92 M 24 x 1.5 23.03 22.16 22.38
1 > Series 2 and Series 3 also have interm ediate sizes (e. g. M7 , M 9, M 14).
2 ) cf. DIN 336 (2003-07) 3) cf. DIN ISO 272 (1979-10)
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Machine elements: 5. ads
Metric taper threads cf. DIN 158-1 (1997-06)
Metric taper external and m ating
i n t e r n al s t r a i g h t s c r e w t h r e a d s ( s t an d a r d d e s i g n ) 11
saga T h r e ad d i m e n s i o n s o f
external threads
-XI . OSL Pitch 0 d2 = d-0.650 P
Minor0 d3 = d- 1.23 • P
reference Height H, = 0.866 • P
plane Thread depth h3 =0.613 • P
Root radius R = 0.144 • P
reference inspection inspection
plane plane plane
thread axis
Thread cimensions Dimeirisions in ireference plane Dimenisions in iinspection plane
Thread Thread Thread Dis- Thre ad dimen sions Dis- Thre ad dimen sions
length depth d = D2) d2 = D 2 3 ) ds d d'2 d'z
designation h3 max. tance stance
d x P h 0.52 a b
M 5 keg 5 0.66 2 5 4.48 4.02 2.8 5.05 4.5 4.07
M 6 keg 5.5
M 8 x 1 keg 7 0.82 6 5.35 4.77 6.06 5.4 4.84
M 10 x 1 keg
M 12 x 1 keg 8 7.35 6.77 ] 8.06 7.4 6.84
M 10 x 1.25 keg 2.5 10 9.35 8.77 3.5 10.06 9.4 8.84
M 12 x 1.25 keg
M 12 x 1.5 keg 12 11.35 10.77 12.06 11.4 10.84
M 14 x 1.5 keg
10 9.19 8.47 10.13 9.3 8.59
3 12 11.19 10.47 5
12.13 11.3 10.59
12 11.03 10.16 12.19 11.2 10.35
14 13.03 12.16 14.19 13.2 12.35
M 16 x 1.5 keg 16 15.03 14.16 16.19 15.2 14.35
M 18 x 1.5 keg 8.5 0.98 3.5 18 17.03 16.16 6.5 18.19 17.2 16.35
M 2 0 x 1.5 keg
M 2 2 x 1.5 keg 20 19.03 18.16 20.19 19.2 18.35
M 24 x 1.5 keg
M 26 x 1.5 keg 22 21.03 20.16 22.19 21.2 20.35
M 3 0 x 1.5 keg
24 23.03 22.16 24.19 23.2 22.35
M 36 x 1.5 keg
M 3 8 x 1.5 keg 26 25.03 24.16 26.19 25.2 24.35
M 42 x 1.5 keg
M 45 x 1.5 keg 30 29.03 28.16 30.19 29.2 28.35
M 48 x 1.5 keg
M 52 x 1.5 keg 36 35.03 34.16 36.22 35.2 34.38
M 27 x 2 keg
M 30 x 2 keg 38 37.03 36.16 38.22 37.2 36.38
M 33 x 2 keg
M 36 x 2 keg 10.5 1.01 4.5 42 41.03 40.16 8 42.22 41.2 40.38
M 39 x 2 keg
M 42 x 2 keg 45 44.03 43.16 45.22 • 44.2 43.38
M 45 x 2 keg
M 48 x 2 keg 48 47.03 46.16 48.22 47.2 46.38
M 52 x 2 keg
M 56 x 2 keg 52 51.03 50.16 52.22 51.2 50.38
27 25.70 24.55 27.25 25.9 24.80
12 1.32 5 30 28.70 27.55 9 30.25 28.9 27.80
33 31.70 30.55 33.25 31.9 30.80
36 34.70 33.55 36.25 34.9 33.80
39 37.70 36.55 39.25 37.9 36.80
42 40.70 39.55 42.25 40.9 39.80
13 1.34 6 45 43.70 42.55 10 45.25 43.9 42.80
48 46.70 45.55 48.25 46.9 45.80;
52 50.70 49.55 52.25 50.9 49.80
56 54.70 53.55 56.25 54.9 53.80
M 60 x 2 keg 60 58.70 57.55 60.25 58.9 57.80
Threads DIN 158 - M 30 x 2 keg: Metric taper external threads, d= 3 0 m m , P = 2 m m ,
standard design
1 ) For self-sealing joints (e.g. Drain plugs, grease nipples). For larger nomin al diameters it is recom me nded to use
a joint compound to seal in the threads.
2 ) D Basic major diameter of internal thread 3 ) D2 Basic pitch diameter of internal thread
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206 Machine elements: 5. ads
Whitworth threads, Pipe threads
Whitworth threads ( n o t standardized)
internal Major diameter d =D
thread Minor diameter d i = D i = d - 1.28 • P
Pitch diameter = d-2•U
Threads/inch d2 = D2 = d-0.640 • P
Pitch
N 25.4 mm
P=
N
Thread depth /? = Ht = 0.640 • P
Radius H = 0.137 • P
Thread angle 55°
Thread Dimensions i n m m f or external an d internal threads Thread Dimensions in mm for external an d internal threads
desig- Major Minor Pitch Threads Thread Core desig- Major Minor Pitch Threads Thread Core
nation 0 0 0 per depth cross nation 0 0 0 per depth section
inch section inch m r r ro
d d=D d2=D2 N mm2 d d-D d 1 = D n ck = D2 N h, = H,
1 / 4 " 6.35 4.72 5.54 20 0.81 17.5 1V 31.75 27.10 29.43 1 2.32 577
1V2" 38.10 32.68 35.39 2.71 839
5/l6" 7.94 6.13 7.03 18 0.90 29.5 6
13/4" 44.45 37.95 41.20 5 3.25 1 131
3/s" 9.53 7.49 8.51 16 1.02 44.1 2" 50.80 43.57 47.19 4.5 3.61 1491
9.99 11.35 12 1.36 78.4
1/2" 12.70
% 15.88 12.92 14.40 11 1.48 131 2 V 4 " 57.15 49.02 53.09 4 4.07 1886
3U 19.05 15.80 17.42 10 1.63 196 2 V 2" 63.50 55.37 59.44 4 4.07 2408
7/s 22.23 18.61 20.42 9 1.81 272 3" 76.20 66.91 72.56 3.5 4.65 351 6
1" 25.40 21.34 23.37 8 2.03 358 3 V 2 " 88.90 78.89 83.89 3.25 5.00 4888
Pipe th reads cf. DIN ISO 228-1 (2003-05), DIN EN 10226-1 (2004-10)
Pipe thr eads DIN ISO 228-1 Pipe thr eads DIN EN 10226-1
fo r joints n ot sealed by threads; sealed by threads;
straight internal an d external threads straight internal threads, taper external threads
internal- taper external
thread thread
external thread
traight usable thread length
internal thread
cf. American Taper Standard-Pipe Threads NPT: page 203
DIN ISO 2T2h8re-1ad desDigINn aEtiNo1n0226-1 diMamajeotrer diaPmitcehter diMamineotrer Pitch Thpreear ds hPeroigfihlet Usable
d-D d2 = D 2 d, = D i inch h = h, = Hn length o f
External a n d External Internal external
internal threads threads threads N threads
7.723 7.142 6.561 0.907 0.581
9.728 9.147 8.566 0.907 0.581
13.157 12.301 11.445 1.337 0.856
16.662 15.806 14.950 1.337 0.856
20.995 19.793 18.631 1.814 1.162
26.441 25.279 24.117 1.814 1.162
G1 R1 Rp1 33.249 31.770 30.291 2.309 1.479
G 11/4 R11/4 Rp 1 1 /4 41.910 40.431 38.952 2.309 1.479
G11/ Rp 1 1 / 47.803 46.324 44.845 2.309 1.479
G2 2 1 Rp2 2
G 2 1/2 Rp 21 /2 59.614 58.135 56.656 2.309 1.479
G3 RR21 /2 Rp3 75.184 73.705 72.226 2.309 1.479
87.884 86.405 84.926 2.309 1.479
G4 R2V2 Rp4
G5 R3 Rp5 113.030 111.551 110.072 2.309 1.479
G6 Rp6 138.430 136.951 135.472 2.309 1.479
R4 163.830 162.351 160.872 2.309 1.479
R5
R6
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Machine elements: 5. ads
Trapezoidal and bu ttress threads
Metric ISO trapezoidal screw threads cf. DIN 103-1 (1977-04)
Dimension For pitch P in mm Nominal diameter d
Single start pitch
ac 1.5 2-5 6-12 14-44 and multiple start lead P
Multiple start pitch
R2 0.15 0.25 0.5 1 No. of threads Ph
0.075 0.125 0.25 0.5 Minor 0 external threads n = Ph:P
0.15 0.25 0.5 1 Major 0 internal threads d3 = d -( P +2 • ac)
Minor 0 internal threads 04 = d+2 • ac
Pitch 0 01 = d-P
Thread depth d2 = D 2 = d-0.5 • P
Thread overlap h3 = H4 = 0.5 • P + a c
Crest clearance H i = 0,5 • P
Radius
Width of flat ac
Thread angle and R2
w- = 0.366 - P - 0 . 5 4 - a
30c
Thread dimensions in mm T h r ea d d i m e n s i o n s i n m m
Thread Minor 0 Thread Minor 0
designation designation
Pitch 0 ext. th. int. th. Major Thread Width Pitch 0 ext. th. int. th. Major Thread Width
dx P D4 depth of flat d x P <h D^ *>4
*3 = H 4 w depth of flat
4> = 92 <h D^ »3 = H 4 w
Tr 10 x 9 7.5 10.5 1.25 0.60 Tr 40 x 36.5 32 33 41 2.29
Tr 12 x 10.5 8.5 12.5 1.75 0.96 Tr 44 x 40.5 36 37 45 2.29
Tr 16 x 14 11.5 12 16.5 2.25 1.33 Tr 48 x 44 39 40 49 4.5 2.66
Tr 20 x 18 15.5 16 20.5 2.25 1.33 Tr 52 x 48 43 44 53 4.5 2 66
Tr 24 x 21.5 18.5 19 24.5 2.75 1.70 Tr 60 x 9 55.5 50 51 61 5 3.02
Tr 28 x
25.5 22.5 23 28.5 2.75 1.70 Tr 70 x 10 65 59 60 71 5.5 3.39
TTrr 3362 xx 3294.5 3252.5 3236 3336.5 32..05 01..8933 TTrr 8900 xx 1120 8754 7679 7708 9811 65..55 43..1329
Tr 36 x 6 33 29 30 37 3.5 1.93 Tr 100 x 12 94 87 88 101 6.5 4.12
Tr 36 x 10 31 25 26 37 5.5 3.39 Tr 140 x 14 133 124 126 142 8 4.58
Metric buttress threads cf. DIN 513 (1985-04)
internal thread Nominal thread size d =D
Pitch P
Minor 0 external threads d3 = d- 1.736 • P
Minor 0 internal threads Dt = d - 1.5 • P
Pitch 0 external threads d2 = d-0.75 • P
Pitch 0 internal threads D2 = d - 0 .7 5 • P+ 3.176 • a
external thread AExxitaelrncalel atrharnecaed depth ah3 ==00..186-7f P8 • P
Internal thread depth H, = 0.75 • P
Radius R =0.124- P
Crest wid th on majo r 0 w = 0.264 • P
Thread angle 33°
Extern;al threads Intern:il threads Extern;a I threads Intern;il threads
Thread Minor Thread Minor Thread Pitch Thread Minor Thread Minor Thread Pitch
designation 0 depth 0 depth 0 designation 0 depth 0 depth 0
ds 01 ds 01
d x P h3 i d2 d x P hs dz
S 12x3 6.79 2.60 7.5 2.25 9.75 S 44 x 7 31.85 6.07 33.5 5.25 38.75
}S 1 6 x 4 13.00 S 48 x 8 34.12 6.94 36 6.00 42.00
9.06 3.47 10.0 3.00
46.00
S 20 x 4 13.06 3.47 14.0 3.00 17.00 S 52 x 8 38.11 6.94 40 6.00 53.25
S 24 x 5 15.32 4.34 16.5 3.75 20.25 S 60 x 9 44.38 7.81 46.5 6.75
62.50
S 28 x 5 19.32 4.34 20.5 3.75 24.25 S 70x10 52.64 8.68 55 7.50 72.50
S 32 x 6 21.58 5.21 23.0 4.50 27.50 S 80x10 62.64 8.68 65 7.50
81.00
S 36 x 6 25.59 5.21 27.0 4.50 31.50 S 9 0 x 1 2 69.17 10.41 72 9.00 91.00
S 40 x 7 27.85 6.07 29.5 5.25 34.75 S 100x12 79.17 10.41 82 9.00
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208 Machine elem ents: 5. ads
Thread tolerances
Tolerance classes for metric ISO threads cf. DIN ISO 965-1 (1999-11)
Screw thread tolerances are to ensure the function Thread tolerance Internal threads External threads
Applies to pitch and major
and interchangeability of internal and external pitch and minor diameters
threads. They are dependent on the diameter toler- diameters
ances set in this standard and on the precision of low er case letters
6g
Tthhee ptiotclehraanncdethcelatshsre(afidnea,nmgleed. ium and coarse) is Labeled by upper case letters
6
also dependent on the surface finish of the Tolerance class 5H
threads. Thick electroplated protective coatings (example) g
require more clearance (e.g. Tolerance Class 6G) Tolerance grade 5
than bright or phosphatized surfaces (Tolerance (size of tolerance)
Class 5H).
Tolerance zone H
| (position of zero line)
Designation examples Explanations
M12 x 1 - 5g 6g External fine threads, nominal 12 m m , pitch 1 m m ; 5g -> Tolerance class for pitch ;
6g -»• Tolerance class for major
M12 - 6g
M24 - 6G/6e External coarse threads, nominal 12 m m ; 6g -» Tolerance class for pitch and major
M16 Thread fit for coarse threads, nominal 24 mm , 6G - Tolerance class of the internal
threads, 6e Tolerance class of the external threads
Tolerance class me dium 6H/6g applies to threads wit ho ut tolerance indication
Tolerance Class 6H/6g NlQ/lJ XID
is assigned to the Tco
"medium" (general —
purpose) tolerance ni
class and "normal" c^Te
engagement length in m
DIN ISO 965-1 (see
table below). C3
'ECo cot— aot_
'E 'E
Internal threads, tolerance zone location H External threads, tolerance zone location g
Limits for external and internal threads (selection) cf. DIN ISO 965-2 (1999-11)
Inteirnal threa ds - Toler ance class 6 H External threads - Tolerancc; class 6g
Threads Major Pitch 0 D2 M i n o i• 0 DT Majo r 0 d Pitch 0 d2 Minor 0 1 ) c / 3
0 D min. max. min. max.
min. max. min. max. min. max. min.
M3 3.0 2.675 2.775 2.459 2.599 2.980 2.874 2.655 2.580 2.367 2.273
M4 4.0 3.545 3.663 3.242 3.422 3.978 3.838 3.523 3.433 3.119 3.002
MM 65 65..00 45..345800 45..650005 44..191374 45..133354 45..997746 45..789246 45..435246 45..231621 43..794975 43..586996
M8 8.0 7.188 7.348 6.647 6.912 7.972 7.760 7.160 7.042 6.438 6.272
M8 x 1 8.0 7.350 7.500 6.917 7.153 7.974 7.794 7.324 7.212 6.747 6.596
M10 10.0 9.026 9.206 8.376 8.676 9.968 9.732 8.994 8.862 8.128 7.938
M10 x1 10.0 9.350 9.500 8.917 9.153 9.974 9.794 9.324 9.212 8.747 8.596
M12 12.0 10.863 11.063 10.106 10.441 11.966 11.701 10.829 10.679 9.819 9.602
M12 x 1.5 12.0 11.026 11.216 10.376 10.676 11.968 11.732 10.994 10.854 10.128 9.930
M16 16.0 14.701 14.913 13.385 14.210 15.962 15.682 14.663 14.503 13.508 13.271
M16 x 1.5 16.0 15.026 15.216 14.376 14.676 15.968 15.732 14.994 14.854 14.128 13.930
M20 20.0 18.376 18.600 17.294 17.744 19.958 19.623 18.334 18.164 16.891 16.625
M20 x 1.5 20.0 19.026 19.216 18.376 18.676 19.968 19.732 18.994 18.854 18.128 18.930
M24 24.0 22.051 22.316 20.752 21.252 23.952 23.577 22.003 21.803 20.271 19.955
M24 x 2 24.0 22.701 22.925 21.835 22.210 23.962 23.682 22.663 22.493 21.508 21.261
M30
M30 x 2 30.0 27.727 28.007 26.211 26.771 29.947 29.522 27.674 27.462 25.653 25.306
M36 30.0 28.701 28.925 27.835 28.210 29.962 29.682 28.663 28.493 27.508 27.261
M36 x 3 36.0 33.402 33.702 31.670 32.270 35.940 35.465 33.342 33.118 31.033 30.655
36.0 34.051 34.316 32.752 33.252 35.952 35.577 34.003 33.803 32.271 31.955
1 ) cf. DIN 13-20 (2000-08) and DIN 13-21 (2005-08)
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M ach ine elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s 209
Bolts and screws - Overview
Illustration Design Standard range Standard Application, properties
from-to
H e x ag o n h e ad b o l t s a n d s c r e w s DIN EN p a ge s 2 1 2 - 2 1 4
M1.6-M64 ISO 4014
Partly threaded and M1.6 -M64 The most commonly used
M8x1-M64x4 DIN EN bolts/screws in machine, e quipmen t
bFj — i — t ii with coarse threads M8x1 -M64x4 ISO 4017 and automotive industry
Fully threaded with DIN EN Fully threaded ty pe:
fine threads ISO 8765 higher fatigue strength
DIN EN
Partly threaded and ISO 8676 Compared t o c oars e threads :
smaller thread depth, smaller
Fiii 1 with fine threads pitch, higher load capacity, larger
11 Fully threaded with minimum engagement depth le
fine threads
Waisted bolts; for dynamic loads, no
With reduced shank M3-M20 DIN EN nut retention necessary when proper-
1 ISO 24015 ly installed
1 h-e Fit bolt M8-M48 DIN 609 Fixing position of parts against
mov emen t, fit shank transmits trans-
verse loads
| H e x ag o n b o l t s a n d s c r e w s f o r s t e el s t r u c tu r e s page 214 |
With larger M12-M 36 DIN EN High-strength structural bolting
width across flats 14399-4 assem blies (HV), with nuts as per
DIN EN 14399-4 (page 230)
i B - Fit bolt with large M12-M30 DIN 7999 Friction grip (FG) joints, shear/bearing
widths across flats stress connection
| Cap screws With hexagon socket, M1.6-M64 DIN EN pages 215,216
with coarse threads ISO 4762 Machine, equipment and automotive
i +--+ DIN EN industry; low space requirements,
* Y With hexagon socket, M8x1 -M64x4 ISO 21269 head sinkable
fine threads DIN 7984
With low-profile head: small height,
With hexagon socket M3 -M24 DIN EN low stress
and low head ISO 1207
Slotted bolts/screws: small screws,
Slotted M1.6-M10 low stresses
Fine threads: smaller thread depth,
capable of higher loads, larger
minimum engagement depth le
| Countersunk head screws M1.6-M10 DIN EN pages 216,217
M3-M20 ISO 2009 Variety of applications in machine,
Slotted equipment and automotive industry
DIN EN For s c rews wit h hex agon s oc k et:
h i I, With hexagon socket ISO 10642 greater load capacity
For s c rews wi th c ross rec es s : Secure
f—^ DIN EN tightening and loosening compared
ISO 2010 to slotted screws
Slotted raised head M1.6-M10
countersunk DIN EN jpages 217,21 8
<r _ , h ISO 7047
Recessed raised head M1.6-M10 Vehicle body and sheet metal manu-
countersunk cross DIN facturing.
