Integrated Reading

INTEGRATED READING

(Untuk Mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Kompetensi Umum IPB)



INTEGRATED READING

(Untuk Mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Kompetensi Umum IPB)

Tim Penulis:

Dra. Tatie Soedewo, MA
Dra. Irma R. G. Barus, MA
Dra. Dwiningsih Sulistiarti, MS
Dra. R. A. Sri Sugyaningsih, M.Hum
Drs. M. Thonthowi Djauhari, MA
Dra. Alfa Chasanah, MA
Dra. Nilawati, Dipl. TEFL

Dra. Ani Purjayanti, MA
Hesti Sulistyowati, SS

Dkk.

Penerbit IPB Press

IPB Science Park Taman Kencana,
Kota Bogor - Indonesia

C.3/08.2017

Judul Buku:
Integrated Reading (Untuk Mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Kompetensi Umum IPB)
Penyusun:
Dra. Tatie Soedewo, MA
Dra. Irma R. G. Barus, MA
Dra. Dwiningsih Sulistiarti, MS
Dra. R. A. Sri Sugyaningsih, M.Hum
Drs. M. Thonthowi Djauhari, MA
Dra. Alfa Chasanah, MA
Dra. Nilawati, Dipl. TEFL
Dra. Ani Purjayanti, MA
Hesti Sulistyowati, SS
Dkk.
Desain Sampul:

Ahmad Syahrul Fakhri
Penata Isi:
Dra. Tatie Soedewo, MA, Dkk.
Korektor:
Sani Etyarsah & Nopionna Dwi Andari
Jumlah Halaman:
205 + 8 halaman romawi
Edisi/Cetakan:
Cetakan 1, Agustus 2015


Sumber foto sampul:
Sani Etyarsah & Ahmad Syahrul Fakhri
PT Penerbit IPB Press
Anggota IKAPI
IPB Science Park Taman Kencana
Jl. Taman Kencana No. 3, Bogor 16128
Telp. 0251 - 8355 158 E-mail: [email protected]

ISBN: 978-979-493-849-2

Dicetak oleh Percetakan IPB, Bogor - Indonesia
Isi di Luar Tanggung Jawab Percetakan

© 2017, HAK CIPTA DILINDUNGI OLEH UNDANG-UNDANG
Dilarang mengutip atau memperbanyak sebagian atau seluruh
isi buku tanpa izin tertulis dari penerbit

KATA PENGANTAR

Dengan mengucapkan puji syukur ke hadirat Illahi kami para penulis akhirnya dapat merevisi
buku yang dipersembahkan untuk para mahasiswa Program Pendidikan Kompetensi Umum (PPKU)
Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Buku ajar Bahasa Inggris yang berjudul ‘Integrated Reading’ ini dimaksudkan untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan pengajaran Bahasa Inggris di tingkat pertama. Berbeda dengan diktat-diktat yang telah kami
buat sebelumnya, di dalam buku ini kami menyantumkan semua skills terutama Reading, Structure,
dan Writing dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan kurikulum mayor-minor. Dalam kurikulum mayor-minor
ini Bahasa Inggris menekankan pada pentingnya praktek penggunaan skills tadi dalam kegiatan di
kelas, baik di kelas-kelas kuliah maupun di kelas-kelas responsi. Dengan demikian para lulusan PPKU
nantinya diharapkan dapat menerapkan ilmunya itu pada saat mereka harus membaca teks berbahasa
Inggris di tingkat-tingkat berikutnya.
Para penulis ingin mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya terutama pada seluruh
staf Bahasa Inggris yang telah turut menyumbangkan buah pikirannya hingga selesainya buku ini.
Ucapan terima kasih ini terutama kami tujukan kepada: Drs. Widharto, Gatot Widodo, S.Pd., Amita
Nucifera Syaefuddin, S.TP., Kardina Hadiati, S.S., Reny Astiyarini Umar, S.S., dan Rizdika Mardiana,
S.Si. yang telah membantu memberikan saran dan kritikan demi perbaikan buku ini.
Kami berharap bahwa buku cetakan ke empat ini lebih baik dari yang sebelumnya. Namun,
demikian, kami masih menerima kritikan dan saran untuk kesempurnaan buku ini.

Bogor, 1 Agustus 2015

Tim Penulis



DAFTAR ISI

Kata Pengantar .............................................................................................................. iii
Daftar Isi......................................................................................................................... v

Unit 1 : - Overview on Reading Skills ....................................................................... 1
- Review of Tenses ...................................................................................... 3
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 9

Unit 2 : - Skimming ................................................................................................... 15
- Noun Phrases ............................................................................................ 18
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 23

Unit 3 : - Scanning & Understanding Noun Clauses................................................. 31
- Noun Clauses ............................................................................................ 33
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 38

Unit 4 : - Reference & Expletive ............................................................................... 45
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 53

Unit 5 : - Guessing Meanings of Unknown Words ................................................... 59
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 70

Unit 6 : - Text Organization: Listing, and Process Passive Voice ............................ 79
- Passive....................................................................................................... 83
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 87

Unit 7 : - Review ....................................................................................................... 93
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 102

Unit 8 : - Cause & Effect, Comparison & Contrast, and Adverb Clauses ................ 107
- Adverb Clauses.......................................................................................... 107
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 113

Unit 9 : - Definitions, Exemplification, Classification, and Adjective Clauses........... 121
- Adjective Clauses ...................................................................................... 122
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 129

Unit 10 : - Reading Tables & Graphs (Charts)............................................................ 137
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 146

Unit 11 : - Transferring Information and Transitional Markers.................................... 153
- Exercises.................................................................................................... 159

vii

Unit 12 : - Making Inferences and Predicting............................................................. 169
- Exercises................................................................................................... 174

Unit 13 : - Distinguishing Facts from Opinions........................................................... 179
- Exercises................................................................................................... 184

Unit 14 : - Review....................................................................................................... 189
- Exercises................................................................................................... 194

Daftar Pustaka .............................................................................................................. 205

viii

UNIT 1
OVERVIEW

Objectives:
1. To overview reading skills needed in reading comprehension
2. To review some of the English tenses

A. Reading Comprehension

Reading Comprehension means understanding written materials thoroughly,
i.e. getting the information presented in the written materials. Thus, it could not be
called “reading” when you read but you donot get the information from the things
you are reading.

Now read the following text and discuss it with those sitting next to you to learn
whether you get the same information, including all the details and the implied
one, as they do.

The Mac Arthur prizes, or “genius award”, are grants of money from $
128,000 to $ 300,000 given to individuals who show outstanding talents in
their fields. According to a foundation spokesperson, this money frees
geniuses from financial worries and allows them the time to devote
5 themselves to creative thinking. The recipients of the Mac Arthur prizes
are people who have already achieved considerable success. It may be
asked whether they attained success despite the fact that they had to
worry about money or because of it.

There are at least three things which will help you understand and comprehend
the written materials you are reading, namely the reading skills, the vocabulary
mastery, and the grammar mastery.

The skimming skill discussed in UNIT 2, for example, will help you get the general
idea, while thescanning skill presented in UNIT 3 helps you find any specific
information you want to know from a text. Mastering the usage of certain forms
and understanding the meaning of the message in the text will enable you
understand the relationship between ideas, so that you will be able to transfer the
information into other forms. There are still some other skills to learn in the other
units, which will improve your reading ability.

Read the text below and answer the questions which follow to see how good your
existing reading skills are.

Health food addicts have at last gained the support of the National
Academy of Sciences in the argument about the relationship between diet
and cancer. The National Academy has issued a 500-page report called
“Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer” that recommends dietary strategies for
5 protecting yourself from cancer. For example, they advice you to reduce
your consumption of fat, as in pork and butter, and increase your intake of
vitamin C, as in grapefruit and cabbage. More beta-carotene, a type of
vitamin A in yellow and green vegetables, should be added to your diet as
well.

1

1. What can you infer from what health food addicts have claimed?
(A) They need confirmation from Academy of Sciences.
(B) People need to eat better.
(C) People should cut down their consumption of fat and vitamin A.
(D) People who eat nutritious food are less likey to get cancer.

2. What foods apparently fight cancer?

(A) Fat and vitamins A and C. (C) Fruits and vegetables.

(B) Bacon, grapefruit, and cabbage. (D) Junk foods.

3. The majority of people reading this passage would infer that the Academy
of Science is __________.
(A) an association of nutrition professors.
(B) a reliable scientific organization.
(C) a company that manufactures health food.
(D) a publisher of scientific journals.

4. You can infer from this passage that __________.
(A) experiments were performed on groups of people to show the effect
of nutrition on cancer
(B) health food addicts had already proven that good nutrition prevents
cancer
(C) nothing has been proven in regard to the effect of diet upon the
development of cancer
(D) there is no way to prevent cancer

One of the units in this book focuses on improving your vocabulary mastery
which is very important indeed as no matter how good your reading skills are, you
will find it difficult to understand and comprehend a written text to get the
presented information when you have a limited vacabulary.

Read the following text and see whether you can guess the meaning of the
underlined words.

Although most honeybees die in the field while gathering pollen,
some bees die in the hives and must be removed in order to prevent the
spread of disease and to keep the nest from filling up with corpses. These
corpses emit a chemical that signals death. Most of the bees either ignore
5 the corpses, poke at them, lick them, or inspect them. Usually within an
hour, the bees that are in charge of removing the dead bees grasp them
in their mandibles, pull them through the hive toward the entrance, then fly
away and drop them as far as 400 feet from the hive.

Your grammar mastery also plays an important role in enabling you to
understand what you read as ideas are presented in sentences, which are not
only of a row of words but also of certain grammatical rules. However,
considering that you have learnt grammar for at least six years when you were in
your high schools, there will be no discussion on it in this unit except a brief
review of the English tenses as you can see in the next few pages.

