Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia

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337Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

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338 Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

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339Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

1Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera,
Indonesia, 25163

2Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, West Sumatera, Indonesia,
25163

Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected]

Panicum

maximum, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium, Digitaria sp, Centrocema pubescens,

Calliandra calothyrsus, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Bidens pilosa, Ipomea triloba, Micania

Scandens, Asystasia gangetica, Calliandra calothyrsus

Gliricidia sepium Panicum maximum

1. Introduction

A series of studies have been carried out to realize the development of agro-tourism in the Payo area.
These studies include studies on livestock development. Based on this study, it has been recommended
to use local feed ingredients found in Payo as animal feed. Based on these recommendations, to realize
agro-tourism in stages, it is necessary to carry out studies that support it technically. In realizing
livestock, it is necessary to study the feed source in-depth so that technically the farm does not
experience a shortage of feed. This is done because the success of a farm is 70% influenced by the
environment, including the availability of feed [2]. This research presents the identification of plants
that have the potential as animal feed, the nutritional content of feed ingredients, and the preparation of
an economical feed formula.

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340 Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

2. Materials and methods

Figure 1. Forage sampling map.
3. Results and discussion

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Table 1. Chemical composition of feed ingredients in the Payo. P
Chemical Composition

No Feed Ingredients DM OM Ash CP TDN Fat CF EIWN Ca

1 Panicum maximum 27.26 90.86 9.14 11.42 46.62 3.96 46.12 29.36 0.43 0.23

2 Calliandra 33.47 94.64 5.36 19.93 60.20 2.83 32.43 39.45 0.58 0.23
calothyrsus

3 Stachytarpheta 24.28 92.55 7.45 14.46 59.47 2.93 26.53 48.63 1.01 0.33
jamaicensis

4 Corn waste 30.94 91.33 8.67 11.04 52.47 1.78 37.43 41.08 0.51 0.24

5 Tithonia 17.01 90.09 9.91 14.44 57.78 2.37 25.82 47.46 0.99 0.33
diversifolia

6 Bidens pilosa 14.86 89.46 10.54 16.75 57.92 2.44 26.91 43.36 0.98 0.29

7 Digitaria Sp 26.73 93.14 6.86 16.98 60.76 2.71 26.78 46.67 0.61 0.34

8 Ipomea triloba 19.39 90.40 9.60 15.17 55.55 2.61 31.46 41.16 0.89 0.34

9 Micania scandes 21.52 90.13 9.87 13.4 51.05 3.06 38.78 34.89 1.13 0.26

10 Centocema 29.28 92.63 7.37 18.18 54.97 1.69 43.85 28.91 0.98 0.27
Pubescens 20.16 92.11 7.89 16.59 63.98 2.87 20.26 52.39 0.63 0.36

11 Asystasia
gangetica

12 Gliricidia sepium 21.42 94.85 5.15 19.11 67.60 2.98 19.75 53.01 0.77 0.23

Note: DM; dry matter, OM; organic matter, CP; crude protein, CF; crude fiber, TDN; total digestible nutrients,
EIWN; extract ingredients without nitrogen.

The nutritional content of organic materials as feed ingredients is presented in Table 1. In theTable,
it can be seen that fresh forages generally contain dry matter ranging from 17 to 33%. The lowest 14%
dry matter was Biddens pilosa while the highest was calliandra. Feed ingredients as a source of protein
(crude protein content of at least 18%) are calliandra, Centrocema pubescen, and gliricidia sepium
leaves. The lowest energy content was found in Panicum maximum (TDN 46.2%), while the highest
energy was found in Gliricidia sepium leaves.

All forage for animal feed found in this area belongs to the high-quality forage except for Panicum
maximum. [5] Classify forage quality in three categories based on CP and TDN content, namely low
quality forage (CP <4%, TDN> 40%), medium quality forage (CP 5-10%, TDN 40-50%) and high-
quality forage (CP> 10%, TDN> 50%). Forage with good protein quality will optimize rumen microbial
protein synthesis [6]. The growth and activity of rumen microbes greatly determine the productivity of
ruminants because rumen microbes have an important role in the food fermentation process. A high
TDN fulfills the energy needs of livestock so that it will maximize production and reproduction.

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342 Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

Table 2. Alternative feed formulas based on local resources to local cattle.