ISO 7049 The sheets to be joined have tap
| S h e et m e t al s c r ew s w i t h t a p p i n g t h r e a d s holes. The threads are formed by the
DIN screw. Locking fasteners are only
Round head screw ST2.2-ST9.5 ISO 7050 needed for thin sheets.
Countersunk ST2.2-ST6.3 DIN
head screw ISO 7051
1 Round head ST2.2-ST9.9
countersunk screws
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210 M ach ine elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s
Bolts and screws - Overview, Designation of bolts and screws
Illustration Design Standard range Standard Application, properties
from-to
D r il li n g s c r e w s w i t h t a p p i n g t h r ea d s
Flat head with ST2.2-ST6.3 DIN EN Vehicle body and sheet metal
cross recess ISO 15481 manufacturing
drilling screws bore the tap hole
Round head counter- ST2.2-ST6.3 DIN EN while being screwed in and form the
sunk with cross/recess ISO 15483 threads.
Studs page 219
/. « 2 • d M4-M24 DIN 835 For aluminum alloys
/ e ~ 1.25 • d M4-M48 DIN 939 For cast iron materials
/ e * 1 • d M4-M48 DIN 938 For steel
Set screws With dog point M1.6-M12 DIN EN page 220
D r ai n p l u g s and slotted 27435
With dog point M1.6-M24 Compression loadable screws
and hex socket M1.6-M12 DIN EN ISO for securing position of parts,
With cone point M1.6-M24 4028 e.g. levers, bearing bushings, hubs
and slotted M1.6-M12 DIN EN
M1.6-M24 27434 Set screws are not suitable for power
With cone point transmission of torques, e.g. for join-
and hex socket DIN EN ISO ing shafts to hubs.
4027
With flat point
and slotted DIN EN
24766
With flat point
and hex socket DIN EN ISO
4026
Heavy type with M10x1- DIN 908 page 219
hexagon socket or M52x1.5 DIN 910
Gearbox manufacturing; Fill, overflow
hexagon head and drain screws for gear oil; milling
of seating surface necessary
T h r ea d f o r m i n g s c r ew s page 218
Various head forms M2 -M1 0 DIN 7500-1 For low loading in malleable
e.g. hexagon, materials, e.g. S235, DC01-DC04,
cheese head non-ferrous metals; use witho ut
locking fastener
Eye bolts page 219
W ith coarse threads M 8- M 100x6 DIN 580 Transport eyes on machines and
equipm ent; stress depends on the
angle of the applied load, milling of
seating surface necessary
Designation of bo lts and screws cf. DIN 962 (2001-11)
Examples: Hex screw ISO 4017 - M12 x 80 - A 2-70
Drain p lug DIN 910 - M24 x 1.5 - St
Cap screws ISO 4762 - M 10 x 55 -8 .8
Type I Nominal data, e.g. Property class, e.g. 8.8, 10.9,
M -> metric screw th read A2-70, A4-70
Reference standard, 12 -> nomina l diam eter d Material, e.g. St steel,
e.g. ISO, DIN, EN; 80 -> shank length / CuZn c opper-zinc-alloy
Sheet number of
the standard1'
1 ) Bolts and screws standardized acco rding to ISO, DIN EN or DIN EN ISO have the abbreviation ISO in their desig- 214/431
nation. Bolts and screws standardized according to DIN have the abbreviation DIN in their designation.
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M ach ine elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s 211
Property classes, Product grades, Clearance holes, Minimum engagement depth
Property classes of sc rews and bolts cf. DIN EN ISO 898-1 (1999-11), DIN EN ISO 3506-1 (1998-03)
Examples: Unalloyed and alloy steels Stainless steels
DIN EN ISO 898-1 DIN EN ISO 3506-1
9.8 A 2-7 0
Tensile strength Rm Yield s treng th Re Steel microstr. Steel group Tensile strength Rm
Rm= 9 - 1 0 0 N / m m 2 Re = 9 - 8 - 1 0 N / m m 2 Rm = 70 • 10 N / m m 2
A austenitic 2 alloyed wit h Cr, Ni
= 90 0 N / m m 2 = 72 0 N / m m 2 F ferritic 4 alloyed with Cr, Ni, Mo = 70 0 N / m m 2
Property c las s es and material properties
Property classes for bolts and screws made of
Material property unalloyed and alloyed steels stainless s teels 1'
5.8 6.8 8.8 9.8 10.9 12.9 A2-50 A4-50 A2-70
Tens, strength Rm i n N /m m 2 500
Yield strength Re i n N /m m 2 400 600 800 900 1000 1200 500 500 700
480 640 720 900 1080 210 210 450
Elong. at fracture EL in % 10 12 10 20 20 13
1 ) Material properties apply to threads < M20
P r o d u ct g r a d es f o r b o l t s a n d n u t s cf. DIN EN ISO 4759-1 (2001-04)
Product Tole- Explanation, application
grade rances
A fine
medium Dimensional, form and positional tolerances for bolts and nuts
wit h ISO threads are specified in tolerance grades A, B, C.
coarse
Clearance holes for bolts cf. DIN EN 20273 (1992-02)
1) 1) 1)
n Thread ClearanSceeriehsole d h Thread ClearanSceeriehsole d h Thread ClearanSceeriehsole d h
d fine med. coarse d fine med. coarse d fine med. coarse
M 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 M5 5.3 5.5 5.8 M24 25 26 28
M1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 M6 6.4 6.6 7 M30 31 33 35
M1.6 1.7 1.8 2 M8 8.4 9 10 M36 37 39 42
M2 2.2 2.4 2.6 M10 10.5 11 12 M42 43 45 48
M2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 M12 13 13.5 14.5 M48 50 52 56
M3 3.2 3.4 3.6 M16 17 17.5 18.5 M56 58 62 66
M 4 4.3 4.5 4.8 M20 21 22 24 M64 66 70 74
1 ) Tolerance grades for d h ; fine series: H12, medium series: H13, coarse series: H14
M i n i m u m e n g a g e m e n t d e p t h i n b li n d h o le Minimum engagement depth /e1>
Area of application
am. Rm < 400 N/m m 2 3.6, 4.6 4.8 -6.8 8.8 1 0. 9
0.8 • d 1.2 • d
Struc. Am = 400-6 00 N /m m 2 0. 8 • d 1.2 • d - -
0.8 • d 1.2 • d -
stee l > 600-800 N/m m2 0.8 • d 1.2 • d 1.2 • d
1.3 • d 1.5- d 1.2 • d 1.2 • d
Rm > 800 N/m m2 1.3 • d 1.3 - d 1.0 • d 1.0 - d
1.5 • d
Cast iron materials -
-
Copper alloys -
Alu min um casting alloys 1 .6 • d 2.2 • d - -
Al alloys, age-hardened 0.8 • d 1.2 • d -
1.6 - d
Al alloys, not age-hardened 1.2 • d 1.6 • d - -
x » 3 • P (thread pitch) Plastics 2.5 • d - -
e-| acc ording to DIN 76,
see page 89 Engagement depth for fine threads l e = 1.25 • Engagement depth for coarse threads
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212 M ach ine elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s
Hexagon head bolts
Hexagon head bo lt w ith shank and coarse threads cf. DIN EN ISO 4014 (2001-03)
Valid standard Repla ces Thread d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M 6 M 8 M10
DIN EN ISO DIN EN DIN
WAF
4014 24014 931 k 3.2 4 5 5.5 7 8 10 13 16
dw
1.1 1.4 1.7 2 2.8 3.5 4 5.3 6.4
e
b 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.6 5.9 6.9 8.9 11.6 14.6
j from 3.4 4.3 5.5 6 7.7 8.8 11.1 14.4 17.8
/ to 9 10 11 12 14 16 18 22 26
Property 12 16 16 20 25 25 30 40 45
classes
16 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100
Thread d
—I 1 5.6, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9, A2-70, A4-70
OJ j WAF
k
r b M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
WAF' •t?
18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85
ki 7.5 10 12.5 15 18.7 22.5 26 30 35
d w 16.6 22 27.7 33.3 42.8 51.1 60 69.5 78.7
e 20 26.2 33 39.6 50.9 60.8 71.3 82.6 93.6
1 ) for / < 125 mm b1> 30 38 46 54 66
2 ) for / = 125-200 mm 44 52 60 72 84 96 108
3)for/> 200 mm b3> 73 85 97 109 121 137
j from 50 65 80 90 110 140 160 180 220
/ to 120 160 200 240 300 360 440 500 500
Product grade s (page 21 1) Property 5.6, 8.8,9 .8, 10.9 as per
classes agreement
Threads d / in mm Grade A2-70, A4-70 A2-50, A4-50
Nominal
< M12 all A lengths / 12, 16, 20, 25. 30. 35 -6 0, 65, >0, 80, 90 -14 0, 150, 160,
180, 200 -460 , 480, 500 m m
M16-M24 /< 150 A
Hexagon head bolt ISO 4014 - M10 x 60 - 8.8:
r / > 160 B d= M10, / = 60 mm , property class 8.8
> M30 all B
I Hexagon head bolts wit h coarse threads, fully th readed cf. DIN EN ISO 4017 (2001-03) |
Valid standard Repla ces Thread d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M 8 M10
DIN EN ISO DIN EN DIN
WAF 3.2 4 5 5.5 7 8 10 13 16
017 24017 933 k 1.1 1.4 1.7 2 2.8 3.5 4 5.3 6.4
dw 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.6 5.9 6.9 8.9 11.6 14.6
e 3.4 4.3 5.5 6 7.7 8.8 11.1 14.4 17.8
j from 2 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20
/ to 16 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 100
i —i ^ Property 5.6, 8.8, 9.8, 10.9, A2-70, A4-70
Qj J JH I. - classes
1
JL. — Thread d
M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
T;>J WAF
/ k 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85
wy Ik_ 7.5 10 12.5 15 18.7 22.5 26 30 35
dw
e 16.6 22 27.7 33.3 42.8 51.1 60 69.5 78.7
20 26.2 33 39.6 50.9 60.8 71.3 82.6 93.6
j from
/ to 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 110
120 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
Property
Product grade s (page 211 ) classes 5>.6, 8.8 , .8, 10.S as per
Nominal
Threads d / in mm Grade l e n g t h s / A2-70, A4-70 A2-50, A4-50 agreement
< M12 all A
A 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 2 5, 30, 35 -6 0, 6E , 70, 80.
