Abstract Volume

Remote Sensing and GIS aspects of morphometric analysis in the Upper
Mat Watershed, Serchhip District, Mizoram

Binoy Kumar Barman, K. Srinivasa Rao, Chandrika Gogoi

Department of Geology, Mizoram University, Aizawl-796 004, India

Email: [email protected]

Morphometry is always found to be of immense utility in watershed prioritization and conservation of
natural resources at watershed level. The six sub-catchments (A to F) of Mat watershed analysed in the
present study and morphometric analysis were carried out by using the Arc GIS software and SRTM
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. The Survey of India (SOI) toposheets on 1:50,000 scales were
used for delineating the drainage and watershed boundary. Major advantages of Remote Sensing and
GIS techniques are its rapid access to latest spatial information over a large geographical area including
inaccessible areas. The geographic location of the study area lies between longitudes 23020′0″N to
23031′50″N and latitudes 92044′ 50″ E to 92051′40″E, falls in parts of survey of India Toposheets
numbers 84A/11, 84A/14 and 84A/15 covering an area of about 130.189 km2. The drainage pattern
observed in study area is dendritic patterns. The drainage density of the Upper Mat Watershed is 3.89
km-1 and Sub basins B, C, D, E are higher drainage density. High drainage density is the resultant of
weak or impermeable subsurface material, sparse vegetation and mountaneous relief. The stream
frequency of the study area is 5.76 streams/km2, whereas the fourth order stream frequency varies from
5 to 7.65 streams/km2. The high stream frequency values suggest that the resistant subsurface strata
covering the sparse vegetation and high relief with low permeability of rock formations in the study
area. The circularity ratio of basin is 0.42 and the sub watershed values ranges from 0.43 to 0.68 indicate
the basin is lower circulatory ratios indicating low relief and impermeable surface resulting in lower
basin lag times. The drainage texture values range from 21.11to 120.41 per km. indicating that all the
sub-watersheds fall under very fine texture category. The dissection index calculated for the Upper Mat
watershed area is 0.02 and the sub watershed values vary from 0.06 to 0.26, suggest that the landforms
of the study area are vertical cliff and mature stage. The relief ratio of the watershed is 0.027 and the
sub watersheds values ranges from 0.051 to 0.118. The low values of relief ratio indicate that the study
area is having less resistant rocks like shales, siltstones and sandstone.

Page39

Assessment of Groundwater pollution vulnerability by DRASTIC method
using QGIS

Chaure Shailesh1, Gupta D. C.2, Dubey Pramod3

1Govt. Holkar Science College, Indore, 452001, India
2Department of Earth Sciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, 462001, India

3School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, 462001, India

Email [email protected]

Groundwater vulnerability to pollution analysis highlights the areas where groundwater contamination
could occur. In the present study, the DRASTIC method for evaluating groundwater pollution potential
is used for assessment of groundwater pollution vulnerability of Bhopal city of Madhya Pradesh, India.
The acronym DRASTIC stands for the seven parameters used in the model which are: depth to water,
net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity.
To carry out the groundwater vulnerability analysis using DRASTIC model, thematic maps were
prepared for each DRASTIC parameter in raster format using open source GIS software QGIS. Ratings
and weight was assigned to all the raster layers and the raster maps were summed up using Raster
calculator of QGIS and final aquifer vulnerability map of the area was prepared. The aquifer
vulnerability values (DRASTIC Index) in the study area ranges from 100 to 176. The values were
categorized into four groundwater vulnerability classes namely low (100-124), medium (124.1-141),
high (141.1-158), and very high (158.1-176). The present study reveals that in the central part of the
Bhopal city, the vulnerability of groundwater pollution is low to medium, while in the peripheral
regions the vulnerability is very high. The high vulnerability zones are more in the northern part of the
area. The high vulnerability zone covers about 47% of the total area and the medium vulnerability zone
covers about 25% of the total area. About 22% area is under very high pollution vulnerability zone.
Key words: DRASTIC, Groundwater, Pollution

Page40

Hydrogeomorphological study in Bamanghaty Subdivision of Mayurbhanj
District, Odisha An Integrated Remote sensing and GIS Approach

D. Nandi1,*, P.C Sahu2, S. Goswami3

1Department of Geology: North Orissa University, Baripada, Odisha, India
2Department of Geology: MPC Autonomous Colleges, Baripada, Odisha, India
3Department of Earth Science, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, Odisha, India

Email: [email protected]

The study area is one of the isolated sub-division of Mayurbhanj district of Odisha state.
Administratively, it consider of 807 villages,71 village panchayats sheltered in seven blocks.. In the in
attendance study, Hydrogeomorphic zoning has been carried out all the way through Remote Sensing
and GIS technique. The Hydrogeomorphic zoning has been carried out be amalgamation Lithology,
Geological structure and Geomorphology along with the well catalogue accumulated from the field and
different anxious Government departments in GIS upbringing. The role of Hydrogeomorphic lobby
group and lineament in the storage of Ground water from this area has been investigated using IRS
ID,LISS III data. The layers prepared under this study play important role in ground water occurrence
and movement. The major Hydrogeomorphic units identified in this area in the descending order of
their ground water potential area: valley fills, plateau watered zones, intermountain valleys, pediments,
Linear ridges, Residual hills, Inselberges and structural hills. In the Bamanghati subdivision, there the
Precambrian metamorphic underlain rock system covers this area. Through Remote Sensing and GIS
we identified some poor aquifer, high runoff of the KADKAI river catchment area. The Bamanghati
subdivision watershed is generally medium with sprinkled low potential zones; however, high
prospective zones occurred as minuscule pockets. The ground water and Hydrogeomorphic
development plan for TIRING, BAHALDA, JAMDA is underprivileged zone, RAIRANGPUR, BISOI
are the restrained zone and vigorous zone are interconnected to the BIJATOLA and KUSUMI block
these three zones has also been chalked out.

Page41

Assessing the influence of climate and tectonics: Hypsometric and drainage
network analysis of the San Lucas Range, Colombia

Daniel Guarín Estrada

Department of Geosciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia

Email: [email protected]

In modern geomorphology, the impacts of climate and tectonics have been long discussed in the
formation and development of orogens and their drainage network. The analysis of hypsometric curves
(area-altitude relations) and the value of their integral is a good approach to understand how drainage
network responds to differential uplift rates and styles. The San Lucas range, located in central
Colombia displays a complex geologic history marked by the Cenozoic tectonic inversion of a late
Phanerozoic - Mesozoic sedimentary marine basin and Mesozoic volcanism and plutonism. The San
Lucas range has a very distinctive climatic differentiation between the windward western flank, more
humid and hotter, and the leeward eastern flank, drier and colder. Regional tectonic regime is strongly
controlled by the interaction of the Nazca, Caribbean and South American plates that converge in the
area. In terms of tectonic activity, this mountain range is considered to be tectonically active, being the
western flank the most active in terms of deformation and faulting. This flank shows inferior mean
value of the hypsometric integral showing that tectonics in this case do not control the morphology of
the drainage network due to recycling of sediments, dependent on strong chemical weathering caused
by a more aggressive climatic regime. Finally, statistical analysis proves that the difference in climatic
patterns between each of the San Lucas range’s flanks stablishes the mayor control on the asymmetric
distribution on the hypsometric integral and how the range evolves. These important conclusion brings
light to the debate of the main factors controlling the evolution of mountain ranges in tectonically active
and climatically dynamic zones of the tropics, showing the climatic forcing of the asymmetric orogeny
of San Lucas.

