The Impact of Climate Change on the Hydro-Climate of Malaysia Based on IPCC Fifth Assesment Report.

a)

b)

Figure 6.36 - a) Long-term mean of the annual average wind speed (m/s) during the historical
period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070),
and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-term mean of the annual
average wind speed from the historical period to the early, middle, and late 21st century for
each of the 39 subregions in Sabah and Sarawak.

279

Table 6.23 - Long-term mean of the annual average wind speed (m/s) during the historical
period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070),
and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-term mean of the annual
average wind speed from the historical period to the early, middle, and late 21st century for
subregions in Sabah.

Long-term mean Change from Historical
period

Subregions in Sabah Hist Early Mid Late Early Mid Late
(1970- (2011- (2041- (2071- (2011- (2041- (2071-
Beaufort 2000) 2040) 2070) 2100) 2040) 2070) 2100)
Beluran 2.52 2.45
Kota_Kinabalu 1.86 2.47 2.45 1.82 -0.05 -0.07 -0.07
Kudat 2.70 2.60
Lahad_Datu 3.03 1.83 1.82 2.92 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04
Pitas 2.21 2.15
Sandakan 2.34 2.62 2.60 2.28 -0.07 -0.10 -0.10
Sg_Abai 2.09 2.04
Sg_Kalabakan 3.63 2.94 2.92 3.44 -0.09 -0.11 -0.11
Sg_Kalumpang 1.89 1.82
Sg_Labuk 1.96 2.17 2.15 1.90 -0.04 -0.06 -0.06
Sg_Padas 1.89 1.82
Sg_Papar 2.25 2.29 2.28 2.16 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06
Sg_Segama 2.31 2.21
Sg_Sinsilog 1.90 2.06 2.04 1.86 -0.04 -0.05 -0.05
Sg_Sugut 2.31 2.23
Sg_Tuaran 1.89 3.47 3.43 1.84 -0.15 -0.20 -0.18
Sipitang 2.32 2.23
Southern_Sabah 2.10 1.84 1.81 2.04 -0.05 -0.07 -0.07
Tawau 1.80 1.74
Trusan_Kinabatangan 1.96 1.91 1.90 1.89 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06
1.80 1.73
1.84 1.82 -0.05 -0.07 -0.07

2.18 2.16 -0.08 -0.09 -0.09

2.24 2.22 -0.07 -0.09 -0.09

1.87 1.86 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04

2.25 2.24 -0.05 -0.07 -0.07

1.85 1.84 -0.04 -0.05 -0.05

2.25 2.23 -0.07 -0.10 -0.09

2.05 2.04 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06

1.76 1.74 -0.04 -0.06 -0.06

1.91 1.89 -0.05 -0.07 -0.07

1.75 1.73 -0.04 -0.06 -0.06

280

Table 6.24 - Long-term mean of the annual average wind speed (m/s) during the historical
period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070),
and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-term mean of the annual
average wind speed from the historical period to the early, middle, and late 21st century for
subregions in Sarawak.

Long-term mean Change from Historical
period

Subregions in Hist Early Mid Late Early Mid Late
Sarawak (1970- (2011- (2041- (2071- (2011- (2041- (2071-
2000) 2040) 2070) 2100) 2040) 2070) 2100)
Batang_Balingian 1.68 1.64
Batang_Baram 1.79 1.65 1.64 1.73 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04
Batang_Kemena 1.66 1.61
Batang_Kerian 1.95 1.75 1.74 1.90 -0.05 -0.06 -0.06
Batang_Lawas 2.45 2.37
Batang_Lupar 1.67 1.62 1.61 1.63 -0.04 -0.05 -0.05
Batang_Mukah 1.73 1.69
Batang_Oya 1.62 1.90 1.89 1.58 -0.05 -0.05 -0.05
Batang_Rajang 1.50 1.46
Batang_Sadong 1.89 2.39 2.37 1.85 -0.06 -0.08 -0.09
Batang_Samarahan 1.81 1.77
Batang_Saribas 1.77 1.64 1.63 1.73 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04
Batang_Tatau 1.62 1.58
Batang_Terusan 2.51 1.70 1.69 2.42 -0.04 -0.05 -0.04
Northern_Sarawak 1.91 1.85
Sg_Limbang 1.81 1.59 1.58 1.74 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04
Sg_Sarawak 1.77 1.74
Southern_Sarawak 2.02 1.47 1.46 1.97 -0.03 -0.03 -0.04

1.85 1.84 -0.04 -0.05 -0.04

1.78 1.77 -0.03 -0.04 -0.03

1.74 1.73 -0.04 -0.04 -0.04

1.59 1.58 -0.03 -0.05 -0.05

2.44 2.42 -0.07 -0.09 -0.09

1.86 1.85 -0.04 -0.06 -0.06

1.76 1.75 -0.05 -0.06 -0.07

1.74 1.74 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03

1.98 1.97 -0.04 -0.05 -0.05

281

7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

In this report, the impact of climate change on the hydro-climate of Peninsular Malaysia and
Sabah-Sarawak was investigated based on CCSM4, MIROC5, MRI-CGCM3, GFDL-
ESM2M, and IPSL-CM5A-LR GCM projections under a complete spectrum of future
greenhouse gas emission scenarios based on Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs),
from the best possible future scenario RCP2.6 to the worst case scenario RCP8.5, while also
including the scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP6.0 in order to account for the uncertainty in the
RCPs.

The comparisons between the observations of monthly cumulative rainfall and monthly
average air temperature at point-location gauging stations against WRF-PM and WRF-SS
downscaled GCM control run-based grid area-average rainfall and temperature at 6km X 6km
computational grids that contain those stations showed biases for rainfall. Since air
temperature distribution is more homogeneous than that of the precipitation, the WRF-PM
and WRF-SS downscaling of historical GCM control run produced acceptable results for air
temperature when compared to observations. Therefore, bias correction was not required for
the surface air temperature. The biases between the WRF-PM and WRF-SS simulated GCM
control run-based historical rainfall estimates and the corresponding observations were
quantified in order to account for these biases in the downscaled GCM projections of the future
climate conditions over Malaysia by factoring these biases into the future climate simulations.

Once the WRF of both Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah-Sarawak were validated, they are
then used for downscaling 16 future climate projections of five global coupled atmospheric-
oceanic general circulation models (CCSM4, MIROC5, MRI-CGCM3, GFDL-ESM2M, and
IPSL-CM5A-LR) under 4 RCP (RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5) emission scenarios. The downscaled
hydroclimate data for the 16 future climate projections for the future 2010-2100 period
were then ensemble averaged, and the ensemble averages were compared against the
corresponding historical hydro-climate simulation data for the 1970-2000 period to assess
the impact of climate change on the hydro-climate of Malaysia in terms of rainfall, air
temperature, evapotranspiration, relative humidity, downward shortwave radiation, and
wind speed. In the assessment of future hydro-climate conditions, the results were also
presented by the ensemble mean of the historical (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-

282

2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100) over 13
watersheds and 12 coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia and 39 sub-regions of Sabah and
Sarawak.

