The Impact of Climate Change on the Hydro-Climate of Malaysia Based on IPCC Fifth Assesment Report.

Table 6.16 - Long-term mean of the annual average relative humidity (%) during the historical
period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070),
and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-term mean of the annual
average relative humidity from the historical period, to the early, middle, and late 21st century
for subregions in Sarawak.

Long-term mean Change from Historical
period

Subregions in Hist Early Mid Late Early Mid Late
Sarawak (1970- (2011- (2041- (2071- (2011- (2041- (2071-
2000) 2040) 2070) 2100) 2040) 2070) 2100)
Batang_Balingian 90.83 91.43
Batang_Baram 90.79 90.98 91.21 91.50 0.15 0.38 0.59
Batang_Kemena 92.04 92.72
Batang_Kerian 91.25 91.17 91.33 92.08 0.38 0.53 0.71
Batang_Lawas 90.51 91.24
Batang_Lupar 91.02 92.35 92.56 91.82 0.31 0.52 0.69
Batang_Mukah 91.53 92.14
Batang_Oya 91.40 91.66 91.86 92.02 0.42 0.61 0.83
Batang_Rajang 90.81 91.60
Batang_Sadong 91.25 90.86 91.05 92.05 0.34 0.53 0.73
Batang_Samarahan 90.37 91.19
Batang_Saribas 91.03 91.37 91.59 91.78 0.35 0.57 0.80
Batang_Tatau 92.13 92.79
Batang_Terusan 91.13 91.73 91.93 91.73 0.20 0.40 0.61
Northern_Sarawak 90.97 91.72
Sg_Limbang 88.75 91.61 91.80 89.66 0.21 0.40 0.62
Sg_Sarawak 90.97 91.75
Southern_Sarawak 89.96 91.22 91.40 90.85 0.41 0.59 0.79

91.65 91.83 0.40 0.58 0.79

90.80 90.97 0.43 0.59 0.82

91.35 91.57 0.32 0.54 0.75

92.43 92.63 0.30 0.49 0.66

91.43 91.56 0.31 0.44 0.61

91.28 91.52 0.31 0.55 0.75

89.26 89.43 0.51 0.68 0.91

91.37 91.51 0.40 0.54 0.78

90.32 90.54 0.35 0.58 0.89

229

6.5. Downward shortwave radiation

6.5.1. Peninsular Malaysia
Time series plots of the annual average downward shortwave radiation during the historical
(1970-2000) and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for 13 watersheds (Batu Pahat,
Johor, Muda, Kelang, Kelantan, Linggi, Muar, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Dungun, Kemaman,
and Kuantan) and 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia are presented in Figures 6.25 and
6.26, respectively. Future conditions are presented in terms of individual projections for five
GCMs and four emission scenarios RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5, and for the ensemble average of the
projections.

Figure 6.27 and Tables 6.17-6.18 show the long-term mean of the annual average downward
shortwave radiation (W/m2) during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century
(2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), as
well as the change in the long-term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation
from the historical period, to the early, middle, and late 21st century for 13 watersheds and 12
coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia.

In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual downward
shortwave radiation over the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 0.1 percent in
Perak to 1.7 percent in Johor in the early 21st century, from -0.6 percent in Muda to 1.1 percent
in Johor in the middle 21st century, and -1.0 percent in Kelantan to 1.0 percent Johor in the
late 21st century.

In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual downward
shortwave radiation over the 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia varies from 0.2 percent
in Coastal Region 11 to 1.4 percent in Coastal Region 5 in the early 21st century, from -0.6
percent in Coastal Region 2 to 0.6 percent in Coastal Region 5 in the middle 21st century, and
-1.2 percent in Coastal Region 2 to 0.3 percent in Coastal Region 5 in the late 21st century.