M16-M24 Is 150 90-140, 150, 160, 180, 200 mm
/> 160 B
> M30 Hexagon h ead bolt ISO 4017 - M8 x 40 - A4-50:
all B d= M 8,1 = 40 mm , prope rty class A4-50
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M ach ine elem ents: 5.2 Bolts and screw s 213
Hexagon head b olts
H e x ag o n h e ad b o l t w i t h s h a n k a n d f in e t h r e ad s cf. DIN EN ISO 8765 (2001-03)
Valid standard Repla ces Thread d M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
DIN EN ISO DIN EN DIN x1 x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x2 x2 x3 x3 x3 x4
WAF
8765 28765 960 k 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85
5.3 6.4 7.5 10 12.5 15 18.7 22.5 26 30 35
_ b dw 11.6 14.6 16.6 22.5 28.2 33.6 42.8 51.1 60 69.5 78.7
l -1 e 14.4 17.8 20 26.2 33 39.6 50.9 60.8 71.3 82.6 93.6
Qj
b2> 22 26 30 38 46 54 66
/ b3> 44 52 60 72 84 96 108
j from 73 85 97 109 121 137
wA / to
40 45 50 65 80 100 120 140 160 200 220
C | 80 100 120 160 200 240 300 360 440 480 500
I• '
roduct grade s (page 21 1) Nominal 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90-140, 150, 160, 180, 200,
lengths / 220-460, 480, 500 mm
Threads d / in mm Grade Property d< M24x2: 5.6, 8.8, 10.9, A2-70, A4-70 d > M42x3: as per
classes
M12x1.5 all A d= M3 0x 2-M 36x 2: 5.6, 8.8, 10.9, A2-50, A4-50 agreement
Explanations
M16x1.5- < 150 A 1 ) for / < 125 mm 2 ) for / = 125-200 mm 3 ) for / > 200 mm
=>
M24x2 > 150 B Hexagon head bo lt ISO 8765-M 20 x 1.5 x 120 - 5.6:
d = M20 x 1.5, / = 120 mm , property class 5.6
M30x2 all B
H ex a g o n h e ad b o l t s w i t h f i n e th r e a d s , fu l l y t h r e a d e d cf. DIN EN ISO 8676 (2001 03)
Valid standard Repla ces Thread d M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
DIN EN ISO DIN EN DIN x1 x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x2 x2 x3 x3 x3 x4
WAF
8676 28676 961 k 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85
5.3 6.4 7.5 10 12.5 15 18.7 22.5 26 30 35
d w 11.6 14.6 16.6 22.5 28.2 33.6 42.8 51.1 60 69.5 78.7
{t I ^J e 14.4 17.8 20 26.2 33 39.6 50.9 60.8 71.3 82.6 93.6
Q T D[ 16 20 25 35 40 40 40 40 90 100 120
L : j from 80 100 120 160 200 200 200 2 0 0 J 420 480 500
I M / to
/ 16, 20, 25, 30, 35 -6 0, 65, 70, 80, 90-1 40 , 150, 160, 180, 200,
/ Nominal 220-460, 480, 500 mm
W; < lengths /
Property d s M24 x2: 5.6, 8.8, 10.9, A2-70, A4-70 d > M42x3: as per
classes
d = M 30x 2-M 36x 2: 5.6, 8.8, 10.9, A2-50, A4-50 agreement
Product grades according to Hexagon head b olt ISO 8676 - M 8 x 1,5 x 55 - 8.8:
DIN EN ISO 8765 d = M8 x 1.5, / = 55 mm , prope rty class 8.8
H ex h e a d b o l t w i t h r e d u c ed s h a n k cf. DIN EN 24015 (1991-12)
WA F I1 abm Thread d M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
WAF 5.5 7 8 10 13 16 18 24 30
IQJ F / k 2 2.8 3.5 4 5.3 6.4 7.5 10 12.5
dw 4.4 5.7 6.7 8.7 11.4 14.4 16.4 22 27.7
-
ds 2.6 3.5 4.4 5.3 7.1 8.9 10.7 14.5 18.2
k e 6 7.5 8.7 10.9 14.2 17.6 19.9 26.2 33
b 2) 12 14 16 18 22 26 30 38 46
28 32 36 44 52
j from
/ to 20 20 25 25 30 40 45 55 65
Nominal 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 150 150
Product grades (page 211) Plernogptehrsty/ 20, 25, 30-65, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100-130, 140, 150 mm
Threads d / in mm Grade classes
Explanations 5.8, 6.8, 8.8, A2-70
- M20 all B
=> 1 1 for / < 120 mm 2 ) fo r 1 > 125 mm
Hexagon head bolt ISO 4015 - M8 x 45 - 8.8:
d = M8, / = 45 mm , prope rty class 8.8
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214 M ach ine elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s
Hexagon head bolts
Hexagon head fit bo lts with long thread cf. DIN 609 (1995-02)
Thread d M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48
M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48
M8 x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x2 x2 x3 x3 x3
x1
WAF 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75
k 5.3 6.4 7.5 10 12.5 15 19 22 26 30
WAF "ta ds k6 9 11 13 17 21 25 32 38 44 50
14.4 17.8 19.9 26 2 33 39.6 50.9 60.8 71.3 82 6
M- 2 b b1>
b» 14.5 17.5 20.5 25 28.5
i- 63> 16.5 19.5 22.5 27 30.5 36.5 43 49 56 63
k/ / from 32 35.5 41.5 48 54 61 68
to
25 30 32 38 45 55 65 70 8 85
Nominal
l e n g t h s / 80 100 120 150 150 150 200 200 200 200
25, 28, 30, 32, 35, 38, 40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 55, 60-15 0, 16 0-2 00 m m
Product grades (page 211) cPlraospseersty A2-70 A2-50 agaresepmeer nt
d in mm I in mm Grade Explanations 1 ) for / < 150 m m
2 ) for / = 50-150 m m 3> for / > 150 mm
< 10 all Fit bolt DIN 609 - M16 x 1.5 x 125 - A2-70:
> 12 all d = M16 x 1.5, / = 125 mm , property class A2-70
Hexagon head bolts wit h large wid th across flats cf. DIN EN 14399-4 (2006-06),
for high-strength structural bo lting assemblies (HV) replaces DIN 6914
Thread d M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M36
WAF WAF 22 27 32 36 41 46 50 60
k 8 10 13 14 15 17 19 23
20 1 24.9 29.5 33.3 38 42.8 46.6 55.9
cL
23.9 29.6 35 39.6 45.2 50.9 55.4 66.4
23 28 33 34 39 41 44 52
i I from 35 40 45 50 60 70 75 85
b to 95 130 155 165 195 200 200 200
kI Nominal 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70-1 75 , 180, 185, 190, 195, 200 m m
Product grade C l e n g t h s /
Property class, 10.9
surface normal -> with thin oil film, hot-galvanized -> code: tZn
Hexagon head b olt EN 14399-4 - M 12 x 65 - 10.9 - HV - tZn :
M12, / = 65 mm , property class 10.9, for high-streng th boltin g
assemblies, with hot-galvanized surface
Hexagon fit bolts w ith large wid th across flats cf. DIN 7999 (1983-12)
Thread d M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30
WAF WAF 21 27 34 36 41 46 50
k 8 10 13 14 15 17 19
19 25 32 34 39 43.5 47.5
d8b11 31
13 17 21 23 25 28 55.4
e 29.6 37.3 39.6 45.2 35
b 22 8 22 26 28 29.5 50.9 65
32.5
18.5 200
j from 40 45 50 55 55 60 218/431
i to
120 160 180 200 200 200
Nominal
l e n g t h s / 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65- 180 , 185, 190, 195, 200 m m
Property All bolts: property class 10.9
classes
Product grade C Hexagon head bo lt DIN 7999 - M 24 x 165:
d= M24,1 = 165 mm , property class 10.9
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Ma chin e elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s 215
Hexagon socket head cap screws
Hexagon socket head cap screws w ith coarse threads cf. DIN EN ISO 4762 (2004-06)
Valid standard Replaces Thread d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M 4 M 5 M6 M8 M10
DIN EN ISO DIN
WAF 1.5 1.5 2 2.5 456 8
4762 912 k 1 6 2 2.5 3 568 10
dk 3 3.8 4.5 5.5 16
B.5 10 13
b 16 17 18 20 32
for/ 20 25 >25 > 3 0 22 24 28 >45
>30 >35 >40
/1 11 12 1.4 1.5 2 1 2.4 3 3.8 4.5
fo r / < 16 < 16 <25 = 30 < 3 5 <40
<20 <20 <25
from 2.5 3 8 10 12 16
to 16 456 50 100
20 25 30 40 60 80
Property by agreement 8.8, 10.9, 12.9
classes
WAF Stainless steels A2-70, A4-70
Thread d
L1 •C3 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
h/1 WAF
i k 10 14 17 19 22 27 32 36 41
dk 12 16 20 24 30 36 42 48 56
b 18 24 30 36 45 54 63 72 84
b
kI fo r /
36 44 52 60 72 84 96 108 124
> 55 > 65 >80 >90 > 1 1 0 > 120 : 140 > 160 > 180
/1 5.3 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 13.5 15 16.5
fo r / < 50 ; 60 < 7 0 : 80 < 100 < 110 < 130 < 150 < 160
from 20 25 30 40 45 45 60 70 80
to 120 160 200 200 200 200 300 300 300
Property 8.8, 10.9, 12.9 as per
classes agreement
A2-70, A4-70 A2-50, A4-50
Product grades (page 211) Nominal 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30 -6 5, 70, 80-1 50 , 160,
l e n g t h s / 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300 m m
Thread d Grade Cap screw ISO 4762 - M1 0 x 55 - 10.9:
M1.6-M56 d = M10, / = 55 m m, property class 10.9
H e x ag o n s o c k e t h e a d c ap s c r e w s , l o w h e ad cf. DIN 7984 (2002-12)
Thread d M3 M 4 M 5 M6 M 8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
WAF 2 2.5 3 4 5 7 12 14 17
k
d, 2 2 8 3.5 4 5 6 7 9 11 13
WAF b 5.5 7 8.5 10 13 16 18 24 30 36
for /
d izy 12 14 16 18 22 26 30 38 44 46
h >20 >25 >30 >30 >35 >40 >50 >60 >70 >90
fo r /
1.5 2 1 2.4 3 3.8 4.5 5.3 6 7.5 9
from
to < 16 <20 <25 <25 <30 <35 <45 <50 <60 <80
56 10 12 16 20 30 40 50
20 25 30 40 80 100 80 80 100 100
lNeonmg tihnsa /l 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 mm
Product grades (page 211) Property 8.8, A2-70, A 4-70
classes
Thread d Grade Cap screw DIN 7984 - M12 x 50 - A2-70:
M3-M24 d= M12, / = 50 mm, property class A2-70
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216 Ma chin e elem ents: 5.2 Bolts and screw s
Cap screw s, Countersunk head screws
H e x ag o n s o c k e t h e a d c ap s c r e w s w i t h f in e t h r e a d s cf. DIN EN ISO 21269 (2004-06)
Thread d M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
x l x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x2 x2 x3 x3 3x x4
WAF 6 8 10 14 17 19 22 27 32 36 41
k 8 10 12 16 20 24 30 36 42 48 56
dk
13 16 18 24 30 36 45 54 63 72 84
WAF b 28 32 36 44 52 60 72 84 96 108 124
for / >40 >45 >55 >65 > 8 0 >90 r 110 : 120 >140 > 1 6 0 > 1 8 0
L1 ( ZZ3 h 3 3 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 6 9 9 9 9
h/1 1=4 for /
< 35 <40 <50 <60 <70 <70 < 1 0 0 < 110 <130 <150 < 160
k b / from
to 12 20 20 25 30 40 45 55 60 70 80
I
Nominal 80 100 120 160 200 200 200 200 300 300 300
l e n g t h s /
12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,
120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300 m m
Property 8.8, 10.9, 12.9 as per
classes A2-70, A4-70 agreement
Explanation
1 ) Property classes A2-50, A4-50 (stainless steels)
Product grade A (page 211) Cap screw ISO 21269 - M20 x 1,5 x 120 - 10.9:
d= M20x1.5, / = 120 mm , property class 10.9
S l o t t e d c h e es e h e a d s c r e w s cf. DIN EN ISO 1207(1994-10)
Thread d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M 3 M 4 M 5 M6 M8 M10
dk 3 3.8 4.5 5.5 7 8.5 10 13 16
k 1 1 1.4 1 8 2 2 6 3.3 3.9 5 6
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 2 1.2 1 6 2.5
11 16
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.3 2.4
from 23 3 4 56 10 12
to
16 20 25 30 40 50 6 0 8 0 8 0
Nominal for / < 45 m m threads near to head
l e n g t h s / for / > 45 mm b = 38 m m
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25-45, 50, 60, 70, 80 mm
Property
classes 4.8, 5.8, A2-50, A 4-50
Product grade A (page 211) Cheese head screw ISO 1207 - M6 x 25 - 5.8:
d = M6, / = 25 mm , prope rty class 5.8
Hexagon s ocket head countersunk screws cf. DIN EN ISO 10642 (2004-06), replaces DIN 7991
Thread d M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
WAF 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
dk
k 5.5 7.5 9.4 11.3 15.2 19.2 23.1 29 36
b 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.7 5 6.2 7.4 8.8 10.2
for /
WAF 18 20 22 24 28 C 36 44 52
/i N >65 >80 100
/— for /
K 3 >30 >30 >35 >40 >50
f j from A
/ to
y l
— /i Property
classes 1.5 2.1 2.4 3 3.8 4.5 5.3 6 7.5
I <25 <25 <30 <35 <45 <50 <60 <70 <90
Nominal
b lengths / 8 8 8 8 10 12 20 30 35
30 40 50 60 80 100 100 100 100
8.8, 10.9, 12.9
Product grade A (page 211) 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 80, 90, 100 m m
Countersunk head screw ISO 10642 - M5 x 30 - 8.8:
d= M5, / = 30 mm , property class 8.8
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M ach ine elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s 217
Countersunk head screws, Raised head countersunk screws. Tapping screws
Slotted raised head countersunk screws cf. DIN EN ISO 2010 (1994-10)
Raised head countersunk screws with cross recess cf. DIN EN ISO 7047 (1994-10)
Thread d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M 3 M 4 M 5 M6 M8 M10
dk 3.8 4.7 5.5 8.4 9.3 11.3 15.8 18.3
k 1 2 1.5 1.7 2.7 2.7 3.3 4.7 5
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 2 1 2 1 6 2 2.5
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 1 0 1 2 1.4 2 2.3
0.6 0 . 8 1 0 1.2 1 6 2.0 2.4 3.2 3.8
C1)
from 2.5 3 4 5 6 10 12
to
16 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 80
for / < 45 mm -* b * * I; fo r I > 45 mm - • b = 38 m m
Property DIN EN ISO 2010: 4.8, 5.8, A2-50, A2-70
classes DIN EN ISO 7047: 4.8, A2-50, A2-70
Nominal
lengths / 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 -4 5, 50, 60, 70, 80 m m
H Z Explanation C cross recess size, forms H and Z
Product grade A (page 211) Countersunk head screw ISO 7047 - M3 x 20 - 4.8 - H:
d = M3, / = 20 mm , prope rty class 5.8, cross recess form H
Slotted flat head countersunk screws cf. DIN EN ISO 2009 (1994-10)
Flat head countersunk screws w ith cross recess cf. D IN EN ISO 7046-1 (1994-10)
Thread d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M 3 M 4 M 5 M6 M8 M10
dk 3.8 4.7 5.5 8.4 9.3 11.3 15.8 18.3
k
/ i 1 2 1.5 1.7 2.7 2.7 3.3 4.7 5
C1*
n I Crj . b - Q from 0.4 0.5 0 6 0.8 1.2 1.2 1 6 2 2.5
/ to 0.5 0 6 0 8 0.9 1.3 1.4 1.6 2.3 2.6
"T3 oJIu
2.5 3 4 5 6 10 12
16 20 25 30 40 50 60 80 80
for / < 45 mm b* I; for / > 45 mm -> b = 38 m m
- ~r~~i Property DIN EN ISO 2009: 4.8, 5.8, A2-50, A2-70
classes DIN EN ISO 7046-1: 4.8, A2-50, A2-70
b Nominal 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 -4 5, 50, 60, 70, 80 m m
lengths /
\ 1
Explanation 1 ) C cross recess size, form s H and Z (DIN EN 2010)
Product grade A (page 211) Cd o=u Mnt3e,rs/ u=n4k0 hmeamd, spcrorepwerItSy Ocl7a0ss464-.18,- cMro5ssx r4e0ce- s4s.8fo-rmH: H
F la t h e ad c o u n t e r s u n k t a p p i n g s c r e w s cf. DIN EN ISO 7050 (1990-08)
R ai s ed h e a d c o u n t e r s u n k t a p p i n g s c r e w s cf. DIN EN ISO 7051 (1990-08)
DIN EN ISO 7050, Thread d ST2.2 ST2.9 ST3.5 ST4.2 ST4.8 ST5.5 ST6.3
Form F
dk 3.8 5.5 7.3 8.4 9.3 10.3 11.3
1.7 2.4 3 3.2
k 11 0.7 2.6 28 1.3 1.4
f 0.8 10 12
0.5 13
38
from 4.5 6.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 13
to 16 19 25 32 32 38
C1>
DIN EN ISO 7051,
Form C Nominal
l e n g t h s /
Forms 4.5, 6.5, 9.5, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 32, 38 m m
Form C with cone point, form F with dog point
Explanation 1 1 C cross recess size, form s H and Z (DIN EN 2010)
Product grade A (page 211) Tapping screw ISO 7050 - ST4.8 x 32 - F - Z:
d = ST4.8, / = 32 m m , form F, cross recess form Z
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218 Ma chin e elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s
Tapping screws, Thread forming screws
P an h e a d t a p p i n g s c r e w s cf. DIN ISO 7049 (1990-08)
Thread d ST2.2 ST2.9 ST3.5 ST4.2 ST4.8 ST5.5 ST6.3
dk, 4 5.6 7 3.1 9.5 11 13
2.4 9.5 3.7 4 4.6
from 16 2.6 32
to 6.5 9.5 13 13
4.5 19 9.5 32 38 38
C1> 16 25
Nominal
WA l e n g t h s / 4.5, 6.5, 9.5, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 32, 38 m m
Forms
I Form C wit h cone point, form F with dog point
Explanation 1 1 C cross recess size, form s H and Z (DIN EN 2010)
Product grade A (page 211) Tapping screw ISO 7049 - ST2.9 x 13 - C - H:
d = ST2.9, / = 13 mm , form C, cross recess form H
T ap hole diameter for t a p p i n gShseectr emwetsa l (selection)
thickness Tap hole diameter d for tapping screw threads 1
s in mm ST2.2 ST2.9 ST3.5 ST4.2 ST4.8 ST5.5 ST6.3
from-to
—
0- 0. 5 1.6 2.2 2.6 — — — -
0.6-0.8
0.9 -1.1 1.7 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.7 - 4.9
1.8 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.7 4.2
1.2-1.4 1.8 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.3 4.9
1.5-1.7 5.0
1.8-2.0 - 2.5 2.9 3.5 3.9 4.5 5.2
2.0-2.5 - 2.6 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6
2.6-3.0
3.1-3.5 _ _ 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.3
1 ) Holes bored or punche d in - - 3.0 3.8 4.1 4.7 5.3
steel or copper alloy sheet
- - - 3.9 4.3 5.0 5.8
T h r ea d f o r m i n g s c r ew s cf. DIN 7500-1 (2007-03)
Form Thread M2 M4
dForm DE: hexagon head bolt M2.5 M3 M5 M6 M8 M10
WAF kW A F 4 5 5,5 7 10 13 16
6.4
1.4 1.7 2 2.8 3.5 4 5.3
14.6
n\ R AQ II — E - t3 DE dk 2.3 3.1 4.1 4.6 6 6.9 11 6 17.8
rI t e
/ 11 12
3.4 4.3 5.5 6 7.7 11 1 14.4 80
from 3 4 4 6 8 10 10
to 16 20 25 30 40 50 60 16
Form EE: chaepxabgoolnt socket head WAF 1.5 2 2.5 4 56 12
kWAF 568 80
2 2.5 3 8.5 10 13
dEE k 3.8 4.5 5.5 18.3
5
3 from 3 4 4 6 10 2.3
to 16 20 25 30 40 50 60
20
Form NE: raised c ountersunk dk 3.8 4.7 5.5 8.4 9.3 11.3 15.8
k 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.7 2.7 3.3 4.7 80
head bolt with cross NE f 0.4 0.5 1 1 2 1.4 1.4 2
recess
j from 4 5 6 10 10 12
/ to 16 20 25 30 40 50 60
C1'
Nominal 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30 -5 0, 55, 60, 70, 80 m m
lengths I
Explanation 1 ) C cross recess size, form s H and Z (DIN EN 2010)
Product grade A (page 211) Screw DIN 7500 - DE - M8 x 25 - St: DE Hex head, d = M8,
/ = 25 mm (material: case hardened and tempered steel)
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Ma chin e elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s 219
Studs, Eye bolts, Drain plugs
Studs cf. DIN 835, 938, 939 (1995-02)
) • t3 Thread d M3 M 4 M 5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
nr b 1 b for / < 125
U I 1 /< 125 x1 xl .2 5 xl .2 5 x1.5 x1.5 x2
e DIN 835 12 14 16 18 22 26 30 38 46 54
DIN 938 18 20 22 24 28 32 36 44 52 60
Product grade A (page 211) DIN 939
10 12 16 20 24 32 40 48
Application from 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 24
DIN For screwing into to 6.5 7.5 10 12 15 20 25 30
835 Alu min um alloys Property 20 20 25 25 30 35 40 50 60 70
938 Steel classes
939 Cast iron Nominal 30 40 50 60 8 0 100 120 170 200 200
lengths /
Eye bolts 5.6, 8.8, 10.9
20, 25, 30 -7 5, 80, 90-180, 190, 200 m m
Stud ISO 939 - M10 x 65 - 8.8:
d = M10, / = 65 mm , property class 8.8
cf. DIN 580 (2003-08)
Thread d M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
h 18 22.5 26 30.5 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
36 45 54 63 72 90 108 126 144 166 184
cfi 20 25 30 35 40 50 6 0 70 80 90 100
d2 20 25 30 35 40 50 65 75 85 100 110
13 17 20.5 27 30 36 45 54 63 68 78
d3
Case hardened steel C15E, A2, A3, A4, A5
I
Materials
Carrying capacity in t for loading direction
vertical under 45° Vunerdteicra4l 5c 00.1104 00..2137 00..3244 00..5700 01..8260 11..2890 32..2300 34..3600 46..5300 86..1600 8112.05
(single line) (double line)
Eye bolt DIN 580 - M20 - C15E: d = M20, material C15E
Hexagon head Drain plugs
cf. DIN 910 (1992-01)
WAF Thread d
M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M52
c x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5
WAF
e 14 17 21 25 29 36 42 49 55 60
Materials 17 21 21 26 27 30 32 33 33 33
Hexagon socket Drain plugs 12 12 14 14 16 16 16 16 16
Thread d 3334444555
10 13 17 19 22 24 27 30 30 30
d\ 10.9 14.2 18.7 20.9 23.9 2 6 1 29.6 33 33 33
I St steel, Al A l-alloy, CuZn copper-zinc-alloy
c
Screw p lug DIN 910 - M24 x 1.5 - St:
d= M24 x 1.5, material: steel
cf. DIN 908 (1992-01)
M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M52
x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5
14 17 21 25 29 36 42 49 55 60
11 15 15 18 18 20 21 21 21 21
3334445555
Wt AF 55 76 7.5 10 71.25 197 1109.5 1202.5 1204.5 1204.5
e 7.5
5.7 6.9 9.2 11.4 13.7 19.4 21.7 25.2 27.4 27.4
Materials St steel, Al A l-alloy, CuZn copper-zinc-alloy
Screw p lug DIN 908 - M20 x 1.5 - CuZn:
d= M24 x 1.5, material: copper-zinc-alloy
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220 M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5 .2 B o l t s a n d s c r e w s
Set s c re w s
Slot ted set screw s cf. DIN EN 27434, 27435, 24766 (all 1992-10)
with cone point
Thread d M1.2 M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12
4 0 1 0.2 0 2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.5 2 2.5 3.6
n 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.6 2
LU CO 08 1 1
£ r-» t 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 1.6 2 2.5 3 3
Q ™ from
3 3 4 6 8 5 10 12 16
to 10 12 16 25 30 35 40 55 60
z 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 4.3 5.5 7 8.5
1.1 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 4.3 5.3 6.3
^LU iCnO 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.6
Z r- 0.7 0.8 1 1.1 1.4 1.6 2.5 3
O™
from 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16
to
10 12 16 20 25 30 40 50 60
w i t h f l at p o i n t ^ d^ 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 5.5 7 8.5
0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6
n 0.5 0.7 0.8 1 1 1 1.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
co t 1.6 2.5 3 3.6
Q™ from 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 10 12
to 10 12 16 20 25 30 40 50 60
Product grade A (page 211) Property 45H, A1-12H, A2-21H, A3-21H, A4-21H, A5-21H
classes
Valid standard Replaces Nominal 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30-50, 55, 60 mm
l e n g t h s /
DIN EN 27434 DIN 553
DIN EN 27435 DIN 417 Set screw ISO 7434 - M6 x 25 - 14H:
DIN EN 24766 DIN 551 d = M6, / = 25 mm , prop erty class 14H
Set screw s w ith hexago n sock et cf. DIN EN ISO 4026, 4027, 4028 (2004-05)
with cone point Thread d M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
SW k ^ - d^ 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.5 2.5 5
WAF 0.9 1.3 1.5 2.5 3 5 10
ZLU C NO 1 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.6 5.7 6.9 9.1 11.4
sS 0.8 1.2 1.2 1.5 2 2 3 4 4.8 6.4 8
o 00 from 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 10 12 16 20
30 40 50 60 60 60
to 10 12 16 20 25
with dog point d1 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 4 5.5 7 8.5 12 15
z 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 4.3 5.3 6.3 8.4 10.4
if
_ oo WAF 0.9 1.3 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 10
SW
ZLU CN 1 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.6 5.7 6.9 9.1 11.4
O
|o 0 8 1.2 1.2 1.5 2 2 3 4 4.8 6.4
D c/)
from 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 20 12 16 20
to 10 12 16 20 25 30 40 50 60 60 60
w i t h f l at p o i n t di 1 1.5 2 2.5 3.5 5.5 8.5 12 15
10
WAF 0.9 1.3 1.5 2 2.5 4 6
11.4
_ CD 1 1.5 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.6 5.7 6.9 9.2 8
ZLU CMO 20
& 0 8 1.2 1.2 1.5 2 2 3 4 4.8 6.4 60
from 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16
Q cD to
10 1 2 16 20 25 30 40 50 60 6 0
Product grade A (page 211) Property 45H, A1-12H, A2-21H, A3-21H, A4-21H, A5-21H
classes
Valid standard Replaces 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30-5 0, 60 m m
Nominal
DIN EN ISO 4026 DIN 913 l e n g t h s / Set screw ISO 4026 - M6 x 25 - A5-21H:
DIN EN ISO 4027 DIN 914 d = M6, / = 25 m m , A5 stainless steel, property class 21H
DIN EN ISO 4028 DIN 915
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M ac hin e elem ent s: 5.2 Bolts an d scre ws 221
Screw joint calculations
Pr es elec tion of s hank b olt s 1'
F p preload Load Applied force per bolt Fa2) in kN 63
applied force • static 2.5 4 6.3 10 16 25 40 40
• dynamic 1 6 2.5 4 6.3 10 16 25
F c joint clamp
force 5.8, 6. M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24
M5 M6 M8 M8 M10 M16 M20 M24
s tota l bolt load f- 88
fs bolt extension M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
f} joint compres- aQ>. CWD5 10.9
P o 12.9 M4 M5 M5 M8 M8 M10 M12 M16
sion
1 ) It is necessary to check the values of the selected bolts in accordance
Preload and tightening torques with VDI Guideline 2230 for instance.