Within the above framework, in order to assess the impact of climate change on the hydro-
climate of Peninsular Malaysia, based on IPCC AR5, the following findings are listed:

• In general, the ensemble average of the annual rainfall gradually increases during the 21st
century although the annual rainfall in each of the 16 projections has large fluctuations. In
comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual rainfall over
the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 3.4 percent in Batu Pahat to 12.0
percent in Muda in the early 21st century, from 7.0 percent in Batu Pahat to 18.3 percent
in Muda in the middle 21st century, and 8.3 percent in Pahang to 22.0 percent in Muda in
the late 21st century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term
mean annual rainfall over the 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 1.7
percent in Coastal Region 6 to 10.1 percent in Coastal Region 2 in the early 21st century,
from 5.8 percent in Coastal Region 7 to 15.4 percent in Coastal Region 2 in the middle
21st century, and from 9.0 percent in Coastal Region 7 to 23.6 percent in Coastal Region
12 in the late 21st century. The long-term mean annual rainfall values for 13 watersheds
and 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia are always higher in the early, middle, and
late 21st century when compared to those in the historical period.

• The long-term mean of daily minimum air temperature gradually increases toward the late
21st century over each of the watersheds and coastal regions. In comparison to the
historical period, the change in the long-term mean daily minimum air temperature over
the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 0.70oC in Selangor to 0.73oC in
Linggi in the early 21st century, from 1.34oC in Kelang to 1.41oC in Kelantan in the
middle 21st century, and from 1.92oC in Kelang to 2.00oC in Kelantan in the late 21st
century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean daily
minimum air temperature over the 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia varies from
0.67oC in Coastal Region 9 to 0.72oC in Coastal Region 2 in the early 21st century, from
1.31oC in Coastal Region 9 to 1.38oC in Coastal Region 2 in the middle 21st century, and
from 1.89oC in Coastal Region 9 to 1.96oC in Coastal Region 2 in the late 21st century.

283

• The long-term mean of daily average air temperature gradually increases toward the late
21st century over each of the watersheds and coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia. In
comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual average air
temperature over the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 0.70oC in Perak
to 0.77oC in Johor in the early 21st century, from 1.31oC in Selangor to 1.37oC in Johor
in the middle 21st century, and from 1.87oC in Selangor to 1.93oC in Johor in the late 21st
century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual
average air temperature over the 12 coastal regions varies from 0.69oC in Coastal Region
11 to 0.77oC in Coastal Region 6 in the early 21st century, from 1.29oC in Coastal Region
11 to 1.37oC in Coastal Region 5 in the middle 21st century, and from 1.85oC in Coastal
Region 10 to 1.92oC in Coastal Region 5 in the late 21st century.

• The long-term mean of daily maximum air temperature gradually increases toward the late
21st century over each of the watersheds and coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia. In
comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean daily maximum air
temperature over the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 0.68oC in Perak
to 0.84oC in Johor in the early 21st century, from 1.23oC in Muda to 1.40oC in Johor in
the middle 21st century, and from 1.77oC in Muda to 1.93oC in Johor in the late 21st
century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean daily
maximum air temperature over the 12 coastal regions varies from 0.69oC in Coastal
Region 11 to 0.84oC in Coastal Region 6 in the early 21st century, from 1.29oC in Coastal
Region 11 to 1.37oC in Coastal Region 5 in the middle 21st century, and from 1.85oC in
Coastal Region 10 to 1.92oC in Coastal Region 5 in the late 21st century.

• In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual
evapotranspiration over the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 0.7 percent
in Dungun to 2.6 percent in Perak in the early 21st century, from 0.7 percent in Dungun to
3.4 percent in Perak in the middle 21st century, and from 0.8 percent in Dungun to 3.8
percent Perak in the late 21st century. In comparison to the historical period, the change
in the long-term mean annual evapotranspiration over the 12 coastal regions in Peninsular
Malaysia varies from 0.6 percent in Coastal Region 8 to 2.7 percent in Coastal Region 12
in the early 21st century, from 1.5 percent in Coastal Region 3 to 4.0 percent in Coastal

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Region 12 in the middle 21st century, and from 1.9 percent in Coastal Region 3 to 5.2
percent in Coastal Region 12 in the late 21st century.

• The ensemble average of the annual average relative humidity gradually increases during
the 21st century over each of 13 watersheds and 12 coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia
although the annual relative humidity in each projection has large fluctuations. In
comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual relative
humidity over the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from -0.1 percent in Johor
to 0.6 percent in Perak in the early 21st century, from 0.3 percent in Johor to 1.2 percent
in Perak in the middle 21st century, and from 0.6 percent in Johor to 1.5 percent in Perak
in the late 21st century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term
mean annual relative humidity over the 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia varies
from -0.1 percent in Coastal Region 6 to 0.6 percent in Coastal Region 11 in the early 21st
century, from 0.4 percent in Coastal Region 5 to 1.1 percent in Coastal Region 11 in the
middle 21st century, and from 0.6 percent in Coastal Region 3 to 1.5 percent in Coastal
Region 11 in the late 21st century.

• In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual downward
shortwave radiation over the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 0.1 percent
in Perak to 1.7 percent in Johor in the early 21st century, from -0.6 percent in Muda to 1.1
percent in Johor in the middle 21st century, and -1.0 percent in Kelantan to 1.0 percent in
Johor in the late 21st century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the
long-term mean annual downward shortwave radiation over the 12 coastal regions in
Peninsular Malaysia varies from 0.2 percent in Coastal Region 11 to 1.4 percent in Coastal
Region 5 in the early 21st century, from -0.6 percent in Coastal Region 2 to 0.6 percent in
Coastal Region 5 in the middle 21st century, and from -1.2 percent in Coastal Region 2 to
0.3 percent in Coastal Region 5 in the late 21st century.

• In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual wind
speed over the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from -2.8 percent in Perak to
-0.6 percent in Linggi in the early 21st century, from -4.0 percent in Perak to -1.3 percent
in Linggi in the middle 21st century, and -4.1 percent in Perak to -1.1 percent in Linggi in
the late 21st century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term

285

mean annual wind speed over the 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia varies from -
2.6 percent in Coastal Region 11 to -0.7 percent in Coastal Region 7 in the early 21st
century, from -3.7 percent in Coastal Region 11 to -1.4 percent in Coastal Region 3 in the
middle 21st century, and -3.9 percent in Coastal Region 11 to -1.3 percent in Coastal
Region 7 in the late 21st century. In summary, the decrease in the long-term mean annual
average wind speed in the 21st century is less than 4.1 percent when compared to the
historical period.

While for Sabah and Sarawak region, the impact of climate change on the hydro-climate
based on IPCC AR5 are as the following findings:

• In general, the ensemble average of the annual rainfall gradually increases during the 21st
century over each of the 39 subregions although the annual rainfall in each of the 4
projections has large fluctuations. In comparison to the historical period, the change in
the long-term mean annual rainfall over the subregions of Sabah varies from 9.9 percent
in Southern Sabah to 20.9 percent in Sg Sinsilog in the early 21st century, from 14.6
percent in Southern Sabah to 29.3 percent in Sg Sinsilog in the middle 21st century, and
19.7 percent in Southern Sabah to 35.8 percent in Sg Sinsilog in the late 21st century. In
comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual rainfall over
the subregions of Sarawak varies from 3.3 percent in Batang Sadong to 13.1 percent in
Batang Lawas in the early 21st century, from 5.3 percent in Batang Sadong to 16.4 percent
in Sg Limbang in the middle 21st century, and 8.1 percent in Batang Sadong to 22.9
percent in Northern Sarawak in the late 21st century. The long-term mean annual rainfall
values for the 39 subregions are always higher in the early, middle, and late 21st century
when compared to those in the historical period.

