Integrated Reading

1. Where did soap business start to appear during the Middle Ages?

2. Name the two cities where soap-making centers had developed by the
12th century.

3. Name the two scientists who had helped modernize soap production.

4. What are the contributions of each of those two scientists?

5. What is the text organization of Paragraph Three above? Why do you
think so?

6. Identify the functions of the following transitional markers found in the
paragraph:

a. such as (line 25) d. As a result (line 29)

b. Later (line 26) e. But (line 30)

c. also (line 26)

Exercise 2
Choose the best answer to complete the missing parts.

When a company needs to hire someone for a managerial position,

there is often a choice of either promoting an employee who is already

working inside the company or (1)_______ in a person from outside. Hiring
Line a qualified outsider is often to a company‘s advantage for several reasons.

5 An (2)_______ reason for hiring outsiders as managers is that they

bring a new perspective. This contributes to the (3)_______ of ideas and

allows company practices to be seen in a new light. Often, an outside hire

will ask, ―What‘s the reason for doing things this way?‖ This (4)_______

may lead to a re-evaluation of practices that are actually inefficient but
10 have become so much a part of the routine that it‘s difficult for insiders to

question them.

(5)_______ No. A B C
bringing
major factor to 1 bring to bring importantly
similarity
be considered is 2 important importance question
Another
15 the cost of on- 3 classification diversity whose
internally
the-job training. 4 answer statement has promoted
On the contrary
Hiring outsiders 5 Other The other their

allows a 6 who whom

company to look 7 intern internal

20 for people 8 promotes is promoted

(6)_______ 9 Finally Similarly

already have the 10 his its

particular skills

and experience required for the job. The company will not have to spend
25 time and money training an (7)_______ employee for the new job –

something that has to be done when, for example, an employee

(8)_______ from a technical position to a managerial one. In such a case,

usually the employee would be sent to classes to help learn needed

managerial skills.

30 (9)_______, managers hired from the outside will often have business

contacts with suppliers, customers, and technicians that they have

developed in (10)_______ previous job. Clearly these contacts can be a

valuable asset for the company that hires managers from the outside.

193

Exercises for Tutorial Classes
(Unit 14)

Exercise 1
1) Consumers who plan to buy eco-friendly bamboo apparel are

attracted if the price is right, but their next consideration is the product's

novelty, according to a new study by Baylor University researchers. The
Line study, based on an online questionnaire of 122 participants, is published

5 in the International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and

Education. The University of Minnesota's department of design, housing
and apparel was co-researcher.

2) When buying products in general, consumers are influenced by

emotion, price, functionality, social image and curiosity, said lead

10 researcher Jay Yoo, Ph.D., an assistant professor of family and
consumer sciences in Baylor's College of Arts & Sciences. In the case
of bamboo, "if I have it and you don't, there's novelty – and curiosity can
make something more appealing," Yoo said. Social considerations such

as whether bamboo reflects social status and function such as whether
15 bamboo wrinkles easily had the least bearing on whether participants

planned to buy it, the study showed.
3) Meanwhile, when it comes to buying "green," consumers who

believe that one individual can make even a small difference in

impacting the environment were more likely to buy bamboo. From an

20 environmental standpoint, bamboo is promoted as a product for the
same reasons it is criticized by anyone who has tried to eradicate it from

a yard: It is renewable, shooting to maturity in a mere four years,

boasting a vast root system and clinging tenaciously even to steep hills,
Yoo said.
25 4) While the fashion industry seeks to earn profits, it is increasingly
trying to do so in ways that do not harm the environment, such as using

organic or recyclable materials, he said. From the industry's standpoint,
bamboo is desirable because it dyes well, feels silkier than cotton and is

less expensive than silk. Producers of bamboo textiles maintain their

30 products to be antimicrobial, processed without chemicals, non-
pollutant, biodegradable and recyclable.

Choose the best answer based on the passage above.

