4. According to the passage, larger fish may respond to the wrasse by ___.
A. eating the parasites
B. retreating rapidly
C. opening vulnerable organs
D. breathing more quickly
5. By referring to “dental assistants” in the passage, the author is suggesting
that _________.
A. wrasses can clean teeth
B. barracudas have to keep their teeth very sharp
C. parasites can clean teeth
D. wrasses like to have their teeth picked by parasites
6. According to the passage, the imposters resemble the real wrasses
because they _________.
A. have the same diet
B. have the same coloration
C. are from the same family
D. share a common enemy
Exercise 7
Indicate whether the following sentences containing noun clauses are
correct or incorrect. Correct them.
1. Whatever she does it is not important.
2. We have to do what the teacher told us last week.
3. The girls were interested in whom made the speech.
4. It has not been announced who will get the scholarships.
5. Maybe we should find out who has donated such a big amount of money.
6. The man said that his wallet was lost on that street.
7. When will they have the meeting is not known yet.
8. Most students worried about whether they passed the test or not.
9. The scientist did not tell us how did he do the experiment.
10. Which movie they watched did not interest me.
43
44
UNIT 4
REFERENCE & EXPLETIVE
Objectives:
1. To identify pronouns as references and to identify (an) other and others
2. To recognize expletive „There‟ and „It‟
1. Reference
Writers often use reference when they don‟t want to use the same noun
more than one time in a sentence. Reference words are often, but not always
pronouns. Pronouns may refer to a single noun or to a noun phrase.
Sample Passage
The human body uses foods in different ways. Some foods give us
heat and energy. They are called carbohydrates and fats. Carbohydrates
are fuels for the body like gasoline is fuel for a car. Other foods help the
body grow and repair itself. For example, many give proteins. Proteins
5 help the body grow. They build muscles, skin and blood. Still others give
us minerals and vitamins. They also help the body works well.
1. The word „They‟ line 2 refers to „foods‟.
2. The word „itself‟ line 4 refers to „the body‟.
3. The word „many‟ line 4 refers to „foods‟.
4. The word „They‟ line 5 refers to „proteins‟.
5. The word „others‟ line 5 refers to „foods‟.
There are 8 types of pronouns:
a. Subject pronouns
b. Object pronouns
c. Possessive adjectives
d. Possessive pronouns
e. Demonstrative pronouns
f. Relative pronouns
g. Reflexive pronouns
h. Other References
Singular a. Subject b. Object c. Possessive d. Possessive e. Reflexive
Plural Pronouns Pronouns Adjective Pronouns Pronouns
I
You Me My mine myself
He You Your yours yourself
She Him His his himself
It Her Her hers herself
You It Its its itself
We You Your yours yourselves
They Us Our ours ourselves
Them Their theirs themselves
45
f. Demonstrative Pronouns g. Relative Pronouns h. Other References
Singular Plural some
Who several
This These What all
That Those Which many
Whose a few
Whom none
Where most
When another
others
the other(s)
one(s)
Examples:
1. We are reading the books
2. We are reading them.
3. The teacher is talking to us
4. Our books are here.
5. These books are ours.
6. Your classmates, whose experiences are different from yours, are
eager to help and be helped.
7. A : How long does it take them to get used to eating American food?
B : That depends on the student and where he is from.
There are 2 kinds of reference words: forward and backward. A forward
reference word is used to refer to a word in front of the reference. For example:
-“For the first time that they can remember farmers in Latin America are
relieved of the constant fear of vampire bats.”
The word „they‟ refers forward to „farmers in Latin America‟.
A backward reference word is used to refer to a word following the reference.
For example:
- “Computers have many uses today. They can solve difficult problems and
control complex machines.”
The word „they‟ refers backward to „computers‟.
Remember that „it‟ is not always used as a reference word.
Although it is difficult to say anything definite about events that took
place so long ago, scientists have been able to suggest some dates for the
main stages in the history of our planet.
46
2. Another, other and the other(s)
a. Another
„Another‟ is used with singular nouns to talk about an additional person or
thing.
e.g. Could I have another cup of tea?
„Another‟ is used with singular nouns to talk about an additional person or
thing.
e.g. He opened another shop last month.
„Another‟ is also used with a number and a plural noun to talk about „more
people or things’.
e.g. 1. We need another two hours to complete this assignment.
2. I‟ve got another three books to read.
„Another‟ can also replace a noun.
e.g. This is Tom‟s car. He also still has another. (another = another car)
b. Other
„Other‟ is used with plural nouns.
e.g. I‟ve got other things to think about.
c. The other(s)
„The other‟ is used with singular or plural nouns
e.g. 1. We have two students. One is still here, but the other (student) is
gone.
2. We have beaten three European countries in the football matches,
but the others have beaten us. (= the other countries)
In the first example „the other‟ is a pronoun, and so is „the others‟ in the
second example.
3. Expletive ‘There’ and ‘It’.
a. Expletive ‘There’
„There‟ is sometimes an expletive, that is, a word which means nothing
in particular but which calls attention to the existence of whatever is
mentioned in the rest of the sentence.
For example: „ I like Miami; there are many nice beaches there.‟
Explanation:
There are 2 kinds of words “there” in the above sentence. The word “there” in
italics in the sentence above is an expletive. But the word “there” at the end
of the sentence is an adverb of place.
47
b. Expletive ‘It’
„It‟ is sometimes a kind of expletive. It doesn‟t refer to anything at all; it just fills
a position in a sentence pattern. „It‟ is used in statements about time, weather,
distance and identification.
Examples Weather
Time What‟s it like out there? It‟s
Is it late? No, it‟s early. Is it raining? No, but it looks
pretty cold. Identification
What time is it? It‟s two o‟clock. There is a telephone call for
like rain. Who is it? It was Jack.
What day is it? It‟s Tuesday.
Distance
How long does it take to go there?
you.
It takes two hours.
Exercise 1
In the world as a whole, the mere numbers of the sick with
preventable diseases soon overwhelm us by their magnitude.
Fifty million people were dying in England and Wales in 1975 and
600.000 of them died. Half of them did so from diseases of the
5 cardiovascular system, with cancer and respiratory diseases killing most
of the rest. Of these deaths, over 10 per cent and perhaps as as many
as 100.000 were due to smoking. In spite of this, nearly half the
population of Britain, including one doctor in five, still smokes. If only it
were possible to control tobacco, 40-50 per cent of all cancer deaths in
10 males would be prevented. Although the tobacco companies are doing
their utmost to promote the sake of cigarettes in the developing world,
their major effect on mortality here has yet to come.
In spite of the „green revolution‟ more people are hungry, even
starving, than at any time in the past. A billion people are said to be
15 malnourished, and 400 million on the brink of starvation. The mortality
rate of children between one and five years which is perhaps the best
indicator of nutrition, is 10 to 40 times higher in parts of Asia, Africa, Latin
America, than it is in Europe or the United States.
Human faeces transmit some of the most important diseases of the
20 developing world, particularly the diarrhoeas of childhood, but also
poliomyelitis, typhoid, cholera, and the worms of the gut. These and the
airborne respiratory infections are the main cause of death in poor
communities. Both are prevalence and severity of most of them are
increased by malnutrition. In the developed world economic progress has
25 fortunately controlled them by providing enough food, clean water, safe
sanitation, and decent houses.
I. Decide whether the sentences below are True or False based on the text
above.
1. The pronoun „us‟ in line 2 refers to the „writer‟.
2. The pronoun „their‟ in line 2 refers to „the mere numbers of the sick‟.
48
3. The pronoun „them‟ in line 4 refers to „Fifty million people‟.
4. The word „this‟ in line 7 refers to the previous sentence.
5. The pronoun „it‟in line 8 refers to „population‟.
6. The pronoun „their‟ in line 11 refers to „males‟.
7. The pronoun „their‟ in line 12 refers to „cigarettes‟.
8. The pronoun „which‟ in line 16 refers to „between one and five years‟.
9. The pronoun „it‟ in line 18 refers to „the best indicator of nutrition‟.
10. The word „Both‟ in line 23 refers to „These and airborne respiratory
infections‟.
11. The pronoun „them‟ in 23 refers to „worms‟.
12. The pronoun „them‟ in line 25 refers to „poor communities‟.
13. Paragraph 2 discusses about bad effect of smoking in England and Wales.
14. Green Revolution is very useful for people in Asia, Africa, Europe, and
America.
15. The welfare of people increased after the green revolution.
16. The promotion of the tobacco companies in the developing world is useless.
17. Green Revolution does not make the developing world free from starvation.
18. The developmet in economic will make the developing world gets good
welfare.
19. There are a lot of diseases in the developing world.
20. Males are the victims of cancer deaths caused by cigarettes.
Exercise 2
Anteaters are so named because they eat white termites. Few people
realize that anteaters have no teeth. Their jawbones protrude and are
almost entirely covered with skin, making their oral cavities very small. An
anteater‟s tongue, covered with adhesive saliva to hold termites on touch,
5 can be extended a long way beyond its mouth. Then the animal draws it
back and swallows. Although some termites build sizable mud nests, the
anteater‟s powerful front paws have lengthy claws that can tear open the
termites‟ nests, either on the ground or in trees.
The claws on anteaters‟ front legs are so long that the animals walk on
10 the outer edges of their feet rather than on the soles. The longest claw folds
back into a skin pouch in the sole of the foot. The solitary Tamandua
anteater utilizes its prehensile tail as an arm to grasp a tree branch and lift
itself as high as the tree crown. This physical characteristic enables the
Tamandua anteaters to live and hunt in trees. The silky anteater can also
15 live in trees and sleeps curled up on a branch, to which it anchors itself by
its tail and hind feet. Although the animals rarely attack, when disturbed they
rear up on their hind legs and draw their forefeet alongside their head to
strike an enemy with their claws or to squeeze it in their forearms. With only
one offspring at a time, these mammals are extremely protective of their
20 young, which ride on their mothers‟ backs. Little is known about anteaters‟
habitats and social organization. .