• The long-term mean of daily minimum air temperature gradually increases toward the
late 21st century over each of the subregions. In comparison to the historical period, the
change in the long-term mean daily minimum air temperature over the subregions of
Sabah varies from 0.71oC in Sandakan to 0.80oC in Kota Kinabalu in the early 21st
century, from 1.36oC in Sandakan to 1.51oC in Sg Papar in the middle 21st century, and
2.00oC in Sandakan to 2.18oC in Sg Papar in the late 21st century. In comparison to the
historical period, the change in the long-term mean daily minimum air temperature over

286

the subregions of Sarawak varies from 0.72oC in Batang Samarahan to 0.76oC in Batang
Lawas in the early 21st century, from 1.36oC in Batang Samarahan to 1.45oC in Batang
Lawas in the middle 21st century, and 1.98oC in Batang Samarahan to 2.11oC in Batang
Terusan in the late 21st century.

• The long-term mean of daily average air temperature gradually increases toward the late
21st century over each of the subregions. In comparison to the historical period, the
change in the long-term mean annual average air temperature over the subregions of
Sabah varies from 0.70oC in Sg Padas to 0.76oC in Sg Segama in the early 21st century,
from 1.33oC in Tawau to 1.43oC in Sg Abai in the middle 21st century, and 1.95oC in
Tawau to 2.08oC in Sg Abai in the late 21st century. In comparison to the historical
period, the change in the long-term mean annual average air temperature over the
subregions of Sarawak varies from 0.72oC in Sg Limbang to 0.76oC in Batang Balingian
in the early 21st century, from 1.35oC in Batang Samarahan to 1.43oC in Batang Terusan
in the middle 21st century, and 1.94oC in Batang Samarahan to 2.05oC in Batang Terusan
in the late 21st century.

• The long-term mean of daily maximum air temperature gradually increases toward the
late 21st century over each of the subregions. In comparison to the historical period, the
change in the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature over the subregions of
Sabah varies from 0.60oC in Sg Padas to 0.80oC in Sg Segama in the early 21st century,
from 1.21oC in Southern Sabah to 1.41oC in Sg Segama in the middle 21st century, and
1.82oC in Southern Sabah to 1.98oC in Sg Segama in the late 21st century. In comparison
to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature
over the subregions of Sarawak varies from 0.66oC in Sg Limbang to 0.78oC in Batang
Balingian in the early 21st century, from 1.30oC in Sg Limbang to 1.41oC in Batang
Balingian in the middle 21st century, and 1.86oC in Sg Limbang to 1.97oC in Batang
Terusan in the late 21st century.

• In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual
evapotranspiration over the subregions of Sabah varies from 1.9 percent in Southern
Sabah to 6.3 percent in Kota Kinabalu in the early 21st century, from 1.9 percent in Sg
Kalabakan to 6.9 percent in Kota Kinabalu in the middle 21st century, and 1.7 percent in

287

Sg Kalabakan to 7.6 percent Kota Kinabalu in the late 21st century. In comparison to the
historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual evapotranspiration over the
subregions of Sarawak varies from 2.4 percent in Batang Terusan to 3.6 percent in Batang
Sadong in the early 21st century, from 3.1 percent in Batang Tatau to 4.5 percent in
Batang Lawas in the middle 21st century, and 3.2 percent in Batang Tatau to 4.8 percent
in Batang Lawas in the late 21st century.

• The ensemble average of the annual average air relative humidity gradually increases
during the 21st century over each of the 39 subregions although the annual relative
humidity in each of the 4 projections has large fluctuations. The long-term mean annual
average relative humidity gradually increases toward the late 21st century over each of
the subregions. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean
annual relative humidity over the subregions of Sabah varies from 0.0 percent in Sg
Segama to 0.8 percent in Sg Tuaran in the early 21st century, from 0.2 percent in Sg
Segama to 1.0 percent in Sg Padas in the middle 21st century, and 0.4 percent in Sg
Segama to 1.3 percent Kota Kinabalu in the late 21st century. In comparison to the
historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual relative humidity over the
subregions of Sarawak varies from 0.2 percent in Batang Balingian to 0.6 percent in Sg
Limbang in the early 21st century, from 0.4 percent in Batang Balingian to 0.8 percent in
Sg Limbang in the middle 21st century, and 0.7 percent in Batang Balingian to 1.0 percent
in Sg Limbang in the late 21st century.

• In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual
downward shortwave radiation over the subregions of Sabah and Sarawak is less than 1.7
percent in the 21st century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-
term mean annual downward shortwave radiation over the subregions of Sabah varies
from -0.4 percent in Sg Papar to 1.4 percent in Sandakan in the early 21st century, from -
0.9 percent in Southern Sabah to 1.2 percent in Sandakan in the middle 21st century, and
-1.2 percent in Southern Sabah to 0.5 percent Sandakan in the late 21st century. In
comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual downward
shortwave radiation over the subregions of Sarawak varies from 0.5 percent in Batang
Lawas to 1.7 percent in Batang Balingian in the early 21st century, from 0.5 percent in

288

Batang Lawas to 1.6 percent in Batang Balingian in the middle 21st century, and -0.1
percent in Batang Lawas to 1.2 percent in Batang Balingian in the late 21st century.
• In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual wind
speed over the subregions of Sabah varies from -4.2 percent in Sg Abai to -1.5 percent in
Sg Segama in the early 21st century, from -5.5 percent in Sg Abai to -2.2 percent in Sg
Segama in the middle 21st century, and -5.1 percent in Sg Abai to -2.3 percent Sg Segama
in the late 21st century. In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-
term mean annual wind speed over the subregions of Sarawak varies from -2.9 percent in
Batang Terusan to -1.3 percent in Sg Sarawak in the early 21st century, from -3.6 percent
in Sg Limbang to -1.6 percent in Sg Sarawak in the middle 21st century, and -3.8 percent
in Sg Limbang to -1.5 percent in Sg Sarawak in the late 21st century. In summary, the
decrease in the long-term mean annual average wind speed in the 21st century is less than
4 percent when compared to the historical period.

289

8. REFERENCES

CHRL (2010). Study of Impact of Climate Change on Hydrologic Regime and Water
Resources of Sabah and Sarawak. November, 2010.

Flato, G., J. Marotzke, B. Abiodun, P. Braconnot, S.C. Chou, W. Collins, P. Cox, F. Driouech,
S. Emori, V. Eyring, C. Forest, P. Gleckler, E. Guilyardi, C. Jakob, V. Kattsov, C. Reason
and M. Rummukainen, 2013: Evaluation of Climate Models. In: Climate Change 2013:
The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment
Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K.
Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M.
Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New
York, NY, USA.