230

Batu Pahat
Johor
Muda

231

Kelang
Kelantan
Linggi

232

Muar
Pahang
Perak

233

Selangor
Dungun
Kemaman

234

Kuantan

Figure 6.25 - Time series plots of the annual average downward shortwave radiation during
the historical (1970-2000) and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for 13 watersheds
in Peninsular Malaysia. Future conditions are in terms of individual projections and the
ensemble average of the projections.
Coastal Region 1

Coastal Region 2

235

Coastal Region 3
Coastal Region 4
Coastal Region 5

236

Coastal Region 6
Coastal Region 7
Coastal Region 8

237

Coastal Region 9
Coastal Region 10
Coastal Region 11

238

Coastal Region 12

Figure 6.26 - Time series plots of the annual average downward shortwave radiation during
the historical (1970-2000) and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for 12 coastal
regions in Peninsular Malaysia. Future conditions are in terms of individual projections and
the ensemble average of the projections.
a)

b)

Figure 6.27 - a) Long-term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation (W/m2)
during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st
century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-
term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation from the historical period to
the early, middle, and late 21st century for 13 watersheds and 12 coastal regions of Peninsular
Malaysia.

239

Table 6.17 - Long-term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation (W/m2)
during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st
century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-
term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation from the historical period to
the early, middle, and late 21st century for 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia.

Watershed Hist Long-term mean Late Change from Historical period
(1970- Early Mid (2071-
Batu Pahat 2000) (2011- (2041- 2100) Early Mid Late
Dungun 234.07 2040) 2070) 234.98 (2011- (2041- (2071-
Johor 225.77 237.07 235.56 224.19 2040) 2070) 2100)
Kelang 220.71 227.12 224.94 222.83
Kelantan 248.56 224.53 223.19 246.67 3.01 1.49 0.91
Kemaman 246.81 249.42 247.73 244.28
Kuantan 233.25 247.84 245.53 232.95 1.35 -0.83 -1.58
Linggi 236.07 235.04 233.41 235.40
Muar 247.93 237.66 235.80 246.79 3.82 2.48 2.12
Muda 238.78 249.36 247.83 238.89
Pahang 257.12 240.92 239.34 254.80 0.86 -0.82 -1.89
Perak 250.13 257.49 255.56 248.51
Selangor 257.67 251.21 249.34 255.47 1.02 -1.29 -2.54
252.13 258.00 256.37 250.02
252.83 251.07 1.80 0.17 -0.29

1.59 -0.27 -0.68

1.43 -0.09 -1.14

2.14 0.56 0.10

0.37 -1.56 -2.31

1.08 -0.79 -1.62

0.33 -1.30 -2.19

0.70 -1.06 -2.11

240

Table 6.18 - Long-term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation (W/m2)
during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st
century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-
term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation from the historical period to
the early, middle, and late 21st century for 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia.

Long-term mean Change from Historical period

Coastal Hist Early Mid Late Early Mid Late
Region (1970- (2011- (2041- (2071-
2000) 2040) 2070) 2100) (2011- (2041- (2071-
Coastal
Region 1 236.81 2040) 2070) 2100)
Coastal
Region 2 239.02 240.33 238.06 1.31 -0.96 -2.21
Coastal
Region 3 236.08 236.87 234.63 233.31 0.79 -1.45 -2.77
Coastal
Region 4 231.47 233.38 231.80 231.04 1.91 0.34 -0.43
Coastal
Region 5 225.53 228.15 226.74 226.12 2.62 1.21 0.59
Coastal
Region 6 230.29 233.49 231.75 231.05 3.20 1.47 0.77
Coastal
Region 7 244.23 247.15 245.61 244.56 2.92 1.38 0.33
Coastal
Region 8 248.78 251.05 249.43 248.78 2.27 0.65 0.00
Coastal
Region 9 247.71 249.06 247.28 246.13 1.35 -0.43 -1.58
Coastal
Region 10 255.66 256.59 254.40 253.11 0.93 -1.25 -2.54
Coastal
Region 11 255.60 256.32 254.53 253.41 0.72 -1.08 -2.19
Coastal
Region 12 261.82 262.24 260.22 259.04 0.42 -1.60 -2.78

253.81 255.40 253.53 252.96 1.59 -0.28 -0.85

6.5.2. Sabah and Sarawak

Time series plots of the annual average downward shortwave radiation during the historical
(1970-2000) and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for the subregions of Sabah
(Beaufort, Beluran, Kota Kinabalu, Kudat, Lahad Datu, Pitas, Sandakan, Sg Abai, Sg
Kalabakan, Sg Kalumpang, Sg Labuk, Sg Padas, Sg Papar, Sg Segama, Sg Sinsilog, Sg Sugut,
Sg Tuaran, Sipitang, Southern Sabah, Tawau, Trusan Kinabatangan) and Sarawak (Batang
Balingian, Batang Baram, Batang Kemena, Batang Kerian, Batang Lawas, Batang Lupar,
Batang Mukah, Batang Oya, Batang Rajang, Batang Sadong, Batang Samarahan, Batang

241

Saribas, Batang Tatau, Batang Terusan, Northern Sarawak, Sg Limbang, Sg Sarawak,
Southern Sarawak) are presented in Figures 6.28 and 6.29, respectively. Future conditions are
presented in terms of individual projections (for RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5) and the ensemble
average of the projections.