Page42

Impact of opencast mining on surface water quality around Kolayat Tehsil
Bikaner District, Western Rajasthan

Deva Ram Meghwal, Ravi Parihar, Balram Sain

Department of Geology, Govt. Dungar College Bikaner, 342001, India
Email: [email protected]

The district of Bikaner lies in north western part of Rajasthan which is a central part of Great Indian
Thar desert and is well popular for its rich deposits of nonmetallic minerals like lignite, clays, fuller’s
earth, siliceous earth, gypsum, bentonite, silica sand, limestone and sandstone etc. throughout country
and abroad. Mining and its related activities are sources of employments for the local people and the
socio-economic conditions are getting better in parts of Bikaner district. Open cast clay, lignite, fuller’s
earth mining activities are in progress around Kolayat tehsil about 40 km south west of Bikaner district
headquarter. The adoption of unplanned and traditional mining methods are continuously deteriorate
the surrounding by causing disturbing topographic features, drainage pattern, destruction of vegetation,
adversely affecting the quality of surface and underground water etc. These activities are also enhancing
pollution of air, land and water in the area. Ditches and unorganized trenches are common in the area.
Dust generated by quarrying minerals is responsible for several severe health problems The present
study reveals that the concentration of certain chemical components like pH, EC,TDS, TSS, Chloride,
nitrates, Bi-carbonates, Hardness, DO and BOD in surface water bodies from clay mine areas around
Kolayat tehsil are high compared to that from non-clay mine pit areas. The colour of surface water
bodies is also getting change in the study area due to mining activities. The resultant analyzed value
are high according to Indian standard specification of drinking water i.e. IS 10500: 2012. High
incidence of bacterial contamination is observed in dug well waters, which stresses the need for proper
treatment prior to human consumption. Local people of Kolayat Tehsil are using surface water for
drinking as well as domestic purposes. Since Kolayat lake (Kapil Sarovar) have asthetic value where a
famous annual fair is held and thousands of pilgrims dips in holy water of kapil sarovar. Degradation
in surface water quality around Kolayat region of Bikaner district due to mining and other its related
activities, there is sever need to make remediations, sustainable development and managements.

Page43

Web GIS based assets management system for wastewater treatment utility
network

D. Mehta1, R.C. Vaishya2

1GIS-Cell, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
2Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India

Email: [email protected]

Management and maintenance of existing urban infrastructure is one of the major challenges for local
government bodies. Precisely identifying underground infrastructures like water, wastewater and storm
water pipelines is a critical job for Utilities¸ system operators and contractors. With traditional approach
of using paper drawing or CAD drawing it becomes more difficult task. Having accurate locational
information is critical to assist field crews quickly and accurately locate underground and hard to find
assets, especially when responding to customer requests, emergency or routine repair work. The latest
GIS and GPS technologies can help in situations like these. This will save time, effort and money.
Furthermore, it assists in making sound decisions during field operations and maintenance activities.

This paper illustrates a project initiated to produce a quality map of wastewater collection and treatment
utility network of Allahabad city with full information about each and every asset using GIS and GPS
technology. The project’s motive is to enhance water department efficiency by creating a GIS database
for whole wastewater utility network and to produce a web based GIS system to assist the crew and
decision makers to accurately locate the assets to.

Page44

A GIS based study on bank line shift/migration, erosion and deposition by
the Brahmaputra River in Dibrugarh district, Assam

Dihingia J., Gogoi S., Acharjee S.

Centre for Studies in Geography, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam-786004, India

Email: [email protected]

In a general sense, river bank erosion is breaking down or carrying away the bank of the river by itself
and it affects the changes in river channel courses in alluvial plains (Fujita et al. 2000). Erosion and
deposition of a particular river is driven by physical, geological and hydro meteorological parameters.
Bank line shift or Bank line migration is a normal morphological behavior of a river. River banks can
move away (erosion) or can advance (deposition) which can result in meandering migration, channel
avulsion and change in channel width (Bartley et al. 2008). The humid monsoonal region of Asia
provides a common playground for channel variations, channel diversions and frequent bank line shift
resulting from bank erosion and deposition (Neog, 2017). Brahmaputra River located in the tectonically
active zone in the Assam represents frequent bank line migration. The Brahmaputra River is one of the
largest alluvial rivers in the world characterized by frequent bank erosion leading to channel pattern
changes and shifting of bank line (Sarkar et al. 2012). Dibrugarh district located in the south bank of
Brahmaputra experiences intensive flood induced bank erosion. The recurrent shift of the bank line
southward promotes erosion, which bring havoc to the low-lying population of the district. Thus, the
study emphasizes on quantitative assessment of the actual rates of bank erosion, bank line shift of the
Brahmaputra river in Dibrugarh District and counter strategic measures .The study incorporates Multi
dated Satellite data sets, such as Landsat MSS, Landsat-TM, Landsat ETM and Google satellite data
along with Topographical sheets of 1:50000 scale of the respective area.

Page45

Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques - A Boon in Landslide Hazard Page46
Zonation Mapping and Damage Assessment: Examples from Uttarakhand,

Lesser Himalaya, India

Droupti Yadav1 and Vibhuti Rai2

1Department of Environmental Science, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur,

Uttar Pradesh, India

2Department of Geology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, Uttar Pradesh, India,
[email protected]

In the present scenario, the pace of development in India shows a rapidly growing economy in
comparison to developed countries in the world. With industrial revolution, high population density,
pollution etc. there has been a serious impact on the climate which has made a dent on the environment.
Of particular area being affected is the hilly terrain of the Himalaya as its ecology and environment
remains in a very delicate balance. In recent time, a lot of changes has occurred in Himalaya due to
climatic, anthropogenic and associated reasons leading to triggering of natural hazards which has lead
to disasters. As a fallout of this, is that the entire Himalayan terrain is facing continuous mass wasting
hazard specially during monsoons when they become manifold. The real impact impact is on the lives
of people who inhabit these areas.

Fortunately in India, the advancement in space technology have proved to be a boon in disguise as it
provides a synoptic view within short time span covering large areas which is also quite cost effective.
The latest Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (RS & GIS) technology provides
vital inputs in covering natural hazards. Amongst the very ceucial hazards are the landslide hazards as
effects most of the population of the Himalayan region. In recent times, Himalayas have shown large
scale environmental disasters including the one which washed away the Kedarnath town on June 16,
2013. Although linked to the cloud burst, the effect was gigantic mass wasting process which got
instantaneously triggered and have set a series of disasters in a cascading way. The present contribution
summarizes the detailed study of the road section between Rishikesh and Byasi on National Highway
58 in Uttarakhand, 21 spots have been identified where specific mass-wasting sites have been located
in a short distance of 35 km. We have identified 7 types of distinct mass-wasting causes which are
unique in their own way. These are 1. Due to pebble beds of terrace, 2. Weak lithology, 3. Steep surface
slope, 4. Steep bedding, 5. Excessive water (Rainfall/Cloud burst/Toe cutting), 6. Strongly fractured
rocks due to multiple sets of joint planes and 7. Removal of soil and vegetation cover due to road
construction activity. Apart from the field study, detailed use of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques
have been employed to understand the causes of mass wasting in the area. These causes suggest that
there are more than one cause which makes this Himalayan tract susceptible to mass destruction by
way of imbalance in various factors of stability. The present contribution discusses these aspects in the
light of background information such as climatic conditions, surface and ground water conditions, rock
stability and anthropogenic causes. How Remote Sensing, as a tool, can be used in remote areas for
assessment and regional study is best exemplified in this presentation.