Hogg, R.B. and A.T. Craig, (1970): Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, Third Ed., The
Macmillan Company, London, 415pp

IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science
Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M.
Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)].
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

290

APPENDIX A
Initial and Boundary Conditions for WRF Model over Sabah and Sarawak
a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.1 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for GFDL-ESM2M GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00
UTC): Geopotential Height in m at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA
(d)

291

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.2 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for GFDL-ESM2M GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00
UTC): Temperature in K at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

292

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.3 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for GFDL-ESM2M GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00
UTC): Relative Humidity in % at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

293

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.4 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for GFDL-ESM2M GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00
UTC): Eastward velocity in m/s at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

294

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.5 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for GFDL-ESM2M GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00
UTC): Northward velocity in m/s at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA
(d)
a) b)

Figure 8.6 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for GFDL-ESM2M GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00
UTC): Sea-level Pressure in Pa (a), Surface Pressure in Pa (b)

295

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.7 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for GFDL-ESM2M GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00
UTC): Soil Temperature in K of 0-10 cm ground layer (a), of 10-40 cm ground layer (b), of
40-100 cm ground layer (c), and of 100-200 cm ground layer (d)

296

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.8 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for CCSM4 GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Geopotential Height in m at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

297

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.9 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for CCSM4 GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Temperature in K at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

298

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.10 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for CCSM4 GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Relative Humidity in % at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

299

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.11 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for CCSM4 GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Eastward velocity in m/s at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

300

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.12 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for CCSM4 GCM (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC): Northward velocity in m/s at 300
hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)
a) b)

Figure 8.13 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for CCSM4 GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC): Sea-
level Pressure in Pa (a), Surface Pressure in Pa (b)

301

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.14 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for CCSM4 GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC): Soil
Temperature in K of 0-10 cm ground layer (a), of 10-40 cm ground layer (b), of 40-100 cm
ground layer (c), and of 100-200 cm ground layer (d)

302

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.15 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for MIROC GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Geopotential Height in m at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

303

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.16 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for MIROC GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Temperature in K at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

304

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.17 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for MIROC GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Relative Humidity in % at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

305

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.18 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for MIROC GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Eastward velocity in m/s at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

306

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.19 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for MIROC GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC):
Northward velocity in m/s at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)
a) b)

Figure 8.20 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for MIROC GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC): Sea-
level Pressure in Pa (a), Surface Pressure in Pa (b)

307

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.21 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for historical simulations over Sabah
and Sarawak for MIROC GCM historical control simulation (1990-07-01 00:00 UTC): Soil
Temperature in K of 0-10 cm ground layer (a), of 10-40 cm ground layer (b), of 40-100 cm
ground layer (c), and of 100-200 cm ground layer (d)

308

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.22 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for future simulations over Sabah and
Sarawak for MIROC GCM RCP8.5 scenario (2050-07-01 00:00 UTC): Geopotential Height
in m at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

309

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.23 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for future simulations over Sabah and
Sarawak for MIROC GCM RCP8.5 scenario (2050-07-01 00:00 UTC): Temperature in K at
300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

310

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.24 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for future simulations over Sabah and
Sarawak for MIROC GCM RCP8.5 scenario (2050-07-01 00:00 UTC): Relative Humidity in
% at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

311

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.25 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for future simulations over Sabah and
Sarawak for MIROC GCM RCP8.5 scenario (2050-07-01 00:00 UTC): Eastward velocity in
m/s at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)

312

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.26 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for future simulations over Sabah and
Sarawak for MIROC GCM RCP8.5 scenario (2050-07-01 00:00 UTC): Northward velocity
in m/s at 300 hPA (a), 500 hPA (b), 700 hPA (c), and 900 hPA (d)
a) b)

Figure 8.27 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for future simulations over Sabah and
Sarawak for MIROC GCM RCP8.5 scenario (2050-07-01 00:00 UTC): Sea-level Pressure in
Pa (a), Surface Pressure in Pa (b)

313

a) b)

c) d)

Figure 8.28 - Sample initial and boundary conditions for future simulations over Sabah and
Sarawak for MIROC GCM RCP8.5 scenario (2050-07-01 00:00 UTC): Soil Temperature in
K of 0-10 cm ground layer (a), of 10-40 cm ground layer (b), of 40-100 cm ground layer (c),
and of 100-200 cm ground layer (d)

314

APPENDIX B

Information of Rainfall and Air Temperature Stations
Table 8.1 - Summary information for rainfall observation stations in Peninsular Malaysia

Station No Station Name Longitude Latitude

1334108 Ldg Getah Kukup Pontian 103.4583 1.3486
1437116 Stor JPS Johor Bahru 103.7528 1.4708
1534002 Pusat Kemajuan Per. Pekan Nanas 103.4944 1.5153
1535106 Ldg. Gunong Pulai 103.5792 1.5639
1536110 Ldg. Senai 103.6542 1.5847
1537113 Ldg. Tebrau 103.7431 1.55
1537114 Ldg. Mount Austin 103.7764 1.55
1538117 Ldg Sg Plentong 103.8444 1.5347
1539134 Ldg. Sg. Tiram 103.9181 1.5875
1539136 Ldg. Lim Lim Bhd. 103.9917 1.5208
1541137 Ldg Sg Papan 104.1056
1632096 Pintu Kawalan Tampok 103.2028 1.5
1635102 Ldg. Kulai Young 103.5319 1.6264
1636109 Ldg. Kelan 103.6292 1.6292
1639132 Ldg. Nam Heng 103.9264 1.6819
1730082 Pintu Pasang Surut Senggarang 103.0569 1.6542
1732004 Parit Madirono Site 4 103.2736 1.7458
1735125 Ldg Sedenak 103.5278 1.7083
1737001 Sek Men Bkt Besar at Kota Tinggi 103.7194 1.7139
1738131 Ldg Getah Malaya 103.8861 1.7639
1831074 Rumah Pengawas Parit Raja 103.1125 1.7028
1833092 Ldg Simpang Rengam 103.3361 1.8694
1833123 Ldg Benut at Rengam 103.3528 1.8569
1834122 Ldg Rengam 103.4153 1.8389
1835001 Ldg Pekan Layang Layang 103.5875 1.8889
1836001 Rancangan Ulu Sebol 103.6375 1.8556
1839196 Simpang Mawai Kuala Sedili 103.9653 1.875
1928065 Pintu Kawalan Separap 102.8778 1.85
1933121 Ldg Getah See Sun 103.3972 1.9208
2025029 Kolam Air Bkt. Treh 102.5792 1.9028
2031069 Ldg Yong Peng 103.1528 2.0889
2032071 Ldg. Kian Hoe 103.2708 2.0708
2033152 Ldg. Mengkibol 2.0264
2125028 Rumah Pam P. Penarek 103.3 2.0069
2125041 Rumah Pam Telok Rimba at Muar 102.5667 2.1458
102.5069 2.175

315

Station No Station Name Longitude Latitude

2130068 Ldg Union at Yong Peng 103.05 2.1306
2132154 Ldg Ulu Paloh 103.2583 2.1056
2133157 Pamol at Kluang 103.3444 2.1111
2225026 Ldg. Eng Kee 102.5736 2.2514
2232158 Ldg Paloh 2.2028
2235163 Ibu Bekalan Kahang 103.2 2.2292
2237164 Bt. 42 Jln. Kluang 103.5986 2.2569
2238189 Kerja Air Jemaluang 103.7361 2.2764
2325021 Pemasokan Mount Ophir 103.8556 2.3292
2326022 Ldg Sagil Bkt Pasir at Tangkak 102.5806 2.3167
2326023 Ldg. Bkt. Serampang 102.6806 2.325
2330009 Ldg Sg Labis 102.6903 2.3847
2334002 Kahang Oil Palm Mill 103.0167 2.35
2420053 Ldg. Bukit Bertam 103.4458 2.4778
2422062 JPS Tampin 102.0486 2.4736
2426005 Stn Pertaniah Jementah 102.2306 2.4514
2438185 Stn. Kajicuaca Mersing 102.6861 2.4458
2520049 Kg Solok Air Murai 103.8319 2.5556
2521050 Chengkau 102.0403 2.6517
2522061 Ldg Repah 102.0261 2.4742
2527004 Ldg Paya Lang 102.2231 2.5861
2536168 Empangan Labong Endau 102.7194 2.5861
2537183 Kerja Air JKR Tenglu 103.6694
2616135 Ldg Telok Merbau 103.7986 2.5
2617032 Rumah Pemeriksa 101.6847 2.8639
2620048 Ldg Perhentian Tinggi 101.7569 2.6097
2622078 Sg Mongku at Senaling 102.0181 2.6514
2623085 Ldg Johol 102.2306 2.6972
2625084 Londoh Kg Kubang 102.3194 2.6028
2636169 Pusat Pertanian Endau 102.5944 2.6389
2636170 Stor JPS Endau 103.6306 2.6097
2718005 Ldg Labu 103.6208 2.65
2719043 Astana Hinggap 101.8208 2.7514
2720041 Kg Bahru Pantai 101.9472 2.7306
2721073 Kg Tg Limau 101.995 2.785
2722002 Kg.Sawah Lebar 102.1264 2.7389
2722003 Sg Kepis at Pejabat Felcra Site 1 102.2639 2.7556
2723075 Ldg Juasseh 102.2889 2.7125
2724076 Ldg Kuala Jelai 102.3056
2724082 Ldg Jeram Padang 102.4056 2.8
2725083 Ldg New Rompin 102.4056 2.7556
102.5125 2.7208
2.7194