No Feed Ingredients Ration A (%) DM Ration D
Ration B Ration C

1 Energy Source

Corn waste 0 10 20 30

Panicum maximum 24 18 12 7

Digitaria Sp 36 32 28 23

2 Protein source

Kaliandra 10 10 10 10

Tithonia 10 10 10 10

Gliricidia 10 10 10 10

3 Etc

Stachytarpheta jamaicensis 1 1 1 1

Biddens Spilosa 1111

Ipomea triloba 2222

Micania Scandes 2222

Centocema Pubescens 2222

Asystasia gangetica 2222

Total 100% 100% 100% 100%

Nutrient Content

Dry matter 25% 26% 26% 27%

Crude Protein 16% 16% 15% 15%

Total Digestible Nutrien 58% 58% 58% 58%

Price (Rp/kg) 270 260 250 240

4. Conclusion
Twelve plants have the potential to be used as a source of forage for ruminants based on the proximate

analysis carried out. Calliandra calothyrsus has the highest crude protein content and Corn straw
contains the lowest crude protein. The highest and lowest TDN values were Gliricidia
sepium and Panicum maximum, respectively. These 12 plants can be formulated into four ration
formulations with 58% TDN and 15-16% crude protein through the linear programming program.

References
[1] Yuliana K, Manvi S, Yudistira, Kurnia A, Fiza R, Susanti 2020 Pengembangan potensi kawasan

Payo sebagai agrowisata di Kota Solok. Suluah Bendang: Jurnal Ilmiah Pengabdian Kepada
Masyarakat. 20(2): 97-102. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2403/sb.0500
[2] Pazla R and Jamarun N 2021 Pemanfaatan pelepah sawit fermentasi untuk ternak ruminansia in
vitro menggunakan Phanerochaete chrysosporium. (Padang: LPPM Universitas Andalas
Padang).
[3] AOAC 2010 Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition Association of Official Analytical
Chemists. Washington, D.C.
[4] Rahman IA 2017 Formulasi Ransum untuk Kebutuhan Nutrisi Ternak Sapi Potong Menggunakan
Pemrograman Linier. Skripsi. Departemen Ilmu Komputer. (Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor).
[5] Jamarun N and Zain M 2013 Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia. (Padang: Jasa Surya).

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343Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

[6] Pazla R, Jamarun N, Zain M and Arief 2018 Microbial Protein synthesis and in vitro fermentability
of fermented oil palm fronds by phanerochaete chrysosporium in combination with tithonia
(Tithonia diversifolia) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Pakistan Journal of
Nutrition. 17(10): 462 700.

[7] NRC 1989 Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle. 7th Edition. (Washington D. C.: National
Academic of Science).

Acknowledgments
Thanks to Andalas University Research and Service Institute which has funded this research by contract
T/5/UN.16.17/PT.01.03/Pangan-RT/2020.

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[email protected]

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In
vitro test was carried out based on the [9] method and measurement of total gas production using the
[10] method.

Table 1. The nutritional composition of FPF, tithonia, and elephant grass.

Chemical Compositions (%) Raw Materials

FPF Tithonia Elephant grass

Dry matter 72.01 25.57 21.23

Organic matter 91.34 84.01 89.46

Crude Protein 8.89 22.98 10.88

Crude fiber 38.59 18.17 32.77

NDF 66.52 61.12 66.57

ADF 57.85 40.15 41.71

Cellulose 37.50 34.59 34.18

Lignin 18.35 4.57 6.29

Table 2. The composition and nutritional content of the treatment rations.

Treatment rations

Composition A BC D
80
FPF % 20 40 60 4
16
Tithonia % 16 12 8
89.73
Elephant Grass % 64 48 32 90.75
9.77
Nutritional content 36.84
66.31
Dry matter % 93.58 92.33 90.88 54.56
35.85
Organic matter% 88.96 89.56 90.15 15.87

Crude protein% 12.42 11.54 10.65

Crude Fibre % 31.60 33.35 35.09

NDF % 65.69 65.90 66.10

ADF % 44.69 47.98 51.23

Cellulose % 34.91 35.56 36.20

Lignin % 8.43 10.91 13.39

3. iscussion

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348 Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

Table 3. In vitro digestibility of fermented palm fronds.