2 ) For waiste d bolts select next higher applied force level.
Shank bo Its Waisted b<alts
Preload Tightening torque Preload Tightening torque
3) F p in kN M x in N • m A/ v2) F p in kN M t in N • m
Thread F vin Overall c oefficie nt of friiction fj4) in 1rota I coefficier it of fric tion /J 4)
mm2 mm2
0.08 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.12 0.14 0.08 0.12 0.14
8.8 18.6 17.2 16.5 17.9 23.1 25.3 12.9 11.8 11.2 13.6 17.6 19.2
M8 10.9 36.6 27.1 25.2 24.2 26.2 34 37.2 26.6 19 17.3 16.4 20 25.8 28.2
M8 x 1
M10 12.9 31.9 29.5 28.3 30.7 39.6 43.6 22.2 20.2 19.2 23.4 30.2 33
8.8 20.3 18.8 18.1 18.8 24.8 27.3 14.6 13.4 12.7 13.6 17.6 19.2
10.9 39.2 29.7 27.7 26.6 27.7 36.4 40.1 29.2 21.5 19.6 18.7 20 25.8 28.2
12.9 34.8 32.4 31.1 32.4 42.6 47.1 25.1 23 21.9 23.4 30.2 33
8.8 29.5 27.3 26.2 36 46 51 20.7 18.9 17.9 25 32 35
10.9 58.0 43.3 40.2 38.5 53 68 75 42.4 30.4 27.7 26.4 37 47 51
12.9 50.7 47 45 61 80 88 35.6 32.4 30.8 43 55 60
M10x1.25 180..89 61.2 3461..55 4239..24 4218..35 3575 4729 8504 45.6 3223..57 3200..96 2199..29 4207 3551 3586
12.9 54.4 50.6 48.6 64 84 93 39.2 35.9 34.4 46 60 65
8.8 43 39.9 38.3 61 80 87 30.3 27.6 26.3 43 55 60
M12 10.9 84.3 63 58.5 56.2 90 117 128 61.7 44.6 40.6 38.6 63 81 88
12.9 73.9 68.5 65.8 105 137 150 52.1 47.7 45.2 74 95 103
M12x1.5 8.8 48.2 45 43.2 65 87 96 35 32.6 31 48 63 69
10.9 88.1 70.8 66 63.5 96 128 141 65.8 52 47.8 45.7 71 93 102
12.9 82.7 72.3 74.3 112 150 165 56 53.4 83 108 119
61
8.8 81 75.3 72.4 147 194 214 58.4 53.4 51 106 137 150
M16 10.9 157 119 111 106 216 285 314 117 85.8 78.5 74.8 156 202 221
12.9 140 130 124 253 333 367 100 91.8 87.5 182 236 258
8.8 88 82.2 79.2 154 207 229 65.5 60.2 57.4 115 151 166
10.9 167 129 121 116 227
M16x1.5 12.9 151 141 136 265 304 336 128 96.2 88.4 84.5 169 222 244
355 394 113 104 99 197 260 285
8.8 131 121 117 297 391 430 92 86 82 215 278 304
M20 10.9 245 186 173 166 423 557 615 182 134 123 117 306 395 432
12.9 218 202 194 495 653 720 157 144 137 358 462 505
8.8 149 138 134 320 433 482 113 104 100 242 322 355
10.9 272 212 200 190 455
M20x1.5 12.9 247 231 225 533 618 685 210 160 148 142 345 460 508
721 802 188 173 166 402 540 594
8.8 188 175 168 512 675 743 136 124 118 370 480 523
M24 10.9 353 268 250 238 730 960 1060 262 193 177 168 527 682 745
12.9 313 291 280 855 1125 1240 225 207 196 617 800 871
8.8 210 196 189 545 735 816 158 145 139 410 543 600
M24x2 384 280 268 776 1046 1160 295 224 207 198 582 775 852
120.9 3050 327 315 908 1224 1360
263 242 230 682 905 998
During assem bly, the bolts are under tensile and torsional stress. The tighte ning to rque Mt utilizes approx. 90 % of the
yield strength of the bolt material.
1) As stress area 4 ) ^ = ° - 0 8 : b o l t M o S 2 lubricated
2 ) A w waist cross section fj = 0.12: bolt lightly oiled
3 ) F property class of bolt
ij = 0.14: bolt secured with microenc apsulated plastic
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222 Ma chin e elem ents: 5.2 Bolts and screw s
Locking fasteners
\ Z L o c k in g e d g e rin g s , b o l t s / s c r e w s w i ti h A locking fastener is generally not necessary for screw
t eet h under t he h e a d , m i c r o e n c a p s iilated joints which are sufficiently dimensioned and securely
mounted. The clamping forces prevent the slipping of
\ adh esiv es, liquid adhes ive: op tim al the screwed parts or loosening of the bolts and nuts. In
\ u n s c r e w i n g l o qk practice a loss of clamping force can still occur due to
the following causes:
"O I \ Loc:k w a s h e r s , c a s t l e n uti s , l o c k w i re :
• Loosening of the screw joint caused by high surface
CD ca p>t iv e f as t enl e r s o r SITUa ll u n s c r e wM/ i nI a contact pressures which initiate plastic deformation
locik s ( p o l y a ml i d e co at inig s) IY (so-called settling) and reduce the preload of the
0) 1\ screw joint.
1\
Remedy: As little seperation as possible, minim al sur-
—QI . face rough ness, use of high-stren gth bolts (large pre-
load).
1 : S p r i ri g l o c k w a ;;5 h e r , s p r i n ig w a s h e r ,
t ^ t o o t h i l o c k w a s hi e r , c o u n t e r n u t : • U n s c r ew i n g o f th e s c re w j o i n t: For joints dynamical-
\ inef f i c i e n t l o c k <s l e m e n t s ly loaded transverse to the bolt axis a fully self-actuat-
ed unscrewing can occur.
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
load cycles 1 This is remedied with locking elements. These are
Vibration t es t DIN 65151 performed on v arious loc k ing dneivsisd.ed into three groups based on their effective-
elements
The locking behavior of screw joints under transverse Ineffective locking elements (e.g. spring lock washers
lIoSaOdi4n0g1o4-nMt1h0e. bolt is tested and tooth lock washers).
Captive fasteners, which allow a partial u nscrewing,
but prevent the screw joint from coming completely
apart.
Threadlocking (e.g. glue or corrugated head screws).
The preload remains approximately constant. The nut
or bolt cannot loosen by itself (best method of lock-
ing).
Overview of locking fasteners
Join t Locking element Standard Type, property
Loaded spring lock washer withdrawn ineffective
together, spring washer withdrawn ineffective
spring loaded tooth lock washer withdrawn ineffective
serrated lock washer withdrawn ineffective
Interlocking lock washer withdrawn captive fastener
castle nut with cotter pin DIN 935-1+2 captive fastener
Force-fit lock wire captive fastener
(gripping) -
jam nut ineffective, loosening possible
DIN 267-28
bolts and nuts ISO 2320 captive fastener or slight
with gripping anti-rotation lock
polyamide coating
Blocking bolts with teeth - anti-rotation lock, not suitable for
(force-fit a nd under the head hardened parts
interlocking)
detent edged ring anti-rotation lock, not suitable for
detent washer hardened parts
osef lwf-aloschkeinrsg pair -
anti-rotation lock
Bonded microencapsulated adhesives DIN 267-27 anti-rotation lock, sealing joint-
in threads temperature range -50°C to 150°C
liquid adhesive - anti-rotation lock
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M ach ine elem ents : 5.2 Bolts and screw s 223
Width across flats, Types of bolt and screw drives
Wid th across flats for bolts, screws, valves and fittings cf. DIN 475-1 (1984-01)
Width across Length of diagonal Width across Length of diagonal
flats (WAF) flats (WAF) Two Square Hexa- Octa-
Nom inal size Two Square Hexa- Nom inal size flats gonal gonal
flats gonal
s s d e2
d e2 24 29.7 23.4 22.7
3.2 3.7 4.5 3.5 21 25 31.1 24.5 23.8
3.5 4 4.9 3.8 22 26 32.5 25.6 24.9
4 4.5 5.7 4.4 23
28 33.9 26.8 26.0
4.5 5 6.4 4.9 24 29 35.5 27.9 27.0
31 36.8 29.0 28.1
5 6 7.1 5.5 25
32 38.2 30.1 29.1
5.5 7 7.8 6.0 26 33 39.6 31.3 30.2
35 42.4 33.5 32.5
6 7 8.5 6.6 27
38 45.3 35.7 34.6
e-, = 1.4142 s 7 8 9.9 7.7 28 40 48.0 37.7 36.7
8 = 0.7071-6
8 9 11.3 8.8 30
9 10 12.7 9.9 32
10 12 14.1 11.1 34
11 13 15.6 12.1 36 42 50.9 40.0 39.0
12 14 17.0 13.3
41 48 58.0 45.6 44.4
13 15 18.4 14.4 46 52 65.1 51.3 49.8
14 16 19.8 15.5 50 58 70.7 55.8 54.1
15 17 21.2 16.6 55 65 77.8 61.3 59.5
16 18 22.6 17.8 60 70 84.8 67.0 64.9
17 19 24.0 18.9 65 75 91.9 72.6 70.3
18 21 25.4 20.0 70 82 99.0 78.3 75.7
19 22 26.9 21.1 75 88 106 83.9 81.2
20 23 28.3 22.2 80 92 113 89.6 86.6
= > DIN 475• - WAF 16: W idth across flats w ith nom inal size s = 16 m m
Tscarbelwe sv, anluuetss aansd pfiettrinDgIsN. D4i7a5goanpapl lylentogthfisnischaelcdulsattaemd pbeydthwerofourgmhut lapreod2 u=ct1s.,15b4o7lt s• , s
are larger than the table values, since they are based on the sharp-edged hexagon.
Calculation of regular polygons , page 27.