2

B. The English Tenses

There are twelve tenses in English grammar, but only seven of them, the most
commonly found in a written text, will be discussed in this unit. Read the following
and notice that English tenses are expressed in different verb forms.

1. Simple Present Tense 2. Present Progressive* Tense
I write I am writing
You write You are writing
He writes He is writing
We write We are writing
They write They are writing

* also called Continuous

3. Simple Past Tense 4. Past Progressive Tense
I wrote I was writing
You wrote You were writing
He wrote He was writing
We wrote We were writing
They wrote They were writing

5. Future Tense Non-Progressive 6. Future Progressive Tense
I shall write I shall be writing
You will write You will be writing
He will write He will be writing
We shall write We shall be writing
They will write They will be writing

7. Present Perfect Tense Non- 8. Present Perfect Progressive
Progressive Tense
I have written I have been writing
You have written You have been writing
He has written He has been writing
We have written We have been writing
They have written They have been writing

9. Past Perfect Tense Non- 10. Past Perfect ProgressiveTense
Progressive
I had written I had been writing
You had written You had been writing
He had written He had been writing
We had written We had been writing
They had written They had been writing

11. Future Perfect Tense Non- 12. Future Perfect ProgressiveTense
Progressive
I shall have written I shall have been writing
You will have written You will have been writing
He will have written He will have been writing
We shall have written We shall have been writing
They will have written They will have been writing

3

These are four principal forms of the English verbs:

Simple Form Simple Past Past Participle Present Participle

Regular finish finished finished finishing
Verbs stop stopped stopped stopping
hope hoped hoped hoping
wait waited waited waiting
play played played playing
try tried tried trying

Irregular see saw seen seeing
Verbs make made made making
sing sang sung singing
eat ate eaten eating
put put put putting
go went gone going

The Present, Past, and Future Tenses
I. Simple Present, Present Progressive, and Present Perfect

A. The forms

SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PROGRESSIVE PRESENT PERFECT

(+) {I-You-We-They} work. I am working. {I-You-We-They} have
{You-We-They} are working. eaten lunch.
{He-She-It} works. {He-She-It} is working
{He-She-It} has eaten
lunch.

(–) {I-You-We-They} do not work. I am not working {I-You-We-They} have not

{He-She-It} does not work. {You-We-They} are not working (haven’t) eaten lunch.

{He-She-It} is not working {He-She-It} has not
(hasn’t) eaten lunch.

(?) Do {I-you-we – they} work? Am I working? Have {I-You-We-They}
Are {you-we-they} working? eaten lunch?
Does {he-she-it} work? Is {he-she-it} working?
Has {He-She-It} eaten
lunch?

B. The Meaning

SIMPLE PRESENT (a) Ann takes a shower The simple present
every day. expresses daily habits or
usual activities, as in (a)
(b) I usually eat lunch at the and (b).
cafetaria. The simple present
expresses general
(c) Babies cry. statements of facts, as in
(d) The earth revolves (c) and (d). In short, the
simple present is used for
around the sun. events or situations that
(e) A square has four equal (always, usually, or
habitually) exist in the past,
sides. present, and future.
(f) The sky is blue.

4

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (g)Ann can‟t come to the The present progressive
phone right now expresses an activity that is
because she is taking a in progress (is occurring, is
shower. happening) right now.
The event is in progress at
(h)It‟s noon. I am eating the time the speaker is
lunch at the cafetaria at saying sentence. The event
present. began in the past, is in
progress now, and will
(i) Jimmy and Susie are probably continue into the
babies. They are crying. future.
Maybe they are hungry.

PRESENT PERFECT (j) Jim has already eaten The present perfect

lunch. expresses activities or
(k) Ann hasn‟t eaten lunch situations that occurred (or
did not occur) “before now”
yet. at some unspecified time in
the past.
(l) Have you ever eaten at

that restaurant?
(m) I‟ve eaten there.

(n) Pete has eaten at that The present perfect
expresses activities that
restaurant many times. were repeated several times
(o) I‟ve been to that theater in the pasts. The exact times
are unspecified.
five or six times.
(p) I‟ve had three tests so

far this week.

(q) Erica has lived in this When the present perfect is
used with since or for, it
city since 1989. expresses situation that
began in the past and
(r) I have known Ben for continue to the present.

ten years.
(s) We’ve been in class

since ten o‟clock this

morning.

II. Simple Past, Past Progressive, and Past Perfect
A. The forms

Simple Past {I–You–She–He–It–We–They} worked yesterday.
STATEMENT {I–You–She–He–It–We–They} ate breakfast.
NEGATIVE Did {I–You–She–He–It–We–They} did not (didn‟t) work yesterday.
did not (didn‟t) eat breakfast.
QUESTION
work yesterday?
eat breakfast?

Past Progressive was working.
were working.
{I–She–He–It}

STATEMENT

{ You–We–They}

5

NEGATIVE {I–She–He–It} was not (wasn‟t) working.
QUESTION { You–We–They} were not (weren‟t) working.
Was {I–She–He–It}
Were { You–We–They} working?

Past Perfect

STATEMENT {I–You–She–He–It–We–They} had eaten when Nina came.
NEGATIVE had not eaten when Nina came.
{I–You–She–He–It–We–They}
QUESTION eaten when Nina came?
Had{I–You–She–He–It–We–
They}

B. The Meaning

SIMPLE PAST (a) Mary walked The simple past is used to
PAST PROGRESSIVE downtown yesterday. talk about activities or
situation that began and
PAST PERFECT (b) I slept for eight hours ended at a particular time in
last night. the past (e.g., yesterday, last
night, two days ago, in
1990), as in (a) and (b).

(c) I sat down at the dinner The past progressive
table at 6:00 P.M. expresses an activitiy that
yesterday. Tom came to was in progress (was
my house at 6:10 P.M. I occurring, was happening) at
was eating dinner when a point of time of another
Tome came. action (e.g., when Tom
came.) In (c): Eating eationg
(d) I went to bed at 10:00. was in progress at 6:10;
The phone rang at eating was in progress
11:00. I was sleeping when Tom came.
when the phone rang.

(e) I was not hungry at The past perfect
1:00 P.M. I had expresses an activitythat
already eaten occurred before another
time in the past.
In (e): I ate at noon . I was
not hungry at 1:00 P.M.
because I had alrready
eaten before 1:00 P.M.

6

III. Simple Future

A. The forms

1. Will {I–You–She–He–It–We–They} will come tomorrow.
{I–You–She–He–It–We–They} will not (won’t) come tomorrow.
STATEMENT Will{I–You–She–He–It–We–They} come tomorrow?
NEGATIVE
QUESTION

2. Be going to

I am going to
{She–He–It}
STATEMENT {You–We–They} is going to
NEGATIVE
QUESTION I are going to come tomorrow.
{She–He–It} am not („m not) going to
{You–We–They} is not (isn‟t) going to

Am I are not (aren‟t) going to
Is {She–He–It}
Are {You–We–They} going to

going to come tomorrow?

going to

B. The Meaning (a) I am going to leave at nine Be going to and will are used to
SIMPLE FUTURE tomorrow morning. express future time.

(b) I will leave at nine tomorrow (a) and (b) have the same
morning. meaning.

(c) Marie is going to be at the (c) and (d) have the same
meeting tonight. meaning

(d) Marie will be at the meeting NOTE: Going to is sometimes
toninght. pronounced “gonna” ininformal
speech. Will is usually contracted
to “‟ll” in everyday speech.

Exercise 1 Put the verbs in brackets in their correct forms.

1. Our lecturer told us that he (finish) correcting the forms.
2. He (study) when his parents got home.
3. When I (leave) my office last night, it was still raining very hard.
4. Arif interrupted the teacher while she (explain) the nation condition.
5. The Japanese (develop) a transportation system that doesn‟t need human

driver.
6. Some stress (be) good for us.
7. Everything (go) well so far, and we feel relieved.
8. Teachers (use) a conceptual approach in the classroom next year.
9. Food that (be) previously seasonal may now be eaten at any time.
10. All the students (do) their best for the gathering.

7

Exercise 2 Choose the correct verb form.

1. They (a. realize b. realized c. are realizing)that they should study hard.
2. Our classmates (a. areb. were c. have been) very helpful yesterday.
3. This university (a. has b. hadc. will have) a new faculty next year.
4. The ladies (a. are attending b. have attended c. attend) such kind of

seminars several times.
5. We (a. do not come b. did not come c. had not come) late to the English

class a week ago.
6. When we entered the room, he (a. explainsb. has expalined c. was

explaining) Unit 3.
7. These students (a. studied b. were studying c. have studied) at IPB last

month.
8. We (a. have got b. got c. get) the result of the test a week ago.
9. The success of this system (a. depends b. has depended c. is depending)

on many things.
10. She (a. will come b. was coming c. come) when we arrived.

Exercise 3 Complete the following with an appropriate verb from the list.
Beware of tenses.

a. come d. have g. stand i. swim
b. cry e. jog h. study j. walk
c. do f. play

1. The children __________ in the background right now.
2. When I left the house he __________ in his own room.
3. The chief police officer __________ in front of the people that were

protesting against the new traffic regulations.
4. When he __________, please tell him to see me soon.
5. You can __________ whenever you like. I cannot stop you.
6. The little girl __________ because she lost her mother in the crowd.
7. Do not __________ over there. The stream is dangerous.
8. When we __________ in the park, we met our old friend.
9. I am sorry I am late. My car __________ a flat tire on the way here.
10. To keep his body healthy he always __________ every morning.