A. Choose the best one.
1. The above text discusses about __________ kinds of anteaters
a. two b. three c. four
49
2. The topic of the above paragraph is_____________.
a. anteaters c. physical characteristic of anteaters
b. the use of the jawbones and claws of anteaters
3. The pronoun „they‟ in line 1 refers to ____________.
a. anteaters b. termites c. people
4. The pronoun „Their‟ in line 2 refers to _____________.
a. termites‟ b. anteaters c. anteaters‟
5. The pronoun „its‟in line 5 refers to ___________.
a. people‟s b. anteaters‟ c. termites‟
6. The relative pronoun „that‟ in line 7 refers to _____________.
a. paws b. claws c. nests
7. The pronoun „itself‟ in line 13 refers to the ______________.
a. skin b. tail c. anteater
8. The pronoun „it‟ in line 15 refers to __________.
a. a branch b. the silky anteater c. animals
9. The pronoun „its‟ in line 16 refers to _____________.
a. animal‟s b. silky anteater‟s c. anteaters‟
10. The relative pronoun „which‟ in line 20 refers to ___________.
a. mammals b. anteaters c. their young
B. Decide whether the sentences below are True or False based on the
text above.
1. There are two kinds of anteaters discussed in the text above.
2. Paragraph 2 discusses about the physical characteristic of anteaters
only.
3. The silky anteater often attacks its enemy.
4. Paragraph 1 discusses about the physical characteristic and the way
the anteater attack their enemy.
Exercise 3
In a similar study published in Nature in October 2005, the chimpanzee
controlling the food received food regardless of whether or not it chose to
deliver food to a neighbor only about a quarter of the time – even when
the other chimpanzee was begging frantically.
5 If able to help others at no cost to themselves, most humans will do so.
This is called “other regarding”, which means that humans are
considerate to each other. Unfortunately, it seems that chimps are not.
The findings may come as a surprise to field primatologists who often
observe chimpanzees sharing food in the wild, even precious sources of
10 protein like meat. But for now it appears that humans are the only
animals known to think considerately and inconsiderately about others
even when they are strangers. Chimpanzees do not appear to have
either the ability or the inclination.
50
Complete the following sentences according to the text above.
1. The pronoun „it‟ in line 3 refers to __________.
2. The word „others‟ in line 5 refers to ___________.
3. The pronoun „themselves‟ in line 5 refers to _________.
4. The word „This‟ in line 6 refers to ___________.
5. The word „other‟ in line 7 refers to ___________.
6. The pronoun „it‟ in line 7 refers to ___________.
7. The relative pronoun „who‟ in line 8 refers to ___________.
8. The pronoun „it‟ in line 10 refers to __________.
9. The word „others‟ in line 11 refers to _________.
10. The pronoun „they‟ in line 12 refers to ____________.
Exercise 4
It was long ago scientists noticed that different plants open and close at
different times of the day. In fact, in the nineteenth century they used to
make garden in the shape of a clock face, with different flowers opening at
different times. It was possible to tell the time just by looking at this „flower
5 clock‟. No one really understands why flowers open and close like this at
particular times, but recently some interesting experiments have been
done. In one, flowers were put in a laboratory in constant darkness. One
might predict that these flowers, not having any information about the time
of the day, would not open as they usually do. But in fact they continue to
10 open as if they were in a normal garden. This suggests that they have
some mysterious way of keeping time; that they have, in other words, a
kind of „biological clock‟.
It has recently been found that not just flowers, but all living things
(including man) have „cycles of activity‟. Because these cycles last about
15 twenty-four hours, they are called „circadian cycles‟ (circa = about, diem =
day). Some scientists believed these cycles are controlled by an „internal
clock‟. According to this theory, the flowers in the laboratory open because
their „internal clock‟ tells them to do so.
There are other scientists, including the American Dr Brown, who believes
20 that the biological clock is controlled by the environment. He studied the
way the oysters open and close their shells at high and low tide. He took
some oysters from „internal clock‟ theory one would expect the oysters to
open and close as they had done before. But in fact their cycle changed.
Brown and his colleagues could not understand this until they asked
25 themselves the question: If Illinois were on the sea to his laboratory a
thousand miles away in Illinois. According to the sea, when would high and
low tides take place?‟ He found that the oysters were opening and closing
at exactly these times. Brown concluded that the oysters‟ cycle was
controlled by changes in the atmosphere – changes that, in places
30 wherethere is a sea, are associated with the tides.
51
I. Choose the best answer.
1. „It‟ line 1 refers to ____________.
a. time b. day c. nothing
2. „they‟ line 2 refers to ___________.
a. times b. scientists c. plants
3. „one‟ line 7 refers to _____________.
a. experiment b. flower c. laboratory
4. „One‟ line 7 refers to _____________.
a. experiment b. laboratory c. scientist
5. „This‟ line 10 refers to ___________.
a. previous sentence b. normal garden c. information
6. „It‟ line 13 refers to ____________.
a. biological clock b. mysterious way c. nothing
7. „them‟ in line 18 refers to _____________.
a. hours b. flowers c. cycles
8. „He‟ line 20 refers to ____________.
a. theory b. Dr. Brown c. internal clock
9. „themselves‟ line 25 refers to ___________.
a. Brown‟s colleagues b. Brown c. Brown and his colleagues
10. „where‟ line 29 refers to ____________.
a. in the atmosphere b. in places c. the sea
II. Answer the questions below.
1. Are the words „There‟ on line 19 and „there‟ line 30 an adverb or an
expletive?
2. What are the topic sentence and the controlling idea of paragraph 1?
3. Is the topic sentence of paragraph 1 a statement of intent or opinion?
52
Exercises for Tutorial Classes
(UNIT 4)
Exercise 1
The net economic and social benefits of development or policy
proposals are often emphasized in environmental assessments. But
there are resilience counterparts to these impact indicators. If the
development were to fail unexpectedly, or if social objectives were to
5 shift to such an extent as to require removal of the project or policy,
there would be an associated cost. A computer model provides an
explicit way of measuring this cost of failure, by merely programming
such a hypothetical event during the course of the computer simulation.
Example: regional insect pest control projects can have several forms.
10 One might be intensive and extensive insecticide spraying. Another
might combine cultural practices with limited and controlled application
of insecticide at critical times or in critical places. Both policies might
achieve generally favourable and not too dissimilar results. Suppose
however, that the insecticides were removed suddenly as a result of
15 rising costs or new government regulation. In the first case,the removal
could produce intensive outbreaks covering large areas, with disastrous
effects on benefits. In the second case, the loss of benefits could be
minor.
The impact of policy failure can be evaluated with the aid of
20 computer model in many such instances, providing a measure not of the
relative fail-safe features of the proposed programme or policy, but of its
degree of safe-failure.
Choose the best answer.
1. The words “there” in line 3 and 6 is an ___________.
a. adverb b. expletive c. adjective
2. The word “one” in line 10 refers to ___________.
a. insect b. project c. form
3. The word “Another” line 10 refers to ___________.
a. form b. spraying c. practice
4. The word “Both” in line 12 refers to _____________.
a. critical times b. critical places c. previous sentences
5. The pronoun “its” in line 21 refers to _____________.
a. policy failure b. the proposed programme c. instances
6. There are ________ forms of regional insect pest control projects.
a. one b. two c. three
7. Computer model is used to ____________ the effect of policy failure.
a. evaluate b. decrease c. increase
8. There are __________ impacts of removing the insecticides.
a. one b. two c. no
53
Exercise 2
One hundred years ago, the invention of the automobile was
viewed as a great step forward. Today autos are not always
considered such wonderful machines.In fact, they are the cause of a
number of social and environmental problems worldwide. The most
5 serious of these is air pollution. In fact, burning gasoline and diesel
fuel in motor vehicles releases many chemicals into the atmosphere,
including large amounts of CO2. . Higher levels of CO2 in the
atmosphere have led to warmer weather and climate change around
the world.
10 One way to limit the amount of CO2 produced by cars and trucks
is to encourage people to use motor vehicles less. In many places
now, that will mean making major changes in transportion systems,
In most parts of the United States, for example, the only way to get
around is by car. It is often dangerous or impossible to travel on foot
15 or by bicycle , and there may be few or no busses or trains. In some
US cities, public transportation does exist, but few people use it
because it is often unattractive, inconvenient, and expensive.
The number of cars and trucks on the road can also be limited
by charging drivers taxes and fees. For example, some countries,
20 including Norway,Sweden, and New Zealand, require diesel truck
drivers to pay for travelling on the road. In a number of cities,
including Singapore and some European cities, drivers of cars who
wish to go downtown must pay a fee. These fees keep people from
driving unnecessarily, and the money they bring in can be used for
25 public transportation.
Choose the best answer.
1. This passage is about ____________.
a. ways to limit the CO2 from motorvehicles.
b. the amount of CO2 produced by motor vehicles
c. a new kind of fuel for cars and trucks.
d. different kinds of transportation around the world.
2. When gasoline and diesel fuel are burned, they _____________.
a. don‟t release any chemicals. c. release only water
b. don‟t release any CO2. d. release a lot of CO2.
3. We can infer from this passage that most people in the United States __.
a. take buses often c. use cars a lot
b. like to walk and bicycle d. travel a lot
4. In Norway, Sweden, and New Zealand, ____________.
a. drivers of cars have to pay for using the road.
b. diesel truck drivers do not have to pay anything.
c. diesel truck drivers pay for using the roads.
d. bus drivers have to pay for using the roads.
54
What do the following words refer to?
1. They (line 3) 4. It (line 14)
2. These (line 5) 5. It (line 16)
3. That (line 12) 6. Who (line 22)
Exercise 3
Pollution from motor vehicles can be further reduced by changing the
engines of motor vehicles so they use different fuels. There are several
nonpolluting fuels already available. One is natural gas. Several large
cities in the United States are setting an example by replacing older
5 busses and vans with vehicles that burn natural gas. Electricity is another
important source of energy that pollutes less. Electric vehicles are
becoming more efficient as the technology improves. In fact, the US
Postal Service has decided to use electric vehicles to deliver the mail.The
“hybrid” car, already on the market in some countries, has an engine that
10 runs on gasoline as well as an electric battery. Tests of the hybrid have
shown that it burns about one-fourth the amount of gasoline used by an
ordinary car.
Of all new fuels, hydrogen is the “clean” fuel that scientists believe
could be the fuel of the future. Hydrogen fuel cells create energy by
15 combining hydrogen with oxygen. They do not release any pollution into
the atmosphere – only water. A small amount of energy is required to
produce the hydrogen, but this energy could be supplied by pollution -
free solar or wind power. Though the first fuel cells, invented in the
1980s, were very large and quite expensive, the newest fuel cells are
20 much smaller and less expensive. Hydrogen – powered vehicles could
soon be sold at reasonable prices if governments and automobile
manufacturers invest in the development of this nonpolluting technology.