Figure 6.30 and Tables 6.19-6.20 show the long-term mean of the annual average downward
shortwave radiation (W/m2) during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century
(2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), as
well as the change in the long-term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation
from the historical period, to the early, middle, and late 21st century for each of the 39
subregions in Sabah and Sarawak.

In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual downward
shortwave radiation over the subregions of Sabah varies from -0.4 percent in Sg Papar to 1.4
percent in Sandakan in the early 21st century, from -0.9 percent in Southern Sabah to 1.2
percent in Sandakan in the middle 21st century, and -1.2 percent in Southern Sabah to 0.5
percent Sandakan in the late 21st century.

In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual downward
shortwave radiation over the subregions of Sarawak varies from 0.5 percent in Batang Lawas
to 1.7 percent in Batang Balingian in the early 21st century, from 0.5 percent in Batang Lawas
to 1.6 percent in Batang Balingian in the middle 21st century, and -0.1 percent in Batang
Lawas to 1.2 percent in Batang Balingian in the late 21st century.

242

Beaufort
Beluran
Kota Kinabalu
Kudat

243

Lahad Datu
Pitas
Sandakan
Sg Abai

244

Sg Kalabakan
Sg Kalumpang
Sg Labuk
Sg Padas

245

Sg Papar
Sg Segama
Sg Sinsilog
Sg Sugut

246

Sg Tuaran
Sipitang
Southern Sabah
Tawau

247

Trusan Kinabatangan

Figure 6.28 - Time series plots of the annual average downward shortwave radiation during
the historical (1970-2000) and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for subregions in
Sabah. Future conditions are in terms of individual projections and the ensemble average of
the projections.
Batang Balingian

Batang Baram

Batang Kemena

248

Batang Kerian
Batang Lawas
Batang Lupar
Batang Mukah

249

Batang Oya
Batang Rajang
Batang Sadong
Batang Samarahan

250

Batang Saribas
Batang Tatau
Batang Terusan
Northern Sarawak

251

Sg Limbang

Sg Sarawak

Southern Sarawak

Figure 6.29 - Time series plots of the annual average downward shortwave radiation during
the historical (1970-2000) and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for subregions of
Sarawak . Future conditions are in terms of individual projections and the ensemble average
of the projections.

252

a)

b)

Figure 6.30 - a) Long-term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation (W/m2)
during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st
century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-
term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation from the historical period to
the early, middle, and late 21st century for each of the 39 subregions in Sabah and Sarawak.

253

Table 6.19 - Long-term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation (W/m2)
during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st
century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-
term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation from the historical period to
the early, middle, and late 21st century for subregions in Sabah.

Long-term mean Change from Historical
period

Subregions in Sabah Hist Early Mid Late Early Mid Late
(1970- (2011- (2041- (2071- (2011- (2041- (2071-
Beaufort 2000) 2040) 2070) 2100) 2040) 2070) 2100)
Beluran 241.74 240.55
Kota_Kinabalu 245.02 242.17 241.87 245.76 0.42 0.13 -1.19
Kudat 265.03 262.18
Lahad_Datu 245.01 248.35 247.64 243.08 3.33 2.62 0.74
Pitas 226.97 226.63
Sandakan 224.56 264.59 263.71 224.16 -0.44 -1.32 -2.85
Sg_Abai 236.42 237.65
Sg_Kalabakan 225.51 246.17 245.07 223.27 1.16 0.06 -1.94
Sg_Kalumpang 232.19 229.57
Sg_Labuk 234.12 229.74 228.16 231.49 2.76 1.18 -0.34
Sg_Padas 236.23 235.58
Sg_Papar 247.46 227.24 226.21 246.17 2.69 1.65 -0.39
Sg_Segama 224.51 222.31
Sg_Sinsilog 224.31 239.79 239.28 225.44 3.37 2.86 1.23
Sg_Sugut 224.57 222.91
Sg_Tuaran 231.48 224.92 224.21 230.81 -0.59 -1.30 -2.24
Sipitang 241.35 239.92
Southern_Sabah 251.26 232.46 230.55 249.77 0.27 -1.64 -2.62
Tawau 241.91 238.93
Trusan_Kinabatangan 236.87 234.96 232.81 233.99 0.84 -1.31 -2.64
234.57 234.24
238.17 237.15 1.94 0.92 -0.65