Treatments

Digestibility (%) A B C

Dry matter 38.00a 39.60b 43.41c

Organic matter 36.65a 38.60b 40.86c

Crude protein 72.57a 78.84b 79.78c

Crude fiber 43.36a 50.02b 54.89b

Note: different superscripts (a,b,c) on the same line show a very significant difference (P<0.01).

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Table 4. The mean total VFA of each treatment.

Treatments VFA (mM)

A 126.40a

B 111.25b

C 91.10c

D 82.83d

SE 1.54

Note: different superscripts in the same column show very significant differences (P <0.01).

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Partial VFA from FPF combination with Elephant Grass and
Titonia

VFA Parsial
Asetat Propionat Butirat

GAS PRODUCTION FROM FPF COMBINATION with Titonia
and Elephant Grass

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[1] Febrina D, Jamarun N, Zain M and Khasrad 2016 Effects of Calcium (Ca) and Manganese (Mn)
Supplementation During Oil Palm Frond Fermentation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium on
In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fluid Characteristics Pak. J. Nutr. 15: 352-358.

[2] Febrina D 2016 Pemanfataan Biodelignifikasi Pelepah Sawit Menggunakan Kapang
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium Sebagai Pakan Utama Ternak Ruminansia Disertasi. (Padang:
Universitas Andalas).

[3] Pazla R, Zain M, Ryanto I and Dona A 2018 Supplementation of Minerals (Phosphorus and
Sulfur) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a Sheep Diet Based on a Cocoa By-product Pak. J.
Nutr. 17: 329-335.

[4] Fasuyi AO, Dairo, F A S and Ibitayo F J 2010 Ensiling Wild Sun Flower (Tithonia diversifolia)
Leaves with Sugar Cane Molasses Livest. Res Ruraldev. 22:42.

[5] Jamarun N, Elihasridas, Pazla R and Fitriyani 2017 In Vitro nutrients digestibility of the
combination Tithonia (Tithonia difersivolia) and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum).
Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production. September 12-
14 (Yogyakarta: Indonesia).

[6] Steel R G D and Torrie JH 2002 Principle, and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach
3rd Ed. (New York: McGraw Hill Book).

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Chemists. Washington, D.C.

[8] Van Soest PJ, Robertson JB and Lewis BA 1991 Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent
Fiber and Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3583-
3597.

[9] Tilley J M and Terry RA 1969 A Two-Stage Technique for In Vitro Digestion of Forage Crops. J
Br. Grassland Society 18 (2): 104 111.

[10] Menke KH and Steingass H 1988 Estimation of the Energetic Feed Value Obtained from Chemical
Analysis and In Vitro Gas Production Using Rumen Fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28: 7-55.

[11] Jamarun N, Zain M, Arief, Pazla R 2018 Populations of rumen microbes and the in vitro
digestibility of fermented oil palm fronds in combination with tithonia (Tithonia diversifolia)
and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Pak. J. Nutr 17(1): 39-45.

[12] Alwi M, Suryapratama W, and Suhartati FM 2013 Sugarcane Baggage Fermentation Using
Phanerochaete chrysosporium as Effort to Increase Rumen Fermentation Products In Vitro.
Jurnal Ilmiah Peternakan. 1(2):479-487.

[13] Kerem Z and Hadar Y 1995. Effect of Manganese on Preferential Degradation by Pleurotus
ostreatus Versus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol. 58: 1121-1127.

[14] Suparjo 2010. Improving Nutritive Value of Cocoa Pod Husk as Feedstuff by Bioprocess with
Phanerochaete chrysosporium with Ca2+ and Mn2+Dissertation for the postgraduate program
(Bogor: Bogor Agricultural University).

[15] Okano K, Iida Y, Samsuri M, Prasetya B, Utagawa T, Watanabe T 2006 Comparison of In Vitro
Digestibility and Chemical Composition among Sugarcane Bagasse Treated by Four White
Rot Fungi Anim. Sci. J. 77. 308-313.

[16] Muhktarudin dan Liman 2006 Penentuan Tingkat Penggunaan Mineral Organik untuk
Memperbaiki Bioproses Rumen pada Kambing secara In Vitro Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Peternakan
Indonesia. 8(2):132-140.

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[17] Elihasridas 2012 Respon Suplementasi Mineral Zink (zn) terhadap Kecernaan in-vitro Ransum
Tongkol Jagung Amoniasi Jurnal Peternakan 9(2):9 14.