8

Exercises for Tutorial Classes
(Unit 1)

Exercise 1

A. Complete each number in the passage below with the best choice (A,
B, C) provided in the table.

Koalas are the pride of Australia, and __(1)__around USD 1 billion

for the economy of Australia every year. Most of this is from tourists who

__(2)__ in great numbers to see this __(3)__ creature, a national icon in

Australia. However, according to a report by the Australian Koala

5 Foundation, in the last five years, their numbers __(4)__ from around

100,000 to just 40,000. At this rate, they will be completely extinct by the

year 2040.

Recently,

koalas __(5)__ in No. A B C

10 danger. There 1. generate generated are generating

are several 2. come came are coming

reasons why this 3. beauty beautiful beautifully

is happening. 4. dropped are dropping have dropped
5. have been are had been
Many of them 6. attacks is attacking will attack
7. dead death died
15 have been 8. is coming comes came
9. are were have been
affected by 10. science scientific scientist

Chlamy-dia, a

disease that

__(6)__ their

20 eyes and

bladder, which leads to a very slow and painful __(7)__.

Then, there are numerous car hits and to top it all, many are being
affected by some-thing that has no vaccine or cure – Koala AIDS or KIDS

(Koala Immune Deficiency Syndrome). This is similar to the AIDS that

25 affects human, but in koalas the effect is much more severe and death

__(8)__ much faster. Last year, on an average, 2-3 koalas __(9)__
brought in daily for treatment at the Australia Zoo‟s Wildlife Hospital. Dr

Jon Hanger, a veterinary __(10)__ says “Extinction is inevitable in some
areas. I certainly hope we don‟t see it across Australia, but if we don‟t take

30 the decline seriously, it‟s a risk”.

B. Use the passage above to answer the questions below by crossing
the letter A, B, or C.

1. The best title of the above passage is __________.

A. Koala‟s extinction B. The pride of Australia

C. The disease of Koala

2. The word “this” in line 2 refers to __________.

A. the economy B. pride of Australia C. around USD 1 billion

9

3. In which lines does the author mention one reason for the decrease of
koalas‟ number?

A. Lines 1-3 B. Lines 4-6 C. Lines 16-22

4. The word “they” in line 6 refers to __________.

A. koalas B. years C. numbers

5. The word “extinct” (line 6) can be best replaced by __________.

A. came back B. cut down C. died out

6. The synonym of the word “numerous” in line 22 is __________.

A. severe B. plenty C. serious

7. Which is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Chlamydia which affects bladder may cause the decrease in koalas‟

numbers.

B. Koalas hit by cars contributed the biggest cause of death.
C. Unlike human‟s AIDS, Koalas‟ AIDS can be treated with vaccine.

8. Dr Jon Hanger __________.

A. pays serious attention to the inevitable extinction of koalas.
B. takes a serious risk for the decline of koalas‟ numbers.

C. does not hope to see koala across Australia.

9. According to the passage the word “vaccine” line 23can be replaced by

__________.

A. cure B. impact C. disease

Exercise 2

A. Complete each number in the passage below with the best choice (A,
B, C) provided in the table.

Giant pandas __(1)__ in the bamboo forests of China for millions
years. In fact, giant pandas __(2)__ in Chinese art for thousands of years.
Because the giant panda is considered a national treasure in China, it is
protected by law so that it __(3)__ extinct. Although giant pandas have
5 long been known to the Chinese, they__(4)__ a recent discovery for
people living outside of China. The first westerner to observe a live giant
panda in the wild__(5)__ a German zoologist named Hugo Weigold. In
1916, he __(6)__ a cub while he was on an expedition.

There is only one place where giant pandas __(7)__ in the wild: high
10 in the mountains of central China. There, they live in cold and rainy

bamboo forests that are often misty and shrouded in heavy clouds. Once
upon a time, giant pandas __(8)__ in lowland areas. However, as people
__(9)__ more and more farms and cities on that land, the giant pandas
were forced up into the mountains.

10

No. A B C
1. live are living have lived
2. appear are appearing have appeared
3. isn‟t becoming didn‟t become doesn‟t become
4. are do have
5. is was had been
6. buys bought has bought
7. were living lived live
8. lived are living have lived
9. are building built build

15 Now, they __(10)__ at elevations of 5,000 to 10,000 feet. The giant
panda has five fingers plus a "thumb," which isn't a real thumb but a
modified bone that __(11)__ the panda to grasp bamboo. Docile or
dangerous? Typically thought of as docile and harmless, the giant panda
can be as dangerous as any other bear when provoked and it __(12)__ to

20 attack humans.
In China, people __(13)__ for thousands of years that pandas are

special. It is said that ancient emperors of China __(14)__ pandas as pets.
Chinese books over two thousand years old show giant pandas with
mystical powers. People __(15)__ that they were able to ward off evil
25 spirits and natural disasters. Today, pandas __(16)__ believed to be a
symbol of peace and good fortune.

Nowadays, giant pandas __(17)__ at risk of becoming extinct. Only
about 1,000 giant pandas are left in the wild. All of these __(18)__ a small
area in the bamboo forests of China. About 150 live in captivity. This is
30 why the giant panda __(19)__ as endangered in the World Conservation
Union's Red List of Threatened Animals. It is one of the most
severely __(20)__ species in the world.

No. A B C
10 are living live have lived
11 allows allowed had allowed
12 has been known known was known
13 will believe have believed believe
14 keep have kept kept
15 thought are thinking have thought
16 are were will be
17 are have been will be
18 will inhabit are inhabiting Inhabited
19 listed has listed is listed
20 endangered extinct dangerous

B. Use the passage above to answer the questions below by crossing
the letter A, B, or C

1. According to the passage, where does giant panda live?
A. bamboo forests in China B. lowland areas C. in the mountains

2. The word “it” in line 4 refers to __________.

A. national treasure B.giant panda C. the law

11

3. The synonym of the word “docile” in line 17 is __________.

A. harmful B. safe C. tamed

4. Which is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Panda is a really friendly animal.
B. Hugo Weigold once lived with a giant panda
C. In China the panda is protected by the government.

5. All the following statements about pandas are true EXCEPT__________.
A. Pandas spread evil spirit to anyone who keeps them as pets.
B. Ancient Emperors in China took care of the pandas in their castle.
C. Pandas are listed as one of the threatened animals.

Exercise 3

A. Complete each number in the passage below with the best choice (A,
B, C) provided in the table.

For quite some time I __(1)__ that mobiles, mobile phone masts and

other similar types of technology are harmful to our health due to the

exposure of radiation. Since many years ago scientists __(2)__ us that

mobile phones should be used as little as possible. They think it is better to

5 be cautious about using mobiles because they can be harmful to our

health.

Mobile phones are particularly bad for children. The phone

companies say that they are safe, but remember they __(3)__ a product so
they won‟t discourage us to buy their product by saying it is unsafe. Where

10 there is a lot of money involved, there tends to be corruption. So don't think

that they and the government, who gets taxes from the use of masts and

mobile phones that are put up, have our best interests in mind. After all,

people said that smoking, asbestos, a medication called Thalidomide,

pesticides and so on were either safe or wouldn't cause us serious harm.

15 However, they __(4)__ wrong as they cause cancer, disability and terrible

illnesses.

I think A B C
technology __(5)__ No.

as harmful to the next 1 believe believed have believed

20 generation as drink, 2 warned are warning have warned

smoking and drugs 3 Sold are selling had sold

__(6)__ to previous 4 were are have been

generations. In fact, 5 would be has been will be

research claims 6 have been are were

25 mobile phones could 7 have used are using will use

kill more people than 8 don‟t have haven‟t had aren‟t having
smoking. Wireless 9 won‟t do don‟t do didn‟t do
can cause
headaches, nausea, 10 have lost lost will lose

30 tiredness and memory loss in some people.

12

Technology can be particularly hazardous if you are sensitive to it.
Now, because of technology we __(7)__ TV for the whole 24 hours, using
35 computers, playing video games, and so on. Electrical gadgets in the
bedroom can also cause sleep problems. It is best to have no electronic
items in our bedroom. But if we can't do without them, we can at least
make sure we __(8)__ a computer, cordless phone or mobile in our
bedroom. Cordless phones emit a high amount of radiation. This is
40 because they have to be on all the time for them to be charged up. If you
__(9)__ this, the phone wouldn't work. So keep your technology use to a
limited amount of time each day. Particularly keep your use of mobile
phones to a minimum and use a landline instead, because mobile phones
can cause cancerous brain tumors if they are used for a long period of time
over the years. Always remember that your health is very important as you
might find you are unable to return to good health once you __(10)__ it.

Exercise 4

A. Complete each number in the passage below with the best choice (A,
B, C) provided in the table.

Cows are referred to as the foster mothers of human race because

they __(1)__ most of the milk that people drink. The first cow in America

__(2)__ in Jamestown colony in 1611. Until the 1850‟s, nearly every family

had its own cow. In 1856, Gail Borden __(3)__ the condensed milk

5 process, which removed some of the water from milk so it would __(4)__

up less space. Refrigeration __(5)__ into use in 1880, and the first

pasteurizing machine was introduced fifteen years later.

In the past few years, dairying __(6)__. One cow can produce the

milk that once took 10 cows to produce. Today, people in the United

10 States __(7)__ cows on 110.000 farms. More than 99% of all dairy farms

are family owned and operated.

The following No. A BC
are some facts 1 produce are producing produced
about cows. First, 2 arrives has arrived arrived
15 cows are milked for

an average of 3-4 3 is inventing invented invents

years. A cow must 4 take takes took

have a calf in order 5 comes has come came

to __(8)__ milk. 6 is improving has improved improved

20 Calves are fed with 7 are milking milked have milked

milk until they are 8 produce produced producing

8-9 weeks old. A 9 is chewing chews has chewed

young female cow 10 has been is was

is called a heifer.