A Hydro-Geophysical Investigation of Groundwater by Vertical
Electrical Sounding (VES)

Fasludeen N.S1, Sujayasree O.J.2

1Department of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology, A.M.U., Aligarh, India
2Division of Post Harvest Technology and Agri. Engg., ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India

Email: [email protected]

Groundwater is water that exists in the pore spaces and fractures in rocks and sediments beneath the
earth’s surface. The main objectives of the present project were to conduct hydro-geophysical
investigation of groundwater potential and to obtain aquifer distribution within the study area in order
to delineate possible sites for drilling tube wells for irrigation water supply. Wenner configuration of
electrode arrangement is mostly practiced for the resistivity observations. Resistivity observations were
taken with vertical electrical sounding (VES). An estimate of the resistivity and thickness of various
subsurface layers at a location could be obtained by IGIS signal stacking resistivity meter model SSR-
MP-ATS.

By the analysis of 2 -D cross-section of strip resistivity to identify site favourable for recharge structure,
we can arrive at the conclusion that a continuous soil layer of average depth 10 m was observed at the
top. Major portion of area was occupied by a continuous layer of crystalline rock formation which
extended up to 80m depth. Beyond crystalline rock, there was a layer of continuous metamorphic
formation which could not provide sufficient water. By this study, all possible sites in the coconut
garden were explored for the presence of ground water. The project could come to a conclusion that,
potential areas for sustainable water supply were not available in the study area.

Page47

Morphometric analysis of Kakoi River Watershed for study of Neotectonic
activity using Geospatial Technology

Francis Sangma, Guru Balamurugan

Center for Geoinformatics Jamsethji Tata School for Disaster Studies Tata Institute of Social Sciences
Mumbai-400088, India

Email: [email protected]

Morphometric analysis is defined as the quantitative measurement of landscape shape. Morphometric
studies of a watershed helps the researcher to compare different landform and calculate the geomorphic
indices that may useful for indentifying a particular characteristic such as the level of neotectonic
activity in a watershed. The present study has been carried out in Kakoi River Watershed which is a
part of Lower Subansiri River Basin in Assam. The study area is geo-dynamically unstable region
characterized by active faults, continuing crustal movements and complicated structural region which
fall under the seismic zone V of India. In recent century the Lower Suabsiri River Basin has gone
tremendous morphological changes due to active tectonics activities. After the Assam Earthquake of
1950, some of the rivers like Subansiri and its tributaries Dirgha, Kadam and Kakoi suddenly changed
their channels giving birth to new channels destroying villages, agricultural fields or tea-plantation. The
main objective of the present study is to examine the neotectonic domains and the changes of river
course. The geomorphic indices such as Hypsometric Integral (HI), Asymmetry Factor (AF), Stream-
length Gradient Index, Mountain Front Sinuosity, Ratio of Valley floor width to Valley Height etc has
been used as parameter to study the rapid evaluation of the watershed which can be obtained easily
from remote sensing data. Utilization geospatial technology and remote sensing data in the present
study becomes more reliable and helpful in analyzing, monitoring and understanding the landform
changes in a watershed.

Page48

Physical property of soil and its implication for landslide occurrence in a
sliding zone at Nungbi khunou area along NH-150

H. Bidyashwari1, R.A.S. Kushwaha1, M. Okendro2

1Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University, Manipur-795003
2Department of Geology, Imphal College, Manipur

Email: [email protected]

Soil at landslide zones are particularly problem soil. Determination of physical property of the soil help
in identification and classification of soil which includes analysis of particle size distribution, atterberg
limits, water content, specific gravity, phase determination etc.Water plays an important role in
triggering landslides and slope failures. Increase of water content reduces the stability of slope and
when the moisture content exceeds plastic limits the soil slope begin to deform. Bulk density, moisture
content and specific gravity of the study area are 1.577, 37.032 and 2.434 respectively. Consistency
limit is the most distinctive properties of fine grained sediments and may be used to distinguish silts
from clays. Plastic limit (WP), liquid limit (WL), shrinkage limit (wS) value of Nungbi khunou sample
is 26.236%, 48% and 9.57% respectively. Plasticity index (IP), consistency index (IC) and liquidity
index (IL) value is 21.764, 0.379, and 62.116 % respectively. From these index properties the soil
sample are found to be highly plastic, stiff and semi solid. In the plasticity chart the soil sample falls
under CI group which indicate organic silt and clay soil with medium compressibility and plasticity.
Phase determination and particle size distribution indicates that they are very high porosity and highly
saturated soil which are well graded in nature. From the above finding the study area may result in
sudden and unpredictable failure due to volumetric changes in soil.

Page49

Analysis and estimation of morphometric parameters derived from SRTM
data in Ataq area-Yemen

Hamdi Saleh N. Aldharab, Syed Ahmad Ali, Javed Ikbal

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-India

Email: [email protected]

Morphometric analysis of six sub-basins in Ataq area was carried out using Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. For detailed study we used in this paper Shuttle
Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data for preparing Digital Elevation Model (DEM); aspect grid
and slope map also were prepared for the study area. The morphometric parameters were classified
under the distinct linear, areal and relief aspects for the study area. The morphometric analysis of six
sub-basins show that the area exhibits dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage in some parts and parallel to
sub-parallel in the other parts of the area. Elongation ratio ranges from 0.63 to 0.9 and 0.760 for the
entire basin; show that these sub-basins are associated with high relief and steep ground slopes. The
mean bifurcation ratios vary from 2.31 to 3.97 and mean bifurcation ratio for the entire basin is 4.76;
indicate that the drainage pattern is influenced by geological structures. The drainage density and
circularity ratio values indicated that the area has a gentle slope, low rainfall. The relief ratio ranges
from 0.033 to 0.060 it indicates steep slope and high relief. These studies are very useful for
understanding the structural control and inequalities in the rock hardness for the study area.

Page50

Physico-chemical analysis of groundwater quality in Beswan and Iglas,
Aligarh district, Uttar Pradesh, India

Harit Priyadarshi, Ashish Jain, Rituraj Singh

Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh-202145, India

Email: [email protected]

Beswan and Iglas are the areas in Aligarh district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Beswan and Iglas
located along Aligarh- Mathura high way at a distance of 24 kms from Aligarh. They are located at
27°43' N and 77°56' E; 27° 38' N and 77° 52' E respectively. The average elevation is 178 meter (584').
The area extends from Karban River (towards Mathura) to Old Canal (towards Aligarh). The study
areas Beswan and Iglas lie within the administrative district of Aligarh District. In the present study the
fresh ground water samples collected from Beswan and Iglas areas. The samples were collected in clean
cane or bottles without any air bubbles. These bottles were rinsed before, tightly sealed after collection
and labelled in the field. The dissolved oxygen of the samples was measured in the field itself at the
time of sample collection.

The physico-chemical parameters of groundwater from various locations in Beswan and Iglas were
analysed. The samples taken from different locations revealed that the study area has pH 7.79 in Iglas
and 7.10 in Beswan, Total Alkalinity 350 mg/l in Iglas and 476 mg/l in Beswan , Total hardness 210
mg/l, in Iglas and 570 mg/l in Beswan, Calcium 120 mg/l in Iglas and 82.50 mg/l in Beswan,
Magnesium 90mg/l in Iglas and 145.50 mg/l in Beswan , Turbidity 0.84 mg/l in Iglas and 0.31 mg/l in
Beswan, Chloride 368 mg/l in Beswan and 52 mg/l in Iglas. The analysis revealed that drinking water
quality in the studied area is reasonably not good and showing alarming level of pollutants. It needs
some degree of treatment before consumption as the concentration of the parameters pH, Total
Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride exceed the permissible limits for drinking
water. So the water of these localities is unfit for drinking and human consumption without purification.