1. According to the study by Jay Yoo, the most important factor for consumers

to buy bamboo apparel is _____.

A. right price B. social status C. function D. novelty

2. The second sentence of Paragraph 1 is a statement of _____.

A. fact B. opinion

3. There was/were _____ university (ies) involved in the study led by Jay Yoo.

A. one B. two C. three D. four

4. The prefix ―co-― in ―co-researcher‖ in line 7 means _____.

A. against B. not C. together D. alone

5. The word ―novelty‖ as explained in line 12 means something _____.

A. old B. new C. usual D. interesting

194

6. The word ―appealing‖ in line 13 is the same meaning as _____.

A. attractive B. uninteresting C. selling D. enjoyable

7. The least important factor for consumers to consider in planning to buy

bamboo apparel is the _____.

A. novelty B. social factor C. curiosity D. comfort

8. The clause ―whether participants planned to buy it‖ in lines 15-16 is a/an

_____ clause.

A. main B. noun C. adjective D. adverb

9. The following factors are all considered by customers of products in general

EXCEPT _____.

A. feeling B. price C. delivery D. social status

10. Paragraph 2 mainly talks about why consumers _____.
A. buy products in general
B. buy bamboo products
C. are affected by emotion when shopping
D. both A and B

11. The transitional marker ―Meanwhile‖ in line 17 indicates _____ relationship.

A. time B. process C. similarity D. cause-effect

12. The word ―it‖ in line 21 refers to _______.

A. bamboo B. nothing C. standpoint D. a reason

13. The word ―eradicate‖ in line 21 can be replaced by _____.

A. remove B. sell C. grow D. buy

14. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that bamboo becomes mature _____.

A. very quickly C. after many years

B. in few months D. with few roots

15. The word ―While‖ in line 25 is to indicate a _____ relationship.

A. contrast B. time C. cause-effect D. similarity

16. The phrase ―to do so‖ in line 26 refers to _____.

A. to do nothing C. to earn profits

B. to produce fashion D. to sell fashion

17. According to the last paragraph, using organic materials is an example of

_____ the environment.

A. endangering C. damaging

B. being friendly to D. developing

18. The second sentence of Paragraph 4: From the industry's standpoint,

bamboo is desirable because it dyes well, feels silkier than cotton and is less

expensive than silk, is a statement of _____.

A. fact B. opinion

19. According to the industrial point of view, there are _____ reasons for the good

sides of bamboo.

A. two B. three C. four D. five

20. The word ―chemicals‖ in line 30 is a _____.

A. noun B. verb C. adjective D. adverb

195

Exercise 2
1) It is easy to make a delicious-looking hamburger at home. But would

this hamburger still look delicious after it sat on your kitchen table under

very bright lights for six or seven hours? If someone took a picture or

Line made a video of this hamburger after the seventh hour, would anyone

5 want to eat it? More importantly, do you think you could get millions of

people to pay money for this hamburger?
2) These are the questions that fast food companies worry about when

they produce commercials or print ads for their products. Video and photo

shoots often last many hours. The lights that the photographers use can

10 be extremely hot. These conditions can cause the food to look quite

unappealing to potential consumers. Because of this, the menu items that
you see in fast food commercials are probably not actually edible.

3) Let‘s use the hamburger as an example. The first step towards
building the perfect commercial hamburger is the bun. The food stylist—a

15 person employed by the company to make sure the products look
perfect—sorts through hundreds of buns until he or she finds one with no

wrinkles.
4) Next, the stylist carefully rearranges the sesame seeds on the bun

using glue and tweezers for maximum visual appeal. The bun is then

20 sprayed with a waterproofing solution so that it will not get soggy from

contact with other ingredients, the lights, or the humidity in the room. Next,

the food stylist shapes a meat patty into a perfect circle. Only the outside
of the meat gets cooked—the inside is left raw so that the meat remains

moist. The food stylist then paints the outside of the meat patty with a

25 mixture of oil, molasses, and brown food coloring. Grill marks are either

painted on or seared into the meat using hot metal skewers.
5) Finally, the food stylist searches through dozens of tomatoes and

heads of lettuce to find the best-looking produce. One leaf of the crispest

lettuce and one center slice of the reddest tomato are selected and then

30 sprayed with glycerin to keep them looking fresh.
6) So the next time you see a delectable hamburger in a fast food

commercial, remember: you‘re actually looking at glue, paint, raw meat,

and glycerin! Are you still hungry?