1. We can infer from the passage that cars using “clean” fuel _____.
a. release only CO2 c. do not get very dirty
b. do not release CO2 d. are not convinient
2. Several cities in the United States have begun buying buses that _____.
a. run on electricity c. have old engine
b. burn diesel fuel d. use natural gas
3.A hybrid automobile _________.
a. uses gasoline and electric battery
b. requires hydrogen and oxygen
c. is powered by solar or wind energy
d. does not pollute the atmosphere
4.To create energy, hydrogen fuel cells require ________.
a. a small amount of water. c. a small amount of energy
b. carbon dioxide d. hydrogen and oxygen.
55
Indicate whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.
1. The word „they‟ in line 2 refers to the engines.
2. The word „one‟ in line 3 refers to nonpolluting fuel.
3. The word „there‟ in line 2 refers to nothing.
4. The word ‟that‟ in line 6 refers to source of energy.
5. The word „that‟ in line 9 refers to hybrid car.
6. The word „it‟ in line 11 refers to the hybrid.
7. The word „they‟ in line 15 refers to scientists.
8. The first fuel cells were found in the twentieth century.
9. The newest fuel cells are cheaper than the old ones.
10. The part of speech of the word „invest‟ in line 22 is Noun.
Exersice 4
The planet earth seems to us a very stable and unmoving place –
continents of solid rock surrounded by the oceans. In one sense, of
course, it is stable, or our kind of life would be impossible. But when
we experience or hear about violent natural events like earthquakes
5 and volcanoes, we also get some idea of the great forces at work
under its surface. In fact the earth is a very complex object, made up
of many layers. What we are familiar with is only the upper surface of
the „skin‟, or crust. This crust is altogether rather more than 100 km
deep. The outer crust, of a depth of approximately 8 km, is made
10 mostly of very hard rock, a kind of granite. This makes up the
continents or major land masses. Below it is a much thicker layer,
the inner crust, also made of a hard but different kind of rock, basalt.
Beneath this lies the upper mantle, a semi-fluid layer about 600 km
deep, where temperatures reach 1,500⁰C. The lower mantle is more
15 rigid, because of the great pressure at those depths. It extends a
further 2,900 km towards the center of the earth and has a
temperature twice that of the layer immediately above it. Within the
mantle is the core. This again is divided into two layers, the outer
and the inner. The former consists of molten nickel and iron and has
20 a temperature of 3,900⁰C. The latter of the same constituents, is
however, relatively solid, again because of the great pressure of
those depths. The temperature of the inner core is about 900⁰C
higher than that of the outer core and its diameter is approximately
4,300 km.
A. Decide whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE
according to text above.
1. Basalt is a kind of rock
2. The inner crust lies between the outer crust and the lower mantle.
3. The temperature of the center of the earth is about 600 c.
4. The diameter of the mantle is 4,300 km.
5. The topic of the text is the layers of the earth.
56
B. What do these words refer to? 6. “those” (line 15)
1. “it” (line 3 ) 7. “it” (line 15)
2. “its” (line 6) 8. “The former” (line 19)
3. “This” (line 8) 9. “The latter” (line 20)
4. “it” (line 11) 10. “its” (line 23)
5. “this” (line 13)
Exercise 5
RMS Titanic was believed to be unsinkable because the hull was
divided into sixteen watertight compartments. Even if two of these
compartments flooded, the ship could still float. The ship‟s owners
could not imagine that, in the case of an accident, the Titanic would
5 not be able to float until she was rescued. It was largely as a result of
this confidence in the ship and in the safety of ocean travel that the
disaster could claim such a great loss of life.
In the ten hours prior to the Titanic‟s fatal collision with an ice berg
at 11.40 pm, six warnings of icebergs in her path were received by the
10 Titanic‟s wireless operators. Only one of these messages was formally
posted on the bridge: the others were in various locations across the
ship. If the combined informaton in these messages of iceberg
positions had been plotted, the ice field which lay across the Titanic‟s
path would have been apparent. Instead, the lack formal procedures
15 for dealing with information from a relatively new piece of technology,
the wireless, meant that the danger was not known until too late. This
was not the fault of the Titanic crew. Procedures for dealing with
warnings received through the wireless had not been formalised
across the shipping industry at the time. The fact that wireless
20 operators were not even Titanic crew, but rather contracted workers
from a wireless company, made their role in the ship‟s operation quite
unclear.
Decide whether the statements below True or False according to the text above.
1. The word “these” in line 2 refers to “watertight compartments”.
2. The pronoun “she” in line 5 refers to “ship‟s owners”.
3. The pronoun “It”in line 5 refers to “the ship”.
4. The pronoun “her” in line 9 refers to “Titanic”s”.
5. The word “others” in line 11 refers to “operators”.
6. The pronoun “their” in line 21 refers to “contracted workers”.
7. It was said that Titanic could not float.
8. There was no notice of danger before the tragedy happened.
9. The Titanic was not equiped with modern technology for information.
10. The contracted workers from a wireless company were responsible for the
accident.
11. The cause of the accident was the lack of procedures to manage the
information.
57
Exercise 6
A. Underline the correct answer.
e.g. I‟m going to take my new CD player back and ask for another / other one.
1. If I can‟t find the box that it came in, I‟ll put it in another / other.
2. The other / others things I bought from them were fine.
3. My others / other CD player broke a few weeks ago.
4. I chose this one because the others / other one was too expensive.
5. One of the buttons works, but the other / others don‟t.
6. Another / other problem is that the headphones don‟t fit.
7. I‟m not sure I want another / other one that‟s the same as this one.
8. I might go to another / other shop to compare prices.
B. Complete the blank spaces below with other, others or another.
I‟m writing to express my objections to the plan for a car park near the river. My
first objection is that we have three car parks, so we do not need (1)………….
one.The one near the supermarket are often empty and the (2)
……………….one is never full. My second objection is that this area is an
important green space within the town. We don‟t have (3)
…………………….place where we can walk by the river. I would like to make two
suggestions for this area. The first is to make it into a nature reserve. There are a
lot of trees on this side of the river, and on the (4) …………side there is a field
with rare orchids. The whole area is home to a lot of birds and (5)
………………….wildlife. My second suggestion is to build a footbridge over the
river near Ferry Path, about 500 meters away from the (6) ……………….at Mill
Lane. If we had (7) …………………footbridge, more people would walk into town
and wouldn‟t use their cars. This would benefit the town and would mean that a
fourth car park would not be necessary. The (8)……………..would provide plenty
of parking.
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UNIT 5:
GUESSING MEANINGS OF UNKNOWN WORDS
Objectives:
1. to guess the meaning of unknown words from context
2. to find the meaning of a word by using a dictionary
1. Guessing meaning from context / context clues
1a. Guessing meaning from context clues / structural clues
When you read a scientific or technical text in English, you will probably
encounter many words you do not know. Searching for them in a bilingual
dictionary is time consuming and tiring. Sometimes the procedure takes so long
that you become discouraged and close the book. It may be possible to guess
the meaning of a word from the context.
A context is a sentence, paragraph, or longer unit of writing that surrounds
a word. The context sometimes provides structural clues, which include:
3. a definition ( by using verb “be”, that is, etc.) e.g. Graphology is the
study and analysis of handwriting for the purpose of interpreting
character and personality.
4. punctuations; e.g. commas ( , ), dashes ( – ), brackets, quotation
marks (“…”)
e.g. Natural medicine became hugely popular, especially acupuncture
(an ancient Chinese method of anaesthetizing patients by sticking
pins into points in the nervous system)
5. words showing similarities (e.g. or, in other words, for example, etc)
e.g. Many prominent universities, such as IPB and ITB can produce
qualified human resources.
6. appositives, or more explanation, examples, etc.
e.g. In a remarkable documentary, Wings of Hope, German Director
Werner Herzog recounts the true story of an eighteen year old girl.
7. synonym and antonym
e.g. Everybody knows where the Reynold Building is, but only a few
can have an exhibition in that Grey Building.
8. prefixes / suffixes, etc.
e.g. Alan Macfarlane thinks he could rewrite the story.
59
Sample passage
Two Italian psychologists, Vincenzo Marte and Giovanni Notarnicola,
describe the traditional spontaneous practice of sport by children –
climbing trees, riding a bicycle along quiet roads, racing their friends
across the field – as an activity of freedom, a special activity of discovery
5 and learning. In the case of free sporting activity, the child‟s time is given
up entirely to the activity, as can be seen in the endless games of football
young children play, which may then be followed by bicycle races and/or a
swim in the river, for example.
(Source: IELTS on Track, 2003:88)
After reading the above passage, we can make a conclusion that:
a. Vincenzo Marte (line 1) is an Italian psychologists.
b. climbing trees (line 2) is one of the traditional spontaneous practice of sport
by children.
c. an activity of freedom (line 3)means a special activity of discovery and
learning, etc.
Exercise 1
Find the meaning of the underlined words in the following passage
Uncontrolled blazes fueled by weather, wind, and dry underbrush;
wildfires can burn acres of land and consume everything in their paths in
mere minutes. On average, more than 100,000 wildfires, also called
wildland fires or forest fires, clear 4 million to 5 million acres in the U.S.
5 every year.
There are three conditions that need to be present in order for a
wildfire to burn, which firefighters refer to as the fire triangle: fuel, oxygen,
and a heat source. Fuel is any flammable material surrounding fire, and
heat sources help spark the wildfire and bring fuel to temperatures hot
10 enough to ignite.
Although four out of five wildfires are started by people, nature is
more than happy to help fan the flames. Dry weather and drought convert
vegetation into bone-dry, flammable fuel; strong winds spread fire quickly
over land; and warm temperature encourage combustion, the wildfire.
1. The word wildfires in line 2 is _______________________________
2. The wordsforest fires in line 4 mean ____________________________
3. What is a heat source in line 8? _______________________________
4. The word “fuel” in line 8 means __________________________________
5. The word drought in line 12 probably means _______________________
6. What is wildfire in line 14? _____________________________________
1. b. Guessing meaning from synonyms / antonyms
A synonym means a word having the same or nearly the same meaning
as another in the language, e.g. joyful, elated, glad. The use of synonyms
increases variety and interest by avoiding needless repetition of the same word.
60
An antonym, on the other hand, is a word opposed in meaning to another. For
instance, “good” is the antonym of “bad”. The synonym or/and antonym of
specific word with its specific meaning can be found in the dictionary.