Page51

Rain water harvesting plan and design for Mangalayatan University
Campus, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India

Harit Priyadarshi, Ashish Jain, Mahesh Kumar, Waseem Ahmad Khan, Rituraj Singh

Department of Civil Engineering, Mangalayatan University, Beswan, Aligarh-202 145, India

Email: [email protected]

The technical aspect of this paper is rooftop rainwater harvesting which is considered to be catchment
areas of Mangalayatan University Campus, Aligarh. The campus is situated at the distance of 39 km
from Aligarh city in a large area of about 72 acres with strength of about 2700 students and more than
250 staff. Water is the natural resources which are being always in high demands by students and staff.
If this demand is not met, then it will lead to water scarcity. Therefore, Rain Water Harvesting System
(RWHs) can be considered as a best solution for fighting gains scarcity of water. Moreover owing to
its simple techniques ease of construction and installation and low cost of investment, this technique
again suites for implementation inside. The campus it can meet potable and non potable water demands.
The simple technique tends to increase the greenery in land and around the campus, increasing aesthetic
factor for a proper residential institute to live in. Required data such as catchment areas, rainfall data,
runoff groundwater condition etc. is collected and calculated. Then a recharge pit of suitable capacity
and design is constructed. Optimum location of recharge pit is done using the hydrological analysis
from the available data. The cost of the project is also calculated. In order to conserve the groundwater,
this paper was found cost effective and very useful for recharging the groundwater. It is observed that
this paper will also be a useful and valuable resource to other organizations which are planning to
promote rainwater harvesting to supplement existing water systems and will also raise awareness of the
importance of rainwater harvesting for recharging ground water. The Rain Water Harvesting (RWH)
in Mangalayatan University campus comprises numerous water collection and percolating pits at
different locations. Therefore, keeping in mind all these positive aspects, Rain Water Harvesting
(RWH) is highly recommended for Mangalayatan University, Campus.

Page52

Detrital mineralogy of Talchir Sandstone in and around Nazarpur Village,
Pench valley, Satpura Gondwana basin, Central India: Implications for
Provenance characteristics

Harshit Varshney, Abdullah Khan

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India (202002)

Email:[email protected]

Talchir Formation is the basal most part of Gondwana Supergroup, preserving records of Permo-
Carboniferrous glaciation. This lowermost part of Gondwana Supergroup is comprises of glacio-marine
and glacio-fluvial deposits. The formation unconformably overlies Precambrian basement. Talchir
sandstones of Pench–valley area were studied to investigate the tectonic setting and composition of the
provenance. Fifteen representative samples of sandstones were selected to evaluate the detrital
mineralogy as well as the tectonic setting of the provenance. Sandstones are mainly sub-arkosic to sub-
litharenitic, medium to coarse grained, well sorted to moderately well sorted, sub angular to sub
rounded and comprise mainly of quartz followed by feldspar, rock fragments and mica. Using
Dickinson and Suczek (1985), it has been concluded that provenance is having mixed source
i.e.continental block provenance with stable craton and recycled orogen provenance which comprises
of Precambrian granites, gneiss and metasedimentary rocks lies presently in south of study area.

Page53

Forest characterization and assessment with help of GIS tools in Central
India

Hishmi Jamil Husain

Rio Tinto, 21st Floor, Tower A, Building No. 5, Cyber Terrace, DLF Cyber City, Phase III,
Gurgaon-122 002, Haryana, India

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

In the present work, based on forest density GIS data has been used to identify the stratification of in
the Buxwaha range of Chattarpur Forest Division of Madhya Pradesh, India. Vegetation sampling was
carried out in quadrats of 30m x30m size within these strata and the quantitative data was further
exaggerated to 600m x 600m grid cell. The quantitative vegetation data for each stratum was
summarized to estimate the total vegetation cover and density of study area.

Landsat TM images of bands 3, 2, 1 and 7, 4, 2 along with PAN were used. The standard ‘False Colour
Composite (FCC) was obtained by extracting the bands 4, 3, 2 from appropriate images for analysis of
vegetation data. FCC TM image sharpened with PAN image to get the 5m resolution for TM data. The
georeferencing of PAN sharpened FCC was carried out with the help of open source software Google
Earth. Image subset for study area (10 km radial distance) was obtained on the image with the help of
ArcGIS software. On FCC, unsupervised classification was done which obtained 45 classes at initial
stage. The recoding of the image resulted into Landuse map containing 10 classes. ‘Cultivation map’
and ‘Natural vegetation map’ classes were extracted separately for further data analysis. Natural
vegetation map was with four classes, viz. Highly Dense Vegetation, Fairly Dense Vegetation, Medium
Dense Vegetation and Sparse Vegetation. The other landuse classes were Water, Rocky area, Open
Areas, Cropped land, uncropped cultivable land and Human habitation. The natural vegetation classes
were used to estimate the tree density in the area by using quadrat sampling method.

The overall forest at study site represented as ‘Tropical Dry Deciduous forest’ according to Champion
and Seth forest classification type. The entire forest is dominated with dry deciduous type of trees and
shrubs including the lower storeyed of the forest. The top canopy is invariably open. The Landuse
pattern showed the 11 classes in which natural vegetation was classified into 4 classes, namely, ‘Dense
vegetation’, ‘Fairly Dense vegetation’, ‘Medium Dense vegetation’ and ‘Sparsely Dense vegetation’.
The analysis showed that about 65% area is covered with vegetation. The total landuse type other than
natural vegetation showed that 47% is cultivable uncropped land and 53% is cropped land.

Page54

GIS coupled EPANET model for an optimal rural water supply system

Himanshu Tyagi, Anupriya Goyal

Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India

Email: [email protected]

The ecologically fragile city of Port Blair in India has no perennial rivers and most parts of it have
brackish groundwater. With rapid urbanization and emergence as a popular tourist destination,
protected water supply has become a grave challenge for the town as rainwater collected in reservoirs
and tanks is the only dependable source of water, and consequently water is supplied on alternate days
in monsoon and once in 3 days in summers. Besides, the neighboring countryside has low access to the
piped water. Thus, the present study was undertaken to design a hydraulically efficient and
economically optimum water distribution network for Panchayats of the Port Blair Block.

Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to prepare the landuse and census maps of the area.
The locations and the attributes of the sources of water, treatment plants, pumping stations, demand
sites, etc. were also mapped. Furthermore, an overlay analysis was performed with these layers in a
GIS environment to plot a tentative water supply network for all possible supply-treatment-demand
permutations and combinations using the gradients obtained from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM).
A single-objective minimization problem was also formulated under the constraints of water
availability, treatment capacity and demand to determine the least expensive conveyance network
amongst all water transportation scenarios. Finally, EPANET model was used to hydraulically design
the chosen supply system. Accordingly, recommendations were made to augment the existing
infrastructure, wherever required, to cater to the projected future demands.