[18] Tillman A D, Hartadi H, Reksohadiprojo S, Prawirokusumo S dan Lebdosukodjo S 1998 Ilmu
Makanan Ternak Dasar. (Yogyakarta: Gadjah mada University Press).

[19] Garraway MD and Evans.1 RC 1984 Fungal Nutrition and Physiology. (Singapore: John Wiley
& Sons).

[20] Fardiaz S 1988 Fisiologi Fermentasi. (Bogor: Lembaga Sumber Daya Informasi IPB).
[21] Nelson dan Suparjo 2011 Penentuan Lama Fermentasi Kulit Buah Kakao dengan Phanerochaete

chrysosporium: Evaluasi Kualitas Nutrisi secara Kimiawi. Agrinak 1(1): 1-10.
[22] Pazla R and Jamarun N 2021 Pemanfaatan pelepah sawit fermentasi untuk ternak ruminansia in

vitro menggunakan Phanerochaete chrysosporium. (Padang: LPPM Universitas Andalas
Padang).
[23] Waldron MR, Schrick FN, Quigley JD, Klotz JL, Saxton AM and Heitmann RN 2002 Volatile
Fatty Acid Metabolism by Epithelial Cells Isolated from Different Areas of the Ewe Rumen. J.
Anim. Sci 80: 270-278.
[24] Donald Mc, Edwards PRA, Greenhalgh JFD and Morgan CA 2010. Animal Nutrition. 7th Edition.
(New York: Longman. Scientific and Technical John Willey and Sons. Inc.).
[25] Hungate RR 1998 The Rumen and Its Microbe. Department of Bachteriology and Agriculture
Experiment Station University of California. (London: Davis California Academy Press).
[26] Jouany JP and Ushida K 1999 The Role of Protozoa in Feed digestion review African Journal of
Animal Science, 12: 113-128.
[27] Durand M and Kawashima R 1998 Influence of Mineral in Rumen Microbial Digestion in Y
Ruckebush and PThivend (editor).Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminant.
(Westport Connecticut USA: Avi Publishing Co Incorporated).
[28] Makkar HPS, Blümmel M and Becker K 1995 Formation of Complexes between
Polyvinylpyrrolidones or Polyethylene Glycols and Tannins and their Implication in Gas
Production and True Digestibility in In Vitro Techniques. Br. J. Nutr. 73: 897-913.

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TENTANG PENULIS

Prof. Dr. Ir. Novirman Jamarun, MSc, dilahirkan di Sumpur Kudus,
Kabupaten Sijunjung pada tanggal 6 November 1955. Merupakan
Guru besar di bidang Ilmu Nutrisi Ruminansia di Fakultas
Peternakan Universitas Andalas. Mengajar berbagai mata kuliah bidang
Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak seperti Ilmu Nutrisi Ruminansia (S1),
Nutrisi Ruminansia Lanjut (S2) dan Integrasi Metabolisme ( S3) serta
Juga mengajar berbagai mata kuliah lain baik di S1, S2 dan S3 Fakultas
Peternakan Universitas Andalas. Pernah menjabat rektor universitas
batam 2014 - 2018. Dr. Novirman telah meluluskan banyak anak
bimbingan, baik S1, S2 ataupun S3 yang mengambil basis ke ilmuan
ilmu Nutrisi Ruminansia. Dr. Novirman memperoleh Pendidikan S1
dari Fakultas Peternakan Universitas andalas ( 1978), MSc ( Magister of
Science ) dari Institut of Animal Science, UPLB ( University of Philippines
at Los Banos ), Pilipina (1984) dan Dr dari Universitas yang dsama pada
tahun 1987. Dr. Novirman pernah mengambil Post Doltoral di Texas A
& M University, College Station, Texas selama 6 bulan pada tahun 1984
dan mengikuti PAR ( Program Academic Recharging ) untuk Direktur
Pascasarjana di Utah State University, Utah tahun 2010. Semasa kuliah Dr.
Novirman pernah menjadi Mahasiswa Teladan Unand (1976) dan Dosen
Teladan Unand ( 1988). Juga Pernah menjadi Pembantu Dekan I Fakultas
Peternakan Universitas Andalas ( 1992 – 1995 ), Pembantu Rektor I Univ.
Mahaputra Muhammad Yamin Solok ( 1991- 1997 ), Ketua Jurusan Nutrisi
dan Makanan Ternak Fak. Peternakan Unand ( 1996 – 1998 ), Anggota