316

Station No Station Name Longitude Latitude

2725094 Ldg Kelpin 102.5222 2.7792
2815115 Ldg Brooklands 101.5542 2.8278
2818003 Ldg Cairo 2.8556
2819002 Bt 8 Jalan Setul at Mantin 101.8 2.7986
2820011 Kg Ulu Klawang 101.9208 2.9122
2823091 Kg Ulu Serting 102.0194 2.895
2824095 Ldg Sg Sabaling 102.3206 2.8486
2834180 SK Leban Chondong 102.4861 2.8861
2834181 Rumah Rehat Lama Rompin 103.4306 2.8111
2913122 JPS Pulau Lumut 103.4944 2.9417
2920012 Petaling at Kuala Klawang 101.3222 2.9444
2921013 Kg Relai 102.0653 2.9667
2922018 Ldg Pertang 102.125 2.9736
3023098 Sg Lui Halt 102.2542 3.0847
3034168 Sek Keb Kg Bebar 102.3694 3.0375
3113059 Ldg Bukit Kerayong 103.4208 3.1764
3118069 Pemasokan Ampang 101.3444 3.1583
3118102 Sek Keb Kg Sg Lui 101.8014 3.1736
3122021 Kg Sg Buloh 101.8722 3.1056
3122142 Pelangai Kg Jawi 2 102.2444 3.1736
3123151 Ldg Kemayan 102.2417 3.1583
3214054 Ldg Tuan Mee 102.3736 3.2692
3217003 Ibu Bekalan KM11 Gombak 101.4571 3.2361
3223084 Ldg Kemasul at Mengkarak 101.7139 3.2972
3223152 Ldg. Triang 102.3972 3.2472
3234162 Kg Tering at Tanjung Batu 102.3944 3.2056
3312045 KM 45.5 Jln Kelang Kuala Sel 103.4444 3.3363
3313040 Ldg Bkt Talang 101.2562 3.3953
3316028 Ldg Sg Gapi 101.3118 3.4003
3317004 Genting Sempah 101.6225 3.3681
3318127 Janda Baik 101.7708 3.3264
3324082 Kg Tebing Tinggi at Lebak 101.8625 3.3917
3324083 Ladang Karmen 102.4306 3.3389
3325085 Kg Batu Cek Mek 102.4139 3.3278
3325086 Kg Kuala Bera 102.5069 3.3903
3334161 Kg Bahru Bt 9 Jln Nenasi 102.5333 3.3875
3414029 Ldg Sg Tinggi Bhgn Mary 103.4236 3.4744
3416002 Kg Kalong Tengah 101.4887 3.4383
3421134 Ldg Sg Kawang 101.6614 3.4667
3423138 JKR Mentakab 102.1431 3.4833
3424081 JPS Temerloh 102.3514 3.4389
102.4264

317

Station No Station Name Longitude Latitude

3425087 Est Kg Awah 102.5403 3.5
3425088 Kg Chenor S.M.R.K 102.5861 3.4833
3429096 Kg Salong 102.9333 3.4861
3430097 Paya Membang 103.0403 3.4542
3431099 Kg Serambi 103.1389 3.4972
3433105 Permatang Pauh 103.3833 3.4694
3516022 Loji Air Kuala Kubu Bahru 101.6656 3.5758
3523079 Petak Ujian Padi at Kerdau 102.3764 3.5736
3523137 Ldg Mentakab 102.3361 3.5083
3524080 Kg Tebing Tinggi 102.4306 3.5181
3527092 Lubok Paku 102.7778 3.5194
3527094 JKR. Maran 102.7708 3.5806
3533102 Rumah Pam Pahang Tua at Pekan 103.3569 3.5611
3534103 Kastam Kuala Pahang 103.4653 3.5333
3613004 Ibu Bekalan Sg Bernam 101.35 3.6981
3623078 Ldg. Sg. Tekal 102.3667 3.6556
3626090 Sek Keb Kuala Sentul 102.6931 3.6556
3629098 Paya Bungor 102.9333 3.6917
3633104 Kg Bahru Penor 103.3153 3.6306
3711160 Ldg Ulu Bernam at Tg Malim 101.1472 3.7458
3714153 Ldg Sg Behrang 101.475 3.7542
3717052 LLN Sempan 101.7806 3.7764
3718122 JKR Tranum 3.7292
3723077 Kuala Krau 101.8 3.7111
3726073 Sg Jerik 102.3681 3.7806
3726089 JKR Jempol 102.6431 3.7278
3732020 Paya Besar 102.6444 3.7722
3732021 Kg. Sg. Soi 103.2806 3.7306
3808163 Ldg Bagan Pasir 3.8917
3809009 Ldg Sg Bernam Bhgn William 103.3 3.8378
3814156 Ldg Bedford Slim River 100.8208 3.8611
3818054 Stor JPS Raub 100.937 3.8056
3818057 Kg Sg Pasu 101.4444 3.8764
3819056 Ulu Gali 101.8472 3.8222
3823075 Ldg Sg Mei 101.8903 3.8097
3828091 Ldg Ulu Lepar 101.9361 3.8403
3833004 Ldg Jeram 102.3583 3.8944
3909104 Ldg Jendarata Telok Intan 3.9111
3913147 Ldg Sg Sungkai 102.8 3.9708
3917050 Batu Talam 103.3833 3.9667
3918053 Kg Cheroh 100.9639 3.9042