Page55

Comparison of application Faults and Fracture Density (FFD) method
using SRTM 90-m, SRTM 30-m and ASTER GDEM 30-m for Geothermal

Exploration: A Case of Ile Ange Prospect

Husin Setia Nugraha1, Asep Muhammad Ishak Shiddiq2, Fitri Agustin3, Mamay
Surmayadi4

1Directorate of Geothermal, DGNREEC, Ministry of Energy Indonesia,
2Geological Engineering Department, Doctoral Program, Padjajaran University, Indonesia,

3Center of Geological Survey, Ministry of Energy Indonesia,
4Center of Volcanology and Geological Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Energy Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

Mostly geo-resources prospect including geothermal prospects depend on the ability of fluid to flow
through the rocks that represent by permeability values. The secondary permeability, that representing
the ability of fluid through faults and its fractures, has more roles than the primary permability in
geothermal prospects. The lineament density calculation, describing faults and fractures existences, so-
called Fault and Fracture Density (FFD) method has been utilized mostly in geothermal exploration
The paper tries to investigate the impact of different spatial resolution (90-m and 30-m) images and
sensor type (radar and optical) images in their application to Fracture and Fault Density (FFD) method.
Ile Ange prospect area is situated at three sub regency Ile Mandiri, Tanjung Bunga and Larantuka of
East Flores Regency of East Nusa Tenggara Province. For objectivity-sake, a computer application is
used to detect lineaments automatically rather than manual interpretation using an R package,
lineaDEM. The package is used to generate lineament maps which then be used to produced FFD maps.
Based on the evaluations of the lineament maps and FFD maps could be concluded that the based on
number of detected lineanments and trends, the higher of spatial resolution the better lineament maps
and FFD maps are produced and ASTER GDEM results better lineament maps and FFD maps than
these of SRTM. In addition, for this research, the FFD method is not success to detect existence of
surface manifestation because most of the manifestations lie on the flank of high lineament density
zones. The FFD is also unsuccessful to discover relationships between lineaments and prospect zones;
Furthermore, the algorithm could be used as an alternative method to design field surveya in the area
with a prior knowledge due to its success to identify segmentations lineament trends.

Page56

Application of GIS techniques to implement groundwater resources
protection policy in Emirate of Dubai, UAE

I. Ahmed, N. Tariq, A. Al Murr Al Muhery

Natural Resources Conservation Section, Environment Department, Dubai Municipality

Emal: [email protected]

Dubai Emirate is a part of United Arab Emirates (UAE) which is constantly facing water scarcity.
Domestic supply is largely met by non conventional water. Groundwater is mainly used for irrigation,
recreational and commercial uses. Very less information was available on groundwater status prior to
this study. The study carried out detailed groundwater quality survey with an objective of identifying
groundwater quality characteristic and correlation with various land-use pattern. Seventy (70)
groundwater samples were collected from each phase corresponding with post rain, dry and pre rain
reasons. The samples were analyzed for 26 physico-chemical parameters including Physico-chemical
(pH, TDS, EC), Chemical (Na, K, Ca, Mg, PO4, NH3-N, NO3, HCO3, Cl, SO4) trace elements (Cd, Cr,
Pb, Mn, Ni, Se, As, Ba, Cu, Fe, Zn) and Biological parameters (E. Coli, Total Coliform).

Groundwater quality of Dubai emirate vary widely from fresh to brackish and even saline towards the
shoreline sabkhas. The analyses confirm groundwater to be highly mineralized due to increased resident
time, rock-water interaction and lack of replenishment due to rainfall. Various plots and statistical
analyses techniques were employed to infer basic characteristic and genesis of groundwater. Chemical
classification of groundwater was done using piper’s trilinear diagram. Piper’s plot classifies
groundwater into predominantly Na-Cl facies type. Gibb’s plot suggested evaporation as a dominant
factor for present chemical state of the groundwater. Various x-y plots suggested that ion-exchange,
reverse ion exchange process drives within groundwater.

GIS techniques were employed to prepare a detailed land-use map for which different categories were
selected based on its potential for the groundwater pollution. High res. SAT imagery (30 cm) has been
used to prepare land-use pattern map. Groundwater quality distribution maps were prepared using Geo-
statistical analyst extension in GIS environment. GIS techniques were also employed to deal with
groundwater management issues like establishing groundwater monitoring network, drawing
groundwater protection boundaries and selection of key areas for awareness campaign etc. The
hydrogeological investigation coupled with GIS technique gives insight and reliable information which
paved the way to implement various government policies for groundwater resources protection.

Page57

Archean granitoids of the Aravalli Craton (NW India) as a probable host Page58
of gold deposits: Relevance of remote sensing in mineral exploration

Iftikhar Ahmad1, M.E.A. Mondal1, M. Satyanarayanan2

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202 002, India
2CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad 500 007, India

Email: [email protected]

The basement complex of the southern Aravalli Craton (NW India), popularly known as the Banded
Gneissic Complex (BGC) is comprised of gneisses, metabasalts, metasedimentary rocks and
undeformed granitoids of Archean ages. The basement gneisses (BGn) having radiometric ages from
Paleoarchean to Paleoproterozoic (3.3-2.44 Ga) are the predominant lithology of the BGC. The BGn is
granitic in composition and based on its geochemical attributes we have delineated it into tonalite-
trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG), sanukitoids and high-K (potassium) granitoids. We infer that the
variation in chemistry of this suite suggest a change in the geodynamic condition in the Aravalli Craton
during Archean and Archean-Proterozoic transition (APT).

Sanukitoids, a component of the BGn, is a special type of granitoid classified on the basis of its chemical
signature. It has high contents of mantle-compatible elements concomitant with high contents of
crustal-compatible elements. Archean cratons witnessed sanukitoid formation across the APT with
peak magmatism during Neoarchean (ca. 2.7 Ga). Importantly, most major hydrothermal gold deposits
of the world are also of the same age and occur, temporally and spatially, associated with sanukitoids
(e.g. Teloveis gold deposits of the Baltic Shield, Golden Pride deposits of Tanzania, Hemlo gold deposit
of the Superior Province, Canada, and Pampalo gold deposit of Finland, etc.). Further, sanukitoids are
considered as a precursor which provided mineralizing fluids for the formation of the associated gold
deposits. Therefore, presence of sanukitoids in an Archean craton is generally regarded as a potential
indicator of Neoarchean hydrothermal gold deposits. In this backdrop, delineating and studying
Neoarchean sanukitoids offers information not only on the geodynamic condition but also on the role
of hydrothermal fluids that produced the associated gold deposits.

The presence of granitoids with sanukitoid affinities within the Archean basement complex (BGC) of
the Aravalli Craton could be a potential indicator for the presence of hydrothermally mineralized gold
deposits. These sanukitoids from the southern Aravalli Craton have largely remained unattended and
unexploited largely due to the paucity of geochemical data. Consequently, the economic potential of
the Archean Aravalli basement granitoids at large and the sanukitoids in particular have remained
untapped, hitherto.

With advancements in the remote sensing (RS) techniques, its applications have grown manifold
including the fields of mineral and oil exploration. An important RS technique referred to as
“hyperspectral imaging/mapping” is even capable of identifying minerals, rock formations, vegetation,
soil and water quality based on their unique spectral signatures. Taking into account our preliminary
findings and the capabilities of RS techniques, we suggest, that a comprehensive hyperspectral mapping
of the area may be carried out for mineral (especially gold) exploration and prospecting. Because the

gneissic outcrops in the Aravalli Craton are scattered and surrounded by younger supracrustals, the
hyperspectral mapping of the area can even explore the virtually inaccessible locations/terrains. Like
other Archean greenstone belts, if gold deposits are found associated with the sanukitoids in the Aravalli
Craton, it will have a direct impact on the socio-economic development of the region and the nation as
a whole.