Screw drive systems
Type Properties Type Properties
High torque transmission, no axial Higher torque transmission than with
force required, relatively economical, hexagon head
identical tool for bolt and nut, many
variations, tool relatively large
hexagonal head internal
torx drive
Like hexagon head except the torque
transmission is slightly less, requires Very go od torque transm ission, little
less space for too l than with hexagon space required for tool
head
hexagon socket external
torx drive
tamper resistant Safety screw, can only be loosened Safety screw, can only be loosened
hexagon drive with a special tool, especially well- with a special tool, especially well-
suited as protection against damage suited as protection against damage
and theft, yet has good torque trans- and theft, yet has good torque trans-
mission mission
tamper resistant
torx drive
Inexpensive and popular, but it is diffi- Higher torque than with slotted bolts
cult to center the tool, low torque & screws, better tool centering, lower
transmission, high contact pressure contact pressure, available without
on the loaded driving flats diagonal notches and also with cross
recess Phillips form H
cross recess
slotted Pozidriv
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224 M achine elem ents: 5. o t s n s
Countersinks for countersunk head screws
C o u n t e r s in k s f o r c o u n t e r s u n k s c r e w s w i t h h e a d f o r m s a s p e r IS O 7 7 21 cf. DIN EN ISO 15065 (2005-05) Replaces DIN 66
Nom inal s iz es 1.6 M2 2.5 M3 3.5 M4
Metric screws ST2.2 M2.5 ST2.9 M3.5 ST4.2
Tapping screws M1.6 ST3.5
dy H13 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.9 4.5
d2 min. 18 4.4 5.5 6.3 9.4
d2 max. 4.5 5.6 6.5 82 9.6
3.6 1.1 1.4
Nom inal sizes 3.7 5.5 16 8.4 2.6
Metric screws M6 2.3
/ Tapping screws 10 ST5.5 ST6.3 M8 10
i d, H13 ST8 M10
i d2 min. M5 11.5 66 ST9.5
ST4.8 12 6 17.3 11
5.5 20
10.4
V/) - d2 max. 10.7 11 8 12.9 17.6 20.3
2.6 2.9 3.1 4.3 4.7
Countersink ISO 15065-8: Nominal size 8 (metric threads M8 or
tapping screw threads ST8)
App lic ation for: Slotted flat head countersunk screws DIN EN ISO 2009
Cross recessed flat head countersunk screws DIN EN ISO 7046-1
Slotted raised head countersunk screws DIN EN ISO 2010
Cross rec. raised head countersunk screws DIN EN ISO 7047
Slotted flat head countersunk tapping screws DIN ISO 1482
Cross rec. flat head counters, tapping screws DIN ISO 7050
Slotted raised head countersunk tapping screws DIN ISO 1483
Cross rec. raised head counters, tapping screws DIN ISO 7051
Graphical representation, Cross recessed flat head countersunk tapping screws ISO 15482
see page 83;
Cross recessed raised head countersunk tapp ing screws ISO 15483
Countersinks for cou ntersunk head screws cf. DIN 74 (2003-04)
Thread 0 1.6 2.5 4.5 8
< d, H131) 1 8 2.4 2.9 3.4 4.5 5.5 6 6 7.6
E tf2H13 3.7 4.6 5.7 6.5 8.6 9.5 10.4 12.4 14.4 16.4
o
0.9 1 1 1.4 1 6 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.7
h -
Countersink DIN 74 - A4: Form A, thread diameter 4 m m
///. Application of Countersunk flat head wood screws DIN 97 and DIN 7997
V/, - Form A for: Raised head countersunk wood screws DIN 95 and DIN 7995
d, H13 Thread 0 10 12 16 20 22 24
Form A and Form F 25
H13 1) 10.5 13 17 21 23 40
13
LU d 2 H13 19 24 31 34 37
E
L_
o fi - 5.5 7 9 11.5 12
LL a 75° ±1 ° 60° ±1 °
Countersink DIN 74 - E12: Form E, thread diam eter 12 mm
Application of Countersunk head bolts for steel structures DIN 7969
Form E for:
Thread 0 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 20
3.4 4.5 5.5 6.6 9 11 13.5 15.5 17.5 22
di H131) 6.9 9.2 11.5 13.7 18.3 22.7 27.2 31.2 34.0 40.7
1.8 2.3 3.0 3.6 4.6 5.9 6.9 7.8 8.2
e Countersink DIN 74 - F12: Form F, thread diameter 12 m m 9.4
p d2 H13
a
F o rm E h
Graphical representation, S h -
see page 83;
Application of Hexagon socket head countersunk screws DIN EN ISO 10642
Forms B, C and D are n o Form F for: (replaces D IN 7991)
longer standardized
1 ) Me dium size clearance hole according to DIN EN 20273, page 211
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M achine elements: 5. ones 225
Counterbores for cap screws and Hexagon head bolts
Counterbores for cap screws cf. DIN 974-1 (1991-05)
d h H 1 3 1 ) 3.4 4.5 5.5 6 6 10 12 16 20 24 27 30 36
11 13.5 17.5 22 26 30 33 39
Series 1 6.5 10 11 15 18 20 26 33 40 46 50 58
SSeerriieess 23 6.5 1110 1113 1158 2148 20 26 33 40 46 50 58
Series 4 11 13 16 20 24 30 36 43 46 54 63
Series 5 10 13 15 18 24 26 33 40 48 54 61 69
Series 6 10 13 15 20 24 33 43 48 58 63 73
ISO 1207 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.3 5.6 6.6
ISO 4762 3.4 4.4 5.4 6.4 8.6 10 6 12 6 16 6 20 6 24.8 31.0 37.0
DIN 7984 2.4 3.2 3.9 4.4 5.4 6.4 7.6 9.6 11.6 13.
2a
tfhH13 DIN 974 provides no code des ignations for counterbores.
Series C ap s c r ew s w i t h o u t w a s h e r c o m p o n e n t s
1 Screws (bolts) ISO 1207, ISO 4762, DIN 6912, DIN 7984
x _ /R a 3.2 Screws (bolts) ISO 1580, DIN 7985
C ap s c r ew s a nd t h e f o l l o w i n g w a s h e r c o m p o n e n t s :
Screws (bolts) ISO 1207, ISO 4762, DIN 7984 with spring lock washers DIN 79803*
Washers DIN EN ISO 7092 Tooth lock washers DIN 67973)
Spring washers DIN 137 Form A 3) Serrated lock washers DIN 67983)
Spring lock washers DIN 128 + DIN 6905 3> Serrated lock washers DIN 69 07 3'
Washers DIN EN ISO 7090 Spring washers DIN 137 Form B 3)
Washers DIN 6902 Form A 3 ) Spring washers DIN 69043'
Conical spring washers DIN 6796
Graphical represen- 1 ) Clearance hole according to DIN EN 20273, series m ediu m, page 211
tation, see page 83; 2 ) For screws/bolts without washer com ponents 3 ) Standards withdrawn
Counterbore for hexagon bolts/screws and hexagon nuts cf. DIN 974-2 (1991-05)
^H13 8 10 12 14 16 20 24 27 30 33 36 42
10 13 16 18 21 24 30 36 41 46 50 55 65
Width across flats
dh H13 4.5 5.5 6 6 11 13.5 15.5 17.5 22 26 30 33 36 39 45
co Serie s 1 13 15 18 24 28 33 36 40 46 58 61 73 76 82 98
d H13 Series 2 15 18 20 26 33 36 43 46 54 73 76 82 89 93 107
Series 3 10 11 13 18 22 26 30 33 40 48 54 61 69 73 82
X _ Ra 3.2 T. Hex bolt 3.3 4.1 4.6 6.1 7.2 8.3 9.6 10.8 13.3 16.0 18.2 20.1 22.4 23.9 27.4
DIN 974 provides no code designations for counterbores.
Rz 25 Series 1: For socket wrench DIN 659, DIN 896, DIN 3112 or socket DIN 3124
or Series 2: For box wrenc h DIN 838, DIN 897 or socket DIN 3129
Graphical represen- Series 3: For recesses in tight space conditions (not suitable for conical spring washers)
tation, see page 83; 1 ) For hexagon bolts/screws ISO 4014, ISO 4017, ISO 8765, ISO 8676 wit hou t washe r c om pone nts
Calculation of counterbore d epth for flush mo untin g (for DIN 974-1 and DIN 974-2)
D e t er m i n i n g t h e a l l o w a n c e
washer bolt/screw Thread over 1 over 1.4 over 6 over 20 over 27
H, / head nominal 0 d to 1.4 to 6 to 20 to 27 to 100
Allowance Z 02 0.4 0.6 0.8 10
counterbore depth Counterbore depth11
ma xim um height of the screw/bolt head t=k, ma x + ^ m a x + Z
max imum height of the washer com ponent
allowance based on thread nominal diameter
(see table)
1 ) If values kma x a n d / ? m a x are unavailable, 229/431
values k a nd h can be used as approx imations.
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226 Machine elements: 5. ts
Nuts-Overview
Illustration Design Standard range Standard App lications, properties
from-to
Hexagon nuts, type 1 page 228
M1.6-M64
with coarse threads DIN EN ISO Most commonly used nuts, used with
M8x1-M64x4 bolts up to equal property class
with fine threads 4032
Fine threads: greater transmitted
DIN EN ISO force than for coarse threads
8673
H e x ag o n n u t s , t y p e 2 page 229
with coarse threads M5-M36 DIN EN ISO Nut height m is approx. 10% higher
4033 than nuts of type 1, used with bolts
with fine threads M8x1-M36x3 up to equal property class
DIN EN ISO
8674 Fine threads: greater transmitted
force than for coarse threads
Low hexagon nuts pages 229, 230
with coarse threads M1.6-M64 DIN EN ISO Use with low installation heights and
4035 low stresses
with fine threads M8x1-M64x4
DIN EN ISO Fine threads: higher transmission of
8675 force than coarse threads
Prevailing torque hexagon n uts wi th locking insert page 230
with coarse threads M3 -M36 DIN EN ISO Self-locking nuts with full loading
7040 capacity and non-metallic insert, up
with fine threads M8x1-M36x3 to operating temperatures of 120°C
DIN EN ISO
10512 Fine threads: greater transmitted
force than for coarse threads
H with coarse threads M5 -M3 6 DIN EN ISO Self-locking all-metal nuts with full
7719 loading capacity
ith fine threads M8x1-M 36x3
DIN EN ISO Fine threads: greater transmitted
10513 force than for coarse threads
Hexagon nuts, other forms pages 230, 232
with large M12-M36 DIN EN Metal construction: high-strength
width across flats, M5-M20 14399-4 custom preloaded joints (HV), with
coarse threads hexagon head bolts DIN EN 14999-4
(page 214)
HI with flange, Might be used with large clearance
coarse threads
DIN EN 1661
weld nuts, holes or to reduce contact pressure
coarse threads
M3-M16 DIN 929 Used in sheet metal structures; nuts
are usually joined to metal sheets by
M8x1 -M16x1.5 projection welding
Castle nuts, cotter pins M4-M100 DIN 935 page 232
M8 x1-M 100x4
high form, Might be used for axial fixing of
coarse or MM 68 x- M1 -4M84 8 x3 DIN 979 bearings, hubs in safety joints (steer-
fine threads ing area of vehicles)
Locking with cotter pin and trans-
cl oowa r sf oer mo r,
fine threads vloearsdeohf othlee ibnotlht,ethbeo lct.oAttterfupllin is
sheared off above property class 8.8.
cotter pins 0.6x12-20x280 DIN EN ISO
1234
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Machine elements: 5. ts 227
Nuts - Overview, Designation of nuts
Illustration Design Standard range Standard A p p l i c a t i o n , p r o p e r t i es
from-to
page 231
Acorn nuts
Decorative and sealing external joint
high form, M4-M36 DIN 1587 closures, protection for threads, pro-
M8x1-M24x2 DIN 917 tection from injuries
im fcionaersthereoar ds
3it? ow form, M4-M48
M8x1-M48x3
coarse or
fine threads page 231
Eye nuts, eye bolts Transport eyes on machines and
equipment; stress depends on the
eye nuts, M8-M 100x6 DIN 582 angle of the applied load, milling of
coarse or M20x2- seating surface necessary
fine threads
M100x4
0Lock nuts, lock washers M10x1- DIN 70852 page 231
lock nuts M200x1.5 DIN 70952
with fine threads DIN 981 For axial positioning, e.g. of hubs,
lock washers 10-200 with small mounting heights and low
lock nuts M 10x0.75- DIN 5406 stresses, locking with lock washers
with fine threads
M115x2 For axial positioning of roller bear-
lock washers (KM0-KM23) ings, for adjustment of the bearing
10-115 clearance, e.g. with tapered roller
Knurled n uts (MB0-MB23) bearings that are locked with lock
washers
high form, M1-M 10
coarse threads DIN 466 page 232
low form, M1-M10 DIN 467
coarse threads Used in joints tha t are opened fre-
quently, e.g. in manufacturing of jigs
Hexagon turnbuckle nuts and fixtures, in control cabinets
coarse threads M6-M3 0 DIN 1479 For joining and adjusting, e.g. of
threaded and connecting bars, with
left-hand and right-hand threads;
locked by jam nuts
Designation of nuts cf. DIN 962 (2001-11)
E x am p l e s : H exagon nut IS O 4 0 32 - M 1 2 - 8
Castle nut DIN 929 - M8 x 1 - St
H exagon nut EN 1 66 1 - M 1 2 - 1 0
1 ) Nuts standardized acco rding to ISO or DIN EN ISO, have the code ISO in their designation. 231/431
Nuts standardized according to DIN, have the code D IN in their designation.
Nuts standardized acc ording to DIN EN, have the code EN in their designation.
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228 Machine elements: 5. ts
Property classes, hexagon nuts w ith coarse threads
Property classes of nuts cf. DIN EN 20898-2 (1994-02),
DIN EN ISO 3506-2 (1998-03)
E x a m p l es : Unalloyed and alloy steels Stainless steels
DIN EN 29898-2 DIN EN ISO 3506-2
nut height m > 0.8 • d: 8 nut height m > 0.8 • d: A 2 - 7 0
nut height m < 0.8 • d: 04 nut height m < 0.8 • d: A 4 - 0 3 5
Code Steel microstructure Steel group Code
8 property class A austenitic 1 free ma chin ing alloys 70 proof stress = 70 • 10 N /m m 2
04 low nuts, test F ferritic 2 alloy ed w ith Cr, Ni 035 low nut,
4 alloy ed w ith Cr, Ni, M o
load = 4 -100 N /m m2 proof stress = 35 • 10 N /m m 2
Allowable combinations of nuts and bolts cf. DIN EN 20898-2 (1994-02)
Nuts Property class Usable bolts up to property class
of the nut
4.8 Unalloyed and alloy steels Stainless steels
5.8 6.8 8 8 9.8 10.9 12.9 A2-50 A2-70 A4-50 A4-70
allowable combinations
of property classes for nuts
and bolts
Bolts 10 Property classes for low nuts. The nuts are designed for sma ller load
12 capacity. Bolts and nuts of the same material group, e.g. stainless steel,
A2-50 can be combined with each other.
A2-70
A4-50
A4-70
04, 05,
A2-025,
A4-025
Hexagon nuts w ith coarse threads, Type 1 cf. DIN EN ISO 4032 (2001-03)
Valid standard Replaces Thread d M1.6 M 2 M2.5 M 3 M 4 M 5 M6 M8 M10
DIN EN ISO DIN EN DIN
WAF 5.5 7 8 10 13 16
4032 24032 934 cL, 32.24 34.1 45.1 4.6 5.9 6.9 8.9 1 1 6 14.6
e 3.4 4.3 5.5 6 7.7 8 8 11 1 14.4 17.8
m 1.3 1 6 2.4 3.2 4.7 5.2 6.8 8.4
2
Property 6, 8, 10
WAF t classes as per agreement
A2-70, A4-70
5Ji * Thread d
m
WAF M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
dw 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85
16 6 22.5 27.7 33.3 42.8 51.1 60 69.5 78.7
e 20 26. 33 39.6 50.9 60.8 71.3 82 6 93.6
m 10 8 18 21.5 25.6 31 34 38 45
14.
as per agreement
Product grades (page 211) Property 6, 8, 10
classes
Thread d Grade A2-70, A4-70 A2-50, A4-50
Explanation
M1.6-M16 1 ) Type 1: Nut height m > 0.8 • d
M20-M64 Hexagon n ut ISO 4032 - M10 - 10: d = M10, property class 10
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Machine elements: 5.4 Nuts 229
Hexagon nuts
H e x ag o n n u t s w i t h c o ar s e t h r e a d s , t y p e 2 1 } cf. DIN EN ISO 4033 (2001-03), replaces DIN EN 24033
Thread d M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36
WAF 10 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55
6.9 8.9 11.6 14.6 14.6 22.5 27.7 33.2 42.7 51.1
Vy/rf L T e 1 1 1 14.4 17.8 20 26 8 33 39.6 50.9 6 0 . 8
m
m 5.1 5.7 7.5 9.3 12 16.4 20.3 23.9 28 6 34.7
Property 9, 12
Product grades (page 211) classes
Thread d Grade 1 ) Hexagon nuts of type 2 are approx. 10% higher than nuts of type 1.
M1.6-M16 Explanation
M20-M64 Hexagon n ut ISO 4033 - M24 - 9: d = M24, property class 9
H ex a g o n n u t s w i t h f in e t h r e ad s , t y p e 1 a n d t y p e 21* cf. DIN EN ISO 8673 and 8674 (2001-03)
Valid standard Replaices M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
DIN EN ISO DIN EN DIN Thread d x1 x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x2 x2 x3 x3 x3 x4
8673 28673 934 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85
8674 WAF 11 6 14.6 1 6 6 22.5 27.7 33.3 42.8 51.1 60 69.5 78.6
28674 971
WAF mi1 14.4 17.8 20 26 8 33 39.6 50.9 6 0 . 8 71.3 82 6 93.6
1 6 8 8.4 10 8 14.8 18 21.5 25.6 31 34 38 45
TD I m 2 7.5 9.3 12 16.4 20.3 23.9 28 6 34.7
m Type 1 6,8 A2-50, A4-50 as per
Property A2-70, A4-70 10 agreement
classes
8, 10, 12
Type 2
Product grades (page 211) Explanation 1 ) Hexagon nut type 1: DIN EN ISO 8673, nut height nr, >0. 8 • d
Hexagon nut type 2: DIN EN ISO 8674, nut height m 2 is approx. 10%
Thread d Grade larger than nuts of type 1.
M8x1 - M 1 6 x1 .5
M20x1.5-M64x3 Hexagon nut ISO 8673 - M8x1 - 6: d= M8x1, property class 6
L o w h e x ag o n n u t s w i t h c o ar s e t h r e a d s 1 ] cf. DIN EN ISO 4035 (2001-03)
Valid standard Replaces Thread d M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10
DIN EN ISO DIN EN WAF
3.2 4 5 5.5 7 10 13 16
4035 24035
2.4 3.1 4.1 4.6 5.9 6.9 8.9 11 6 14.6
e 3.4 4.3 5.5 6 7.7 11 1 14.4 17.5
m 1 1 2 1.6 1 8 2.2 2.7 3.2 4 5
Property as per agreem ent 04, 05
classes
WAF A2-035, A4-035
Thread d
S: M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
WAF
m cL 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85
16 6 22.5 27.7 33.2 42.8 51.1 60 69.5 78.7
e
m 20 26.* 33 39.6 50.9 6 0 . 8 71.3 82 6 93.6
6 8 10 12 15 18 2 1 24 28
Property 04, 05 as per agreement
classes A2-035, A4-035 A2-025, A4-025
Product grades (page 211) Explanation 1 ) Low hexagon nuts (nut height m < 0.8 • d) have a smaller load capaci-
ty as type 1 nuts.
Thread d Grade
M1.6-M16 Hexagon n ut ISO 4035 - M 16 - A2-035:
M20-M36 d= M16, property class A2-035
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230 Machine elements: 5. ts
Hexagon nuts
L o w h e x ag o n n u t s w i t h f in e t h r e a d s 1' cf. DIN EN ISO 8675 (2001-03)
Valid standard Replaces Thread d M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56
DIN EN ISO DIN EN x1 x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x2 x2 x3 x3 x4 x4
8675 28675 WAF 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55 65 75 85
dw 1 1 6 14.6 16 6 22.5 27.7 33.3 42.8 51.1 60 69.5 76.7
e 14.4 17.8 20 26 8 33 39.6 50.9 60.8 71.3 82.6 93.6
10 12 15 18 21 24 28
m 456
Property 04, 05 as per
classes A2-035, A4-035 agreement
Product grades (page 211) Explanations 1 ) Low hexagon nuts (nut height m < 0.8 • d) have a smaller load capacity
of type 1 nuts (page 229).