Sample Passage
A first possible reason for the imbalance in the practice of sport by
children is therefore, linked to the urban society we live in today. We need
not regret the past; it is rather a question of knowing how to recreate this
freedom in our towns and in the country, where sport is increasingly based
5 on organized leisure activities. Doing one sport is now the rule in clubs.
Sports grounds are often on the outskirts of cities, and are overcrowded
and invariably enclosed, while recreational areas, such as parks or hard-
parked surfaces, are very few and far between. How can we find the
balance of a varied and spontaneous relationship to sport under such
conditions?
(Source: IELTS on Track, 2003:88)
The passage above includes a number of words with their synonym or/and
antonym.
Words which have similar meaning to the following are:
a. town : urban
b. hard-parked surfaces : park
While the antonym of the following words are:
c. town : country
d. today : past
e. overcrowded : few
f. balance : imbalance
Exercise 2
Read the following passage and then answer the questions.
Sea has a very important role in controlling Earth‟s climate by
transferring heat from the equator toward the poles. Without the role of the
ocean, then almost the entire planet Earth would be too cold for humans to
live. Sea is also a source of food, energy (both renewable an
5 nonrenewable), and drugs. The coastal area is also a very large role in
human life. Nearly 50% of the inhabitants of Earth live in the area around
the beach. As we know, more than 70% of the planet Earth is covered by
water (which is mostly ocean).
Oceans also play capture carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere in
10 very large quantities. About a quarter of the CO2 produced by man from
burning of fossil fuels is absorbedand stored in the oceans. In some parts
of the ocean, CO2 can be stored up to be centuries old and very large role in
reducing global warming. Because the ocean is crucial to human life
meaning, then it is the duty of man to keep guard. Ability of the ocean to
15 absorb Co2 is reduced if there is a damage in marine ecosystems such as
the destruction of coral reefs and mangrove forests.
A. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. Find one word in paragraph two which has similar meaning to the word
“important” in line 1.
61
2. Mention the synonym of the word “transferring” in line 2.
3. What is the antonym of the “covered” in line 7?
4. Find one word in paragraph one which can be used as the synonym of “a
half”,
B. Indicate whether the following statement is TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)
5. The word “nearly” in line 6 is the synonym as “more than” in line 7.
6. The word “a quarter”in line 10 can be best replaced by “one-third”
7. The word “absorbed” and “stored” in line 11 are antonym.
8. The word “damage” in line 15 is the antonym of the word “destruction” in
line16.
Below are some examples of synonym and antonym from a dictionary.
Please fill in the blank provided.
No Words Parts of Synonym Antonym
speech
1. Abrupt adjective ------------------------------ Gradual
2. Bulky adjective massive ------------------------
3. Clever adjective quick-witted, skillful ------------------------
4. --------------------- adjective chill, freezing hot, warm
5. Colloquial adjective conversational, ------------------------
informal
6. Combine verb amalgamate, merger ------------------------
7. Come verb arrive ------------------------
8. Common adjective universal, popular ------------------------
I. c. Guessing meaning from prefixes, suffixes, word stems
Using context clues is a way to discover the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
Another way is word analysis, that is looking at the meanings of parts of words.
Many English words have been formed by combining parts of older English,
Greek and Latin words. If you know the meanings of some of these parts, you
can often guess the meaning of unfamiliar English word.
For example, report is formed from re, which means back, and port which
means carry. Scientist is derived from sci, which means know, and ist, which
means one who. Port and sci are called stems. A stem is the basic part on
which groups of related words are built. Re and ist are called affixes, that is word
parts which are attached to stems. Affixes like re, which are attached to the
beginning of stems are called prefixes. Affixes attached to the end, like ist, are
called suffixes.
The following are some other examples of Prefixes, Suffixes and Stem words and
their meanings:
62
I. c. 1. PREFIXES
Prefix Meaning Examples
un- Not unfortunate, unattractive
dis- Not disuse, distrust, disappear, ________, _________
in- (im-, inactive, immature, injustice, imbalance,
ir-, il- Not __________,________, _________, ___________
non- nonalcoholic, nonpolitical, _________ , ________
mis- wrongly misfortune, misconduct, __________ , _________
ante- before, preceding antecedent, antedate, _________, _________,
anti- Against antigovernment, _____ , ______, _______, _______
co- together, joint co-author, coeducation, _____ , _______,
________
contra- Against contradict, ______, _________, __________
Inter- between, among international, ______, ______, ______,
_________
intra- Within intrastate, ______, ______, _______, _________
mal- bad, wrong malfunction, _____ , _______, _________,
_______
multi - Many multicolored, ______, _____, _________,
________
post- after, later, postwar, _____, ________, __________,
________
pre- before, earlier prewar, ______, _______, ________,
___________
re- Again readmit, refill, _______, _______, ________
sub- under, below subnormal, ________, ________, _________
super- above, over superhuman, ________, ________, ________
I. c. 2. SUFFIXES
Suffix Meaning Examples
-full full of successful, careful, ________, _________
useless, careless, _________, _________
-less without
63
-able capable of /able to usable, understandable, _________, __________
-ous of the nature of / dangerous, mountainous, ________, __________
-er/or full of reader, speaker, mixer, _________, __________
the one who …./
-ist something which ..
-ness expert in / having a scientist, dentist, typist, _________, _________
-ize duty as
happiness, carelessness, _________, _________
state of being minimize, stabilize, ___________, ___________
to make
I. c. 3. STEMS Meanings Examples
Stems hear
time
-audi, audit - say, speak
-chron speech, study
-dic, -dict instrument for seeing or
-log, -ology observing
-scope sound
breathe
-phon- far
-spir- man
-tele-
-anthro-, name
anthropo-
-onym-
Sample passage
The hemp plant, one of the world‟s oldest industrial resources, is
back. The rediscovery of this renewable resource is making the fiber of
choice for future textiles, personal care products, building materials, paper
and fuel.
5 Hemp has been grown for paper, textiles, food and medicine
throughout human history. The earliest known woven fabric, made of
hemp, dates back to the eight millennium (8,000-7,000 BC). Hemp seeds
were regularly used as a source of food and protein.
(Source: IELTS on Track, 2003:76)
After reading the above passage, we can guess the meaning of the
following:
a. a hem plant is one of the world‟s oldest industrial resources
b. rediscovery means the discovery but NOT for the first time, it was
discovered before
c. renewable means can be made into new again, etc.
64
Exercise 3
Explain the meaning of each italicized word below by analyzing its prefix,
suffix and/or word stem.
Today there is much concern with the earth‟s dwindling resources. Most of
our energy sources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, are
nonrenewable resources. If the consumption of these energy sources
continues at the present rate, we can foresee their being used up. For this
5 reason, scientists are taking a closer look at alternate sources of power:
nuclear, geothermal, hydroelectric, wind and solar. Scientists are now
looking into photovoltaics as a growing solar technology that will be one of
the most valuable sources power in the future.
A photovoltaic cell is also known as a solar cell. At present, photovoltaic
10 cells are used to power everything from watches and calculators to telephone
and orbiting satellites.
Many believers in photovoltaics are excited about plans for a new solar-
powered satellite. It will be launched in the mid-1980s. The satellite will be
placed in such an orbit that it will remain in total sunlight close to 100 percent
15 of the time (unlike earth-bound solar cells that spend part of their time under
clouds).
Words Line Prefixes Word Stem Suffix Meaning
Nonrenewable 3
Foresee 4
Scientist 5
Geothermal 6
Hydroelectric 6
Photovoltaics 7
Valuable 8
Calculators 10
Believers 12
Unlike 15
2. Finding the meaning of a word by using a dictionary
2.1. The part of Speech
Knowing “part of speech” is very important in guessing meaning. Read the
following examples:
1. He tried to answer the question.
(in the above sentence, “answer” is a VERB, it is part of the infinitive “to
answer”.
2. It is difficult to find an answer to the problem.
(“answer” is the object of the sentence; therefore, it is a NOUN.)
Thus, in some cases, different parts of speech can have the same spelling. Some
of these words are:
65
VERB NOUN
cause Cause
change Change
dream Dream
drink Drink
edge Edge
glow Glow
mark Mark
watch Watch
water Water
Other words are related to one another as word families. Although it is
usually very easy to identify the part of speech, word families can be confusing.
Each word in the family is a different part of speech. For example, agreement is a
noun; agreeable is an adjective; to agree is a verb.
Looking at the endings of a word may help you identify the part of speech
of that particular word. For instance:
Nouns derived from Verbs:
Verb Ending Noun
store -age storage
accept -ance acceptance
insist -ence insistence
agree -ment agreement
authorize -sion/-tion authorization
Nouns derived from Adjectives:
Adjective Ending Noun
convenience
convenient -ce redundancy
redundant -cy opposition
opposite -tion softness
Soft -ness durability
durable -ty
Adjective
Adjectives derived from Nouns: possible
intentional
Noun Ending distant
frequent
possibility -able/-ible juicy
intention -al
distance -ant
frequency -ent
Juice -y
Adverbs derived from Adjectives:
Adjective Ending Adverb
efficient -ly efficiently
66
Exercise 4.
Identify the part of speech of each underlined word, and then write the
related words.
Plant breeding is the purposeful manipulation of plant species in order to
createdesired genotypes for specific purposes. This manipulation involves
either controlled pollination, genetic engineering, or both, followed by
artificial selection of progeny.
5 Plant breeding often, but not always, leads to plant domestication. Plant
breeding has been practiced for thousands of years, since near the
beginning of human civilization. It is now practiced worldwide by
government institutions and commercial enterprises. Classical plant
breeding uses deliberate interbreeding of closely or distantly related
10 individuals to produce new crop varieties.
Words/Lines Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
purposeful (1)
create (2)
desired (2)
involves (3)
selection (4)
lead (5)
government (8)
commercial (8)
closely (9)
produce (10)
2. 2. Using a Dictionary
You know that you don‟t need to look up every new word in a dictionary
because you can often guess the meanings from the context. Sometimes,
however, you may want to use a dictionary for other purposes-for instance, to find
out the part of speech of a word or to learn related words.
A dictionary will tell you the part of speech a word can be, usually with
these abbreviation: n.= noun, v.= verb, adj. = adjective, adv. = adverb, pre. =
preposition, conj. = conjunction. The abbreviation appears before the meanings
of the word with that part of speech.
Some words have only one meaning. You can find the meaning in a dictionary entry
which sometimes includes an example.