Choose the best answer based on the passage above.

1. The first sentence of paragraph 1 is a statement of _____.

A. Fact B. opinion

2. The underlined ‗if … hour‘ in Paragraph 1 (lines 3-4) is a/an _____ clause.

A. adjective B. adverb C. noun D. main

3. The underlined ‗that fast food companies worry about‘ in Paragraph 2 (line 7)

is a/an _____ clause.

A. adjective B. adverb C. noun D. main

4. As used in line 12, something is edible if it _____.

A. can safely be eaten C. seems much smaller in real life

B. looks very delicious D. tastes good

5. The word one in line 16 refers to _____.

A. anyone B. a bun C. nothing D. a stylist

196

6. According to the passage, a food stylist working on a hamburger commercial
might use glue to _____.
A. make sure the meat patty stays attached to the bun
B. keep the sesame seeds on the bun in perfect order
C. arrange the lettuce on the tomato
D. hold the entire hamburger together

7. According to the passage, fast food companies use things like glue and
glycerin on hamburgers that appear in advertisements because _____.
A. people would certainly buy the food
B. advertisements would pay for the food being advertised
C. no one actually has to eat the food used in the commercial
D. filming a commercial or a print ad can take a very long time

8. The phrase ‗so that‘ in line 23 is to indicate a _____ relationship.

A. time B. cause-effect C. comparison D. exemplification

9. Based on information in the passage, it is most important for the lettuce and

tomato used in a fast food hamburger commercial to _____.

A. have a great taste C. appear natural

B. be the perfect shape and size D. look fresh

10. As used in line 31, which is the best synonym for delectable?

A. disgusting B. familiar C. fake D. delicious

11. It can be inferred that building a perfect commercial burger is _____.

A. simple B. practical C. complex D. easy

12. The major text organization of the whole passage above is _____

A. classification B. process C. listing D. cause-effect

13. The writer‘s main purpose is to _____.
A. convince readers not to eat at fast food restaurants
B. teach readers how to make delicious-looking food at home
C. criticize fast food companies for lying about their products in commercials
D. explain how fast food companies make their food look delicious in
commercials

Fill in the following flow chart of making a perfect commercial burger with
the options given. Write A, B, C ONLY on the space provided.

A. Producing a perfect bun
B. Arranging sesame seeds
C. Making the bun waterproof
D. Painting outside of meat patty
E. Forming a meat patty of a perfect circle
F. Making them look fresh by spraying glycerin
G. Looking for best produce of tomatoes and heads of lettuce

1. 2. 3.

4.

7. 6. 5.

197

Exercise 3
1) The conventional plastic mulch can provide earlier crop maturity,

higher yields, increased quality, improved disease and insect resistance,
and more efficient water and fertilizer use, but carries a high cost
Line financially and environmentally when it comes to removing the estimated
5 one million tons of mulch film used internationally each year.

2) Mathieu Ngouajio, of the Department of Horticulture at Michigan
State University, led a study comparing black and white biodegradable
mulch films in two thicknesses to traditional plastic mulch in the production
of tomato. The study found that the lowest soil temperatures were
10 identified with the white films, which is also associated with the white film's
higher rate of degradation. Breakdown of white mulch occurred early and
exposed the bed for weed growth, creating competition for nutrients
between weeds and tomato. As the weeds grew, they tore the mulch,
leading to further degradation. Furthermore, the weeds hosted a large

15 insect population that reduced the quality of the tomato.
3) "The conventional LDPE mulch provided 100% weed control in both

years, which confirms why this is the preferred mulch used by most
vegetable growers," Ngouajio remarked. Weed control levels for both
thicknesses of the black biodegradable mulch were more than 90%. Black
20 biodegradable mulch performed well in the field, producing tomato crops
similar to conventional mulch during both years of the study.