Page59

Geotechnical characterization of soil along Atrauli-Aligarh Bypass Road,
Aligarh

Ilma Arshad, M.E.A. Mondal

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email:[email protected]

Geotechnical investigation is one of the mosteffective means of detecting and solving pre, syn and post
constructional problems. Subsidence of roads and pavements along road sections are common problem
rose due to inadequate geotechnical properties of subsurface soil. For socio-economic growth and
sustainable development of construction projects proper geotechnical assessment of subsurface soil is
of major concern among engineers, constructors, administration and planners. In any civil engineering
construction project on unconsolidated ground, grain size distribution analysis of constituent soil
particles, specific gravity and Atterberg limits play significant role in geotechnical evaluation. Present
study has been conducted to classify subsurface soil along Atrauli-Aligarh bypass road. Field survey
has been conducted and two sets of samples from three discrete locations have been collected to
evaluate the geotechnical properties of prevailing subsurface soil. Consequently soil has been classified
for roadway purpose. Grading parameters viz. uniformity coefficient (Cu) and coefficient of curvature
(Cc) calculated from grading curves range from 5.28-11.23 and 0.1-0.02 respectively. Liquid limit and
plastic limit range from 20.96-23.77 and 18.60-22.23 respectively. Specific gravity ranges from 2.64-
2.67 indicating that soil is sandy in nature with little amount of fines as clay and silt. Accordingly
Unified soil classification system has been employed to categorize the soil which revealed that soil is
poorly graded silty sand with some amount of fines indicating that the soil is fair to good for
construction of road. This obtained geotechnical information will serve as a base-line while undertaking
any construction project in the studied area in future.

Page60

Coastal Vulnerability Assessment for Odisha Coast Using GIS Platform

Imran, M.1, Zuhair, M.2

1 Center for Oceans Rivers Atmosphere and Land Science, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur,
721 302, India

2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721 302, India

Email: [email protected]

The coastal region of Odisha that is covering almost 480 km, extending NE-SW direction has
encountered the natural hazards like Tsunami and Cyclone in recent years, which have a potential to
damage human lives and infrastructures. For assessing the vulnerability of the Odisha coast, the
researchers have used various parameters like shoreline change rate, sea level rise, coastal slope,
significant wave height, tidal range, coastal regional elevation, coastal geomorphology, tsunami run-up
height in a few recent studies. In the present study, nine relative hazard parameters are considered to
assess the vulnerability of the Odisha coast including a new parameter, i.e. storm surge due to cyclone
using Analytical-Hierarchy-Process (AHP) in GIS Platform. It is found thatmajor Odisha coastal part
falls in medium vulnerable class whereas some regions like northern Puri, central part of Ganjam,
almost entire Jagatsinghpur and northern Bhadrak come under highly vulnerable zones. Our study also
demonstrates the effectiveness of remote sensing data, numerical modelling of tsunami, and GIS tool
for coastal vulnerability studies. The generated coastal vulnerability maps using GIS techniques serve
as a broad indicator of threats to the living community in these coastal zones. The present study may
be useful to characterize the risk associated with coastal hazards and can be effectively used by coastal
managers and administrators for better planning to mitigate the losses due to hazards as well as for
prioritization of areas for evacuation during natural hazards.

Page61

Investigation of the tectonic tilting present in the Ramganga river basin,
Eastern Kumaon Himalaya using geomorphic indices derived from Digital

Elevation Models

Indu Sharma

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

The Landscape features of study area are thought to be controlled by the South-West Monsoon, and
orographic precipitation, owing their origin to a combination of tectonic and climatic forces. Tectonic
forces displace the land, changing the elevation locally as well as on a regional scale, affecting the
altitude dependent surface processes, which in turn shape the landscape. Tectonic and geomorphic
processes are therefore intimately interrelated. Quantitative assessment of landscape features has
traditionally been based on calculation of geomorphic indices using elevation data derived from
topographic maps, aerial photographs and field work. In recent years ASTER derived digital elevation
data and advances in GIS technologies have been extensively used to determine the morphometric
properties of tectonically active regions. The results of several indices of active tectonics such as
Hypsometric integral by Strahler (1952), Asymmetry Factor by Cox (1994), Stream length-gradient
index developed by Hack (1973), Mountain front sinuosity developed by Bull and Mc Fadden (1977),
Ratio of valley floor width to valley height have been used to highlight the relative degree of tectonic
activity present in the Ramganga river basin at sub basin level. The objective of this paper is to develop
a remotely sensed approach in investigation of active tectonics and tectonic tilting present in the
Ramganga river basin in Eastern Kumaon Himalayas. Results of these indices suggest that although
whole Ramganga basin is tectonically active but North- East part of the basin is more active and tectonic
tilting is present in South-West direction.

Page62

Thrust wedge kinematics during late stage sedimentation: Insights from
sandbox models

Mohammad Irfan Ahmad

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
E-mail: [email protected]

Sandbox experiments have been carried out to understand interaction between shortening and
sedimentation during late stages of deformation. The analogue models consisted of sand layers with a
single and multiple low friction microbeads layer within the sandpack, sieved over the detachment. The
models demonstrate the overlying sediment load exerted a major role on kinematic of developing
structures and modified the displacement pattern along the fault. In the models, thrusts were observed
to steepen with depth, resulting in negative listric geometry. Fault analysis of the models at different
stages of deformation in both experiments show the magnitude of fault slip varied along imbricate
thrusts due to fault dip variation in the listric geometry. Maximum horizontal displacement took place
in the up-dip segment (near the surface) of the fault where the dip was minimum and favorable for
thrust displacement. Whereas, the horizontal displacement was minimum in the down-dip segment
(towards basal detachment) where fault dip was maximum.

Cumulative fault slip was more and fault dip angle was less in the up dip segment in the model with
syn-tectonic sedimentation as compared to the model without sedimentation.

These results suggest that lower the fault dip, greater the slip and vice versa. An inverse relationship
appears to exist between fault dip and related fault slip in the models. The results of analogue modelling
suggest that frictional detachment and overlying sediments load exerted a major role on kinematic and
geometry of developing structures especially during late stages of deformation.

As a consequence, the studies reveal that besides the high basal friction and syntectonic sedimentation,
presence of multiple decollement layers within the sand pack also control the geometry of fold and
thrust belts.

Page63

Multi-criteria evaluation for Landslide Hazard Zonation by integrating
remote sensing, GIS and field data in North Kashmir Himalayas

Irshad, A.1, Shahnawaz, A.2, Waseem, A.1 Ahmed, P1, Kanth, T.A.1

1Department of Geography University of Kashmir Srinagar-190006, India
2Department of Geography Govt. Degree College Ganderbal, Kashmir, India

Email: [email protected]

Landslides are one of the major natural hazards that are experienced in hilly terrains all over the world
and Himalayas are no exception to this. Though primarily attributed to natural causes, landslides are
increasing in frequency and magnitude due to anthropogenic disturbances. This has resulted into
enormous damage to both life and property. Hence, identification of landslide prone areas is essential
for safer strategic planning of future developmental activities. A landslide hazard zonation (LHZ) map
is generated by multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) of the responsible factors. Six factors (Slope, Drainage,
Land use, Lithology, Soil and Aspect) are weighted on the basis of their relative contribution to the
occurrence of landslides. These weights are normalized such that the sum of normalized weights is
equal to unity. The study area is divided into five LHZ’s based on the deciles of the normalized weights.
The results reveal that 40% of the area falls under high LHZ which needs immediate engineering and
agronomic measures. The MCE model presented in this study could be utilized for other mountainous
regions in general and Himalayas in particular.