A. Read these dictionary entries and answer the questions about them.
sight-see-ing / „sait si‟ing/ n visiting places of interest
usu. while on a vacation: We often go sightseeing. –
see also SIGHT' -sightseer /sait si'є/ n
67
1. What part of speech is sightseeing? ______________________________
2. What is the dictionary definition of the word? ________________________
3. What word is related to it? ______________________________________
B. Answer the following questions based on the dictionary entry below.
1. How many parts of speech does the word „coach‟ have?
2. Which definition (noun or verb) of „coach‟ means „a person who trains
athletes‟?
3. As a noun how many meanings does the word „coach‟ have?
4. What is the other definition of the word?
5. The coach was unhealthy when his players won in the biggest game.
6. What is the part of speech of the word “coach” in the above sentence
7. What is its meaning?
coach /kəutƒ/ n 1 teacher esp one who gives private lessons to
prepare students for a public examination; 2 person who trains
athletes for contests: a baseball ~. Vt, vi teach or train: ~ sb for
an exam; ~ the crew for the boat race.
C. Read the following dictionary entries, and answer the following
questions.
continue /k∂ntInju/ v 1. (cause something to) go or move further. How far does
the road continue? 2. stay, remain. He is to continue as manager. 3. start again
after stopping. The story is continued in the next issue. 4. speak or say (sth)
again after stopping. “And what‟s more”, he continued, “they wouldn‟t let me in!”
5. (with sth) (cause sth to) go on existing or happening.
continuedadj going on without stopping: continuedopposition.
paper /╵peip ∂ (r)/ n1. [U] substance made in thin sheets from wood pulp used
for writing, printing, etc. a piece of paper; writing paper2. [C] newspaper: The
Sunday Morning paper has arrived. 3. [C, U] wallpaper: a pretty paper for the
bedroom. 4. [C] a set of examination questions on a particular subject. The
French paper was set by our teacher. 5. article or essay, (esp one read to an
audience of academics or specialists). He read a paper at that conference.
paper v 1. put wallpaper on (the walls of a room): We are papering the
bathroom. 2. (phrase verb) paper something over: cover with wallpaper. We
papered over the stains on the wall.
papery / ╵peip∂ri/ adj like paper in texture.
Answer the questions below based on the above dictionary entries. Choose the
best choice.
1. As a verb, how many meanings does the word “continue” have?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
They continued to rehearse after a small break.
2. What is the part of speech of the word continued in the above sentence?
A. verb B. noun C. adjective D. adverb
68
3. Based on the above dictionary, what is its meaning?
A. going on without stopping C. start again after stopping
B. stay, remain D. speak or say something after stopping
Wet weather may continue for a few more months.
4. What is the part of speech of the word continue in the above sentence?
A. verb B. noun C. adjective D. adverb
5. Based on the above dictionary, what is its meaning?
A. going on without stopping C. start again after stopping
B. stay , remain D. go or move further
This will need continued efforts from all the committee.
6. What is the part of speech of the word continued in the above sentence?
A. verb B. noun C. adjective D. adverb
7. How many parts of speech does the word “paper” have?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
8. What is its related word?
A. paper B. papery C. substance D. wallpaper
9. Which of the following is NOT the meaning of paper?
A. a substance B. wallpaper C. test paper D. writing paper
Where is today‟s paper?
10. What is the part of speech of the word “paper” in the above sentence?
A. verb B. noun C. adjective D. adverb
11. According to the dictionary entry, what is the meaning of that word?
A. put wallpaperB. article C. newspaper D. substance
You need to paper the kitchen now.
12. According to the dictionary entry, what is the meaning of that word?
A. put wallpaperB. article C. newspaper D. substance
13. Which of the following is both noun and verb?
A. papery B. paper C. continue D. continued
69
Exercises for Tutorial Classes
(Unit 5)
Exercise 1
Use the context to help you choose the best meaning or synonym for each
underlined word.
Example: The snake slithered through the grass. He was hunting.
The word „slithered‟ most probably means _______________.
(a) stopped moving (c) ate something
(b) slept in the grass (d) moved or traveled
You must discover what slithered means by using logic. Here are the analyses.
(a) is incorrect because the sentence says “through the grass”. “Through”
means there is some movement.
(b) is incorrect because the sentence says “he is hunting”. Snakes don‟t sleep
when they hunt.
(c) is incorrect because the sentence says “he is hunting”. Snakes don‟t eat
when they are hunting. They eat after they hunt.
(d) is correct because the sentence says “through the grass”. “Through” means
there is movement.
1. The news story was based on a letter that was a fabrication. Now the
reporter who wrote the story is in big trouble. Will anyone believe him
again?
A fabrication is _______________. (d) fake
(a) made of cloth (b) full of long words (c) funny
2. The reporter insisted that the letter he used was authentic. He said that he
had shown it to many experts before he used it in his story.
When something is authentic, it is _______________.
(a) real (b) very old (c) very small (d) tasty
3. The tiger‟s roar could be heard in villages far away.
The word „roar‟ probably means _______________.
(a) food (b) dream (c) ear (d) sound
4. The thought of eating a rat is abhorrent to most people.
The word „abhorrent‟ probably means _______________.
(a) fun (b) horrible (c) delicious (d) sweet
5. You can trust the salesmen at the store because they always conduct
business in an aboveboard manner.
The word „aboveboard‟ probably means _______________.
(a) honest (b) dishonest (c) horrible (d) strange
6. Petra has so many friends because she is a gregarious person.
The word „gregarious‟ probably means _______________.
(a) introvert (b) shy (c) friendly (d) rude
70
7. After the harvest, we had an abundant amount of apples. We made apple
pie, apple sauce, and apple juice because we had so many apples.
The word „abundant‟ probably means _______________.
(a) shortage (b) inadequate (c) reddish (d) plentiful
8. When Sara was sick, her voice was almost inaudible. We couldn‟t hear
what she was trying to say clearly.
The word „inaudible‟ probably means _______________.
(a) very loud (b) very soft (c) very strange (d) very shy
9. Hurricanes and tornadoes are treacherous. Only a very foolish person
would go out during that kind of weather.
The word „treacherous‟ probably means _______________.
(a) exciting (b) dangerous (c) delirious (d) safe
10. Many ships have vanished during hurricanes. No survivors from the lost
ships have ever been found.
The word „vanished‟ probably means _______________.
(a) arrived (b) departed (c) returned (d) disappeared
Exercise 2
Read the sentences and try to guess the meaning of the underlined words from
the context. Match them with their definitions on the right.
1. Food comes in many different kinds of containers, a) for example
b) to use again
such as bottles, bags, cans, and packages. c) to make
2. The car was out of gas, so he filled up the gas tank.
something full
Then, the car was full of gas. d) many different
3. We use many kinds of paper every day, such as
types
paper bags, newspapers, and notebook paper. e) something
4. We put most of our garbage in landfills, which are
used to hold
big holes in the ground that hold the garbage. something
5. A department store sells miscellaneous items. It f) to find the
answer to a
sells many different types of things, such as clothing, problem
g) coming from
radios and televisions, and furniture. nature or the
6. Plastic is not a natural material because it is made earth
h) to make
by people. Wood is a natural material because it smaller
i) a place that
comes from trees, which are a part of nature. holds a lot of
7. We can recycle old cans. We can use the metal from garbage
j) to put into the
the old cans to make new cans. garbage can
8. If you‟re too fat, you can eat less and reduce your
weight.
9. “Please throw away your garbage. There is a
garbage can over there.”
10. She couldn‟t solve the problem in her homework, so
she asked the teacher to help her find the answer to
the problem.
71
Exercise 3
Read the following passage and try to guess the meanings of the underlined
words. Make your own guesses based on the context. Then, check the guided
questions and answer them.
When we hear the word shark, we probably 1. „Shark‟ is a _________.
think of a big dangerous fish that kills and eats
people, like the shark in the movie Jaws. This is a 2. We can say that an
very popular movie about a dangerous shark that animal is dangerous
attacked and killed many people. The shark in the when it _____________
movie was a Great White shark. This species of people.
sharks is the most dangerous to people. Great White
3. Jaws is a __________.
sharks can sometimes grow to be 40 feet long. 4. When a shark grows, it
Most people are afraid of sharks because they gets __________.
sometimes attack swimmers and surfers, but in 5. Surfers do their
reality, only some species of sharks are dangerous to activities at _________.
people. There are about 350 species of sharks that 6. When sharks are huge,
they are very ________.
live in oceans all over the world, but most of these
species don‟t attack people. For example, some 7. When we weigh
sharks are very small – the smallest shark is only something, the unit is
measured in ________.
about 6 inches long and they only eat small fish. The
largest species of sharks arehuge – they may be 60 8. The opposite of „large‟
feet long and weigh 15 tons, but these large sharks
do not eat people, either. They eat small animals and is __________.
sea plants that live in the ocean. Most other species 9. Seals live in ________.
of sharks eat fish, seals, and sometimes even
garbage in the ocean.
Exercise 4
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
1) Scientists are reporting for the first time that the use of weed killers
in farmers' fields boosts the nutritional value of an important food crop.
Application of two common herbicides to several varieties of sweet corn
significantly increased the amount of key nutrients termed carotenoids
5 in the corn kernels, according to a new study.
2) In the new study, Dean Kopsell and colleagues note that farmers
grow about 240,000 acres of sweet corn in the United States each year,
making it an important food crop. Corn is among only a few vegetable
crops that are good sources of zeaxanthin carotenoids. Consuming
10 carotenoid-rich vegetables may reduce the risk of age-related macular
degeneration (a leading cause of vision loss among older people), heart
disease, and cancer, the study notes.
3) The scientists exposed several varieties of sweet corn plants to
the herbicide mesotrione or a combination of mesotrione and atrazine,
15 another commonly used weed killer, and harvested mature corn 45 days
later. Herbicide applications made the corn an even-better source of
carotenoids, boosting levels in the mature kernels of some varieties by up
to 15 percent. Itspecifically increased levels of lutein and zeaxanthin, the
major carotenoids in sweet corn kernels, whichstudies have linked to a
20 reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration.
72
Answer the following questions
1. Read Paragraph 1 & 3 and find the synonyms of the following words in the
same paragraphs
a. herbicides (line 3) d. atrazine (line 14)
b. increased (line 4) e. lutein and zeaxanthin (line 18)
c. carotenoids (line 4)
2. The following words are taken from the passage. Can you fill in the other
parts of speech of the same root? You may consult your dictionary.