4) The study authors explain that there are three factors to be resolved
before black biodegradable mulch can be seen as a viable replacement for
conventional methods. First, more research is needed to produce mulch
25 that can fully break down in the field. Second, biodegradable mulch must
be able to withstand the stresses of being applied to fields by machine.
Last, the price of biodegradable mulch needs to be economically
acceptable compared to conventional mulch after factoring in the savings
for removal and disposal.

Transfer the information about mulch in the passage into the following table. Fill
in each blank with A, B, C, etc.

A. break down F. insect K. price
B. cost G. large L. quality
C. disease H. low M. stresses
D. environmental I. maturity N. water
E. fertilizer J. plastic O. yields

Not biodegradable: 1)__ mulch Biodegradable mulch

Advantages Disadvantages White Black

 faster crop 2)__  high financial  making lowest Three problems to
 higher 3)__ 9)__ soil solve before it can
 better 4)__ temperature replace plastic
 higher  high 10)__ cost mulch:
 quick break-  can 13)__ in the
resistance to down  weed
5)__ and 6)__ growth 11)__ field
 less use of 7)__ number of  can withstand
and 8)__ insects 12)__
quality of machine 14)__
tomato  acceptable

15)__

198

Identify whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE based on the
passage above.

1. The first sentence of Paragraph 2 is a statement of opinion.
2. This clause ―… that the lowest soil temperatures were identified with the

white films‖ in lines 9-10 is an adverb clause.
3. The word ―As‖ in line 13 is to indicate time or process relationship.
4. The word ―Furthermore‖ in line 14 is a transitional marker to show the

addition of an idea.

5. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 that traditional mulch is still better than
the black biodegradable mulch in weed control.

6. It can be concluded that the black biodegradable mulch has been widely
used by farmers.

7. The text organization of the last paragraph is a process.

8. According to Paragraph 3, the tomato yields were not much different in both
fields (one with plastic mulch and the other with black biodegradable mulch).

9. The word ―remarked‖, in line 18, can be replaced by the word ―said‖.
10. The word ―that‖ in line 25 refers to more research.

Exercise 4
1) The relatively slow growth of agricultural value-added is another

important issue in Indonesian agriculture. This slow agricultural
productivity growth has persisted for almost three decades, despite bright
Line spots like increased poultry production.
5 2) This problem has damaged the pursuit of increased self-sufficiency
by limiting the crop yield growth and cost reductions that would enhance
its comparative advantage in food crops. It has also reduced Indonesia‘s
international competitiveness in agricultural products. Without productivity
growth, what can reduce reliance upon imports is restricting trade and
10 raising domestic prices with negative effects on consumers and poverty
reduction.

3) The seriousness of this productivity shortfall is finally causing it to
receive serious attention among multilateral aid agencies as well as
among government officials. High farm prices have not been sufficient.
15 The Government of Indonesia with World Bank support has formulated a
rural development strategy with an emphasis on reinvigorating productivity
growth among rural producers and ensuring these measures are
sustainable in the long run.