25 Cows are ruminants, or cud chewing, mammals. Sheep and camels are

other examples of ruminants. A cow __(9)__ her cud (regurgitated,

partially digested food) for up to 8 hours each day. Contrary to popular

belief, cows do not have four stomachs; they have four digestive

compartments: the rumen, the reticulum (the hardware stomach), the

30 omasum (functioning as a filter), and the obamasum, which __(10)__ like

our stomach.

13

Dairy cows are excellent producers of milk. They provide 90% of the
world‟s milk supply. The best cows give over 25 gallons of milk each day;
that‟s 400 glasses of milk! US cows give an average of 2000 gallons of

35 milk per year over 30.000 glasses of milk.

B. Choose the best answer

1. The best title of the above passage is __________. D. Dairy Cows
A. Cows‟ Producers B. Dairying C. Cows‟ milk

2. The word “removed” in line 5 can best be replaced with __________.

A. added B.put in C.reduced D.took away

3. The word “it” in line 5 refers to __________.

A. milk process B. the water C.milk D. space

4. The topic of Paragraph Two is __________.

A. dairying B. cow production

C. milking process D. dairy operation

5. In what lines does the author describe the importance of cows?

A. Lines 1-2 B. Lines 8-9 C. Lines 12-20 D. Lines 26-29

6. Camels are mentioned in the passage because they __________.

A. have four stomachs C. milk the calves

B. are similar to cows D. cannot chew their food

7. The word “they” in line 27 refers to __________.

A. belief B. cows C. stomachs D. compartments

C. Indicate whether the following statement is TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)

1. People did not start to raise cows until refrigeration was found.
2. Like the first pasteurizing machine, refrigeration was introduced in 1880.
3. It can be inferred that in the past cows could produce 10 times amount of

milk as much as those of today.
4. The passage states that all cows can produce milk.
5. It can be concluded that not all calves will grow into heifers.
6. It is popularly believed that cows do not have four stomachs.

14

UNIT 2
SKIMMING

Objectives:
1. To find the topic of the passage
2. To find the topic sentences and the controlling ideas
3. To get the main and supporting ideas of the passage
4. To understand Noun Phrases

SKIMMING

It is not always necessary to read every word of a passage. Your purpose
for reading something determines how closely you should read it. Once you know
what your purpose is, skimming is a valuable procedure. Skimming through a
passage involves reading very fast in order to recognize main ideas and
supporting details while skipping (not reading) parts that are not relevant to your
reading purpose. It can save you time in deciding what or what not to read, in
getting the general content of a passage, and in finding the author‟s main point
without having to deal with details. The way you read the morning newspaper, for
example, is quite different from the way you read an assignment for a class.

A. Topic of the passage

A topic is the general idea of a paragraph or a passage. It tells the
readers what a paragraph or a passage is about.The topic of a passage is usually
stated in the first sentence, although other positions are also possible. However,
sometimes the topic is not stated in the passage at all, but is implied.

Sample Passages

a. Topic stated at the first sentence:

Veterinary medicine is the branch of science that deals with the
prevention, diagnosis and treatment of disease, disorder and injury in
animals. The scope of veterinary medicine is wide, covering all animal
species, both domesticated and wild, with a wide range of conditions
which can affect different species.

b. Topic stated at the last sentence:

One technique to help with this is to consciously look into one of the
listener‟s eyes and then move to the other eyes. Going back and forth
between the two makes your eyes appear to sparkle. Another trick is to
imagine a letter “T” on the listener‟s face, with the cross bar being an
imaginary line across the eye brows and the vertical line coming down
the center of the nose. Keep your eyes scanning that “T” zone. This is
usually called “eye contact”.

15

c. Topic implied:

In its broadest, general sense, it is the means through which the aims
and habits of a group of people lives on from one generation to the next.
Generally, it occurs through any experience that has a formative effect
on the way one thinks, feels, or acts. In its narrow, technical sense, it is
the formal process by which society deliberately transmits its
accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation
to another, e.g., instruction in schools.

The topic of the passage is education

B. Topic sentences

A paragraph usually tells about one topic. Often one sentence is the topic
sentence. It tells the topic and the main idea of the paragraph. It sums up the
ideas of the other sentences, which give details about the main idea. However,
the topic sentence may not be stated but implied, so we must draw a conclusion
from the paragraph to obtain its topic sentence.

a. Topic sentence at the beginning:

Rice is the only major grain crop that is grown almost exclusively as
human food. There have been a series of remarkable genetic advances
that have made it possible to cultivate high-yield varieties, which are
resistant to disease and insect pests. Because rice constitutes half the
diet of 1.6 billion people, another 400 million people rely on it between
one-fourth and one-half of their diet, these advances have deterred
disasters which otherwise would have left millions of people severely
underfed.

b. Topic sentence in the middle:

Within the animal world, populations change all the time. Changes in the
animal population depend on many factors. These include the rate of
production of young, and the number of young that survive through the
breeding stage.

c. Topic sentence at the end:

By the year 2009, a vaccine against the common cold will have been
developed. By the same year, the first human will have been successfully
cloned. By the year 2014, parents will be able to create designer children.
Genetic therapy will be able to manipulate genes for abilities, intelligence,
and hair, eye, and skin color. By 2020, most diseases will be able to be
diagnosed and treated at home, and by 2030, cancer and heart disease
will have been wiped out. These are just a few examples of medical
miracles that are expected in the new few decades.

16

d. Topic sentence implied

Immunization can significantly reduce the microorganisms thought to
cause cavities. The Federal Drug Administration needs to approve the
vaccine before it can be sold to the public. Consequently, the vaccine will
have to undergo a three-year trial period.

The topic sentence of the paragraph is “A new cavity preventing vaccine may
soon be on the market”.

A topic sentence contains a controlling idea that needs to be explained,
described, illustrated, or developed in the sentences that follow or precede the
topic sentence.

A topic sentence is not a statement of a fact. Therefore, the following
statements of facts cannot be a topic sentence:

 Bogor has Botanical Garden and Safari Garden.
 Jakarta is the capital city of Indonesia.
 Indonesia declared its independence on August 17th.

A topic sentence can be a statement of intent or opinion, or both intent
and opinion.

A statement of intent is an objective sentence that tells the reader what
will objectively be explained in the paragraph that follows. The statement can be
expressed with noun phrases, and quantity expressions. Study the following
examples:

 There are many ways of learning English.
 Animals can be divided into three groups according to what they eat.
 One reason for occurrence of floods is deforestation.

A statement of opinion makes ajudgment. Words like interesting, bad,
exciting, best, terrifying, etc. give the writer‟s subjective opinion (that is, a
personal feeling or belief of the writer) and the paragraph that follows will support
the writer‟s opinion in the topic sentence. Study the following examples:

 Growing orchids is not easy.
 Living in Bogor is sometimes frustrating.
 Jogging early in the morning makes you healthy.

A topic sentence can be a statement of intent and opinion. Study the
following examples:

 There are some reasons why learning English is important.
 Mountain climbing is a very hazardous sport with special requirements

and strict climbing rules.

17

C. Controlling ideas

A controlling idea is a word or group of words that give the main thought of
a paragraph. These important words make up part or all of a topic sentence. A
controlling idea helps a reader by telling what a paragraph‟s main subject will be.
The controlling idea may be written in the forms of quantity expressions (three
main reasons, several ways, etc), a directive expression (the following steps), or
adjectives (interesting, important, etc.).

The controlling ideas of the above sentences are underlined.

D. Main and supporting ideas

The main idea of a passage is the topic of a passage and the writer‟s
ideas about the topic. The supporting ideas are the ideas that relate directly to
the main idea or tell more about it.

Sample passage

Plants can be limited in their growth rates by a variety of factors.Mineral
nutrients may diffuse through the soil to the roots, and from there, they
must be carried through the body of the plant. Carbon dioxide must be
taken into the leaves. Sufficient light must fall upon the plant to cause the
rate of photosynthesis greater than the rate of consumption of energy by
the plant.

The main idea of the passage above is stated in the first sentence and the rest of
the sentences are the supporting ideas or details. The topic sentence of this
passage is a statement of intent where its controlling idea is a variety of factors.

Grammar points: Noun Phrases

A. Form

A noun phrase is a phrase that consists of a noun plus a modifier; the
modifier can be:

a. Adjective
Examples: a big house, an extremely expensive car, easy tasks,

complicated problems

b. Prepositional phrases
Examples: a new computer in the classroom, the lecturer with glasses,

the shrubs under the rubber trees

c. Relative clauses
Examples: the students who work in the laboratory of a university,

which is 100 years old,the experiment, which I was carrying
outthe university where you study

18

B. Function

A noun phrase usually functions as:
a. Subject:
Examples: French and American managers have different

management styles.
Olympic athletes must be strong both physically and
mentally.
b. Object
Examples: Their teacher was explaining the pronunciation of the
English vowels.
Genetic research has produced both exciting and
frightening possibilities.

Exercise 1
Read the following passage and answer the questions.

(1) A computer is a general purpose device which can be
programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations.
Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, the computer
can solve more than one kind of problem. The essential point of a
5 computer is to implement an idea, the terms of which are satisfied by Alan
Turing's Universal Turing machine.

(2) Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing
element and some form of memory. The processing element carries out
arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that
10 can change the order of operations based on stored information.
Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external
source, and the result of operations saved.

(3) A computer's processing unit executes a series of instructions that
make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions
15 change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of
the machine or its environment.