101.3
101.7806
101.8167

318

Station No Station Name Longitude Latitude

3918059 Kg Dong 101.8944 3.9056
3918060 JKR Jeruas 101.9 3.9708
4508087 Ldg Sadang 4.5222
4514031 Ldg Teh Blue Valley 100.8708 4.5861
4534092 SK Kerteh 101.4194 4.5083
4610112 Bandar Baru (Meru Raya) 103.4444 4.6806
4620045 Paya Paloh 101.0806 4.6778
4634085 Pusat Kesihatan Paka 102.0083 4.6361
4707034 Ldg Temerloh at Trong 103.4375 4.7153
4710081 Kolam Air JKR at Sg Siput 100.7194 4.7972
4734079 Sek.Men. Sultan Omar Dungun 101.0694 4.7625
4807014 Lapangan Terbang Taiping 103.4194 4.8611
4810079 Ldg Changkat Salak 100.7208 4.8556
4810080 Ldg Kemuning at Sg Siput 101.0042 4.8278
4811078 Ldg Elphill at Sg Siput 101.0597 4.8889
4819027 Gua Musang 101.1042 4.8792
4833078 Rumah Pam Delong. Dungun 101.9694 4.8167
4834001 Klinik Bidan Kuala Abang 103.3097 4.8278
4904026 Ldg Gula at Kuala Kurau 103.4167 4.9583
4908013 Ibu Bekalan Sempeneh at Batu Kurau 100.4708 4.9347
4909072 Kolam Takungan Air Chenderoh 100.8278 4.9611
4909073 Ldg Kati at Kuala Kangsar 100.9792 4.9208
4910077 Ldg Sg Krudda at Sg Siput 100.9194 4.9111
4911076 Balai Polis Kg Lintang 101.0917 4.9375
4930038 Kg. Menerong 101.1028 4.9389
4931061 Ldg. Koko Jerangau 103.0611 4.9778
4933001 Sek Men Keb. Jambu Bongkok 103.1583 4.9431
5003028 Stn Petak Ujian Tg Piandang 103.3486 5.0778
5005010 Ldg Sg Kerian 100.3861 5.0722
5007020 Ldg Pondoland at Pondok Tanjung 100.5694 5.0097
5009071 Ldg Kota Lima 100.7306 5.0611
5029036 rumah Pam Paya Kemat 100.9736 5.0083
5107006 Ldg. Stoughton 102.9694 5.1069
5107007 Ldg Holyrood at Selama 100.7722 5.1292
5108005 Ibu Bekalan Ulu Ijok 100.7111 5.1222
5109070 Pekan Lenggong 100.8056 5.1194
5129040 Rumah Pam Paya Rapat 100.9833 5.1722
5206102 Terap 102.9014 5.2819
5207002 Ldg Seldings at Selama 100.6292 5.2514
5232065 Sek.Keb. Marang 100.7278 5.2083
5320039 Ldg Kuala Gris 103.207 5.375
102.0819

319

Station No Station Name Longitude Latitude

5407080 Ldg Dublin 100.7361 5.4014
5419036 Ldg Kuala Balah 101.9139 5.45
5422046 Ldg Lepan Kabu 102.2306 5.4597
5428025 Sek. Keb Kg.Rahmat 102.8056 5.4653
5504085 Rantau Panjang 100.4069 5.5778
5505084 Ldg Henrietta 100.5375 5.5153
5507079 Ldg Pelam 100.7375 5.5083
5518035 Lubok Bungor 101.8889 5.5611
5521050 Ldg Kuala Nal 102.1639 5.5708
5529027 Kg Merang 102.9514 5.5319
5606077 Ldg Lubok Segintah 100.6486 5.6417
5608074 Pulai 100.8986 5.6569
5609072 Hospital Baling 100.9167 5.6806
5610063 Kg Lalang at Grik 101.0806 5.6042
5621051 Ldg Kenneth 102.1167 5.6264
5621052 Ldg Kerilla 102.1069 5.6847
5622048 Ldg Kuala Pertang 102.2333 5.6167
5704057 Ibu Bekalan Tupah 100.4431 5.7514
5708071 Kg Terabak 100.8931 5.7514
5717032 Kem Lln Batu Melintang 101.7306 5.7014
5718033 Kg Jeli 101.8389 5.7014
5724002 Kg Wakaf Raja 102.4319 5.7667
5726013 Sek Keb Kg Tembila at Besut 102.6083 5.7403
5806065 Kg Gajah Puteh 100.6458 5.8986
5806066 Klinik Jeniang 100.6319 5.8139
5807067 Sik 100.7292 5.8139
5808070 Kg Lubok Badak 100.8958 5.8375
5821007 Stn. K'api Bkt. Panaun 102.1583 5.8917
5823076 Rumah Penga. Bkt. Abal 102.3167 5.8611
5823077 Ldg. Cherang Tuli 102.3639 5.8181
5824079 Sg. Rasau Pasir Puteh 102.4153 5.8306
5824080 Kg. Beris at Cherang Ruku 102.4944 5.8597
5919003 Bkt Kwong 101.9583 5.9264
5921009 Ibu Bekalan To'Uban 102.1375 5.9694
5923081 Tok Ajam 102.3819 5.9042
6003049 Telok Chengai 100.3333 6.0958
6005044 Kg Jelutong 100.5042 6.0458
6021060 Rumah Pam Salor 102.1778 6.0181
6023072 Teratak Pulai 102.3583 6.0056
6024074 Jab. Pertanian Bachok 102.4014 6.0556
6105037 Gajah Mati 100.5375 6.1681

320

Station No Station Name Longitude Latitude

6106034 Naka 100.6708 6.1417
6121066 Stn. K'api Kg.Berangan 102.1986 6.1681
6121067 Stn. Keretapi Tumpat 102.1694 6.1986
6122068 Stn. K'cuaca Pengkalan 102.2944 6.1681
6207032 Ampang Pedu 100.7722 6.2403
6302021 Kodiang 100.300 6.3708
6305029 Kg Tengah 100.5694 6.3389
6398131 Ldg Sg Raya 99.8642 6.3678
41529 Stesen Pencemaran Udara Prai 100.400 5.3500
48600 Pulau Langkawi 99.7333 6.3333
48601 Bayan Lepas 100.2667 5.3000
48602 Butterworth 100.3833 5.4667
48603 Alor Star 100.400 6.2000
48604 Chuping 100.2667 6.4833
48615 Kota Bharu 102.2833 6.1667
48616 Kuala Krai 102.2000 5.5333
48618 Kuala Terengganu Airport 103.1000 5.3833
48619 Kajiklim Kuala Terengganu 103.1333 5.3333
48620 Sitiawan 100.7000 4.2167
48625 Ipoh 101.1000 4.5667
48642 Batu Embun 102.3500 3.9667
48647 Subang 101.5500 3.1167
48648 Petaling Jaya 101.6500 3.1000
48649 Muadzam Shah 103.0833 3.0500
48653 Temerloh 102.3833 3.4667
48657 Kuantan 103.2167 3.7833
48665 Melaka 102.2500 2.2667
48672 Kluang 103.3167 2.0167
48674 Mersing 103.8333 2.4500
48679 Senai 103.6667 1.6333
40664 Pusat Pertanian Lundang 102.2333 6.1000
41533 Pusat Kesihatan Bukit Bendera 100.2667 5.4167
41540 Hospital Kulim 100.5500 5.3833
41543 Hospital Sungai Petani 100.5000 5.6500
41549 P.P. Batu Seketol 100.8000 5.9667
41619 Ampangan Pedu 100.7667 6.2500
41638 Ampangan Muda 100.8500 6.1167
42360 P.P.Tanaman Kampong Awah 102.5000 3.5833
42421 Mardi Cameron Highlands 101.3833 4.4667
42460 Sultan Yusof Jor 101.4000 4.3333

321

Table 8.2 - Summary information for rainfall observation stations in Sabah and Sarawak