Thread d Grade
2 ) Property classes for stainles s steels: A2-025, A4-025
M8x1-M16x1.5 Hexagon n ut ISO 8675 - M20x1.5 - A2-035:
M20x1.5-M64x3 d= M20x1.5, property class A2-035
1)
Hexagon nuts wit h insert, typ e 1 cf. DIN EN ISO 7040 and 10512 (2001-03)
Valid standard Replaices M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36
DIN EN ISO DIN EN DIN Thread d M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36
7040 27040 982 WAF x1 x1 x1.5 x1.5 x1.5 x2 x2 x3
10512 c /w
e 7 10 13 16 18 24 30 36 46 55
5.9 8.9 8.9 11 6 14.6 16 6 22.5 27.7 33.3 42.8 51.1
7.7 1 1 1 14.4 17.8 20 2 6 . 8 33 39.6 50.9 60.8
h 6 68 9.5 11.9 14.9 19.1 22.8 27.1 32.6 38.9
m 2.9 4.4 4.9 6.4 8 10.4 14.1 16.9 20 2 24.3 29.4
Property cl. for DIN EN ISO 7040: 5, 8, 10 for DIN EN ISO 10512: 6, 8, 10
Explanation 1)
Product grades see DHIeNxEagNoInSOnu7t0s4ty0p: eN u1t s(nwuitthh eciogahrts em t>hr0e.a8d •s d)
DIN EN ISO 4032 DIN EN ISO 10512: Nuts with fine threads
Hexagon nut ISO 7040- M16-10: d= M10, property class 10
H e x ag o n n u t s w i t h l a r g e w i d t h a c ro s s f l a t s 1' cf. DIN EN 14399-4 (2006-06), replaces D IN 6915
Thread d M12 M16 M20 M22 M24 M27 M30 M36
WAF 22 27 32 36 41 46 50 60
dw 20 1 24.9 29.5 33.3 38 42.8 46.6 55.9
e 23.9 29.6 35 39.6 45.2 50.9 55.4 66.4
m 10 13 16 18 20 22 24 29
Property cl.,
surface 10
Explanation normal -> lightly oiled, hot-galvanized -> code: tZn
1 ) for high-strength structural bolting assemblies (HV) in metal construction. Used
Product grade B in com bination wit h hexagon head bolts as per DIN EN 14399-4 (page 214).
Hexagon n uts wit h flange Hexagon nut DIN EN 14399-4 - M1 6 - 10 - HV: d= M24, property class 10,
high-strength preloaded
cf. DIN EN 1661 (1998-02)
Thread d M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
WAF 10 13 16 18 24 30
dw 9.8 12 2 15.8 19.6 23.8 31.9 39.9
dc 1 1 8 14.2 17.9 21.8 26 34.5 42.8
e 11 1 14.4 17.8 20 26 8 33
m 6 10 12 16
Property 20
classes 8, 10, A2-70
Product grades see
DIN EN ISO 4032 Hexagon n ut EN 1661 - M16-8: d = M16, property class 8
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Machine elements: 5. ts 231
Hexagon acorn nuts. Lock nuts, Eye nuts
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232 Machine elem ents: 5. ts
Castle nuts, Cotter pins. Weld nuts, Knurled nuts
Castle nuts, high form cf. DIN 935-1 (2000-10)
Thread d M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30
M8 M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30
x1 x1 x1.5 x1.5 x2 x2 x2
se 77.7 8 8 11101 1143.4 1176.8 2108 2264.8 330 3396.6 5406.9
m 5 6 7.5 9.5 12 15 19 22 27 33
no cylindrical shoulder 15.6 21.5 27.7 33.2 42.7
3.5 4.5 4.5 5.5 7
Product grades (page 211) n 1.2 1.4 2.5 2 8 10 13 16 19 24
w 3.2 4 6.5 8
Thread d Grade Property 6, 8, 10
classes
M1.6-M16 A2-70 A2-50
M20-M100 Castle nut DIN 935 - M20 - 8: d = M20, property class 8
Cotter pins cf. DIN EN ISO 1234(1998-02)
12 16 2.5 3.2 6.3
3 3 3.2 4 5 6.4 8 10 1 2 6 16
1.6 2 2 8 3.6 4.6 5.8 7.4 9.2 11 8 15
1 6 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.2 4 4 4 4
from 68 10 12 14 18 22 28 36
to
20 25 32 40 50 63 80 100 125 160
d 2) ove r 3.5 4.5 5.5 9 11 14 20 27 39
to 4.5 5.5 7 11 14 20 27 39 56
Nominal 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45, 50, 56, 63, 71, 80,
lengths 90, 100, 112, 125, 140, 160 mm
Explanations 1) d Nom inal sizes = cotter pin hole diame ter
2 ) di applicable bolt diame ter
Cotter p in ISO 1234 - 2.5x32 - St:
d = 2.5 m m , I = 32 mm, material steel
Hexagon weld nuts cf. DIN 929 (2000-01)
Thread d M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16
s 7.5 9 10 11 14 17 19 24
dy 4.5 6 7 8 10.5 12.5 14.8 18.8
e 8.2 9.8 11 12 15.4 18.7 20.9 26.5
m 3 3.5 4 5 6.5 8 10 13
h 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8
Material St - steel with a ma xim um carbon content of 0.25%
Product grade A Weld nu t DIN 929 - M16 - St : d = M 16, material steel
cf. DIN 466 an d 467 (2006-08)
Knurled nuts
Thread d M1.2 M1.6 M 2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M 6 M 8 M10
6 7.5 9 11 12 16 20 24 30 36
3 3.8 4.5 5 6 8 10 12 16 20
1.5 2 2 2.5 2.5 3.5 4 5 6 8
h1> 5 5.3 6.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 15 18 23
h2
2.5 2.5 3 3 4 5 6 10
Property
classes St (steel), A1-50
Explanations 1 ) Nut height for DIN 466 high form
2 ) Nut height for DIN 467 low form
K n u r le d n u t D I N 4 67 - M 6 - A 1 - 5 0 : d= M6, property class A1-50
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Machine elements: 5. a s e s 233
Flat w ashers. Overview
Designation example: Washer ISO 7090 - 8 - 300 HV - A 2 1'
Name ir~ Nominal size I Material
(Thread nominal 0)
Standard Hardness
Standard Illustration grade
1 ) Stainless steel, steel group A2 DIN EN
Design
Overview ISO Standard range
7090
Illustration Design M1) from-to M 1) Standard
Standard range Flat washers Steel
Steel, with chamfer, DIN EN
from-to stainless for HV bolts 14399-6
steel M12-M30
Flat washers
with chamfer
Product grade A 2)
M5-M64
table below page 235
Flat wa shers Steel, DIN EN Washers, square, Steel DIN 434
sma ll series stainless ISO for channels and DIN 435
Product grade A 2) steel 7092 I beams
M1.6-M36 M8-M27
page 234 Steel DIN EN page 235 Steel DIN EN
ISO 28738
Flat washers 7091 Plain washe rs for
normal series clevis pins
Product grade C2> Product grade A 2)
M1.6-M64 d= 3 - 1 0 0 m m
page 234 page 235
Wstrauschteurrsesfor steel Steel 79D8I9N-1 wCaosnhicearls sfporring Ss tperei ln g 6D7I9N6
Product grade screw joints
A2>, C 2 ) d = 2 - 3 0 m m
M10-M30
page 235
page 234
1 ) Material is steel wit h corres pond ing hardness grade (e.g. 200 HV; 300 HV); other m aterials as agreed upon.
2 ) Product grades are differentiated by tolerance and by manufactu ring process.
F la t w a s h e r s w i t h c h a m f er , n o r m a l s e r ie s cf. DIN EN ISO 7090 (2000-11), replaces for DIN 125-1+2
For threads M5 M6 M8 M10 M12 M16 M20
Nominal size 5 6 8 10 12 16 20
hh d-| min.11 5.3 6.4 8.4 10.5 13.0 17.0 21.0
d2 max.11
U2 10.0 12.0 16.0 20.0 24.0 30.0 37.0
/7 1>
1 1.6 1.6 2 2.5 3 3
For threads M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M56 M64
30° to 45° Nominal size 24 30 36 42 48 56 64
d-j m i n . 1 ) 25.0 31.0 37.0 45.0 52.0 62.0 70.0
d2 max.1) 44.0 56.0 66.0 78.0 92.0 105.0 115.0
h 4 4 5 8 8 10 10
Hardness grade 200 HV suitable for: Material2' Steel Stainless steel
• Hexagon bolts and nuts of proper- Type A2, A4 , F1, C1, C4 (ISO 3 50 6) 3'
--
ty classes < 8.8 or < 8 (nut) 300 HV
• Hexagon bolts and nuts made of Hardness grade 200 HV (quenched and 200 HV
stainless steel tempered)
Hardness grade 300 HV suitab le for: Washer ISO 7090-20-200 HV: Nominal size (= thread nomi
• Hexagon bolts and nuts of proper- nal 0) = 20 mm , hardness grade 200 HV, steel
ty classes < 10.9 or < 10 (nut) 1 ) These are all nom inal dime nsion s
2 ) Non-ferrous metals and other materials as per agreement
3 ) Comp are to page 211
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234 Machine elements: 5. a s e s
Flat wash ers, Washers for steel structures
Flat was hers, s mall series cf. DIN EN ISO 7092 (2000-11), replaces DIN 433-1+2
For threads M1.6 M2 M2.5 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8
Nominal size 1 6 2.5
d-i min.1'
d2 max.1 1.7 2.2 2.7 3.2 4.3 5.3 6.4 8.4
For threads 3.5 4.5 11 15
0.35 0.35 0.55 0.55 0.55 1 1 1.8 1 8
M10 M12 M142' M16 M20 M24 M30 M36
Nominal size 10 1 2 14 16 20 24 30 36
d-\ m i n . 1 '
TD d2 max.1' 10.5 13.0 15.0 17.0 21 0 25.0 31.0 37.0
£ Material3' 18.0 20 0 24.0 28.0 34.0 39.0 50.0 60.0
1 8 2.2 2.7 2.7 3.3 4.3 4.3 5.6
Steel Stainless steel
Hardness grade 200 HV suitab le for: Type A2, A4 , F1, C1, C4 (ISO 350 6)4'
• Cap screws with property classes Hardness grade
200 HV 300 HV 200 HV
< 8.8 or of stainless steel (quenched
• Cap screws with hexagon socket and tempered)
and property classes Washer ISO 7092-8-200 HV-A2: Nominal size
< 8.8 or of stainless steel (= thread n ominal 0 = 8 m m , small series,
hardness grade 200 HV, of stainless steel A2
Hardness grade 300 HV suitab le for:
• Cap screws with hexagon socket 1 ) These are all nom inal dim ensio ns
2 ) Av oid this size if at all possible
and property classes 3 ) Non-ferrous metals and other materials as per agreem ent
< 10.9 4 ) Compare to page 211
Flat wash ers, no rm al series cf. DIN EN ISO 7091 (2000-11), replaces DIN 126
For threads M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M8 M10 M12
Nominal size 10 12
d-1 m i n . 1 '
d2 max.1' 2.4 3.4 4.5 5.5 6.6 9.0 11.0 13.5
/7 1 > 5.0 7.0 9.0 10 0 12 0 16.0 20 0 24.0
0.3 0.5 0.8 1 0 1 6 1 6 2.5
For threads M16 M20 M24 M30 M36 M42 M48 M64
Hardness grade 100 HV suitable for: Nominal size 16 20 24 30 36 42 48 64
• Hexagon bolts/screws, product di min.1' 17.5 22.0 26 0 33.0 39.0 45.0 52.0 70.0
d2 max.1' 30.0 37.0 44.0 56.0 66.0 78.0 92.0 115.0
grade C, wit h property classes < 6.8 A)1'
• Hexagon nuts, product grade C, 10
with property classes < 6 Washer ISO 7091-12-100 HV: Nominal size
(= thread nom inal 0 , d= 12 mm , hardness grade 100 HV
Washers for steel structures
1 ' These are all nom inal dim ensio ns
cf. DIN 7989-1 an d DIN 7989-2 (2000-04)
For threads1' M10 M12 M16 M20 M24 M27 M30
d-i min. 11 0 13.5 17.5 22 0 26 0 30.0 33.0
d2 max. 20 0 24.0 30.0 37.0 44.0 50.0 56.0
Suitable for bolts according to DIN Washer DIN 7989-16-C-100 HV: Thread nom inal 0
7968, DIN 7969, DIN 7990 joined d= 16 mm, product grade C, hardness grade 100
with nuts according to ISO 4032 and
ISO 4034. Versions: Product grade C (stamped version) thickness h = (8 ± 1.2) mm
Product grade A (turned version) thickness h = (8 ± 1) mm
1' Nom inal dimensions
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Machine elements: 5. a s e s 235
Washers for HV bolts, Channels and I beams. Clevis pins, Conical spring washers
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236 M ach ine elem ents: 5.6 Pins and clevis pins
Pins and c levis pins. Overview
Designation example: Taper pin ISO 2339 - A - 10x40 -S t_
Name Standard Form or Type1' I Material
I
Nominal 0 x nominal length
Pins with DIN-EN main numbers are designated with ISO numbers. eS.tga.inSlet s=s sstteeeells:
A1 = austenitic
ISO numb er = DIN-EN nu mb er - 20000; exam ple: DIN EN 22338 = ISO 2338 C1 = martensitic
11 if available
Illustration Designation, Stan- Illustration Designation, Stan-
Pins Standard range dard Standard range dard
from-to X 1:50 from-to
/
1 tolerance m6 or h8 Dowel pin, DIN Taper pin DIN EN
not hardened EN ISO
d= 1-50 mm 2338 di = 0.6-50 mm 22339
Dowel pin, DIN F3 = - d? " CD Spring pin DIN
hardened EN ISO (clamping EN ISO
d= 0.8-20 mm 8734 sleeves), 8752
slotted DIN
I EN ISO
= 1-50 mm 13337
Grooved pins, grooved drive studs DIN ] i Tapered grooved DIN
EN ISO pin EN ISO
Straight grooved
pin with chamfer 8740 d-1 = 1 .5 - 2 5 m m 8744
di = 1.5-25 mm
I
Half length DIN Half length taper DIN
reversed taper EN ISO grooved pin EN ISO
grooved pin 8741 d-i = 1.2-25 mm 8745
dn = 1.5-25 mm
Center grooved DIN Round head DIN
pin, EN ISO grooved pin EN ISO
grooved 1/3 the 8742 d-i = 1.4-20 mm 8746
length
d-i = 1.2-25 mm
Center grooved DIN Grooved pin with DIN
pin, with long EN ISO countersunk head EN ISO
grooves 8743 J di = 1.4-20 mm 8747
d-i = 1.2-25 mm
Clevis pins Clevis pins with- DIN EN Form A Clevis pins with DIN EN
Form A out head, 22340 head, 22341
form A without form A without
cotter pin hole, cotter pin hole,
form B with form B with
d = 3-100 mm d = 3 - 1 0 0 m m
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M ach ine elem ents : 5.6 Pins and clevis pins
Dow el, Taper and spring pins
Dow el pins of unhardened steel cf. DIN EN ISO 2338 (1998-02)
and austenitic stainless steel
dm6/h82) 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2.5
from 44 4 66 8 10
to
10 12 16 20 24 30 40 50
d m6/h82>
10 12 16 20 25 30 40 50
from 12 14 18 22 26 35 50 60 80 95
to 60 80 95 140 180 200 200 200 200 200
Nominal 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35,
lengths / 40 -9 5, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 m m .
1 ) Radius and hollow allowed at Do we l pin ISO 2338 - 6 m 6 x 30 - St: d = 6 m m ,
end of pin tolerance class m6, / = 30 mm, of steel
2 ) Ava ilable in tolerance classes m6 and h8
Dow el pins, hardened cf. DIN EN ISO 8734 (1998-03)
cfm6 1.5 2.5 8 10 12 16 20
from 3 4 5 264 8 10 12 14 18 22 2610040 50
to 10 16 20 30 40 50 60 80
Nominal 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40,
lengths I 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100 m m
Materials • Steel: Type A pin fully hardened, type B case hardened
• Stainless steel type C1
1 ) Radius and hollow allowed on
end of pin D o w e l p in IS O 8 73 4 - 6 x 3 0 - C 1 : d = 6 m m , / = 30 m m ,
of stainless steel of type C1
Taper pin, unhardened cf. DIN EN 22339 (1992-10)
dh10 8 10 12 16 20 25 30
7 from 6 10 12 14 18 22 22 26 32 40 45 50 55
/ to 10 35 45 55 60 90 120 160 180 200
Nominal
lengths / 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40,
45-95, 100, 120-180, 200 mm
Type A ground , Ra = 0.8 p m; Taper pin ISO 2 3 3 9 -A - 10 x 40 - S t: Type A, d= 10 mm ,
Type B turned, Ra = 3.2 p m / = 40 mm, of steel
Spring pins (clamping sleeves), s l o t t e d , h e av y d u t y cf. DIN EN ISO 8752 (1998-03)
Spring pins (clamping sleeves), s l o t t e d , li g h t d u t y cf. DIN EN ISO 13337 (1998-02)
Nominal 0 d^ 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12
d<\ max. 2.4 2.9 3.5 4.6 5.6 6.7 8.8 10.8 12.8
s ISO 8752 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.5 2 2.5
s ISO 13337 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 1 1
j ftroo m 240 340 440 540 850 11000 11200 11600 11800
/
N o m i n a l 0 dy 14 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
d-1 max. 14.8 16.8 20.9 25.9 30.9 35.9 40.9 45.9 50.9
s ISO 8752 3 3 4 5 6 7 7.5 8.5 9.5
s ISO 13337 1.5 1.5 2 2 2.5 3.5 4 4 5
j fr om 10 14 20
/ to 200 200 200
Nominal 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 35, 40,
lengths / 45-95, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200 mm
Materials • Steel: Hardened and tempered 420 HV 30 -52 0 HV 30
Application T• heStdaiianmleestserstoefetl:hTe ylpoecaAtioonr thyoplee C(tolerance class H12) must
have the same nominal diameter d-\ as the mating pin. After
1 ) Only one chamfer is allowe d for installing the pin in the smallest receiving hole, the slot
spring pins with nominal diame- should not be completely closed.
te r d-\ > 10 mm.