(4) In order to interact with such a machine, programmers and
engineers developed the concept of a user interface in order to accept
input from humans and return results for human consumption.
20 (5) The first electronic digital computers were developed between
1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States. Originally, they
were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several
hundred modern personal computers (PCs). In this era mechanicalanalog
computers were used for military applications.
21 (6) Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to
billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a
fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile
devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries.
Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information
25 Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the
embedded computers found in many devices from mp3 players to fighter
aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

19

A. Match the topics and their paragraphs. Paragraphs:
……..………………..
Topics:
A. CPU …..…………………..
B. User interface
C. Modern computers ……………..………..
D. Definition of computer
E. Electronic digital computers ..……………..……...
F. Elements of computers …….…………………

…….…………………

B. Underline the noun phrases in the above passage.

Exercise 2

After 1492 the world's agricultural patterns were shuffled in the
widespread exchange of plants and animals known as the Columbian
Exchange. Crops and animals that were previously only known in the Old
World were now transplanted to the New and vice versa. The history of
5 agriculture in the Age of Discovery and Early modern era was closely tied
to the processes of European exploration and colonization. Perhaps most
notably, the tomato became a favorite in European cuisine, and maize and
potatoes were widely adopted. Other transplanted crops include
pineapple, cocoa, and tobacco. In the other direction, several wheat
10 strains quickly took to western hemisphere soils and became a dietary
staple even for native North, Central and South Americans. Agriculture
was a key element in the Atlantic slave trade, Triangular trade, and the
expansion by European powers into the Americas. In the expanding
Plantation economy, large plantations producing crops including sugar,
15 cotton, and indigo, were heavily dependent upon slave labor.

Choose the best answer.

1. The topic sentence of the above paragraph is …….sentence.

A. the first B. the third C. the last

2. The controlling ideas are………………..
A. heavily dependent upon slave labor
B. transplanted to the New and vice versa
C. closely tied to the processes of European exploration and colonization

3. The topic sentence is a statement of ………

A. intent B. opinion

4. What was the dietary staple of native North, Central and South Americans?

A. wheat B. maize C. potatoes

5. Which were not mentioned as transplanted crops in the passage?

A. pineapple B. potatoes C. coffee

20

Exercise 3

It has been about a decade since oil palm trees were first utilized to
make meal boxes and degradable tableware. Today, by integrating
designers‟ ingenuity, oil palm waste is made into notebooks and bags that
give a tactile sensation. Besides being an eye-opener, the move helps oil
5 palm-based papers achieve a breakthrough in the paper industry! Today,
on the shelves are various types of notebooks with their brown covers
printed with thought-provoking slogans. They are all oil palm-based items
that ooze creativity. “These products were only introduced about two
months ago but they have been receiving overwhelming responses in the
10 market,” quipped Liu Shiwei. Aeiou studio, which started out as a
manufacturer of gift wraps, was founded by Liu, along with three other
friends. Liu was only 24 at that time. Today, the company has several
paper-based brands and printing facilities under its belt. Recently, Liu also
collaborated with a palm oil chemicals company to upgrade the
15 technology in meal box and tableware production, signifying a venture into
the paper manufacturing industry. By leveraging on the company‟s original
expertise in designing, beautiful stationery is being churned out.

Choose the best answer.

1. What is the topic of the above passage?

A. Timbers B. Oil palm products C. Papers

2. What is the main idea of the above passage?
A. Oil palm trees are planted all over the world.
B. There are many products made from oil palm trees.
C. Paper manufacturing industries are popular.

Exercise 4

Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.

European agriculture underwent a number of significant changes
during the middle Ages. Tools including the scythe and plow were
improved from classical versions, a three field system of crop rotation was
invented, and the moldboard plow and wheeled plow were increasingly
5 used. Draft horses were bred and increasingly used as a working animal
in many parts of Europe, while oxen continued to be used for this purpose.
Metal horseshoes were widely adopted. Much of Europe had low
population densities during this period, to which extensive farming was
well-suited. In parts of Southern Europe, more intensive farming combined
10 techniques continued from classical Roman agriculture and those
transferred from Islamic regions. In the late middle Ages, the use of
manure as fertilizer increased, which in turn decreased the necessity of
regular fallowing of fields.

21

1. Which isthe topic sentence of the above passage?

A. The first sentence B. The third sentence

C. The last sentence

2. What are the controlling ideas? C. Regular fallowing of fields
A. A number of significant changes
B. Many parts of Europe

3. The topic sentence shows a statement of ………….

A. opinion B. intent C. intent and opinion

4. The scythe (line 2) is ……….

A. a change B. a tool C. a version

5. What animals were used as working animals?

A. Horses B. Both horses and oxen C. oxen

6. What was invented during the middle Ages? C. crop rotation
A. classical versions B. a 3-field system

Exercise 5

1Are there any benefits that genetic engineering could bring to
humankind? 2By performing genetic engineering, scientists can obtain
knowledge about genetic mechanisms. 3For example, they may be able to
uncover some secrets of genetic mapping. 4Genetic mapping is the
5 identification of individual genes for various functions. 5If scientists are
raising restriction enzymes to splice certain genes, they must be able to
identify the genes. 6Thus, genetic engineering helps to identify certain
nucleotide sequences, and to use various restriction enzymes to "read"
the sequences. 7For example, if it appears that a single gene is
10 responsible for a certain function, the recombinant-DNA process may tell
us otherwise that two multiple genes, or even other factors are responsible
for the specific function (Zhu).

a. Read the above passage and underline all the noun phrases in the
passage.

b. Skim the above passage and say whether the following is TRUE or
FALSE.

1. The topic of the above passage is genetic engineering.
2. The topic sentence is the sixth sentence.
3. It is a statement of opinion.

22

Exercises for Tutorial Classes
(UNIT2)

Exercise 1
Underline the topic sentence in each paragraph and circle the controlling
idea. Decide whether it is a statement of intent, opinion, or both intent and
opinion.

A. There are many ways of communicating that do not utilize language. Cries
of warning and aggression, of contentment and affection, are forms of
communication not limited to human, Or, on the human level, the dirty look
which may convey meaning, does not involve language. Gestures are also
forms of communication. The nod of the head means „yes‟ to Americans,
but a single not in the Middle East is a clear “no”.

B. It is difficult to make a distinction between food additives and food
ingredients. Sugar, which is a natural product, is generally considered to
be an ingredient whereas saccharin, an artificial sweetener, is usually
termed an additive. One method to distinguish between additives and
ingredients is to classify them according to function. Additives are used in
food production to enhance flavor and color, to prolong shelf life and to
preserve or enhance nutritional value. These functions are non-essential
and hence it is possible to classify the substances which perform them as
additives rather than ingredients.

C. Improved sanitation is not the only factor which accounted for the decline
in morbidity and mortality rates. In the period following the Second World
War the use of the pesticide DDT had a profound effect on public health.
DDT was used to control the pests which spread diseases such as
sleeping sickness, malaria and typhus. Used throughout the developing
world, over one billion people were liberated from the threat of these
diseases. Following the wide-scale employment of DDT in Sri Lanka in
1947, the number of deaths resulting from the disease fell from over
10,000 a year to zero in the early „60s. Ten years later, as a result of a
reduction in the DDT spraying campaign, over two million people were
infected with malaria.

D. Multimedia applications are used in many kinds of fields. For example,
some museum, banks and estate agents have information kiosks that use
multimedia. Companies produce training programs on optical disks, and
marketing managers use presentation packages (e.g. Microsoft Power
Point) to make business presentations. Teachers use multimedia to make
video projects or to teach subjects such as music and languages. They
have all found that moving images, sound and music involve viewers
emotionally as well as inform them, and make their message more
memorable.

E. Water puts out in two ways. When a sufficient amount of water is poured
over a fire, the fire is smothered. It stops burning because it cannot get
enough oxygen. Water also puts out fire by lowering the burning point of
the fire. It does this by taking into itself the heat of the fire and turning into
stems, thus lowering the heat of the burning thing.

23

Exercise 2
Read the passage and do the exercises that follow.

Memory is a fundamental factor in intelligence. Without it, there could
hardly be any intelligence. If we did not remember any of the words we
heard, the faces we saw, the general information we acquired, the places
we have been, etc., we should be hopeless idiots. We should not remember
5 what food to eat or what clothes to wear, we could learn no lessons, and
consequently, we should be constantly in chaotic state.

a. Choose the best answer.

1. The topic of the paragraph above is a/an __________________.

a. fundamental factor b. intelligence c. memory

2. The topic sentence of the paragraph is stated at ___________ sentence.

a. first b. second c. last

3. The main idea of the paragraph above is _____________.
a. a photographic memory is an advantage for students
b. a necessary condition of intelligence memory
c. a man who suffered from amnesia would probably not be very
intelligent

b. Underline any noun phrases found in the passage above.

Exercise 3
Read the passage and do the exercises that follow.

The phenomenon that we call light is only a small part of the
spectrum of electromagnetic radiation. Living begins utilize only the
intermediate range of these wavelengths. Reaction to light waves is
mediated by pigment called carotenoids. Plants use carotenoids for
5 photosynthesis, and animals use them to activate sensory nerves. It is not
surprising that living creatures on earth are adapted to the middle range of
electromagnetic radiation, as the atmosphere of earth severely restricts
the range of wavelengths, particularly at sea level.

a. Choose the best answer.

1 What is the topic of the passage?

A. Vision B. Radiation C. Light D. Magnetism

2. Which of the following would make the best title for the passage?
A. The Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation
B. The Spectrum of Light on Earth
C. The Use of Light
D. Adapting to Light Sources

3. What is the primary purpose of this passage?
A. To describe the reaction of living creatures to light on earth.
B. To convince the reader of the need for electromagnetism.
C. To describe the physical basis of electromagnetism.
D. To report on the effect of radiation on living creatures.

b. Underline any noun phrases found in the passage above.