Station No Station Name Latitude Longitude

4278004 Kuhara 4.2681 117.8881
4474002 Kalabakan 4.4464 117.4214
4486001 Semporna Airport/ Tampi-Tampi 4.4578 118.5947
4563001 Pensiangan 4.5392 116.3122
4581001 Kalumpang 4.5934 118.1697
4658001 Bakuku 4.6948 115.8686
4764002 Sapulut 4.6903 116.4813
4781001 Tingkayu 4.7171 118.0781
4955001 Sindumin 4.9906 115.5411
4959001 Kemabong 4.9169 115.9236
4961001 Bonor 4.9689 116.1797
5074001 Ulu Kuamut 5.0807 117.4451
5088002 Tungku 5.0215 118.8708
5156001 Mesapol / Mamalia at Sabah 5.1329 115.6397
5158001 Pangi Dam Site 5.1323 115.8769
5163002 Sook 5.1475 116.3042
5181001 Limkabong 5.1261 118.132
5269001 Tongod 5.2703 117.9736
5274001 Kuamut Met. Stn. 5.2227 117.4908
5275001 Balat 5.3099 117.5998
5353001 Mempakul 5.2959 115.3494
5357003 Beaufort Jps. 5.3532 115.7269
5361002 Keningau Meterologi Stn. 5.3444 116.1625
5364002 Tulid 5.3232 116.4239
5364003 Lanas 5.3349 116.4972
5364004 Lanas 5.3402 116.4956
5372001 Tangkulap 5.3060 117.3206
5385001 Litang di Lahad Datu 5.4111 118.5097
5460001 Ulu Pampang 5.4690 116.0592
5462001 Apin Apin 5.4780 116.2686
5478002 Bkt. Garam 5.4833 117.8333
5478003 Barik Manis 4.4913 117.8839
5482001 Bilit 5.4978 118.2090
5558001 Bongawan 5.5187 115.8736
5578001 Kota Kinabatangan ( Pertanian ) 5.5828 117.8541
5582001 Sukau 5.5096 118.2869
5663001 Tambunan Agr. Stn. 5.6189 116.3275
5663003 Keranaan 5.6847 116.3789
5465001 Sinua 5.4826 116.5775
5664001 S.K Kaingaran 5.6399 116.459

322

Station No Station Name Latitude Longitude

5671002 Telupid 5.6279 117.128
5760002 Kaiduan 5.7689 116.0943
5768001 Tampias 5.7155 116.8642
5862002 Ulu Moyog 5.8695 116.2515
5863001 Alab 5.8128 116.3384
5872001 Porog 5.8552 117.2291
5875001 Beluran 5.8972 117.5563
5880002 Sandakan 5.8803 118.0539
5961001 Kiansam 5.9730 116.173
5961002 Inanam Meteorological Stn. 5.9958 116.1153
5961005 Babagon Agr. 5.9044 116.1789
5965003 Kinasaraban Kundasang 5.9994 116.3469
5966001 Ranau Agr. Stn. 5.9528 116.6691
5973001 Trusan Sapi Met. Stn. 5.8984 117.3758
6062002 Lawa Mondou 6.0380 116.2118
6062001 Kiulu (Tuaran) 6.0614 116.2800
6064001 Dalas 6.0339 116.4553
6073001 Basai 6.0574 117.3257
6168001 Merungin 5.7283 116.8509
6172001 Bukit Mondou 6.1951 117.2401
6264001 Tamu Darat Agr. Stn. Kota Belud 6.2635 116.457
6273001 Bukit Mondou 6.2500 117.3666
6365001 Rosok 6.3922 116.5271
6367002 Marak Parak 6.3162 116.7366
6367001 Paka 6.3877 116.7482
6467001 Patiu 6.4319 116.7269
6468001 Tandek Pump House 6.4688 116.8508
6476001 Trusan Sugut 6.4190 117.6975
6670001 Kobon 6.6200 117.0417
6770001 Pitas 6.7076 117.0778
6868001 Kudat Jps 6.8819 116.8601
905039 Bunan Gega 0.9164 110.5372
907001 Kerangan Trusan 1.0031 110.7269
1003031 Tebedu 1.0239 110.3603
1004001 Krusen 1.0708 110.4978
1005079 Bukit Matuh 1.0664 110.6072
1005080 Sungai Busit 1.0906 110.5819
1006028 Sungai Bedup 1.0853 110.6317
1006033 Sungai Merang 1.0906 110.6044
1006037 Sungai Teb 1.0631 110.6197
1007040 Balai Ringin 1.0492 110.7453

323

Station No Station Name Latitude Longitude

1008032 Sungai Pinang 1.0797 110.8781
1014001 Klauh 1.0361 111.4264
1015001 Batu Lintang 1.0186 111.5525
1018002 Lubok Antu 1.0417 111.8369
1102019 Padawan 1.1633 110.2553
1105027 Serian 1.1603 110.5664
1105035 Semuja Nonok 1.1111 110.6000
1105050 Tebakang 1.0975 110.4989
1111008 Pantu 1.1500 111.1144
1114028 Melugu 1.1181 111.4208
1116001 Engkilili 1.1331 111.6361
1118002 Bekatan 1.1869 111.8186
1200001 Pang Tebang 1.2714 110.0831
1201076 Semban 1.2311 110.1828
1203002 Kampung Gayu 1.2178 110.3431
1204001 Plaman Nyabet 1.2081 110.4406
1204024 Dragon School 1.2753 110.4164
1205006 Tarat 1.2056 110.5242
1206089 Gedong 1.2267 110.6914
1208001 Kampung Sangkalan Pasir 1.2617 110.8908
1212032 Banting 1.2864 111.2017
1214001 Sri Aman 1.2425 111.4569
1217011 Riddan 1.2194 111.7192
1219024 Nanga Tutong II 1.2364 111.9275
1220025 Nanga Delok 1.2336 112.0186
1301001 Kampung Monggak 1.3278 110.1044
1301074 Krokong 1.3653 110.1144
1302001 Upper Sungai Staat 1.3781 110.2025
1302078 Kampung Git 1.3561 110.2631
1303014 Semongok 1.3894 110.3261
1306055 Lubok Ipoi 1.3133 110.6742
1307018 Simunjan 1.3961 110.7469
1313006 Stumbin 1.3011 111.3883
1321001 Nanga Mujan 1.3450 112.1144
1400001 Kampung Opar 1.4403 110.0675
1401005 Bau 1.4183 110.1494
1402001 Siniawan Water Works 1.4461 110.2103
1402002 Siniawan 1.4472 110.215
1402047 Batu Kitang 1.4503 110.2819
1403001 Kuching Airport*** 1.4908 110.3492
1404049 Paya Paloh 1.4422 110.4917

324

Station No Station Name Latitude Longitude

1404091 Kota Samarahan 1.4561 110.4889
1405001 Kampung Baru 1.4919 110.5011
1415001 Nanga Lubau 1.4961 111.5875
1415004 Betong 1.4147 111.5242
1417001 Nanga Entalau 1.4569 111.7867
1499051 Stungkor 1.4833 109.9500
1502001 Sebubut 1.5803 110.2175
1502026 Matang 1.5792 110.2103
1503001 Bako Causeway 1.6000 110.3983
1503004 Kuching Saberkas 1.5381 110.3367
1503008 Ulu Maong 1.5192 110.3381
1505081 Ketup 1.5486 110.5267
1506001 Semera 1.5558 110.6706
1506034 Asa Jaya 1.5450 110.6056
1507093 Sadong Jaya 1.5097 110.7375
1509009 Sebuyau 1.5200 110.9325
1514001 Debak 1.5631 111.415
1519001 Bau Sungai 1.5544 111.8239
1538001 Nanga Melatai 1.5869 113.8008
1544001 Long Singut 2.9186 113.9144
1600001 Sampadi Laut 1.6908 110.0089
1601001 Sungai Rayu 1.6133 110.1469
1603058 Rampangi 1.6786 110.3336
1605001 Kampung Similang 1.6086 110.4975
1610001 Maludam 1.6617 111.0344
1611001 JPS Beladin 1.6383 111.1992
1612030 Pusa 1.6197 111.2883
1616021 Nanga Tiga 1.6075 111.6964
1624001 Andau 1.6825 112.4186
1698007 Lundu 1.6711 109.8542
1703001 Buntal DID 1.7019 110.3614
1704013 Telok Assam 1.7178 110.4414
1713005 Saratok DID 1.7583 111.3408
1719001 Banyi 1.8628 111.9308
1726041 Nanga Bangkit 1.7725 112.6333
1731001 Nanga Balang 1.7567 113.1661
1811007 Kabong 1.8011 111.1142
1812001 Roban 1.8853 111.3011
1816029 Pakan 1.8989 111.6761
1821001 Uka 2.0325 112.2594
1823001 Nanga Jagau 1.8828 112.3075