4) The components of this strategy draw on established methods to
20 enhance productivity and sustainable resource management. They include

improving property rights to land by increasing the proportion of formal title
certificates from the current 25%, improving water resource management
through better irrigation operations and maintenance, and reducing water
waste, groundwater depletion, water pollution, and soil degradation.
25 5) Agricultural research expenditures must be increased significantly
after 20 years of decline. The details include replacing retiring senior
researchers, integrating private sector agricultural research capacity (such
as commercializing new varieties and hybrid seeds) with public sector
efforts, reinvigorating sub-national adaptation institutes, strengthening
30 biotechnology research capacity and giving greater emphasis to non-rice

199

commodities. Extension services are equally in serious need of greater
public sector contributions to upgrade educational qualifications, raise
salaries, retain the most capable personnel, and coordinate with private

sector and civil society extension providers. Rural infrastructure also
35 suffers from a long term decline in investment. Reinvestment, including

roads, rail and sea transport, irrigation, and electricity provision, is
necessary both to support intensification of commercial agriculture and to

improve living standards of the rural poor.
6) Closely related to these productivity growth issues is attention to

40 environmentally sustainable practices. This includes reduction of
deforestation and pollution externalities from agriculture and food
processing. Deforestation, partly from biofuel subsidies, has become a
particularly pressing issue due to the contribution it makes to Indonesia‘s
greenhouse gas emissions. Although this can be reduced, it is complex

45 and will be expensive.

(A) Identify whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE based on
the passage above.

1. The paragraph before this passage most probably talks about a slow
agricultural productivity growth.

2. According to Paragraph One, agricultural productivity had grown slowly for
almost 30 years.

3. During this 30-year period the poultry production had also declined.
4. The word ‗like‘ in line 4 signals a similarity.

5. Paragraph Two implies that higher domestic prices intensify poverty.

6. At present, the proportion of formal title certificates is only one-fourth.

7. Paragraph Four states that operating and maintaining irrigation better is an
improvement in water resource management.

8. According to Paragraph Five, reinvigorating sub-national adaptation institutes
will reduce agricultural research expenditures.

9. The passage mainly talks about issues in productivity growth.

10. Paragraph Six states that deforestation is an example of environmentally
sustainable practice.

(B) Focus on Parts of Speech. Identify whether the following words are
Noun, Verb, Adjective, or Adverb as they are used in the passage.

1. bright, in line 4 6. established, in line 19
2. pursuit, in line 5 7. increased, in line 25
3. seriousness, in line 12 8. upgrade, in line 32
4. causing, in line 12 9. suffers, in line 35
5. rural, in line 17 10. environmentally, in line 40

(C) Focus on Referent. What do the following reference refer to?

1. This problem, in line 5 6. This, in line 40
2. its, in line 7 7. it, in line 43
3. these measures, in line 17 8. this, in line 44
4. this strategy, in line 19 9. it, in line 44
5. They, in line 20

200

(D) Focus on Clauses. Identify whether the following clauses are main,
noun, adjective, or adverb clauses.

1. that would enhance its comparative advantage in food crops, in lines 6–7
2. what can reduce reliance upon imports, in line 9
3. High farm prices have not been sufficient, in line 14
4. Although this can be reduced, in line 44

(E) Focus on Meaning. Match the meaning of the following words as used
in the context (the passage above) with the options on the right.

1. limiting, in line 6 A. development
2. growth, in line 17 B. essential
3. enhance, in line 20 C. increase
4. retain, in line 33 D. keep
5. necessary, in line 37 E. restricting

Exercise 5
1) A new study has found that the feeding habits of mammals have not

always been what they are today, particularly for omnivores. Some

groups of mammals almost exclusively eat meat -- take lions and tigers
Line and other big cats, for example. Other mammals such as deer, cows and

5 antelope are predominantly plant-eaters, living on a diet of leaves, shoots,
fruits and bark. A new study by researchers working at the National
Evolutionary Synthesis Center in Durham, North Carolina highlights that
particularly for omnivores that live on plant foods in addition to meat, the
situation was not always that way.