Page64

GIS modeling method and flood management to assess flood-hazard areas
during 2014 flood in Jammu and Kashmir - A case study of Srinagar City

Ishfaq Hussain Malik

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

The scientific research and public policy debates show that increasing floods and climate change are
tied to human settlement patterns and activities. Losses from environmental hazards have escalated in
the past decade, prompting a reorientation of emergency management systems away from simple
postevent response. We live in the age of global environmental crisis where global warming,
environmental pollution, disasters like floods are day to day manifestation of the environmental crisis,
a crisis of such enormity that the web of life of the entire planet is at risk of fundamental degradation
and with it human civilisation itself. In 2014, Jammu and Kashmir witnessed a devastating flood that
caused socio-economic and environmental problems throughout the state. It caused the death of almost
300 people. About 2550 villages were affected and about 1 lakh people were evacuated and kept in
relief camps for several days .The worst hit was the Srinagar city, which is the summer capital of J&K,
a primate city which constitutes around two-third of the state’s urban population. In Srinagar, most of
the city areas were submerged under water of river Jhelum.The environment was severely affected
which resulted in to soil erosion, deforestation, silting of Jhelum river and its tributaries, breaching of
bunds, and wetland erosion. With the application of GIS Modelling, my paper analyses the flood-hazard
areas and identifies the areas and settlements at high risk of flooding during 2014 flood. My paper
analyses a reliable flood management plan for Srinagar city as it consists of two components: (a)a
proper flood management strategy, and (b) the determination of the flood-hazard areas. GIS modelling
has also been used in this paper for information regarding disaster risk reduction in future.

Page65

Geotechnical appraisal of road cut slopes of the Lesser Himalaya along
National Highway-58, Garhwal, India

Ismail Samiullah Hamidullah1, M.E.A. Mondal1, T. Siddique1,2

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India
2Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247 667, India

Email: [email protected]

In mountainous terrains like Himalayas, roadways and railways network significantly promotes
transportation activities in remote areas and strengthen all kinds of socio-economic activities. Slope
instability of road cut slopes in the Himalayan region is of great concern. Many large and small scale
slope failures along national highway-58 had frequently caused severe devastations. Temporal
distribution of landslides in the region shows that mass movement phenomena are much frequent in the
region during and after rainfall. However, many extensive rainfall events posed extremely disastrous
conditions. One such recent event had occurred in Kedarnath valley during June 2013. Intense flash
floods and consequently large scale landslides in the region caused immense loss of lives and ample
destruction to property. For sustainable development of the region, vulnerable sections should be
identified and detailed stability evaluation should be performed routinely to attain safer design and
swift economic growth of the region. Road cut sections along NH-58 are continuously facing the
problems of slope failure, landslides and rock falls. In present study, vulnerable zones along NH-58,
near Garhwal have been marked using satellite imageries and subsequently field investigations have
been carried out to evaluate stability of cut slopes. Rock mass classification techniques viz. Rock Mass
Rating (RMR) and Slope Mass Rating (SMR) have been employed to identify stability grades.
Kinematic analysis has been used to identify different structurally controlled failures in the jointed rock
mass. Most of the studied slopes are falling under unstable to completely unstable class. Obtained
results are quite identical to the prevailing field conditions. These slopes need immediate treatment of
slopes to avoid any mishap due to slope failures.

Page66

Changes in Land Use and Land Cover Patterns of Eastern Ghats Regions
of Orissa due to mining activities

Jalisha Usman T.K.

Institute if Quantitative and Theorotical Biology, Heinerich Hein University Dusseldorf, Germany

Email: [email protected]

Eastern Ghats regions of Orissa are now suffering because of the increased risk of change in land cover
and land use, which disturbs the entire ecosystem balance of this ecologically sensitive region. Human
activities, particularly mining ,which involves the extraction of the minerals from the earth’s crust,
industrialization, urbanization, and modernization etc. tends to produce several notable impacts on the
environment, landscape, and biological communities. Here I am giving much importance to the mining
because; Mining is the only long- term land use without any reclamation. The Eastern Ghats is known
for its richest abundance of natural resources, both in terms of reserve and production with lust tropical
forest. From the International map of vegetation type prepared by the French Institute of Pondicherry
at 1960 on a scale 1:50000, a classification table was generated based on the different types of land
cover and land use patterns and distribution in Eastern Ghats regions of Orissa. The land use and land
cover map prepared from P6 LISS-III satellite data of 2005 (spatial resolution 23.5 m) by an on-screen
visual interpretation technique, was also classified based on the ’new vegetation type map of India
prepared using satellite remote sensing’ created by P S Roy and team (Roy et al., 2015a). Both the
classification tables were compared and made a new classification, which perfectly includes all the
classes. Then the area under similar classes was estimated for accounting the LULC changes from 1960
to 2005. By overlaying the mining map prepared from P6 LISS-III satellite data of 2005, on the above
two maps a detailed analysis was performed on the basis of the influence of mining and related activities
on the vegetation from 1960 to 2005. By selecting some particular regions were having a high alteration
in vegetation type as well as land use and land cover, an investigation was carried out to verify the
impacts of mining, population concentration, and climate variation. The IMD data of decadal mean
rainfall and maximum and minimum temperature from 1960 to 2005 were over lied on these selected
regions for analyzing the weather, land cover and land use changes have any relation to climate change.
Finally, using the population data of Indian statistical department, the population growth and
urbanization in nearby regions of mines and mineral industries were estimated. The changes in land
cover, overall degradation of native vegetation and their causes are highlighted.

Page67

Active tectonics of Ahar watershed in the Central part of Udaipur block,
Rajasthan: an appraisal

Javed Ikbal1, Syed Ahmad Ali1, Umair Ali2, Hamdi Aldharab1

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
2Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India

Email: [email protected]

Ahar watershed is located in southern part of Aravalli range. In the region, many lineaments and faults
show their presence. The main Ahar river passes through in this region and as the drainage network and
geomorphic expression is very much influenced by tectonic activity, so morphotectonic study of Ahar
watershed is important to assessment the tectonic activity. Geomorphic indices such as stream-length
gradient index (SL), asymmetry factor (Af), basin shape (Bs), valley-floor width to valley height ratio
(Vf), mountain front sinuosity (Smf), hypsometric integral (Hi), hypsometric curve, and transverse
topographic symmetry factor (T) in GIS environment are applied to assess relative tectonic behaviour.
Result of these tectonic parameters of each sub-watersheds are used to divide area from low to high
relative tectonic activity classes expressed as relative active tectonic index (Iat). In the present area no
work was carried out using geomorphic indices particularly using present method of computation of
relative active tectonic index. Thus, the result of applied geomorphic indices of active tectonic
highlights that the NW part has faced more tectonic activity relative to other areas. Field validation
associated with evidences highlighted by using geomorphic indices as well as stream deflections
revealed that the western part with rugged topography showed more relative tectonic activity than the
eastern part.

Page68

Geochemistry of Phosphate Nodule Pathways and processes: A case study Page69
of Permo-Carboniferous Spiti region, Tethys Himalaya, India

Javid A. Ganai1, Shaik A. Rashid2

1Department of Earth Sciences University of Kashmir, J&K -90006, India
2Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202002, India