Line Noun Verb Adjective Adverb
4 related significantly
10
13 scientist
14 combination
16 application
3. Find the following pairs of words in the passage. Can you identify their
parts of speech as they appear in the passage? Give your reason for your
decision.
a. use (line 1) vs. used (line 15)
increased (line 18)
b. increased (line 4) vs. studies (line 19)
notes (line 12)
c. study (line 6) vs. reduced (line 20)
d. note (line 6) vs.
e. reduce (line 10) vs.
4. Find the following words in the passage and identify what they refer to.
a. it (line 8) c. It (line 18)
b. that (line 9) d. which (line 19)
5. What is the topic of the passage above?
6. In which paragraph does the writer state the names of two common
herbicides stated in line 3? What are they?
7. The writer mentions several diseases whose risk can be reduced with the
consumption of carotenoid-rich vegetables. What diseases are they?
8. How soon after the exposure of herbicidecan you harvest the corn?
9. By reading Paragraph 3 we can conclude that kernels are parts of ____
10. Why does the writer think that „corn‟ is an important food crop?
11. There are four different tenses used in the passage above. What are they?
Write down one example of each tense that you can find in the passage.
12. Find examples of the following forms of noun phrases in the passage.
a. Noun of Noun c. Quantity + Noun
b. Adjective + Noun d. Noun Modifier + Noun
13. Find two examples of noun phrases in the passage.
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Exercise 5
Use the dictionary entries below to answer the questions that follow.
agricultureUSnoun[U]farming:Agriculture is still largely based
on traditional methods in some countries.The area depends on agriculture for
most of its income.Seventy percent of the country's population practices
subsistence agriculture.Compare horticulture.
agriculturalUSadjectiveThe world's supply of agricultural
land is shrinking fast.She's studying agricultural science.The country's economy is
mainly agricultural (= based on farming) and depends on crops like coffee.
agrochemicalUSnoun[C]a chemical that is used in farming
to help grow crops or kill insects
ecologyUSnoun[U]the relationships between the air, land,
water, animals, plants, etc., usually of a particular area, or the scientific study of
this:The oil spill caused terrible damage to the fragile ecology of the coast.She
hopes to study ecology at college.
ecologicalUSadjectiverelating to ecology or the
environment:The destruction of the rain forests is an ecological disaster that
threatens the future of life on Earth.
ecologicallyUSadverbIt's an ecologically
friendly/sound(= not harmful) means of transportation.
ecologistUSnoun[C]a person who studies the natural
relationships between the air, land, water, animals, plants, etc.
1. What is the part of speech of „agriculture‟?
2. Are both „agricultural‟ and „agrochemical‟ adjectives?
3. Can we have the word „ecology‟ in a plural form? Why?
4. What do you call someone who studies ecology?
5. Complete the following sentences with the suitable word from the dictionary
entries above.
a. Not all students in this university are studying __________ sciences.
b. People are now turning to use „bio-fuel‟ because it is __________
friendly.
c. Some farmers in this country are still practicing traditional ways in
__________.
d. If we do not take care of our environment well, we will disturb the
balance of our __________.
e. The researchers used __________ in their research to help them
grow crops better.
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Exercise 6
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
1) Finding renewable and economic sources of energy is one of the
most important concerns for the continuation of the human species. New
research, published in BioMed Central's open access journal
Biotechnology for Biofuels, has produced a novelstrain of yeast with
5 improved xylose tolerance and metabolism, and consequently improved
ethanol production.
2) Bioethanol is considered one of cleanest renewable replacements
for fossil fuel. However, using glucose from crops, such as sugar cane or
starch crops, uses up resources which could otherwise be used to produce
10 food. Xylose is the second most abundant sugar in plants (after glucose)
and is plentiful in agricultural and wood waste. However, the yeast which
is most efficient at producing ethanol cannot ferment pentose sugars, such
as xylose, and yeast which can ferment xylose is not very good at
producing ethanol.
15 3) Researchers from Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, used the
process of gene shuffling to integrate the genomes of xylose tolerant P.
Stipitis and the glucose loving, ethanol tolerant (but xylose intolerant) S.
Cerevisiae. In the first round of shuffling the P. Stipitis genome was
transferred into S. Cerevisiae. Recombinant strains were selected for their
20 ability to grow on xylose and then for their ability to produce ethanol. In the
second round of gene shuffling the S. Cerevisiae genome was transferred
into the best of these strains and the resulting strains were tested for
ethanol tolerance. Anli Geng, who led this study, explained that they
produced hybrid yeast, capable of producing bioethanol from xylose, which
25 was also able to survive in high concentrations of ethanol. The main by-
product of xylose fermentation was xylitol and by measuring this, along
with ethanol production, they found that their hybrid was more efficient at
using xylose and in producing ethanol than either of the parent strains.
This yeast is only a prototype and further improvement is possible.
30 However, their results show that there is a future in recycling waste
vegetation into bioethanol.
A. Write T if the following statement is TRUE, and F if it is FALSE based
on the passage above.
1. The passage above mainly talks about the importance of finding alternative
sources of energy.
2. The word „concerns‟ in line 2 is a verb.
3. Paragraph One implies that xylose can be used to produce ethanol.
4. According to the passage bioethanol isthe cleanest source of energy.
5. From Paragraph Two we know that both glucose and xylose are sugars.
6. The word „plentiful‟ in line 11 is opposite to „abundant‟ (line 10).
7. Both agricultural waste and wood waste contain a lot of sugar.
8. The word „ferment‟ in line 12 is an adjective.
9. Xylose is one example of pentose sugars.
75
10. S. Cerevisiae is as tolerant to xylose as P. Stipitis.
11. The word „round‟ line 18 means „circular‟.
12. The word „their‟ in line 20 refers to „xylose‟.
13. „These strains‟ in line 22 refers to „recombinant strains‟.
14. The word „they‟ in line 23 refers to „the resulting strains‟.
15. The yeast that the researchers produced is used to produce bioethanol.
16. The word „this‟ in line 26 refers to xylitol.
17. “The parent strains‟ in lines 28-29 refers to „both recombinant strains and
the resulting strains‟.
18. „This yeast‟ in line 29 refers to „hybrid yeast‟.
B. Find the meanings of the following words taken from the passage by
referring to the dictionary entries below.
1. concerns (line 2)
2. novel (line 4)
3. strain (line 4)
4. shuffling (line 16)
concern(INVOLVE)USverb1 [T] to be important to someone or to involve
someone directly: Matters of pollution and the environment concern us all.What I have to
say to Amy doesn't concern you.2 [T] FORMAL If a story, film or article concerns a
particular subject, person, etc., it is about that person or subject: The film concerns a
woman who goes to China as a missionary.3 [R] to become involved with something, or
worried about something: There's no need for you to concern yourself with what
happened.Don't concern yourself. She'll be home soon.To whom it may concern
something you write at the start of a formal letter or notice when you do not know exactly
who it should be addressed to
concernUSnoun [C or U] something that involves or affects you or is
important to you: What were the major concerns of the writers from this period?I don't
want to hear about it - it's no concern of mine!"What's happening?" "That's none of/not
any of your concern."be of concern to be important: The results of the election are of
concern to us all.
concernedUSadjective [after verb] involved in something or affected by
it: I'd like to thank everyone concerned for making the occasion run so smoothly.It was
quite a shock for all/everyone concerned.Her job is something concerned with
computers.I'm not very good where money is concerned (= when dealing with
money).be concerned with sth/sb to be about a particular thing or person: Today's
lesson is concerned with punctuation.as far as sb is concerned in a particular person's
opinion: As far as I'm concerned, feng shui is a load of rubbish.as far as sth is
concerned if we are discussing or thinking about a particular thing: As far as
unemployment's concerned, a change of government would be a good idea.
concerningUSpreposition SLIGHTLY FORMAL about: I've had a letter
from the tax authorities concerning my tax payments.
novel(BOOK)USnoun [C] a long printed story about imaginary characters
and events: a paperback novelhistorical/romantic novels. Have you read any of Jane
Austen's novels?His latest novel is selling really well.novelistUSnoun
[C] a person who writes novels
novel(NEW)USadjective new and original, not like anything seen before: a
novel idea/suggestionKeeping a sheep in the garden is a novel way of keeping the grass
short!
76
shuffle(MOVE AROUND)verb [T] to move similar things from one position or place to
another, often to give an appearance of activity when nothing useful is being done: She
shuffled her papers nervously on her desk.Many prisoners have to be shuffled around
police stations because of prison overcrowding.
shufflenoun [C] 1 when things are moved around from one position to another: She
gave her papers a quick shuffle.2 MAINLY US a reshuffle
strain(TYPE)noun [C] 1 a particular type or quality: A strain of puritanism runs
through all her work.2 an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics
are different in some way from others of the same group: Scientists have discovered a
new strain of the virus which is much more dangerous.
C. Many words in different languages are formed by adding affixes to base
words. Write down the root of the following words taken from the passage
and fill in the prefix or suffix when there is one.
Line Word Prefix Base (Root) Suffix
1 Renewable re~ new ~able
7 Replacements
15 Researchers
19 Recombinant
D. Some affixes add meanings to the base words, and some others signal a
change in parts of speech. Identify the prefix/suffix of the following words
taken from the passage and write down the meanings or the parts of
speech.
Line Word Prefix/Suffix Meaning Part of Speech
1 Renewable re~ again Adjective
~able can be
1 Economic
5 Tolerance
5 Consequently
6 Production
11 Plentiful
11 Agricultural
12 Efficient
15 Researchers
17 Tolerant
20 Ability
29 Improvement
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78
UNIT 6
TEXT ORGANIZATION: LISTING and PROCESS
PASSIVE VOICE
Objectives:
1. To list relevant points in the appropriate category
2. To identify signals/clues that indicate listing
3. To list steps based on the correct order
4. To identify signals/clues that indicate processes
5. To distinguish active from passive sentences
1. Listing
One of the most common means of relating ideas is by listing them – in
other words, by taking items that refer to the same general idea and arranging
them one after the other. In its loosest form, listing can be a simple list of any
number of related items – for example, a list of adjectives used to describe some
object. However, there are some signal words that the writer uses to show listing.
The following are possible common signals to show listing:
And
first, second, third, last …
firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally…
parallel structures, e.g. adjective…., adjective…, and adjective…
Sample Passage 1
Human blood serves the body in three important ways. First, blood
carries substances needed to maintain and repair the body tissues. In this
way, blood serves as a provider. Second, blood also serves as a disposer,
since it carries wastes and gases away from the tissues of the body. In
5 addition, blood acts as a defender. The white corpuscles in the
bloodstream constantly guard against and try to destroy bacteria and other
agents that threaten the body‟s welfare.