Spring pin ISO 8752 - 6 x 30 - St: d ,= 6 m m , I= 3 0 m m ,
of steel
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238 M ach ine elem ents: 5.6 Pins and clevis pins
G ro ov ed pins , G ro ov ed driv e stu ds. Clev is p ins
Gro ov ed pins, gro ov ed drive stu ds cf. DIN EN ISO 8740-8747 (1998-03)
Full length straight »1 1.5 2.5 8 10 12 16 20 25
grooved pin with
chamfer from 8 10 10 10 14 14 14 14 18 22 26 26
ISO 8740 to 20 30 30 40 60 60 80 100 100 100 100 100 100
1/2 length reverse- from 8 8 10 10 12 14 18 26 26 26 26
taper grooved pin to 20 30 30 40 60 60 80 100 160 200 200 200 200
ISO 8741
rr. 3- from 8 12 12 12 18 18 22 26 32 40 45 45 45
13—1C2 length • "ta to 20 30 30 40 60 60 80 100 160 200 200 200 200
center grooved pins
ISO 8742+8743
Tapered groove pin from 88 10 12 14 14 24 26 26
ISO 8744 to
20 30 30 40 60 60 80 100 120 120 120 120 120
Full length taper from 10 10 10 14 14 18 26 26 26
grooved pins to 20 30 30 40 60 60 80 100 200 200 200 200 200
ISO 8745
Grooved pins 1.4 1.6 2.5 8 10 12 16 20
wISiOth 8r7o4u6nd head
from 3 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 25
^/ to 10 12 16 20 25 30 40 40 40 40 40
from 4456 8 10 12 16 20 25
to 40
Grooved pins with 10 12 16 20 25 30 40 40 40 40
countersunk head Nominal
ISO 8747 l e n g t h s / Pins: 8, 10-3 0, 32, 35, 40- 100 , 120, 140-18 0, 200 mm
Stud s: 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 m m
C lev i s pi n s w i t h a n d w i t h o u t h e ad Grooved pin ISO 8740 - 6 x 50 - St: dy = 6 mm, / = 50 mm , of steel
cf. DIN EN 22340, 22341 (1992-10)
Clevis pins w ithou t head ISO 2340 d h11 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
d, H13
dk h14 08 1 2 1.6 3.2 3.2 6.3
k js14
4 UV /
t HT u 10 14 18 20 22 25 28 30 33 36
/e
/ 1.6 4.5 5.5
Clevis pins with head ISO 2341 1.6 2 . 2 2.9 3.2 3.5 4.5 5.5
from 6 8 10 12 16 20 24 28 30 35 40 45 50
to 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 200 200
/ Nominal 6, 8, 10-30, 32, 35, 40 -9 5, 100, 120, 140-180, 200 m m
l e n g t h s /
Form A without cotter pin hole Clevis pin ISO 2340 - B - 20 x 100 - St: Form B, d = 20 m m,
Form B with cotter pin hole / = 100 m m, o f free-cutting steel
C le v is p i n s w i t h h e ad a n d t h r e a d e d s t u d e n d cf. DIN 1445(1977-02)
h i 1 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 30 40 50
b min 11 14 17 20 20 20 25 29 36 42 49
-, d2 M 6 M 8 M10 M12 M12 M12 M16 M20 M24 M30 M36
f d3 h14 14 18 20 22 25 28 30 36 44 55 66
k js14 4.5
11 13 17 19 22 24 27 32 36 50 60
Nominal 16, 20, 25, 30, 35-12 5, 130, 140, 150-190, 200 m m
lengths l 2
1 ) gripping length Clevis pin DIN 1445 - 12h11 x 30 x 50 - St: d ,= 12 mm , toler-
ance class h 11, /•) = 30 m m , / 2 = 50 mm , of 9SMnPb28 (St)
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7/18/2019 Mechanical and Metal Trades Handbook 239
Designation example:
M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5 .7 S h a f t - h u b c o n n e c t i o n s
Keys, Gib-head keys
Feather key DIN 6885 - A - 12x8x56 - E295
Illustration Designation, Illustration Designation,
Standard range Standard Standard range Standard
from-to 1^1:100 from-to
O v e r v i e w o f t a p e r ed Ikeys cz table below
1^1:100 Tapered key DIN 6886 * Gib-head DIN 6887
wx h = a tapered key
2x2-100x50 Form A: wx h =
sunk key i 4 x 4—100 x 50
(^ J Form B:
I driving key
O v e r v i e w o f f e at h e r k e y s page 240
Form A Feather key DIN 6885 Woodruff keys DIN 6888
wx h = Form A-J
r >j H 2x2-100x50 7 wx h =
i 2.5x3.7-10x16
Tapered keys, Gib-head tapered keys cf. DIN 6886 (1967-12) or DIN 6887 (1968-04)
Form A (sunk key) Form B (driving key) b D10 Gib head tapered key
tsj:100 C b*J:100
1^1:100
jL jL
-xT
/
For shaft ove r 10 12 17 22 30 38 44 50 58 65 75 85 95
diameter d to 12 17 22 30 38 44 50 58 65 75 85 95 110
Tapered keys w D10 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28
h 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 14 14 16
Gib-head tapered 4.1 5.1 6.1 7.2 8.2 8.2 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.2 14.2 14.2 16.2
7 8 10 11 12 12 14 16 18 20 22 22 25
keys h2
Shaft keyway depth fi 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 5 5.5 6 7 7.5 9 9 10
Hub keyway depth h 1.2 1.7 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.9 4.4 4.4 5.4
Allow, deviation h.t2 +0.1 +0.2
Key length / from 101> 1 2 D 16 20 25 32 40 45 50 56 63 70 80
to 45 56 70 90 110 140 160 180 200 220 250 280 320
Nominal lengths / 6, 8-20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 40, 45, 50, 56, 63, 70, 80-100, 110, 125, 140, 160-200, 220,
Length tolerances
250, 280, 320, 360, 400 mm
Key length /, from-to 6-28 32-80 90-400
Tolerances for Key length -0.2 -0.3 -0.5
Keyway length (sunk key) +0.2 +0.3 +0.5
1 ) Gib-head key lengths from 14 m m
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240 M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5 .7 S h a f t - h u b c o n n e c t i o n s
Feather keys, Woodruff keys cf. DIN 6885-1 (1968-08)
Form F
Feather keys (high form)
Form A Form B Form C Form D Form E
M M
s * CSD
I
>
I
Tolerances for feather keywa ys
Shaft keyw ay w id th w tight fit P9
normal fit N9
r/// /// //a Hub keyway width w tight fit P9
normal fit JS 9
C<3N t ]
A l l o w , d e vi a ti o n fo r d n <22 <130 >130
I Shaft keyway depth ^ +0.1 +0.2 +0.3
+0.3
\T Hub keyway depth 2t +0.1 +0.2 90-400
32-80 -0.5
Alllow. deviation for length I 6-2 8
+0.5
Length k e Y -0.2 -0.3
tolerances keyway +0.2 +0.3
di over 6 8 10 12 17 22 30 38 44 50 58 65 75 85 95 110
to 8 10 12 17 22 30 38 44 50 58 65 75 85 95 110 130
w 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32
h 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 14 14 16 18
h 1.2 1.8 2.5 3 3.5 4 5 5 5.5 6 7 7.5 9 9 10 11
t2 1 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.8 4.3 4.4 4.9 5.4 5.4 6.4 7.4
/ from 6 6 8 10 14 18 20 28 36 45 50 56 63 70 80 90
20 36 45 56 70 90 110 140 160 180 200 220 250 280 320 360
/ to
6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 32, 36, 40, 45, 50, 56, 63, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 140, 160, 180,
Nominal 200, 220, 250, 280, 320 mm
lengths /
Feather key DIN 6885 - A - 12 x 8 x 56: Form A, b = 1 2 m m , h = 8 mm , / = 56 m m
Woodruff keys cf. DIN 6888 (1956-08)
Tolerances for Wood ruff keywa ys
Shaft keyway wid th w tight fit P 9 (P8)1»
norm al fit N 9 (N 8) 1)
Hub keyway width w tight fit P 9 (P 8)1)
normal fit J 9 (J8 )1)
Allow, devia. for w <5 5 6 6 8 10
and h <7.5 >7.5 <9 >9
WTPZvm Shaft keyway depth f-| +0.1 +0.2 +0.1 +0.2 +0.2 +0.2
Hub keyway depth 2t +0.1 +0.1 +0.1 +0.1 +0.1 +0.2
. over 8 10 12 17 22 30
d l to 10 12 17 22 30 38
w h9 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10
h h12 3.7 3.7 5 6.5 5 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 9 7.5 9 11 9 11 13 11 13 16
d2 10 10 13 16 13 16 19 16 19 22 19 22 28 22 28 32 28 32 45
h 2.9 2.5 3.8 5.3 3.5 5 6 4.5 5.5 7 5.1 6.6 8.6 6.2 8.2 10.2 7.8 9.8 12.8
3.4
t2 1 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.6 3
31.4 27.4 31.4 43.1
I« 9.7 9.7 12.7 115.7 12.7' 15.7 18.6 15.7' 18.6 21.6 18.6 21.6' 27.4 21.6 N
Wo odruff key DIN 6888 - 6 x 9: w = 6 m m , h = 9 m m
1 ) Tolerance class for broached keywa ys
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M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5 .7 S h a f t - h u b c o n n e c t i o n s 241
Splined shaft joints and blind rivets
Splined shaft joints w ith straight flanks and internal centering cf. DIN ISO 14(1986-12)
Hub Light Medium Light Medium
series series series series
d A/1) D B A/D D B d A/1) D B A/1) D B
———
1113 66 1146 33.5 4462 88 4560 98 88 4584 89
52 8 58 10 8 60 10
16 - - - 6 20 4 56 8 62 10 8 65 10
62 8 68 12 8 72 12
18 - 6 22 5
21 - - - 6 25 5
Shaft 23 6 26 6 6 28 6 72 10 78 12 10 82 12
26 6 30 6 6 32 6 82 10 88 12 10 92 12
28 6 32 7 6 34 7 92 10 98 14 10 102 14
32 8 36 6 8 38 6 102 10 108 16 10 112 16
36 8 40 7 8 42 7 112 10 120 18 10 125 18
Tolerance classes for th e hub Tolerance classes for the shaft
Not heat Heat Type of fit
treated treated Dimen. Sliding Transition Press fit
dimensions dimensions fit fit
D B B d10 f9 h10
Internal H9 H10 H7 H11 H10 H7 D all a11 a11
centering d f7 97 h7
Sha ft (or hub DIN ISO 14 - 6 x 23 x 26: N= 6, d= 2 3 m m , D= 2 6 m m
1 ) N n umber of splines
Open end blind rivets wi th break m andrel and flat head cf. DIN EN ISO 15977 (2003-04)
Open end blind rivets w ith break m andrel and countersunk head cf. DIN EN ISO 15978 (2003-08)
Blind rivet with flat head Rivet 0 d (Nom inal size) 61>
0d h ^ Head 0 d k max. 6.3 8.4 10.5 12.6
Head height k 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5
Rivet mandrel 0 cL max. 2.45 2.95 3.4
Rivet hole 0 d h 1 min. 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1
Fitting length b max. 3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2
W + 3-5 /max + 4 /max + 4.5 /max + 5
Shaft length / Recommended grip range
min. max.
0.5-1.51) 1-31) 1.5- 2.51)
2.0-3.5
1.5-3.51)
3.5-5.0 2-5 2.5-4.0 2-3
3-51)
oheriagdinal
set rivet joint 10 11 5-7 5.0-6.5 4-6 3-5
Blind rivet with countersunk 12 13 7-9 6.5-8.5 6 8 5-7
16
head an. 17 9-13 8.5-12.5 8-12 7-11
d 20 21 13-17 12.5-16.5 12-15 11-15
25 26 17-22 16.5-21.0 15-20 15-20
30 31 20-25 20-25
Mt77\ Property L (low) and H (high) are differentiated by the min im um shear
and min imu m tensile forces of the rivet.
m * d k " classes
( dmm Materials2' Rivet body of aluminum alloy (AIA)
Rivet mandrel of steel (St)
Blind rivet ISO 15977 - 4 x 12 - A IA /St - L: Blind rivet w ith flat
broken formed head; d = 4 mm , / = 12 mm , rivet body of alum inum alloy, rivet
mandrel head mandrel of steel, property class L (low)
original
head set rivet joint 1 ) Only for flat head rivets ISO 15977
2 ) Other standardized material com binat ions for rivet body /ma ndrel include:
St/St; AIA/AIA; A2/A2; Cu/St; NiCu/St etc.
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242 M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5.7 S h a f t -h u b c o n n e c t i o n s
Metric tapers, Morse tapers. Steep tapers
M o r s e t a p e r s and m e t r i c t a p e r s cf. DIN 228-1 (1987-05)
Form B :Taper shank with tang
Form A :Taper shank with tightening thread
Rz 2.5
rr CN
r» i
^Am/ v
'1 ~ a
Form C :Taper sleeve fo rtaper shanks with draw-in threads Form D :Taper sleeve fo rtaper shanks with ta ng
z
' // / // / // / // 25
' - - V /R z
/' / / / / \
<3
The Forms AK, BK CK and DK each have a feed fo rcooling lubricants.
T y p e of Taper sha nk Taper shank Taper
taper
z dz ds <*4 dfc '1 a h cfeH11 h u z1> Taper a
S ratio 2
Metric 44 4.1 2.9 - - 23 2 - 3 25 20 0.5 1 : 20 1.432°
taper 4.4 - 32 3 - 4.6 34 28 0.5
(ME) 66 6.2
Morse 0 9.045 9.2 6.4 - 6.1 50 3 56.5 6.7 52 45 1 1 :19.212 1.491°
taper
(MT) 1 12.065 12.2 9.4 M6 9 53.5 3.5 62 9.7 56 47 1 1 :20.047 1.429°
Metric 2 17.780 18.0 14.6 M10 14 64 5 75 14.9 67 58 1 1 :20.020 1.431°
taper
(MT) 3 23.825 24.1 19.8 M12 19.1 81 5 94 20.2 84 72 1 1 :19.922 1.438°
4 31.267 31.6 25.9 M16 25.2 102.5 6.5 117.5 26.5 107 92 1 1 :19.254 1.488°
5 44.399 44.7 37.6 M20 36.5 129.5 6.5 149.5 38.2 135 118 1 1 :19.002 1.507°
6 63.348 63.8 53.9 M24 52.4 182 8 210 54.8 188 164 1 1 :19.180 1.493°
80 80 80.4 70.2 M30 69 196 8 220 71.5 202 170 1.5
100 100 100.5 88.4 M36 87 232 10 260 90 240 200 1.5
120 120 120.6 106.6 M36 105 268 12 300 108.5 276 230 1.5 1 : 20 1.432°
160 160 160.8 143 M48 141 340 16 380 145.5 350 290 2
200 200 201.0 179.4 M48 177 412 20 460 182.5 424 350 2
Taper shank DIN 228 - ME - B 80 AT6 :Metric taper shank, Form B ,Size 80,
Taper angle tolerance q uality AT6
1 ) C ontrol dimen sion d1 may lie a maximum distance z in front of the taper sleeve.
S t e e p t a p e r s h a n k s for t o o l s and c h u c k s f o r m cf. DIN 2080-1 (1978-12)
No. dy d2 a10 d3 d 4 - 0.4 /i a ±0.2 £> H12
7:24 30 31.75 17.4 M12 50 68.4 1.6 16.1
40 44.45 25.3 M16 63 93.4 1.6 16.1
50 69.85 39.6 M24 97.5 126.8 3.2 25.7
60 107.95 60.2 M30 156 206.8 3.2 25.7
70 165.1 92 M36 230 296 32.4
80 254 140 M 48 350 469 40.5
Steep taper shank DIN 2080 - A 40 AT4 :Form A,
No . 40 ,Taper angle tolerance quality AT4
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M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5 .7 S h a f t - h u b c o n n e c t i o n s 243
Tool holding fixtures
Tool holding fixtures join the tool with the spindle of the machine tool. They transmit the torque and are responsible
for precise concentric running.
Type of des ign Function, advantages {+) and disadvantages (-) Ap plic atio n, sizes
Metric taper (ME) and Morse taper (MT) cf. DIN 228-1 and -2(1987-05)
vcontact x \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ N Torque transmission: Clamping device for conven-
surface • force-fit over the taper surface tional drilling and milling.