247.88 247.29 0.43 -0.16 -1.28

223.52 223.25 -0.99 -1.26 -2.21

227.41 226.87 3.11 2.56 1.13

226.24 225.02 1.66 0.44 -1.66

233.78 232.65 2.29 1.17 -0.67

241.39 240.96 0.04 -0.39 -1.42

251.39 251.28 0.13 0.02 -1.49

241.46 239.71 -0.44 -2.20 -2.98

237.20 235.02 0.33 -1.85 -2.89

236.56 235.52 1.98 0.95 -0.33

254

Table 6.20 - Long-term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation (W/m2)
during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st
century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-
term mean of the annual average downward shortwave radiation from the historical period to
the early, middle, and late 21st century for subregions in Sarawak.

Long-term mean Change from Historical
period

Subregions in Hist Early Mid Late Early Mid Late
Sarawak (1970- (2011- (2041- (2071- (2011- (2041- (2071-
2000) 2040) 2070) 2100) 2040) 2070) 2100)
Batang_Balingian 217.80 220.36
Batang_Baram 240.91 221.59 221.37 241.98 3.79 3.56 2.56
Batang_Kemena 218.80 219.81
Batang_Kerian 224.36 243.08 243.03 225.15 2.17 2.13 1.07
Batang_Lawas 238.84 238.70
Batang_Lupar 215.54 221.09 220.64 216.28 2.29 1.84 1.01
Batang_Mukah 213.75 215.73
Batang_Oya 215.15 227.31 226.55 217.59 2.95 2.20 0.79
Batang_Rajang 226.41 228.15
Batang_Sadong 220.18 240.09 240.01 221.48 1.24 1.17 -0.15
Batang_Samarahan 223.84 225.38
Batang_Saribas 218.39 218.82 217.88 219.01 3.28 2.34 0.74
Batang_Tatau 215.62 216.71
Batang_Terusan 237.01 217.06 216.76 237.82 3.31 3.01 1.97
Northern_Sarawak 228.87 230.23
Sg_Limbang 251.77 218.81 218.62 251.80 3.66 3.48 2.44
Sg_Sarawak 220.83 222.16
Southern_Sarawak 220.09 229.18 229.02 220.41 2.77 2.61 1.73

223.48 222.81 3.29 2.63 1.30

226.93 226.70 3.08 2.85 1.54

221.13 220.44 2.74 2.05 0.62

218.11 217.62 2.49 2.00 1.09

238.66 238.96 1.64 1.95 0.80

231.91 231.55 3.04 2.68 1.36

253.13 253.02 1.36 1.26 0.04

223.58 223.51 2.74 2.67 1.32

222.31 221.90 2.22 1.80 0.32

255

6.6. Wind speed

6.6.1. Peninsular Malaysia
Time series plots of the annual average wind speed during the historical (1970-2000) and the
projected future (2010-2100) conditions for 13 watersheds (Batu Pahat, Johor, Muda, Kelang,
Kelantan, Linggi, Muar, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Dungun, Kemaman, and Kuantan) and 12
coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia are presented in Figures 6.31 and 6.32, respectively.
Future conditions are presented in terms of individual projections for five GCMs and four
emission scenarios RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5), and for the ensemble average of the projections.

Figure 6.33 and Tables 6.21-6.22 show the long-term mean of the annual average wind speed
(m/s) during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle
21st century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), as well as the change in long-
term mean of the annual average wind speed from the historical period to the early, middle,
and late 21st century for 13 watersheds and 12 coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia.

In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual wind speed
over the 13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia varies from -2.8 percent in Perak to -0.6 percent
in Linggi in the early 21st century, from -4.0 percent in Perak to -1.3 percent in Linggi in the
middle 21st century, and -4.1 percent in Perak to -1.1 percent in Linggi in the late 21st century.