In the sample passage above, the topic sentence/main idea of the passage is:
Human blood serves the body in three important ways, with three important ways
as its controlling idea. The writer lists these three important ways by using the
signal words: First (line 1), Second (line 3), In addition (line 4).
Main Idea: Human blood serves the body in three important ways.
1) as a provider: carry substances needed to maintain and repair the
body tissues
2) as a disposer: carry wastes and gases away from the tissues of the
body
3) as a defender: guard against and try to destroy bacteria and other
threatening agents
79
If the writer wants to change the order by putting “as a defender” first, “a provider”
second, and “a disposer” last, there is no significant difference since this is only a
matter of ordering. The case will be different if it involves process (will be
discussed in the later section).
Sample Passage 2
Food is a basic need of all living organisms. It provides the
materials they need to build their own tissues and to grow. It provides the
chemical substances vital for all the interconnected chemical changes of
an organism‟s metabolism, and the energy needed to make these
5 changes take place. Food also provides animals with energy for
movement and, in the case of warm-blooded animals, for maintaining their
body temperature.
In the sample passage above, the writer does not use explicit signal words to
indicate the listing, but s/he uses a parallel structure “It provides (line 1), It
provides (line 2), Food also provides (line 4)”.Thus, the sample passage above
can be summarized as follows:
Main Idea/Topic Sentence: Food is a basic need of all living organisms.
Controlling idea: a basic need
Details:
1) provide materials to build tissues and grow
2) provide chemical substances for metabolisms and energy for chemical
changes
3) provide energy for movement and for maintaining body temperature
Exercises 1
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
1) Many uncertainties have been sprouting up in corn production.
Researchers and producers have been wondering whether precision
agricultural technologies can improve crop yield and quality or reduce their
variability. Farmers have been asking a number of questions from which
5 hybrid they should plant for best yield and quality to whether applying
nitrogen fertilizer at a uniform rate produces a better crop outcome, and if
it does not, what nitrogen fertilization strategy produces a better crop in
yield and quality.
2) A number of scientists have been attempting to answer those
10 questions by investigating the potential impact of precision nitrogen
management on corn yield, protein content and test weight in a new
study.
3) Precision agriculture is defined as the usage of available
technology to develop custom management of soil and crops to fit specific
15 conditions of a small area that is within a larger unit, such as a field. This
practice has revolutionized modern farming by allowing farmers to choose
the best management strategy at a specific time and place in their fields. It
has the potential to increase agricultural resource use efficiency, reduce
environmental contamination, and maintain or increase crop yield. Corn
20 farmers use this application by varying the rate of fertilizer depending on
differences in potential crop yield, soil type and landscape features across
80
the field. As grain markets shift to a greater emphasis on ethanol, more
attention is being directed to optimizing grain quality, where traditionally
the emphasis was on quantity. The significant variability of abundance in a
25 given area and abundance over a period of time in crop yield and grain
quality has not influenced use efficiency or profit of products made from
the crops, but made it difficult for farmers to get premium prices for their
products.
Answer the following questions based on the passage above.
1. Read Paragraph One.
a. Name two things that people do when they face uncertainty.
b. List three questions that farmers have been asking.
c. What markers does the writer use to show that there is a list of
questions?
d. Look at the word „uncertainties‟ (line 1)
What is the root for this word?
What affixes does it get?
What are the meanings of the affixes?
e. Write down two examples of noun phrases in line 1.
f. Write down four examples of noun clauses in Paragraph One.
g. Can you guess the meanings of the following words from the context?
reduce (line 3)
yield (line 8)
h. What do the following words refer to?
they (line 5)
it does not (line 7)
2. Read Paragraph Two
a. List three potential impacts that precision nitrogen management has
on corn.
b. What does „those questions‟ (line 9-10) refer to?
81
3. Read Paragraph Three
a. What is precision agriculture?
b. How many potentials does precision agriculture have? What are
they? Does the writer use certain signals to show the list of
potentials?
c. Name three factors that make corn farmers have to vary the rate of
fertilizer.
d. Find the following words and identify what they refer to.
This practice (line 14-15)
It (line 16)
this application (line 20)
their (line 27)
e. Refer to Paragraph Three and identify the parts of speech of the
following words:
place (line 17)
shift (line 22)
4. The following sentences are taken from the passage above. Can you
identify the tenses used in the following sentences? Why do you think the
writer uses such a specific tense? If you have not reviewed some of the
tenses in Unit 1, try to make some guesses.
a. Farmers have been asking a number of questions… (line 4).
b. This practice has revolutionized modern farming… (lines 15-16).
c. It has the potential to increase agricultural resource … (lines 17-18).
d. Corn farmers use this application… (line 19-20).
e. … traditionally the emphasis was on quantity. (lines 23-24).
2. Process
As stated earlier, there is another text organization that looks like “listing”
but it describes a fixed order. This organization is a “process” type, which mainly
describes continuous processes, consisting of events occurring one after the
other, or simultaneously, in sequences, stages and cycles.
The following are possible common signals to indicate processes:
Before When On + V-ing Subsequently Finally
Prior to As soon as During Later
First While After Afterwards
Initially At this stage Next Until
As Meanwhile Then Eventually
82
Sample Passage
In processing coffee using a wet processing technique, the fresh
fruit is first pulped by a pulping machine. Some pulp still clings to the
coffee, however, and this residue is removed by fermentation in tanks. The
few remaining traces of pulp are then removed by washing. The coffee
5 seeds are then dried to a moisture content of about 12 per cent either by
exposure to the sun or by hot-air driers. If dried in the sun, they must be
turned by hand several times a day for even drying.
Based on the passage above, there are four different stages of the wet
processing technique:
(i) pulping
(ii) fermentation
(iii) washing
(iv) drying
The passage above states four different stages but only three of them are
signaled explicitly, using the markers “first” (line 1), “then” (line 4), “then” (line 4).
Structural Point
Passive Voice
In Unit 1 you have reviewed seven of the twelve existing tenses. Those seven
tenses you have learned in Unit 1 can be summarized as follows:
Active Sentences (with VERB)
Past Present Future
S + V1(+s/es) S + will + V1
Simple S + V2 S + am/is/are + V-ing
S + has/have + V3
Progressive S + was/were + V-ing
Perfect S + had + V3
Perfect
Progressive
The seven tenses above can appear in either active or passive form. The main
difference is that the passive form will always have a component of BE + V3. The
summary of the passive form of the seven tenses can be summarized as follows:
83
Passive
Past Present Future
Simple S + was/were + V3 S + am/is/are + V3 S + will + be + V3
Progressive S + was/were + being S + am/is/are + being
+V3 +V3
Perfect S + had + been + V3 S + has/have + been +
V3
Perfect
Progressive
Exercises 2
Refer to the previous passages and identify the passive sentences.
1. Passage in Exercise 1 (line 11)
2. Passage in Exercise 1 (line 20)
3. Sample passage about coffee processing in the previous page.
Exercises 3
Change the following active sentences into passive forms.
1. Corn farmers use precision agricultural technologies in their farms.
2. Scientists are investigating the potential impact of precision nitrogen
management.
3. Has nitrogen fertilizer produced a better crop outcome?
4. Traditionally grain markets gave more emphasis on quantity.
5. The researchers were preparing some equipment in the laboratory.
6. Two scientists had modernized soap production.
7. Can precision agricultural technologies improve crop yield and quality?
Exercises 4
Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
1) While washing your hands, have you ever wondered what
materials are in a bar of soap and why it cleans? Mary Kearns, a soap
maker in Falls Church, Virginia near Washington, creates soaps that
contain inventive combinations of herbs and essential oils. She uses
5 organic and fairly traded ingredients, and she takes great care to operate
her business in a way that is environmentally friendly.
2) One way to learn more about soap-making is to watch Mary
Kearns at work. She shows us the ingredients she will use. They include
water into which she has dissolved lye, or sodium hydroxide. She warns
10 that working with lye can be dangerous because it burns the skin. She
makes sure to wear special protective glasses and gloves when making
soap.
84
3) Oil is the other important ingredient in soap. Different oils give soap
different properties. For example, olive oil makes a harder soap, while
15 coconut oil makes a soap that produces suds. Ms. Kearns uses organic
coconut oil, or all organic oils. And the palm kernel oil is organic and
sustainably harvested.
4) Once the ingredients have been gathered and measured, the basic
ingredients are mixed together. First, she adds the water and lye solution
20 little by little to a large pot of heated oil. Then, she uses an electric blender
to mix the oils with the lye and water. When the soap has reached “trace”,
it means the liquid soap has come to a point where it will not separate
back into oil and water. She then adds exact measurements of herbs or
flowers and essential oils. She adds the dried herbs and flowers for looks
25 and texture. The essential oils give the soap its intense smell. However,
not all of her soaps contain essential oils because some people‟s skin is
too sensitive for essential oils, so Ms. Kearns also makes soaps that have
no intense smell. In fact, about half of her soaps have no added essential
oils. This is for people with very sensitive skin, or for those who want to
30 avoid essential oils for any reason.
5) Next, she pours the liquid soap into wooden mold forms. The forms
make small rectangular soaps or large bricks of soap. Ms. Kearns puts
paper on top of the molds. She lets them sit for a day or two in a warm
place so the soap can dry and harden. Later, she takes the soap out of
35 the mold and places it in a storage area to cure or dry for four to six
weeks. This curing process permits water to evaporate from the soap. The
soap soon becomes firmer which helps it last longer.
A. Complete the following outline based on the passage above.
How to make soap
Ingredients:
Procedure:
B. Write T if the following statement is True or F if it is False based on
the passage above.
1. Mary Kearns owns a soap business.
2. Lye and sodium hydroxide are two different chemicals.
3. There are three basic ingredients needed to make soap.
4. The first step in making soap is heating the oil in a large pot.
5. The hardness of the soap depends on the quantity of herbs and flowers
added to the ingredients.
6. Herbs and flowers are not basic ingredients to make soap.
7. Essential oil is one of the most important ingredients in soap.
8. The liquid soap needs a warm place to harden.
9. According to the passage it takes a few days to make a hard soap.
10. Evaporating the water in the soap makes it last longer.
85
C. Study the following sentences taken from the passage. If they are
active, change them into passive, and if they are passive, change
them into active.