24

Exercise 4
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.

The term weathering refers to all the ways in which rock can be
broken down. It takes place because minerals formed in a particular way
(say at high temperatures, in the case of igneous rocks) are often
unstable when exposed to various conditions. Weathering involves the
5 interaction of the lithosphere (the Earth‟s crust) with the atmosphere and
hydrosphere (air and water). It occurs at different rates and in many
different ways, depending on the climatic and environmental conditions.
But all kinds of weathering ultimately produce broken minerals and rock
fragments and other products of the decomposition of stones.
10 Soil is the most obvious, and from the human point of view, the most
important result of weathering process. Soil is the weathered part of the
Earth‟s crust that is capable of sustaining plant life. Its character depends
on the nature of the rock from which it is formed. It also depends on the
climate and on the relative “age” of the soil. Immature soils are little more
15 than broken rock fragments. Overtime, immature soil, which contains
quantities of humus, formed from decayed plant matter. Mature soil is
darker, richer in microscopic life, and more conducive to plant growth.

a. Choose the best answer.

1. The first paragraph primarily describes _____________.
A. the process by which rocks are broken down
B. the weathering of igneous rocks
C. gradual changes in the Earth‟s weather patterns

2. The main topic of the second paragraph is __________.
A. a description of immature soil
B. the growth of plants
C. the evolution of soil

3. The main idea of the entire passage is that ___________.
A. weathering breaks down rocks and leads to the development of soil
B. soils may be classified as mature or immature
C. the Earth‟s crust is constantly changing

b. Underline any noun phrases found in the passage above.

Exercise 5
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.

Desert tundra, or cold desert, occurs on the Arctic edges of North
America, Europe, and Asia. In these areas the temperatures are almost
always freezing, and they cause an environment in which plant life is
virtually impossible. The existence of ice rather than water for the majority
5 of the year means that vegetation does not have enough moisture for
growth to take place. During the short period of time when the temperature
increases enough for the ice to melt, there is generally a large volume of
water. Too much water and not enough drainage through the frozen
subsoil make it difficult for plants to grow.

25

a. Choose the best answer.
1. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. Where Desert Tundra Is Found
B. The Weather in the Arctic
C. The Effect of Desert Tundra on Plant Life
D. The Variety of Plant Life in Desert Tundra

2. According to the passage, desert tundra is found ___________.
A. throughout North America, Europe and Asia
B. on the Arctic borders of the northern continents
C. in Antarctica
D. at the North Pole

3. According to the passage, what makes plant life almost impossible in areas

of desert tundra during most of the year?

A. Excessive water on the plane C. The frozen state of the water

B. The increase in temperature D. The lack of ice

4. According to the passage, which of the following does NOT happen when

the weather heats up?

A. Plans grow well C. The ice melts

B. There is not enough drainage D. There is too much water

5. According to the passage, why is it impossible for the water to drain after it
melts?
A. The land beneath the surface is still frozen
B. The temperature is too high
C. The period of time is too short
D. The vegetation is flourishing

b. Underline any noun phrases found in the passage above.

Exercise 6
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.

Whales are mammals rather than fish, yet they live in the world‟s
oceans rather than on land. Because of the fact that they are mammals,
scientists have believed for quite some time that whales are descendants
of land animals.
5 Some interesting evidence to support this theory has recently been
found. In Egypt, fossils have been found of a forty-million-year-old- whale
leg, kneecap, ankle, foot-bones, and toes. It appears from the fossil
evidence that the bones were not very strong and not very large in
comparison to the size of the whale.
10 Based on this fossil evidence, the following evolutionary path has
been hypothesized. As the whale began its evolution toward the water, its
legs weakened and disappeared, leaving only the front flippers today.

26

a. Choose the best answer

1. The main idea of this passage is that ____________.
A. numerous whale fossils have been found in the world‟s oceans
B. there is evidence that whales may have descended from land
mammals
C. whales are mammals not fish
D. whales have not evolved very much over the last millions of year

2. All of the following are TRUE about whales, ECXEPT _________.

A. they are mammals C. they are fish

B. they may have come from the land D. they live in the ocean

3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about the whale fossils in the
passage?
A. They were found in Egypt.
B. They support the theory that whales came from land.
C. They are forty million years old.
D. They showed that ancient whales had flippers

4. Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the list of whale fossils found

in Egypt?

A. A whales‟ kneecaps C. A whale‟s foot-bones
B. A whales‟ ankle D. A whale‟s fingers

5. According to the hypothesis in the passage, what happened to whales‟

legs?

A. They got stronger over time C. They disappeared quickly

B. They got larger over time D. They became front flippers

b. Underline any noun phrases found in the passage above.

Exercise 7
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.

NewTech Equipment Company announced that it expects to cut
4,000 jobs within the next six month in Brazil as part of its strategy to
reorganize its money-losing business. NewTech has been struggling to
make a profit after two years of losses worldwide.
5 The reduction in its labor force comes a surprise to business analysts,
who had been impressed with the performance of the company in recent
months. Although its revenues have not matched those of its first two
years of business, they had been increasing steadily since June.

New competition was blamed for this loss of revenue, but sources
10 close to the company place the blame on the lack of direction from the

chairman of the company, Pierre Reinartz. He has been with the company
for only a year, and he will probably resign soon.

It is expected that Mary Strube will succeed him. She was responsible
for opening the international offices, which have been more profitable than
15 those in Brazil. The international offices will not be affected by the staff
reduction.

27

a. Choose the best answer.

1. What is the topic of the passage above?
A. The resignation of Mr. Pierre Reinartz
B. The reduction of employees in NewTech Equipment Company
C. The appointment of Miss Mary Strube as the new chairman
D. The profits made by NewTech Equipment Company

2. Why will NewTech cut jobs locally?
A. To be more profitable
B. Because it is moving overseas
C. Because labor costs have gone up
D. Because Chairman Reinartz directed it

3. Where will these jobs be cut?

A. Asia B. Brazil C. The United States D. Europe

4. How long has NewTech been losing money?
A. Six months B. One year C. A year and half D. Two years

5. What surprised analysts?
A. The recent growth of income
C. The decision to reduce employees
B. The resignation of the chairman
D. The opening of an international branch

6. What describes the international branches of NewTech?
A. They earn more money than the Brazilian office.
B. They are less cost-effective.
C. They are older than the Brazilian branch.
D. They will be closed within six months

Exercise 8
Read the following text and answer the questions that follow.

While fats have lately acquired a bad image, one should not forget how
essential they are. Fats provide the body‟s best means of storing energy,
a far more efficient energy source than either carbohydrates or proteins.
They act as insulation against cold, as cushioning for the internal organs,
5 and as lubricants. Without fats, there would be no way to utilize fat soluble
vitamins. Furthermore, some fats contain fatty acids that provide
necessary growth factors, strengthen the immune system, and help with
the digestion of other foods.

An important consideration of fat intake is the ratio of saturated fats to
10 unsaturated fats. Saturated fats, which are derived from dairy products,

animal fats, and tropical oils, increase the amount of cholesterol in the
blood. Cholesterol may lead to coronary heart disease by building up in
the arteries of the heart. However, unsaturated fats, derived from
vegetable oils, tend to lower serum cholesterol if taken in a proportion
15 twice that of saturated fats.

The consumption of a variety of fats is necessary, but the intake of
too much fat may lead to a variety of health problems. Excessive intake of
fats, like all nutritional excesses, is to be avoided.

28

a. Choose the best answer.
1. The main idea of the first paragraph is that fats ____________.

A. deserve their bad image
B. serve important function in the body
C. can be dangerous if consumed excessively
D. store energy more efficiently than proteins or carbohydrates
2. The main idea of the second paragraph is ______________.
A. unsaturated fats may reduce cholesterol level
B. the consumption of any type of fat leads to heart disease
C. it is important to eat the proper proportion of saturated fats and

unsaturated fats
D. saturated fats are more beneficial than saturated fats
3. The main idea of the third paragraph is ___________.
A. people are eating less and less fat today
B. fat should be gradually eliminated from the diet
C. people should avoid eating fats for health reasons
D. excessive consumption of fats may be dangerous to health
4. A variety of health problems may occur if a person ___________ in his or
her diet.
A. supplies adequate fats
C. combines enough fats with other foods
B. includes sufficient foods
D. consumes excessive fats

Decide whether the following sentences are TRUE or FALSE.
5. There are four functions of fatty acids mentioned in paragraph 1
6. Unsaturated fats can be obtained from dairy products, animal fats, and

tropical oils.
7. Fatty acids in fats are essential for growth.

29

30

UNIT 3
SCANNING & UNDERSTANDING NOUN CLAUSES

Objectives:
1. to find the specific information
2. to locate the source of information

A. SCANNING TO FIND SPECIFIC INFORMATION
Scanning is another reading skill, besides skimming, that is very important. Unlike
skimming, scanning helps you to find specific pieces of information. It is a skill
that you can use when you want to know what information a text contains and
when you want to find answers to specific questions you have about the subject.
The scanning skill involves questions that refer to detailed information such as
who, what, which, why, etc. Besides the scanning skill, this unit also deals with
questions asking for implied details. This means that the information is not always
stated in the text, but it is drawn from conclusion.

Sample Passage
Scan the advertisement below and answer the questions that follow.

The Bali administration will introduce a bylaw on land protection in an
effort to curb the disturbing rate of rice field conversion, a senior official
said. It is estimated that up to 1,000 hectares of rice fields are converted
annually into tourism activities and housing development on the island.
5 Provincial agricultural agency, Made Putra Suryawan pointed out that
the bylaw would be the local implementation of 2009 Law on rice field
protection issued by the Central Government.