10 2) Past studies have shown that animals with similar diets tend to
share certain characteristics. But this study is the first of its kind to look
across all mammal groups, including omnivores, to reconstruct how
mammal diets have changed over evolutionary time. To do that, the
researchers compiled previously published diet data for more than 1500

15 species representing more than one third of mammals alive today,
including primates, ungulates, bats, rabbits and rodents. By mapping those
data onto the mammal family tree, the researchers were able to trace

backwards in time and infer what the ancestors of each species most
likely ate.
20 3) They found that while some groups of mammals maintained steady
diets, others changed their feeding strategies over time. Today's

omnivores in particular -- a group that includes primates, bears, dogs and
foxes -- came from ancestors that primarily ate plants, or animals, but not
both, said co-author Samantha Price of the University of California Davis.
25 4) While omnivorous mammals were not always that way, plant-
eaters and meat-eaters have diversified within a more well-worn path.
Radical shifts were unlikely for these animals. Mammals that eat meat for
a living, for example, never gave up their taste for flesh without
transitioning through an omnivorous stage first. "Direct transitions from
30 carnivory to herbivory were essentially nonexistent," said co-author Louise
Roth of Duke University. "It is an intuitive result because it takes very
different kinds of equipment to have those kinds of diets," she added.

5) "Plant- and animal-based foods require different digestive
chemistries and different processing mechanisms in the mouth and

201

35 stomach," explained co-author Samantha Hopkins of the University of
Oregon. The kinds of teeth adapted for tearing and slicing meat, for
example, are remarkably different from the large, flat-topped molars
adapted for grinding nuts and roots.

(A) Identify whether the following statement is TRUE or FALSE based on
the passage above.

1. The passage mainly talks about the feeding habits of mammals.
2. According to Paragraph One there are two different groups of mammals –

they are either meat eaters or plant eaters.

3. Paragraph One implies that the types of food that mammals have been eating
are always the same.

4. The word ‗such as‘ in line 4 indicates an exemplification.
5. The prefix re- in the word ‗reconstruct‘ in line 12 means ―again‖.

6. It can be inferred from Paragraph Two that there are about 1500 species of
mammals alive today.

7. The clause ‗the researchers compiled previously published diet data for more
than 1500 species‘ in lines 13–15 is a statement of Fact.

8. The passage indicates that both antelope (line 4) and ungulates (line 16) are
mammals.

9. Paragraph Three implies that the ancestors of dogs might have eaten only
plants in the past.

10. It can be concluded from Paragraph Five that tearing and slicing meat needs
a flat kind of teeth.

(B) Focus on Parts of Speech. Identify whether the following words are
Noun, Verb, Adjective, or Adverb as they are used in the passage.

1. highlights, in line 7 6. taste, in line 28
2. share, in line 11 7. omnivorous, in line 29
3. kind, in line 11 8. Direct, in line 29
4. steady, in line 20 9. require, in line 33
5. primarily, in line 23 10. remarkably, in line 37

(C) Focus on Referent. What do the following references refer to?

1. they, in line 2 6. others, in line 21
7. these animals, in line 27
2. that way, in line 9 8. it, in line 31
9. she, in line 32
3. To do that, in line 13
4. those data, in lines 16–17

5. They, in line 20

(D) Focus on Clauses. Identify whether the following clauses are main,
noun, adjective, or adverb clauses.

1. what they are today, in line 2
2. that live on plant foods, in line 8
3. the researchers were able to trace backwards in time, in lines 17–18
4. While omnivorous mammals were not always that way, in line 25

202

(E) Focus on Meaning. Match the meaning of the following words as used
in the context (the passage above) with the options on the right.

1. exclusively, in line 3 A. a part of a plant
2. bark, in line 6 B. changes
3. infer, in line 18 C. conclude
4. steady, in line 20 D. meat
5. primates, in line 22 E. not change
6. shifts, in line 27 F. omnivores
7. flesh, in line 28 G. only
8. molars, in line 37 H. the kind of teeth

Exercise 6
Complete each number in the passage below with the best choice (A, B, C)
provided in the table.