In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual wind speed
over the 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia varies from -2.6 percent in Coastal Region
11 to -0.7 percent in Coastal Region 7 in the early 21st century, from -3.7 percent in Coastal
Region 11 to -1.4 percent in Coastal Region 3 in the middle 21st century, and -3.9 percent in
Coastal Region 11 to -1.3 percent in Coastal Region 7 in the late 21st century. In summary,
the decrease in the long-term mean annual average wind speed in the 21st century is less than
4 percent when compared to the historical period.

256

Batu Pahat
Johor
Muda

257

Kelang
Kelantan
Linggi

258

Muar
Pahang
Perak

259

Selangor
Dungun
Kemaman

260

Kuantan

Figure 6.31 - Time series plots of the annual average wind speed during the historical (1970-
2000) and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for 13 watersheds in Peninsular
Malaysia. Future conditions are in terms of individual projections and the ensemble average
of the projections.
Coastal Region 1

Coastal Region 2

261

Coastal Region 3
Coastal Region 4
Coastal Region 5

262

Coastal Region 6
Coastal Region 7
Coastal Region 8

263

Coastal Region 9
Coastal Region 10
Coastal Region 11

264

Coastal Region 12

Figure 6.32 - Time series plots of annual average wind speed during the historical (1970-2000)
and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for 12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia.
Future conditions are in terms of individual projections and the ensemble average of the
projections.
a)

b)

Figure 6.33 - a) Long-term mean of the annual average wind speed (m/s) during the historical
period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070),
and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-term mean of the annual
average wind speed from the historical period to the early, middle, and late 21st century for
13 watersheds and 12 coastal regions of Peninsular Malaysia.

265

Table 6.21 - Long-term mean of the annual average wind speed (m/s) during the historical
period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070),
and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-term mean of the annual
average wind speed from the historical period to the early, middle, and late 21st century for
13 watersheds in Peninsular Malaysia.

Long-term mean Change from Historical period
Early Mid
Watershed Hist (2011- (2041- Late Early Mid Late
(1970- 2040) 2070) (2071-
Batu Pahat 2000) 2.38 2.36 2100) (2011- (2041- (2071-
Dungun 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.36
Johor 2.43 2.44 2.42 2.39 2040) 2070) 2100)
Kelang 2.47 2.60 2.57 2.42
Kelantan 2.64 2.02 1.99 2.56 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04
Kemaman 2.06 2.05 2.04 1.99
Kuantan 2.07 2.27 2.25 2.04 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04
Linggi 2.30 2.87 2.85 2.26
Muar 2.89 2.30 2.27 2.86 -0.03 -0.05 -0.05
Muda 2.33 2.73 2.70 2.27
Pahang 2.79 2.12 2.09 2.71 -0.04 -0.07 -0.07
Perak 2.16 2.53 2.50 2.10
Selangor 2.61 2.65 2.61 2.50 -0.05 -0.07 -0.08
2.70 2.61
-0.02 -0.03 -0.03

-0.03 -0.05 -0.04

-0.02 -0.04 -0.03

-0.03 -0.06 -0.05

-0.06 -0.09 -0.09

-0.04 -0.07 -0.06

-0.07 -0.10 -0.11

-0.06 -0.09 -0.09

266

Table 6.22 - Long-term mean of the annual average wind speed (m/s) during the historical
period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle 21st century (2041-2070),
and the late 21st century (2071-2100), and b) the change in the long-term mean of the annual
average wind speed from the historical period to the early, middle, and late 21st century for
12 coastal regions in Peninsular Malaysia.

Coastal Hist Long-term mean Late Change from Historical period
Region (1970- (2071-
2000) Early Mid 2100) Early Mid Late
Coastal (2011- (2041- (2011- (2041- (2071-
Region 1 2040) 2070) 2040) 2070) 2100)
Coastal
Region 2 1.95 1.93 1.90 1.89 -0.02 -0.05 -0.06
Coastal
Region 3 2.36 2.34 2.32 2.32 -0.03 -0.04 -0.04
Coastal
Region 4 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.40 -0.02 -0.03 -0.03
Coastal
Region 5 2.64 2.60 2.57 2.58 -0.04 -0.07 -0.06
Coastal
Region 6 2.81 2.78 2.76 2.76 -0.03 -0.05 -0.05
Coastal
Region 7 2.36 2.33 2.31 2.31 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04
Coastal
Region 8 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.68 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04
Coastal
Region 9 2.34 2.32 2.30 2.29 -0.02 -0.05 -0.05
Coastal
Region 10 2.41 2.38 2.35 2.35 -0.03 -0.05 -0.06
Coastal
Region 11 2.52 2.46 2.43 2.43 -0.06 -0.09 -0.09
Coastal
Region 12 2.45 2.38 2.36 2.35 -0.06 -0.09 -0.10