1. Mary Kearns creates different kinds of soap.
2. She is wearing special protective glasses and gloves.
3. The ingredients have been gathered and measured.
4. The basic ingredients are mixed together.
5. Blending will not separate oil and water.
6. She pours the liquid soap into wooden mold forms.
D. Focus on grammar
1. Find 2 examples of Noun Clauses in Paragraph One, and 1 example of
Noun Clause in Paragraph Two.
2. Identify the parts of speech of the following words and write down their
base forms.
Word Part of Speech Base form
a. inventive (line 4)
b. combinations (line 4)
c. environmentally (line 6)
d. friendly (line 6)
e. dangerous (line 10)
f. sustainably (line 17)
g. solution (line 19)
h. harden (line 34)
3. Identify the referents of the following words:
a. it (line 2) d. This (line 29)
b. they (line 7) e. those (line 29)
c. that (line 27
4. Find the markers that indicate a process.
86
Exercises for Tutorial Classes
(UNIT 6)
A. Exercise 1
Read the following passage. Underline the passive verbs you find in the
text.
There are many different kinds of plants. Do you know that there are
plants that can kill and eat insects? It may sound very strange but it is true.
There are plants that use clever ways to trap insects and they are
called the pitcher plants. The pitcher plant is common insects eating plant
5 in many countries. This plant has a clever trap-shaped like a pitcher or jug.
The pitcher is covered with a sweet, sticky substance. Wheninsect come,
they crawl into the pitcher and drink the honey that is found at the bottom.
At this stage insect cannot climb out of the pitcher. It‟s because the inner
wall of the pitcher is covered with fine hairs that point downwards. Finally,
10 they die inside it and the plant digests their body and absorbs the insect as
a food.
There is also the story of a giant flesh-eating plant in South America.
They say that the branches of this plant spread out like arms. Sometimes
an animal strikes against these branches. The branches quickly fold around
the animal and crush it to death.
A. Choose the best answer based on the text above.
1. The topic sentence of the second paragraph is stated in?
A. The first sentence C. The third sentence
B. The second sentence D. The fourth sentence
2. Why is this plant called “the pitcher plant”?
A. Because the leaves are covered with fine hairs tipped with droplets of
fluids
B. Because it has a clever trap-shaped like a pitcher or jug
C. Because there are small green bladders
D. Because it has long leaves surrounded by sensitive hairs
3. What will happen in the first stage when an insect come to this plant?
A. The droplets of a golden fluid attract the plant‟s prey
B. The edges of the leaf tend to curl over towards the insects
C. Insect crawl into the pitcher and drink the honey
D. Insect touched the sensitive hairs in the digestive glands
4. What is the main idea of paragraph 2?
A. The insect will alight on the plant
B. The process of how the pitcher plant eat
C. The insect will swim inside the plant
D. The function of the plant
5. The word „also‟ in line 12 shows ___________.
A. contrast C. listing
B. process D. example
87
B. Using information in paragraph 2, complete this diagram to show the
process of howthe pitcher plant eats an insect. Please write the marker
as well.
an insect comes¹
(marker : _________________ )
2.
(marker : _________________ )
3.
(marker:___________________ )
4.
Exercise 2
Read the following passage. Underline the passive verbs you find in the
text.
¹Cotton is a shrubby plant that is a member of the Mallow family. Its
name refers to the cream-colored fluffy fibers surrounding small
cottonseeds called a boll. The small, sticky seeds must be separated from
the wool in order to process the cotton for spinning and weaving.Cotton is
5 grown in fields, a long way from the processing plant.
²The manufacture of cotton cloth is a complex process involving many
highly skilled workers and each performing a particular critical step in the
overall process. The cotton making process begins with harvesting. Once
cotton is harvested, it is cleaned and separated from the seeds in a
10 process called ginning. This is done mechanically via machines created
byEli Whitney. Such a machine helps to make the cotton process from
harvest to usage go much faster. Cotton gin is then wrapped up into bales
for further processing into materials. The cotton is then yarned and sold as
pieces of material to make cloths and other garments.
15 ³Cotton fabric alone accounts for fully half of the fiber worn in the world.
It is a comfortable choice for warm climates in that it easily absorbs skin
moisture. Cotton is planted annually by using the seeds found within the
downy wool. The states that primarily cultivate cotton are located in the
"Cotton Belt," which runs east and west and includes parts of California,
20 Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Arizona, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri,
New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and
Texas, which alone produces nearly five million bales. Together, these
states produce approximately 16 million bales a year, second only to
88
China.
25 4The cotton plant is a source for many important products other than fabric.
Among the most important is cottonseed, which is pressed for cottonseed
oil, used in commercial products such as salad oils and snack foods,
cosmetics, soap, candles, detergents, and paint. The hulls and meal are
used for animal feed. Cotton is also a source for cellulose products,
30 fertilizer, fuel, automobile tire cord, pressed paper, and cardboard.
A. Answer the following questions briefly.
1. What is the topic of paragraph One?
2. What should be performed before the spinning and weaving process?
3. What is a boll in line 3?
4. What does the word „Its‟ in line 1 refer to?
5. What is a „plant‟ in line 5?
6. Is that is a member of the Mallow family(line 1)a noun clause?
7. What is the controlling idea of paragraph Two?
8. What is the text organization of paragraph Two?
9. What are the markers that support your answer in no 8?
10. How many noun clauses can you find in paragraph 3?
11. When will cotton fabric be a good choice?
12. What is meant by the „Cotton Belt‟ in line 19?
13. What is the text organization of paragraph 4?
14. What are the markers that support your answer in no13?
15. Is the topic sentence of Paragraph Four a statement of Intent or Opinion?
B. What is the part of speech of the following word (s)?
16. shrubby in line 1 ______________ 19. cultivate in line 18 ___________
17. plant in line 5 ______________ 20. nearly in line 22 ____________
18. skilled in line 7 ______________ 21. pressed in line 26 __________
C. Based on paragraph Two, arrange the following activities to show the
manufacture of cotton cloth. Write A, B, C only.
A. wrapping B. selling C. cleaning D. material processing
E. harvesting F. yarning H. ginning
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Exercise 3
A. Read the following text, and chose the best choice (A, B, or C) to
complete the text.
1Yogurt is classified as a dairy product that (1.A.makes B. made C.is made) by
blending fermented milk with different ingredients that gives flavor and color.
The possible origin of yogurt is (2. A. says B. saying C. said) to be from Middle
line East, Turkey, or Iran. In 1900, Dr. Ilya Metchnikoff (3. A. sets B. set C. was set)
5 apart bacillus cultures that was used for making yogurt. In 1925, the first modern
yogurt plant (4. A.discovered B. was discovered C.was discovering) and in
1970s yogurt (5. A. gained B. was gaining C. was gained) an increasing (6. A.
popular B. popularity C. popularize) in the United States.
2In the production of yogurt, cream, milk or skim milk is cultured with two bacteria;
10 namely, Lactobacillusbulgaricus and Strptococcusthermophilus. Sometimes,
yogurt (6.A.treats B. is treating C. is treated) with heat after it has been cultured
in order to get rid of viable organisms and their extended shelf-life.
3(7. A.Generation B. General C. Generally), there are three categories of yogurt:
first, firm yogurt which is also called set-style: just as the name implies, (8. A.it
15 B. its C.they) is a firm gel in a pack and it is consumed with a spoon. Second,
stirred yogurt: the gel (9. A.has B. has been C. have been) dissolved, cooled,
and packaged after coagulation. Finally, drinkable yogurt: this is similar to stirred
yogurt; the only (10.A.differ B. different
C. difference) is that it has been homogenized and reduced to liquid before
20 filling.
4The composition of commercial yogurt includes fat which is about 0 to 3.5%, milk
solid non-fat (8.25-14%), sugar (0-10%), and stabilizer (0-2%). There are different
types of commercial yogurt, covering non-fat yogurt, 99% fat free, low-fat yogurt,
and whole milk which is just plain yogurt.
B. Indicate whether each of the following statement is TRUE or FALSE according to
thepassage above.
11. The topic of the above passage is the classification of yogurt.
12. The basic ingredient of yogurt is milk.
13. Yogurt was fairly widespread in the U S soon after its first making.
14. The word „increasing‟ in line 7 is a verb.
15. After cultured with Lactobacillusbulgaricus and Strptococcusthermophilus, all kinds of
yogurt need to be heated.
16. According to paragraph Two, there are two steps to produce all kinds of yogurt.
17. The controlling idea of paragraph three is three categories.
18. The word „their‟ in line 12 refers to viable organisms.
19. The text organization of paragraph Three is mostly process.
20. Both „that gives flavor and color’(in line 2) and „that it has been homogenized
and reduced to liquid‟ (in line 17) are NOUN clauses.
21. Yogurt is divided into three categories according to its raw material.
22. Suffix „-able‟ in the word “drinkable” (line 17) means „can be‟.
23. The verb to „get rid of‟ in line 12 can be best replaced by to „keep‟.
24. The biggest composition found in all commercial yogurt is non-fat solid milk.
25. There are commercially three types of yogurt: non-fat, low-fat, and whole milk.
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C. Answer the following questions briefly (no more than TWO words)
26. The word “after” in line 11 is used as a marker for ________________________.
27. The word “Finally” in line 17 is use as a marker for _______________________.
28. The part of speech of the word “cultured” in line9 is a/an _________________.
29. The word set-style in line 14 means __________________________________.
30. The topic of the last paragraph is _____________________________________.
D. Based on paragraph One, write the chronology of how yogurt was found and
became popular in the following table.
Time The occurrence
bacillus cultures were set apart
Exercise 4
There are a number of reasons why animals should not be kept in captivity.
This is wrong because zoos are often unsanitary and the animals suffer
unnecessary pain and suffering because they easily become sick and die. In
many cases zoos do not have effective breeding programs and they actually
5 contribute to the decline in numbers of certain endangered species. Moreover,
in many countries zoos have become less and less popular because of the
influence of natural history programs on television.
A. Answer the following questions briefly
1. What is the topic sentence of the above text?
2. What are the controlling ideas?
3. How many reasons does the text mention?
4. What is the text organization of the text?
5. What are the signal words that show the text oraganization?
6. What does the word “this” in line 2 refers to?
7. What word in the paragraph that has the same meaning as “extinct”?
8. What is the part of speech of the word „endangered‟ in line 5?
9. What does the prefix „un‟ in the word „unnecessary‟ in line 3 mean?
10. What does the word „they‟ in line 3 refer to?
91
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Integrated Reading For University Student
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