325

Station No Station Name Latitude Longitude

1827001 Rumah Gaul 1.8778 112.7469
1834001 Gaat Balleh 1.8950 113.4289
1836042 Nanga Entawau 1.8236 113.6758
1843001 Long Busang 1.8711 114.3142
1897016 Sematan 1.8100 109.7728
1914001 Asun SRK 1.9231 111.4931
1915001 Bayong 1.9811 111.5131
1947001 Long Unai 1.9583 114.7139
1996090 Samunsam 1.9525 109.6419
2013001 Selalang 2.0019 111.3619
2019024 Julau 2.0308 111.9058
2020002 Nanga Machan B 2.0292 112.0272
2021001 Renan Kemiding 2.0625 112.1492
2021036 Kanowit Water Works 2.0997 112.1517
2024001 Nanga Ngemah 2.0239 112.4036
2025012 Song 2.0103 112.5461
2029002 Kapit New Head Works 2.0178 112.9497
2031034 Nanga Mujong 2.0239 113.1733
2036001 Tunoh Scheme 2.0511 113.6678
2112027 Rajang 2.3183 111.2508
2115008 Sarikei DID 2.1267 111.5286
2116030 Bintangor 2.1683 111.6286
2119001 Durin Water Works 2.1347 111.9689
2134001 Nanga Tiau 2.1158 113.4436
2141048 Long Jawe 2.1169 114.1872
2212001 Belawai 2.2264 111.2075
2218001 Bukit Lima RTM (TX) 2.2981 111.8583
2218017 Sibu JKR Water Works 2.2736 111.8408
2219001 Sibu New Airport*** 2.2589 111.9817
2219016 Forest Nursery 2.2925 111.9608
2230143 Nanga Merit 2.2714 113.0958
2314001 Sungai Maleng 2.3594 111.4081
2315001 Nanga Semah 2.3575 111.5119
2316001 Bawang Assan 2.3175 111.6764
2318001 SBS Nursing Home 2.3331 111.8375
2318002 Ting Sing School 2.3228 111.7939
2318003 Teku Bazaar 2.3564 111.8692
2319001 Rumah Ejau 2.2981 111.9189
2320026 Oya Road 21 Mile 2.3061 112.0639
2320059 Sibintek 2.3372 112.085
2321001 Stapang 2.3986 112.1361

326

Station No Station Name Latitude Longitude

2321002 Stapang B 2.3989 112.1358
2321066 Sekuau 2.3567 112.1231
2323001 Tusut 2.3433 112.1656
2323002 Rumah Jugah 2.3878 112.3817
2325039 Sungai Arau 2.3081 112.5664
2333001 Punan Bah 2.3839 113.3442
2334001 Nangga Ebon 2.3094 113.3303
2346001 Long Lidam 2.3378 114.6744
2412001 Paloh Bangau 2.4200 111.2503
2418013 Rantau Panjang 2.4186 111.8378
2418014 Rantau Panjang B 2.4192 111.8250
2435001 Nanga Telawan 2.4839 113.5569
2442001 Long Laku 2.4675 114.2444
2514004 JPS Daro 2.5153 111.4231
2514005 Daro 2.5278 111.4297
2516001 Sungai Dausan 2.5050 111.7019
2518001 Tanjong Kabang 2.6011 111.8264
2520052 Tamin 2.5089 112.0711
2522038 Bukit Engkerbai 2.5975 112.2878
2523001 Selangau B 2.5236 112.3206
2525001 Ulu Batang Balingian 2.5789 112.5456
2526001 Ulu Sungai Pelagau 2.5769 112.6456
2529001 Rumah Gerina 2.5278 112.9125
2530001 Rumah Maja 2.5439 113.0267
2614004 Nanga Besar 2.6300 111.4211
2615001 Kampung Tian 2.6322 111.5111
2615009 Matu 2.6750 111.5308
2623001 Mukah-Balingian OPS1 2.6253 112.3225
2623002 Mukah-Balingian ROC 2.6514 112.3278
2625002 Nanga Lemai B 2.6883 112.5022
2625051 Nanga Lemai 2.6881 112.5022
2632001 Rumah Ta'a 2.6558 113.2906
2712001 Tekajong 2.7397 111.3047
2718022 Sungai Kut 2.7183 111.8350
2719001 Dalat Water Works 2.7464 111.9367
2721001 Kampung Sunting 2.7692 112.1881
2723001 Mukah-Balingian OPS3 2.7019 112.3628
2723002 Mukah-Balingian OPS4 2.7025 112.4197
2727001 Ulu Sungai Muang 2.7739 112.7033
2729055 Sangan 2.7664 112.9725
2730001 Rumah Keseng 2.7319 113.0847

327

Station No Station Name Latitude Longitude

2737103 Belaga 2.7075 113.7819
2817001 Igan 2.8183 111.7175
2818001 Oya Water Works 2.8561 111.8706
2818002 Dalat Sago Plantation 2.8378 111.8319
2818003 Tanjung Lupeh 2.8375 111.8900
2819001 Sungai Talau 2.8206 111.9106
2820001 Sungai Tillian 2.8289 112.0517
2823001 Dana 2.8258 112.3339
2828025 Tatau Town 2.8764 112.8472
2834001 Panai Binion 2.9639 113.4817
2836001 Bintulu/Belaga Road 3.0072 113.5333
2843001 Long Jek 2.8092 114.3156
2920005 Mukah JKR 2.9050 112.0906
2925010 Balingian 2.9306 112.5378
2931001 Rumah Luang 3.2075 113.3625
2939045 Long Sambop 2.3839 113.3442
2949001 Long Jee 2.9872 114.9603
3025001 Kuala Balingian 3.0144 112.5828
3028001 Kuala Tatau 3.0817 112.8033
3034001 Rumah Bansa 3.0583 113.4811
3041002 Long Urun 3.0153 114.1964
3048026 Long Anap 3.0647 114.9572
3050015 Long Moh 3.0547 115.0733
3130002 Bintulu Airport*** 3.1722 113.0389
3130003 JPS Bintulu 3.1900 113.0489
3132023 Sebauh 3.1083 113.2625
3137021 Tubau 3.1625 113.7083
3152011 Lio Matu 3.1694 115.2208
3230001 Tanjong Kidurong 3.2683 113.0650
3234022 Labang 3.2597 113.4875
3243071 Long Aton 3.2528 114.3417
3330001 Sungai Sebatang* 3.2519 113.0822
3334001 Similajau Estate 3.3514 113.4319
3342032 Long Subing 3.3267 114.2758
3345029 Naha'ah 3.3303 114.5942
3347003 Long Akah 3.3144 114.7847
3437073 Rumah Paroh 3.4958 113.7042
3441001 Long Bantan 3.4542 114.1117
3444018 Long Pilah 3.4836 114.4275
3451028 Long Lellang 3.4219 115.1494
3533001 Kuala Similajau 3.5253 113.3225

328