376 Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

DPRD Tk. I Propinsi Sumatera Barat ( 1997 – 1999 ), Sekretaris Kopertis
Wilayah X ( Sumbar, Riau, jambi dan Kepri ), 2001 – 2004 dan Koordinator
Kopertis wilayah X ( 2004 – 2008 ) dan terakhir sebagai Direktur Pasca
sarjana Universitas Andalas ( 2008 – 2012 ). Dr. Novirman pernah
sebagai tim penatar Pekerti, Applied Aproach (AA), HaKI, Penelitian,
Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat, Akreditasi, Penjaminan Mutu atau sebagai
Tim Reviewer baik di Perguruan Tinggi Negeri (PTN) ataupun Perguruan
Tinggi Swasta. Dr. Novirman dalam kesibukannya tetap melaksanakan
Pengabdian pada Masyarakat dan bersama Prof. Dr. Mardiati dan Dr. Roni
Pazla telah melakukan berbagai penelitian mengenai penggunaan limbah
pertanian dan limbah perkebunan sebagai pakan ternak Ruminansia.

377Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Mardiati Zain, MS dilahirkan di Bukittinggi, 19 Juni
1965, adalah seorang Guru besar dalam bidang Ilmu Nutrisi
Ruminansia di Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas. Menjabat
sebagai Ketua Jurusan Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak (2007-2012), Kepala
Lab Gizi Ruminasia (2014 -2018), Ketua prodi S2 Ilmu peternakan (2018-
2024). Mengajar berbagai mata kuliah bidang Nutrisi dan makanan
Ternak baik di S1, S2 dan S3 Fakultas Peternakan Universitas Andalas.
Memperoleh Pendidikan S1 dari Fakultas Peternakan Universitas andalas
( 1989), S2 ( Magister ) dari Institut Pertanian Bogor ( 1994 ) dan S3
dari Perguruan Tinggi yang sama ( 1999 ). Prof. Dr. Mardiati Zain sangat
konsern melakukan penelitian bidang limbah pertanian seperti limbah
perkebunan dan limbah industri sawit, jerami padi atau pun limbah
pertanian lainnya serta penelitian yang relevan dengan Ilmu Nutrisi
Ruminansia. Pada tahun 2016 mendapat kesempatan mendampingi
mahasiswa PMDSU untuk join research di Clemson University South
Caroline, USA Prof. Dr. Mardiati Zain juga sangat aktif menulis di berbagai
jurnal ilmiah dan mempresentasikan hasil penelitiannya di berbagai
pertemuan dan seminar bidang nutrisi ternak di even nasional maupun
internasional.

378 Dasar Nutrisi Ruminansia (Edisi ke II)

Dr. RONI PAZLA, S.Pt, MP, lahir di Tiku pada tanggal 14 Mei
1985 dan telah dikaruniai 2 orang putri dan 1 orang putra.
Penulis pernah menjadi utusan Universitas Andalas pada
program Pascasarjana dalam program Invitation Students ke Jepang dan
menyelesaikan Pendidikan Doctoral pada tahun 2018 pada program Ilmu
Peternakan Fakultas peternakan Universitas Andalas. Penulis merupakan
dosen fakultas peternakan universitas Andalas pada bidang ilmu Nutrisi
Ruminansia. Dr. Roni Pazla juga merupakan dosen Pascasarjana Unand
pada pemusatan program komunikasi dan pelatihan. Dr. Roni Pazla
sangat aktif menuliskan hasil-hasil penelitiannya di jurnal internasional
terindeks scopus dan Book chapter internasional dengan perolehan
H-Indeks 6 pada tahun 2021 . Dr. Roni Pazla juga terlibat aktif sebagai
trainer soft skill di beberapa instansi pemerintah maupun swasta dan
juga sudah menuliskan buku-buku pengembangan diri diantaranya:
Raising Speaking Ability (2019), Melatih soft skill kewirausahaan bagi
pemula (2020), The Power Full Story Telling For Teaching (2021) dan Pit
Stop Learning With Humor (2021).

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