W WVV M^ + reduction sleeves fit different taper Taper shank numbers:
diameters
machine tool spindle • ME 4; 6
Metric taper 1: 20; - not suitable for automatic tool change • M T 0; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6
Morse taper 1:19.002 to 1: 20.047 • ME 80; 100; 120; (140); 160;
(180); 200
Steep taper shank (SK) cf. DIN 2080-1 (1978-12) and -2 (1979-09) and DIN 69871-1 (1995-10)
Vcontact Torque transmission: Use with CNC machine tools,
surface especially machining centers;
• grooves on taper edge produce interlock. less suited for high-speed cut-
machine ting (HSC)
tool Tsihoen sotfeefoprcteasp,eirt iosnnlyotcemnetaenrst ftohre ttroaonls.mis-
spindle Axial locking is achieved by the thread or Steep taper numbers:
the ring groove. • DIN 2080-1 (form A): 30; 40;
Fastening in the machine spindle:
Form A: with draw-in bar + DIN 69871-1 suitable for au toma tic to ol 45; 50; 55; 60; 65; 70; 75; 80
Form B: by front fastener change • DIN 69871-1: 30; 40; 45; 50; 60
Taper 7: 24 (1: 3.429) according to
DIN 254 - high weigh t, therefore less suited for
quick tool change with high axial repeat-
ing clamping accuracy and for high revo-
lution speeds
H o l l o w t a p e r s h a n k s ( d es i g n a t i o n H SK ) cf. DIN 69893-1 and -2 (2003-05)
driver threads for hole Torque transmission: Safer use with high-speed cut-
machining coolant for tool ting
• force-fit using the taper and contact sur-
feed faces No m ina l sizes: d-, = 32; 40; 50;
63; 80; 100; 125; 160 m m
machine tool spindle • drive slots on shaft end produce interlock.
Vcontact surface Form A: with shoulder and
+ low weight, therefore clamping keyway for automatic
+ high static and dynamic tool change
Form C: only manual change is
rigidity possible
+ high repeated clamping accuracy (3 pm)
+ high rotational speeds
- more expensive than steep taper
Taper 1: 9.98
Shrinkage chucks Torque transmission like HSK. Universally applicable in
machine tools with steep taper
holding Clamping the tool by quick, inductive heat- or hollow shank tool holders;
shank ing (approx. 340 °C) of the holding shank in suitable for tools with cylindri-
the shrinkage chuck. A shrinkage joint is cal shank of HSS or carbide.
formed by the oversize of the tool (approx.
3 - 7 pm) after the joining and cooling. Shank diameters: 6; 8; 10; 12;
14; 16; 18; 20; 25 m m
+ transmission of high torques
+ high radial rigidity
+ higher cutting values possible
+ shorter machining times
+ good runout
+ greater running smoothness
++ breeltitaebrlesutrofoalcechqaunagleitsy
- relatively expensive
- additional induction and cooling devices
required
available with HSK or steep taper 247/431
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24 4 M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5 .8 S p r i n g s , c o m p o n e n t s o f j i g s a n d t o o l s
Cylindrical helical tension springs
German loop DIN 2097 wire diameter in mm
L H \ UC Do outside coil diameter
Ds minimum sleeve diameter in mm
Li free length, with no load on spring in mm
L b length of spring body with no load in mm
maximum spring length
internal prestress in N
maximum allowable spring force in N
spring rate in N/mm
maximum allowable spring displacement
for F m a x in mm
d D0 Ds Lf ^max R Sm
cf. DIN EN 10270-1 (2001-12)
Tension springs of p atented d rawn unallo^1ed s p r in g s t e el w i r e1 )
0.20 3.00 3.50 8.6 4.35 0.06 1.26 0.036 33.37
0.25 5.00 5.70 10.0 2.63 0.03 1.46 0.039 36.51
0.32 5.50 6.30 10.0 2.08 0.08 2.71 0.140 18.85
0.36 6.00 6.90 11.0 2.34 0.16 3.50 0.173 19.23
0.40 7.00 8.00 12.7 2.60 0.16 4.06 0.165 23.67
0.45 7.50 8.60 13.7 3.04 0.25 5.31 0.207 24.41
5.25 0.02 5.40 0.078 68.79
0.50 10.00 11.10 20.0 5.78 0.88 11.66 0.606 17.78
7.88 0.79 12.13 0.276 41.15
0.55 6.00 7.10 13.9 9.63 0.83 14.13 0.239 55.78
0.63 8.60 9.90 19.9 10.20 1.22 19.10 0.355 50.36
9.45 1.99 28.59 0.934 28.49
0.70 10.00 11.40 23.6 12.50 1.77 28.63 0.454 59.22
11.83 2.99 41.95 1.181 32.98
0.80 10.80 12.30 25.1 15.63 2.77 42.35 0.533 74.25
0.90 10.00 11.70 23.0
1.00 13.50 15.40 31.4
1.10 12.00 14.00 27.8
1.25 17.20 19.50 39.8
11..3400 1151..3000 1137..5500 13344..90 11185..9055 55..47471 7606..0589 01..352926 23081..0600
60.54 0.603 93.72
1.50 20.00 22.70 48.9 21.75 3.99 67.40 0.726 87.38
100.90 1.819 51.70
1.60 21.60 24.50 50.2 20.00 3.99
101.20 0.907 104.00
1.80 20.00 23.20 46.0 19.35 6.88 148.00 2.425 57.02
148.50 1.056 131.33
2.00 27.00 30.50 62.8 25.00 6.88 233.40 3.257 65.85
23.10 9.81 214.20 0.587 345.31
2.20 24.00 27.80 55.6 31.25 9.88
29.40 17.77 238.40 1.451 156.13
2.50 34.50 38.90 79.7 86.25 11.50 357.10 3.735 90.38
436.30 3.019 136.43
2.80 30.00 34.70 69.8 532.30 1.613 312.74
707.90 2.541 260.12
3.00 40.00 45.10 140.0
774.50 2.094 351.72
3.20 43.20 46.60 100.0 40.00 11.88 968.50 2.258 429.00
1132.00 2.286 464.83
3.60 40.00 46.00 92.1 37.80 19.60 1627.00 4.065 370.91
4.00 44.00 50.60 117.0 58.00 24.50
4.50 50.00 57.60 194.0 128.25 28.00
5.00 50.00 58.30 207.0 142.50 47.00
5.50 60.00 69.30 236.0 156.75 38.00
6.30 70.00 80.00 272.0 179.55 45.00
7.00 80.00 92.00 306.0 199.50 70.00
8.00 80.00 94.00 330.0 228.00 120.00
Tension springs of stainless steel spring steel wi re 1* cf. DIN EN 10270-3 (2001-08)
0.20 3.00 3.50 8.60 4.35 0.05 0.99 0.031 30.54
3.251 0.142 22.11
0.40 7.00 8.00 12.70 2.60 0.121 9.861 0.237 38.97
15.67 0.305 48.19
0.63 8.60 9.90 19.90 7.88 0.631 23.77 0.390 57.40
0.80 10.80 12.30 25.1 10.20 0.971
1.00 13.50 15.40 31.4 12.50 1.411
11..4250 1157..2000 1179..5500 3394..89 1155..6035 24..231511 5355..7520 10..347518 3772..4783
20.00 3.211 56.93 0.623 86.19
1.60 21.60 24.50 50.2 25.00 5.501 84.86 0.779 101.86
58.00 19.600 366.50 2.593 133.83
2.00 27.00 30.50 62.8
4.00 44.00 50.60 117.0
1> In addition to the springs listed, other springs with different outside diameters and lengths are commercially
available for each wire diam eter.
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M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5 .8 S p r i n g s , c o m p o n e n t s o f j i g s a n d t o o l s
Cylindrical helical compression springs c f D I N 2 0 9 ™ o Z
d wire diameter
Spring D m mean coil diameter Total number of coils
characteristic mandrel diameter
curve
On sleeve diameter it = 's + 2
U free length, unloaded spring
Ly,L2 length of loaded spring at FF2
Z .m in min im um allowable test length of the spring
F-j, F2 spr ing for ce at /. 1 f L2
F m a x ma xim um allowable spring force at s m a x
S i, 2s spring displacement at F-\, F2
s m a x ma xim um allowable spring displacement at F m a x
is numb er of spring coils
/t total num ber of coils (ends ground)
R spring rate in N/m m
Compression spring DIN 2098 - 2 x 20 x 94:
d = 2 m m , D m = 20 mm and L f = 9 4 m m
d Da Ds\ ^rnax 's = 3.5 is = 5.5 is = 8-5 /s = 12.5
max. min. inN Li smax R Li smax R Li smax R Li smax R
2.5 2.0 3.1 1.00 5.4 3.8 0.26 8.2 6.0 0.17 12.4 9.3 0.11 17.9 13.7 0.07
2.6 1.24 4.0 2.4 0.51 3.8 0.33 8.7 5.9 0.21 12.6 8.6 0.15
0.2 2 1.5 2.1 1.50 3.0 1.5 1.0 5.9 2.4 0.65 6.4 3.6 0.42 9.2 5.4 0.28
4.4
1.6 1.1
6.3 5.3 7.5 6.6 13.5 9.2 0.73 20.0 14.0 0.46 30.0 21.3 0.30 44.0 31.8 0.21
0.5 4 3.1 5.0 9.3 7.0 3.3 2.84 10.0 4.9 1.81 15.0 7.9 1.17 21.5 11.7 0.79
2.5 1.7 3.4 10.4 4.4 0.9 11.6 6.1 1.4 7.43 8.7 2.2 4.80 12.0 3.0 3.27
1 182.5 106..85 194..64 3223.2 2143..00 154..76 51..6498 3169..50 238..19 30..6915 2585..55 3164..12 20..3631 4800..55 2503..61 01..4519
5 3.6 6.5 43.8 8.5 1.9 23.2 12.0 3.0 14.8 17.0 4.4 9.57 24.0 6.6 6.51
20 17.5 22.6 84.9 48.0 35.6 2.38 73.5 55.9 1.52 110 84.5 0.99 165 129 0.67
1.6 12.5 10.3 14.7 135 24.0 14.0 9.76 36.0 21.9 6.23 53.5 33.4 4.0 78.0 50.0 2.73
14.5 5.5 37.3 21.5 23.7 31.5 13.6 15.4 45.0 20.2 10.4
8 5.9 10.1 212 8.9
58.0 43.0 2.98 88.5
25 22.0 28.0 128 30.0 17.5 11.4 45.0 67.1 1.90 135 104 1.23 195 151 0.83
2 16 13.4 18.6 198 18.0 6.8 46.6 26.5 27.3 7.24 68.0 42.5 4.69 98 62.1 3.19
10.9 29.7 38.5 16.5 19.2 55 24.4 13.0
10 7.5 12.5 318 71.5 52.2 3.48 110
49.0 32.2 7.29 74.5 82.1
32 28.3 36.0 182 36.0 20.5 14.2 54.0 50.5 2.22 170 129 1.43 245 187 0.97
O K 25 21.6 28.4 233 27.5 12.9 27.8 41.0 32.1 4.64 115 80.2 3.0 165 116 2.04
16.8 23.2 292 20.5 9.05 81.5 50.0 5.86 120 75.7 3.98
20 17.7 61.0 31.7 7.78
16 12.9 19.1 365 11.5 88.0 49.9
Q O 3402 3257..66 3464..56 326818 8528..05 6308..87 49..736 18285.5 9651..31 35..0932 119350 19468.2 31..8926 217950 211366 21..6313
O.d. 25 21.1 28.9 461 42.5 23.4 19.4 63.5 37.2 12.4 94.5 57.4 8.0 135 83.4 5.45
16.1 23.9 577 33.5 15.0 38.2 49.5 23.6 24.2 74.0 36.9 15.7 105 53.4 10.7
20
44.0 56.0 427 99.0 71.6 5.95 150 111 3.79 230 175 2.45 335 257 1.65
50 34.8 45.2 533 71.0 45.8 11.7 105 69.9 7.41 160 110 4.79 235 165 3.26
A 40 27.0 666 53.5 29.5 22.8 79.5 46.2 14.4 120 72.8 9.35 170 104 6.36
4 32 20.3 37.0 852 41.0 18.1 47.7 60.5 28.3 30.3 43.5 19.6 130
29.7 89.5 65.5 13.3
25 7.27 180 135
56.0 70.0 623 120 87.7 14.5 130 86.8 4.63 275 210 2.99 395 304 2.03
63 43.0 57.0 785 85.0 54.1 28.4 95.5 54.5 9.25 195 133 5.98 280 194 4.07
c 50 34.0 46.0 981 64.0 34.4 55.4 75.0 34.8 18.1 140 124 7.95
O 40 26.0 38.0 1226 51.0 22.3 35.3 110 81.6 11.7 205
8.96 220 160 52.5 22.9 160 79.5 15.5
32
71.0 89.0 932 145 103 5.70 335 250 3.69 490 370 2.51
80
O.O 6503 4525..00 5718..05 11418717 18005.0 4625..00 3168..73 115155 6992..00 2131..37 213755 110505 175..515 324500 217475 105..313
40 32.6 47.5 1854 60.0 24.0 71.7 90.0 39.7 45.6 135 63.2 29.5 195 95.0 20.1
100 89.0 111 1413 170 118 11.9 260 187 7.58 390 286 4.9 570 423 3.34
Q 80 69.0 91.0 1766 125 76.0 23.2 180 111 14.8 285 186 9.58 410 271 6.51
o 63 53.0 73.0 2237 48.0 47.0 140 74.0 30.3 205 112 19.6 300 169 13.3
40.5 60.0 2825 95.0 30.0 95.4 110 46.8 60.8 160 70.0 39.2 230 103 26.7
50 75.0
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2 46 M a c h i n e e l e m e n t s : 5.8 S p ri n gs , c o m p o n e n t s o fj i g s an d t o o l s
Disc springs cf. di n 2093(2006-03)
Single spring \ho~lp- De outside diameter Series stack
D0 Di inside diameter
Spring
£52223 t thickness of the single Spring force deflection
disc spring
D; "total = F Stotal - 1' s
ho spring height (theoretic Spring length
wGirtohuopust c1o nta2ct surface: spring displacement to flat Lo = i • lo
B position)
Parallel stack
lo overall height of the
unloaded single spring
spring deflection o fa single
spring
Stotal spring deflection o fstack of
disc springs
load generated by a single
disc s pring
total total load generated by stack Spring
of disc springs
1
Spring deflection s • length o funloaded spring Spring force deflection
stack
Spring force graph for various disc spring
co mb in a t io n s: (a )single spring; number o fdisc sp rings in
(b) parallel stack of 3 single springs: 3 times force; parallel stack
(c) series stack of 4 single s prings: 4-fold deflection;
(d) series stack of 3 parallel stacks with 2 single number o fdisc s prings in
springs each: 3-fold d eflection, 2-fold force series stack
3) Set ies A: hard spri ngs Series E3: mediuim hard springs Se ries C: osft sprir igs
Group De D\ D , / f * 18;h 0/t * CI.4 D e/ f « 28; h 0/t « 0.75 D } / f ~ 40;holt 1.3
h12 H12
t lo Fin s2' t lo Fin s2' t lo Fin s2*
4.2 kN1) kN 1> kN1)
5.2
8 7.2 0.4 0.6 0.21 0.15 0.3 0.55 0.12 0.19 0.2 0.45 0.04 0.19
10 8.2
e 14
c 16 10.2
12.2
m a 20 14.2 0.5 0.75 0.33 0.19 0.4 0.7 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.55 0.06 0.23
5 r 25 20.4 0.8 1.1 0.81 0.23 0.5 0.9 0.28 0.30 0.35 0.8 0.12 0.34
28 0.9 1.25 1.00 0.26 0.6 1.05 0.41 0.34 0.4 0.9 0.16 0.38
2 u 40
s
1t
c
a
t
n
1o 1.1 1.55 1.53 0.34 0.8 1.35 0.75 0.41 0.5 1.15 0.25 0.49
c 0.9 1.6 0.87 0.53 0.7 1.6 0.60 0.68
1.0 1.8 1.11 0.60 0.8 1.8 0.80 0.75
o th 1 2.3 1.02 0.98
Gw
25 12.2 1.5 2.05 2.91 0.41
28 14.2 1.5 2.15 2.85 0.49
40 20.4 2.2 3.15 6.54 0.68 1.5 2.6 2.62 0.86
45 22.4 2.5 4.1 7.72 0.75 1.7 3.0 3.66 0.98 1.25 2.85 1.89 1.20
e 50 25.4 3 4.3 12.0 0.83 2 3.4 4.76 1.05 1.25 2.85 1.55 1.20
56 28.5 3 4.9 11.4 0.98 2 3.6 4.44 1.20 1.5 3.45 2.62 1.46
mc
a
6r
u
2s 63 31 3.5 5.6 15.0 1.05 2.5 4.2 7.18 1.31 1.8 4.15 4.24 1.76
t 4 6.7 20.5 1.20 2.5 4.5 6.73 1.50 2 4.6 5.14 1.95
1c
71 36
a
=t
n
o
c
2 80 41 5 7 33.7 1.28 3 5.3 10.5 1.73 2.25 5.2 6.61 2.21
o th 90 46 5 8.2 31.4 1.50 3.5 6 14.2 1.88 2.5 5.7 7.68 2.40
Gw 100 51 6
8.5 48.0 1.65 3.5 6.3 13.1 2.10 2.7 6.2 8.61 2.63
125 64 5 8.5 30.0 2.63 3.5 8 15.4 3.38
140 72 5 9 27.9 3.00 3.8 8.7 17.2 3.68
160 82 6 10.5 41.1 3.38 4.3 9.9 21.8 4.20
180 92 6 11.1 37.5 3.83 4.8 11 26.4 4.65
Disc spring DIN 2093 - A 16: Series A ,outside diam eter De = 16 m m 250/431
1 ) Spring force Fof a single disc w ith spring deflection s « 0.75 • h
2 ) s « 0,75 • hQ
3 ) Size 3: t > 6-14 mm , with contact surface, De = 125, 140, 160 ,180, 200, 225, 250 mm
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