1. Wherewould this article probably appear?
2. What will be introduced?
3. Who stated this?
4. How big is the missing rice field every year?
5. Where did the 2009 Law come from?

31

Grammar Points:

WH-Question is one type of question that mostly needs to be answered by using
scanning skills. Below are the review on WH-Questions

WH-Questions

Wh- Examples Answers Notes
questions
Picasso did. Asking for a
Who Who made that subject/person
I saw Tom. Asking for an
painting? object/person
The onion. Asking for
Who(m) Who(m) did you see I wear a uniform. subjectS/things
yesterday? or objectS/things
Yours. Asking for a possession.
What What made you cry?
I met him last week. Asking for time.
What do you wear
On Wednesday. Asking for a place.
everyday?
I wanted to buy a Asking for a reason.
Whose Whose pen do you radio.
The red one. Asking for a choice.
borrow? Beautifully. Asking for
Fifty dollars. manner/prices/distance/l
When When did you meet Half an hour. ength/
Ten km. quantity/etc.
him? Around twenty.

Where Where will you have

the meeting?

Why Why did you go to
Jakarta?

Which Which do you want?

How How did she dance?

How much does it

cost?

How long does it

take?
How far is it?

How many people are

there?

B. LOCATING THE SOURCE OF INFORMATION

Sample passage

Art Clokey has been delighting children with his animation techniques
since 1953. He uses a technique called stop-motion in which he films clay
figures, stops the filming, and then repositions the figures to continue the
film. When the film is completed, his clay figures move around to act out
5 his stories. Perhaps the best known of Clokey‟s tridimensional animated
characters is “Gumby”, a little green slab clay who has been around since
1956.

Where in the passage does the author mention the first appearance of the clay
figure known as Gumby?

A. Lines 1-2 B. Lines 2-4 C. lines 3-4 D. Lines 5-7

32

Exercise 1
Read the passage below, and answer the questions that follow.

Dissolved oxygen analysis measures the amount of gaseous oxygen
(O2) dissolved in an aqueous solution. Oxygen gets into water by diffusion
from the surrounding air, by aeration (rapid movement), and as a waste
product of photosynthesis.
5 Total dissolved gas concentrations in water should not exceed 110
percent. Concentration above this level can be harmful to aquatic life. Fish
in waters containing excessive dissolved gasses may suffer from “gas
bubble disease”; however, this is a very rare occurence.

Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for good water quality.
10 Oxygen is a necessary element to all forms of life. Natural stream

purification processes require adequate oxygen levels in order to provide
for aerobic life forms. As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0
mg/l, aquatic life is put under stress. The lower the concentration, the
greater the stress. Oxygen levels that remain below 1-2 mg/l for a few
15 hours can result in large fish kills.

Where in the passage does the writer.............?
1. discuss how water gets oxygen
2. mentionthe negative effect of too much dissolved gasses
3. explain the importance of oxygen in the water
4. mention when aquatic life experiences stress

C. THE NOUN CLAUSES

A clause is a group or words that contain subject predicate. There are two types
of clauses: main clause and sub-clause. A main clause is a clause that can stand
by itself, whereas a sub-clause is a clause that cannot stand by itself.

For example:

1. The book is interesting. (main clause)

2. The book is expensive because it has hard covers.

main clause sub-clause

There are three types of sub-clause:

1. Noun clause
2. Adjective clause
3. Adverb clause

This unit will only discuss the noun clause. The other sub-clauses will be treated
in other units.

33

A Noun Clause can function as a subject, object or a complement in a sentence

a. A noun clause that functions as a subject:
E.g. Why he left the country was still a question.
That he accepted the proposal in the first place was a surprise.
What we are going to do next will be considered later.

b. A noun clause that functions as an object:
E.g. I don‟t know when the TOEFL score will be announced.
We are wondering what will happen to them afterwards.
Does everybody realize why we have to reduce car emission in our
region?

c. A noun clause that functions as a complement:

E.g. My question is when we are going to get the promotion.
The problem is (that) we don‟t have enough fund for such an event.

Exercises 1
Indicate whether the underlined words in the following sentences are noun
clauses or not.

1. One of the reasons for seeds not germinating is that badly drained soil may
lack sufficient oxygen.

2. Only a small percentage of the electromagnetic radiation that is emitted by
the sun is ultraviolet radiation.

3. When the sand had passed through the hourglass, the speed of the boat
was determined by counting the number of knots that had been let out.

4. It is a common knowledge that animals are selective in what they eat – one
man‟s meat is another man‟s poison.

5. What we are familiar with is only the upper surface of the skin, or crust.
6. With tomatoes, melons, and cucumber, it is the fruit that is eaten.
7. Researchers have proposed that certain synthetic waxes could be prepared

based on knowledge of desert plants.

Exercises 2
Reading 1

Climate is commonly defined as the weather average over a long
period of time. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other
periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes
statistics other than average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or
5 year-to year variations.

The difference between climate and weather is usually summarized
by the popular phrase “Climate is what you expect, weather is what you
get.” Over historical time spans there are a number of nearly constant
variables that determine climate, including latitude, altitude, proportion of
10 land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. These change only
over periods of millions of years due to processes such as plate tectonics.

Other climate determinations are more dynamic. For example, the
thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (9 °F) warming of the

34

northern Atlantic ocean compared to other basins. The ocean currents
15 redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The

density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption,
water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity
of atmospheric greenhouse gases determine the amount of solar energy
retained by the planet, leading to global warming or global cooling. The
20 variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions are
complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are
understood.

Indicate whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE based
on the above passage.

1. The topic of the above passage is climate and weather.
2. In determining the climate, the standard averaging of 30 year period may

be used.
3. The controlling idea of paragraph two is popular.
4. In lines 6-8 the author outlines the factors that influence climate.
5. It is just in recent time that both latitude and altitude are used as climate

variables.
6. Constant variables are easily changed on a daily basis.
7. Plate tectonics can change in a relatively short time.
8. The topic sentence of paragraph three (lines 12- 23) is a statement of

opinion.
9. Global warming and global cooling are due to the amount of greenhouse

gases.
10. “which determine climate” in line 20 is a noun clause.

Reading 2

Research has indicated that dyslexia has biological origins, and most
investigators now suspect that dyslexic children read poorly as a result of
unawareness. Dyslexic children cannot easily learn to read because they
have trouble associating printed letters with the sounds of speech. A
5 similar problem occurs in congenitally deaf people who have mastered the
linguistic complexities and subtleties of sign language but have trouble
learning to read.

Evidence also exists suggesting that the root cause for much
dyslexia is a problem with processing very rapidly changing sensory
10 stimuli. For example, studies have shown that dyslexic children have
trouble making accurate decisions between similar auditory signals. They
often cannot hear the difference between speech sounds such as “pah”,
“dah”, and “bah”. Recently, differences have been noted between the
visual pathways of dyslexics that suggest a comparable problem with fast-
15 changingvisual stimuli. Researchers have also found several other
neuroanatomical abnormalities in the temporal lobe and in other areas of
the brain. All of these studies are extremely valuable in helping
researchers understand the mechanisms underlying reading problems so
that dyslexic children can be accurately identified and more efficiently
helped.

35

Choose the best answer

1. What is the purpose of this passage?
A. To change current ideas about dyslexia
B. To explore the causes of dyslexia
C. To distinguish between dyslexia and congenital deafness
D. To cite examples of dyslexic behavior

2. According to the passage, “phonological unawareness” means
A. trouble with hearing and sensory stimuli.
B. inability to distinguish between auditory signals.
C. problems associating printed letters and sounds.
D. abnormalities in the temporal lobe.

3. In what lines does the author state where neuroanatomical abnormalities

are located?

A. Line 4-7 C. lines 11-13

B. Lines 8-10 D. lines 15-17

4. The author compares the problems of dyslexic children with
A. dyslexic adults
B. the subtleties of sign language
C. the visual pathways of other dyslexics
D. the problems of congenitally deaf people

5. Both dyslexic people and deaf people have a problem with

A. hearing C. reading

B. speaking D. writing

6. How many noun clauses are there in paragraph 1?

A. None B. One C. Two D. More than two

Reading 3

Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth‟s crust and the
fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen,
helium, and oxygen. It is present in all known life forms, and in the human
body carbon is the second most plentiful element by mass (about 18.5%)
5 after oxygen. This abundance, together with the unique diversity of
organic compounds and their unusual polymer-forming ability at the
temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, makes this element the
chemical basis of all known life.

There are several allotropes of carbon of which the best known are
10 graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon. The physical properties of

carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For instance, diamond is highly
transparent, while graphite is opaque and black. Diamond is among the
hardest materials known, whereas graphite is soft enough to form a streak
on paper. Diamond has a very low electrical conductivity, while graphite is
15 a very good conductor. All the allotropic forms are solids under normal
conditions but graphite is the most thermodynamically stable.

Itis widely known that all forms of carbon are highly stable, requiring
high temperature to react even with oxygen – called oxidation. The most
common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2

36

20 is found in carbon monoxide and other transition metal carbonyl
25 complexes. The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestone,
dolomites, and carbon dioxide, but significant quantities occur in organic
deposits of coal, peat, oil and methane clathrates. Carbon forms more
compounds than any other element, with almost ten million pure organic
compounds described to date.

Choose the best answer. Cross (X) A, B, or C

1. According to the passage, the amount of oxygen in the universe is _____

carbon.

A. the same as B. more than C. not as much as

2. The controlling idea of paragraph two (lines 9-16) is ______

A. several B. carbon C. best

3. Which statement is NOT supported by the above passage?

A. Carbon cannot only be found in human body.
B. Carbon has the ability to form polymer.
C. Carbon‟s organic compound is uniquely indifferent.