People who use computers regularly are constantly __(1)__ the movements

of their hand and computer mouse to the cursor on the screen. Now, researchers

have shown __(2)__ all activities of pointing and clicking change the way the

brain generalizes movements.

Konrad Kording of Northwestern University and the Rehabilitation Institute of

Chicago says that computers __(3)__ this problem that screens of different

sizes and mice have different gains. __(4)__ also says that we want to quickly

learn about these so that we do not need to relearn all __(5)__ movements once

we switch to a new computer. If we have broad __(6)__ then we need to move

the mouse just once, and there we are calibrated.

And indeed, their A B C
1. map mapped mapping
studies found that 2. that what which
3. produce produced will produce
Chinese migrant 4. He His Him
5. possible possibly possibility
workers accustomed 6. general generalize generalization
7. as like than
to using computers 8. who whom whose
9. how what when
made broader 10. ready readily readiness
11. another other others
generalizations when 12. study studied are studying
13. demonstrated neglected required
it comes to movement 14. abundant enough lacking

learning __(7)__ a

group of age-and

education-matched

migrant workers

__(8)__ had never

used a computer

before. While both

computer users and

non-users learned equally quickly __(9)__ to move a cursor while their hand was

hidden from view, computer-experienced individuals more __(10)__ generalized

what they learned about movement of the cursor in one direction to movements

made in __(11)__ directions.

To get to the bottom of that difference, the researchers __(12)__ another

group of 10 people unfamiliar with computers both before and after they spent 2

weeks playing computer games that __(13)__ intensive mouse use for 2 hours

each day. The researchers report that two weeks of experience was __(14)__ to

convert the generalization pattern of those computer-naïve individuals to that of

regular computer users.

203

Exercise 7
Complete each number in the passage below with the best choice (A, B, C)
provided in the table.

Blake Whisenant is an American farmer __(1)__ has developed an unusual

device. For 20 years people around the world have been buying __(2)__

invention. He and his family live in the American state of Florida. For nearly 100

years they __(3)__ fruits and vegetables, and sold them to businesses around

the world. The __(4)__ weather in central Florida is good for growing crops,

especially tomatoes. That is __(5)__ he grows the most of on his 800 hectares of

land.

In 1992 Whisenant A B C
__(6)__ some bad 1. who whom whose
luck. It began to rain 2. him his himself
badly and regularly. 3. will grow are growing have grown
Nearly 50 cm of rain 4. warm warming warmth
__(7)__ the tomato 5. how what where
crop that year. Blake 6. has has had had
Whisenant was not 7. destroyed cultivated disseminated
happy, so he began 8. enable ensure encourage
looking to find a way 9. development developing develop
to __(8)__ this never 10. that where whose
happened again. He 11. found finds will find
wanted to __(9)__ a 12. length long lengthen
system that would 13. insert pour spray
provide water to the 14. where that which
plants from below. He
thought some kind of 15. coverage covering cover

cover would keep rain 16. useful harmful grateful

away and the soil 17. development environment movement

warm. He wanted the 18. is needed has needed needs

plants to be grown in 19. run running ran

a box _(10)__ would 20. which what where

take up little space.

After years of work he knew what to do. He __(11)__ a company that agreed

to make the box. It would be made of thick plastic, and would be about one meter

__(12)__, and half a meter deep. Inside the box would be a plastic tube to

__(13)__ the water in, and a plastic screen with many holes in it. Something like

peat moss, but not soil, would be placed in the box on top of the screen,

__(14)__ would hold it above the water in the bottom of the box. A thin plastic

__(15)__ would fit over the top of the box to keep out rain and __(16)__ insects.

Blake called it the Earth Box.

Growing crops in containers is good for the __(17)__. In addition to using less

water, little fertilizer __(18)__, and it all stays in the box. There is no way the

chemicals can __(19)__ off into nearby waterways. The same potting mix can be

used for five or six years. In countries __(20)__ potting mix is not available or too

costly, growers can use coconut coir instead.

204

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