2.86 2.80 2.78 2.78 -0.06 -0.08 -0.07

6.6.2. Sabah and Sarawak

Time series plots of the annual average wind speed during the historical (1970-2000) and the
projected future (2010-2100) conditions for the subregions of Sabah (Beaufort, Beluran, Kota
Kinabalu, Kudat, Lahad Datu, Pitas, Sandakan, Sg Abai, Sg Kalabakan, Sg Kalumpang, Sg
Labuk, Sg Padas, Sg Papar, Sg Segama, Sg Sinsilog, Sg Sugut, Sg Tuaran, Sipitang, Southern
Sabah, Tawau, Trusan Kinabatangan) and Sarawak (Batang Balingian, Batang Baram, Batang
Kemena, Batang Kerian, Batang Lawas, Batang Lupar, Batang Mukah, Batang Oya, Batang

267

Rajang, Batang Sadong, Batang Samarahan, Batang Saribas, Batang Tatau, Batang Terusan,
Northern Sarawak, Sg Limbang, Sg Sarawak, Southern Sarawak) are presented in Figures 6.34
and 6.35, respectively. Future conditions are presented in terms of individual projections (for
RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5) and the ensemble average of the projections.

Figure 6.36 and Tables 6.23-6.24 show the long-term mean of the annual average wind speed
(m/s) during the historical period (1970-2000), the early 21st century (2011-2040), the middle
21st century (2041-2070), and the late 21st century (2071-2100), as well as the change in long-
term mean of the annual average wind speed from the historical period to the early, middle,
and late 21st century for each of the 39 subregions in Sabah and Sarawak.

In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual wind speed
over the subregions of Sabah varies from -4.2 percent in Sg Abai to -1.5 percent in Sg Segama
in the early 21st century, from -5.5 percent in Sg Abai to -2.2 percent in Sg Segama in the
middle 21st century, and -5.1 percent in Sg Abai to -2.3 percent Sg Segama in the late 21st
century.

In comparison to the historical period, the change in the long-term mean annual wind speed
over the subregions of Sarawak varies from -2.9 percent in Batang Terusan to -1.3 percent in
Sg Sarawak in the early 21st century, from -3.6 percent in Sg Limbang to -1.6 percent in Sg
Sarawak in the middle 21st century, and -3.8 percent in Sg Limbang to -1.5 percent in Sg
Sarawak in the late 21st century. In summary, the decrease in the long-term mean annual
average wind speed in the 21st century is less than 4 percent when compared to the historical
period.
Beaufort

268

Kota Kinabalu
Kudat
Lahad Datu

Pitas

269

Sandakan
Sg Abai
Sg Kalabakan
Sg Kalumpang

270

Sg Labuk
Sg Padas
Sg Papar
Sg Segama

271

Sg Sinsilog
Sg Sugut
Sg Tuaran
Sipitang

272

Southern Sabah

Tawau

Trusan Kinabatangan

Figure 6.34 - Time series plots of the annual average wind speed during the historical (1970-
2000) and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for subregions of Sabah. Future
conditions are in terms of individual projections and the ensemble average of the projections.

273

Batang Balingian
Batang Baram
Batang Kemena
Batang Kerian

274

Batang Lawas
Batang Lupar
Batang Mukah
Batang Oya

275

Batang Rajang
Batang Sadong
Batang Samarahan
Batang Saribas

276

Batang Tatau
Batang Terusan
Northern Sarawak
Sg Limbang

277

Sg Sarawak
Southern Sarawak
Figure 6.35 - Time series plots of annual average wind speed during the historical (1970-2000)
and the projected future (2010-2100) conditions for subregions of Sarawak. Future conditions
are in terms of individual projections and the ensemble average of the projections.

278