4. Where in the passage does the author discuss the famous carbon

allotropes?

A. Lines 3-5 B. Lines 9-10 C. 17-18

5. According to the passage, graphite is ______

A. not stable under normal condition. C. not as hard as diamond

B. not as good conductor as diamond.

6. The topic sentence of paragraph three is stated in the _______ sentence.

A. first B. third C. last

7. Carbons can _______ . Which statement is WRONG according to the
passage?
A. be very stable in their forms
B. reach high but stable temperature
C. react with oxygen when its temperature is high

8. How many noun clauses can be found in paragraph three?

A. None B. One C. Two

9. The topic sentence of paragraph 3 is a statement of__________.

A. intent B. opinion C. intent and opinion

10. The word „it‟ in line 17 refers to _____________.

A. allotroph B. graphite C. nothing

37

Exercises for Tutorial Classes
(UNIT 3)

Reading 1

Seaweeds, or algae, do not have roots like higher land plants. Some
of them attach themselves to stationary objects such as rocks or piers by
the suction of organs called holdfasts. This keeps them from being swept
out to open sea or washed ashore. Other free-floating algae, such as
Sargasso weed or giant brown kelp, live in colonies and travel with the
5 currents and tides.

Exercise 1
Choose the best answer to each question.

1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?
a. Seaweeds and the Land Plants
b. Composition of Seaweeds
c. The Rootless Seaweed
d. Suction and the Seaweeds

2. Another general name for seaweeds is
a. suction weeds
b. sargasso plants
c. kelp
d. algae

3. Many seaweeds attach themselves to objects in order to
a. remain in one place
b. suck food from the water
c. wash themselves
d. form large group

4. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the free-floating
algae?
a. They are extremely large
b. They move with the water
c. They are frequent near rocks and piers
d. They resemble higher land plants.

Reading 2

Because a large portion of the land in Hawaii is rugged and
mountainous, the state has little space to grow crops. Some areas are
covered with hard, black lava on which nothing can grow. Even so, Hawaii
produces large quantities of farm products. The volcanic soil in the valleys
5 and lowlands is very fertile, and the warm climate makes it possible to grow
crops all year long. Rainfall is plentiful on the northern and eastern sides of
each island. Much of the land on the southern and western sides of each
island receives too little rainfall for most crops to grow well. However, in
many places where rainfall is light, wells and mountain streams supply
10 water for irrigation.

38

Exercise 2
Choose the best answer to each question.

1. The main purpose of the passage is to describe the Hawaiian_________.
a. Geography
b. market system
c. farming condition
d. settlement pattern

2. Where is most of the farming done in Hawaii?
a. Along the coast
b. On the mountain slopes
c. On the rich lava beds
d. In the lowlands

3. When is the Hawaiian growing season?
a. Through the entire year
b. During all seasons except winter
c. Mainly in spring and summer
d. Only during the long summer months

4. How do dry areas in Hawaii get their water?
a. It is carefully collected when it rains
b. It is stored in mountain reservoirs
c. It is brought in from other areas
d. It is provided by wells.

5. Where can you find information about the condition of the volcanic soil?
a. Lines 1-2
b. Line 2-3
c. Line 4-6
d. Lines 7-8

Reading 3

Indonesia‟s forests represent 10% of the world‟s remaining tropical
rainforests. By 2001 Indonesia had lost 99 million acres of forest during the
previous 32 years, which is equivalent to the combined size of Germany
and the Netherlands. The current rate of forest loss is accelerating.
5 Indonesia is one of the five most species-diverse countries in the
world, home to 12% of all mammal species, 16% of all reptile and
amphibian species, and 17% of all bird species. It also contains 33% of
insect species, 24% of fungi species, and 10% of higher plant species.
Tanjung Puting National Park (TPNP), site of Camp Leakey, is home to
10 more than 230 bird species, at least 17 reptile species, and 29 mammal
species.

After Malaysia and the United States, Indonesia has the third highest
number of threatened species with 772 species. However, Indonesia has
the absolute highest number of threatened mammal species with 147
15 species – an increase of seven species since the year 2000. According to a
recent article in the conservation journal Oryx, 1000 orangutans are lost in
Sumatra each year; in Borneo, the number is probably even higher.

39

Exercise 3
A. Scan the above passage, and answer the questions below briefly.

1. What is the text primarily concerned with?
2. What percentage of the world‟s remaining tropical rainforests do

Indonesian‟s forests represent?
3. How many bird species can we find in the TPNP?
4. How many threatened species are there in Indonesia?
5. According to the conservation journal Oryx, how many orangutans are lost

in Sumatra each year?

B. Indicate whether each of the following is TRUE or FALSE.

1. The topic of the above passage is the condition of Indonesia‟s forests and
fauna.

2. By 2001, Indonesia, Germany and the Netherlands had the same amount
of forest loss.

3. The topic of the second paragraph is the diversity of Indonesia‟s fauna‟s
species.

4. According to the above passage, the number of forests has decreased
slowly.

5. Indonesia has 17% of bird species found in the world.
6. In Tanjung Puting National Park, we can find at least 17 mammal species.
7. Since 2000, there have been seven species of mammal that are

threatened.
8. Malaysia has the third highest number of threatened species in the world.
9. The topic of the third paragraph is the highest number of species in the

world.
10. The number of orangutans lost in Sumatra is higher than that in Borneo.

Reading 4

Indonesia is planning to produce more than 50,000 units of bird flu
vaccine to ensure that it is well prepared in case a pandemic occurs and
to assist foreign countries as well.

Indonesian Health Minister Nafsiah Mboi said that the country is
5 attempting to produce sufficient bird flu vaccine although the H5N1 virus

attacks had eased recently. She added that the country needs to remain
alert to possible risk as the virus has killed seven people in the country in
2012. "The process of production has been done in Bandung. We must
be ready when pandemic take place. We need over 50,000 units
10 vaccines for it and to assist foreign countries," she said.

More than 6,000 chickens at a farm in a village in Luyang, a town in
Jingtai County, showed symptoms of suspected avian flu and 260 of
them have died, according to the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA). The
National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory confirmed the epidemic
15 was H5N1 bird flu after testing samples collected at the farm, the MOA
said. Local authorities have sealed off and sterilized the infected area,
where a total of 18,460 chickens have been culled and safely disposed
of in order to prevent the disease from spreading. Bird flu, or avian

40

influenza, is a contagious disease of animal origin caused by viruses that

20 normally infect only birds and, less commonly, pigs. It can be fatal to

humans.
The watering system in your poultry house and how you manage it

are central to the quality of environment in which you raise your flock.
This is especially true during the critical first 24 hours of a chick‟s life and

25 the following two weeks. Poor conditions during brooding will damage
the flock‟s performance and negatively impact results at the end of the

grow-out. It is vital that new chicks have immediate access to fresh,

hygienic water and that their environment is as clean as possible.

Exercise 4
A. Underline each noun clause in the passage above.

B. Choose the best answer to each question.

1. The topic of the passage is ___________. C. Bird flu vaccine
A. Avian influenza B. The Ministry of health

2. How many units of bird vaccine is Indonesia going to produce?

A. 5,000 B. 50,000 C. Unknown

3. Which is NOT the reason for producing the bird vaccine?

A. A pandemic B. Helping other countries C. Assistants

4. H5N1 is _________.

A. a virus B. an attack C. a vaccine

5. The vaccine is produced__________.

A. In 2011 B. in Bandung C. significantly

6. How many chickens died in Luyang?

A. 260 B. 6,000 C. 9

7. Where can you find information about the place where the vaccine is

produced?

A. Lines 4-7 B. Lines 8-10 C. Line 16-18

8. Bird flu is also called…………..

A. an outbreak B. a contagious disease C. avian influenza

9. Which can cause bird flu?
A. Hygienic water B. Poor brooding conditions C. Clean environment

10. The last paragraph discusses………….. C. clean environment
A. effects of bird flu B. preventive actions

41

Reading 5

Rhetoric is the art of speaking or writing effectively. In Factual
Information questions you are asked what information an author has
presented. In Rhetorical Purpose questions you are asked why the author has
presented a particular piece of information in a particular place or manner.
5 Rhetorical Purpose questions ask you to show that you understand the
rhetorical function of a statement or paragraph as it relates to the rest of the
passage.

Exercise 5
A. Underline the noun clauses in the above passage.

B. Identify whether the noun clause is subject, object or subject
complement.

Reading 6

The wrasse is a small, brightly colored fish that has the habit of
picking parasites. As it swims toward such large fish as groups or moray
eels, it is recognized as a friend and is allowed to come close. The wrasse
then begins to gorge itself on parasites that it picks from the bodies of the
5 large fish. The association for mutual benefit goes so far that when a
wrasse nudges at a group‟s gull covers, the grouper obliges by extending
them to give the picker access to the delicate breathing organs
underneath. Barracudas even permit the spaces between their razor-sharp
teeth to be cleaned without harm to the dental assistants. Some other
10 small fish have color patterns and swimming habits that make them
indistinguishable from the wrasse. The imposters do not pick parasites;
instead, they take bites from the soft tissue of the unsuspecting fish.

Exercise 6
1. What would be the most appropriate title for this passage?

A. Large fish and eels
B. Feeding habits of Barracudas
C. Parasite infestation of fish
D. Parasite pickers and imitators

2. Because of their size and appearance, one might expect that wrasses
could be ___________.
A. mistaken for parasites
B. eaten immediately by large fish
C. hidden by their protective coloring
D. known as slow swimmers

3. According to the passage, what benefit do larger fish gain by their
association with wrasses?
A. Removal of parasitic organism
B. A stable food supply
C. Protection from barracudas
D. Camouflage from enemies

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