The black shale-hosted silica-bearing phosphatic nodules from the Permo-Carboniferous Po Formation
of the Kanawar Group, Tethys Himalaya are mostly rounded, oval or elliptical in shape. They range in
size from few cm to 1.5 m. All the nodules are characterized by low to very low Na2O concentrations
(0.5% to 0.8%) whereas P2O5 and SiO2 contents vary from 0.6 to 5.5wt.% and 64 to 75wt.%,
respectively. The CaO concentration is 7.5 wt. %. The strong correlation between P2O5 and CaO implies
mineral association in the form of apatite. The PAAS (Post Archean Shale from Australia) normalized
REE distribution patterns of the nodules show a relative enrichment in Middle Rare Earth Elements
(MREE: Sm–Ho) with a LaN/GdN ratio of about 0.14 and positive Cerium anomaly (Ce/Ce*= 1.27-
1.98).The main characteristics that distinguish the nodules from the surrounding black shales are Y, Sr
and REE-enrichments (particularly MREE enrichment with a "hat-shaped" pattern) with high P2O5
contents, and subtle positive Ce-anomalies. According to Peppier and Weir (2008), these relationships
result from the fact that the early diagenetic conditions favouring P-mineralization. These elements are
linked to the apatite and are located within the lattice or absorbed on to the crystal surfaces. Several
interpretations have been proposed to explain this "hat-shaped" pattern. Many authors have related
MREE scavenging during either post-depositional alteration or early diagenesis (Cruse et al.,
2000; Shields and Stille, 2001; Kidder et al., 2003; Kametaka et al., 2005). According to Curse
et al. (2000) the relationship between REE in authigenic phosphate nodules and black shales are
complex. They suggest that phosphate diagenesis and the formation of nodules causes the preferential
migration of MREE from pore waters in organic rich shales to authigenic phosphate nodules during
early diagenesis. Our results suggest that the MREE migration is the result of preferential uptake of
MREE from pore waters due to co-precipitation with apatite. In addition, the Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM) results, supplemented by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies of the nodules, show the
dominance of calcium, silica and phosphatic phases. The diversity of clay minerals and the presence of
significant variations in mineralogical composition and lack of any continuous vertical trend in the
nodules suggest a relatively low impact on the primary environmental signal by burial diagenesis.

According to Debard et al. (2012) phosphogenesis and silicification are distinct processes occurring at
different periods during diagenesis. The two main stages are the transition in the suboxic zone with
the beginning of phosphogenesis, and the transition in the anoxic zone with the end of
phosphogenesis. His model allows giving explanation of development of phosphatic concretions with
a mixed Si–P composition by two distinct diagenetic processes, first phosphogenesis and then
silicification. Thus the rapid transition in the anoxic zone and the scarcity of siliceous bioclasts led to
the genesis of concretions with low phosphate (P2O5>5%) and biogenic silica (indicated by low
SiO2/Al2O3) contents in the present case.

Assessment of groundwater quality using GIS in an alluvial aquifer in
parts of Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh

Jawed Akhtar Ansari, Arina Khan, Rashid Umar

Department of Geology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

A study has been carried out to assess the groundwater quality in parts of Sai-Loni interfluve region of
Central Ganga Plain in Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh. For this purpose total 68 groundwater samples
were collected from pre- and post- monsoon season corresponding to June and November, 2013 and
analyzed for all physico-chemical parameters viz. Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, HCO3, SO4, NO3 and F. The
geographic information system (GIS)-based groundwater quality index (GQI) with multiple variables
water quality parameters such as TDS, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, SO4 and NO3 are used to generate the index.
By using this data, the map components were plotted by Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW)
geostatistical method in ArcGIS software. In order to assess the overall ground quality in the study area,
the parameters must be indexed numerically relative to the World Health Organization (WHO)
standards.The high index values close to 100 reflect good water quality and index values far below 100
(close to 1) indicate poor water quality. The GQI values range from 83.67 to 93.21 and 82.14 to 93.24
during pre- and post-monsoon season respectively and these values suggest moderate to good water
quality. The GQI map during both season show low values in the southern part corresponding to
relatively less good groundwater quality. In general quality in certain location is found unsatisfactory
for drinking purposes without any prior treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt proper measures
to control the deterioration of groundwater quality periodically by groundwater quality monitoring,
preventing untreated sewage and industrial effluents from entering groundwater.

Page70

Delineation of metropolitan region using weighted overlay index GIS tool:
Case study of Pune Metroplitan region

Jaysing Jadhav1, Akshata Karpe2

1Department of Urban and Regional Planning, College of Engineering Pune (COEP), Pune-411005,
India

2 Department of Environmental Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi (SPA-D), New
Delhi-110002, India

Email: [email protected]

In the era of rapid urbanization urban centers are showing unorganized sprawl with extraordinary
growth rate in last few decades. The metropolitan regions are the most vibrant places where boundaries
of the settlements changing rapidly. In order to properly plan this rapidly growing vibrant Cities and
Metropolitan regions defining their boundaries is very crucial in nature. Inter and intra regional factors
must be understood for better planning and achieving development instead of growth.

Defining a distinct boundary of any region is challenging task. The scale of region may vary from a
small town to large metropolitan region or beyond this scale. The clear-cut spatial boundaries are very
helpful in planning and policy development. From administrative and political point of view boundaries
of their region is very important factor right from resource allocation to special consideration in policy
framework. The region can be defined using scientific and statistical models with due consideration of
formal and functional parameters with consideration of many interrelated parameters such as political,
social, economic, etc.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is very helpful to develop such scientific and statistical models
using spatial data and analytical tools. This paper will present model development for defining
metropolitan region boundary and help to analyse suitable areas for future development using GIS
weighted overlay index tool. The paper help to understand theoretical and technical process of boundary
delineation with case study of Pune Metropolitan Region.

Page71

Lithofacies and detrital mineral composition of Sawa Sandstones
Formation, in and around Sawa Village, Lower Vindhyan, southeastern

Rajasthan, India

Jyoti Mathur, Abdullah Khan

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002

Email: [email protected]

The Meso-Neoproterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup is considered as one of the largest and thickest
Proterozoic sedimentary basins of the world. Sawa Sandstones Formation belongs to the Lower
Vindhyan Supergroup. Six lithofacies are observed and identified in Sawa Formation namely: i) Clast-
supported conglomerate: ii): Diamictite and Matrix- supported Conglomerate iii): Matrix- supported
conglomerate; ; iv) : Pebbly cross-bedded Sandstone; v) : Massive Sandstone and vi) : Laminated shale
Facies. Sedimentary attributes of these facies indicate that the sediments were deposited under point-
sourced alluvial fan braided stream leading to shoreline environments. The Sawa Sandstones are mainly
quartzarenite which are predominantly medium to coarse grained, moderately well sorted to well sorted.
The detrital mineral composition of Sawa Sandstones comprises of several varieties of quartz, feldspar,
rock fragments and mica.

Page72

Petrographical studies of Bakhalag-Didu phosphorite in district Solan of
Himachal Pradesh, India

K.F. Khan, Mohd Shuaib, Samsuddin Khan

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh, India

Email: [email protected]

Phosphorite deposit of Bakhalag- Didu area of District Solan of Himachal Pradesh belongs to rocks of
Subathu formation (Palaeocene- Eocene). The deposit of phosphorite is enclosed in shale in the form
nodules. The phosphatic nodules are sporadically distributed in the rusty brown shale, clayey at places,
and in carbonaceous rock. These nodules are black in colour, hard and cherty in nature. Most of them
are traversed by siliceous veins and number of veins increases toward the core of the nodules The
diameter of nodules vary from a few centimetres to about 22 cm. The nodules break into smaller
fragments of various sizes with sub-conchoidal fracture, along irregular fracture planes. The broken
surfaces at places give the glazed appearance and show peacock blue and green colours. The fractures
vary in width from a fraction of a millimetre to a few millimetres and are filled with siliceous material.

Petrographical studies of phosphorite samples using the petrological microscope and X-ray
diffractometry reveal that apatite- (CaF) and apatite-(CaOH) as essential phosphatic minerals which are
typically shaded of dark brown in plane polarised light and black in crossed nicols. Because of its dark
colour, nodules are composed predominantly of organic rich clay. They contain a variety of silt size
particles such as silica, bioclast and mica crystals. Silica and calcite veins form a network replacing
original phosphatic material. Silt size peloids and ooids are also most common in these nodules. The
bone and shell fragments are partially or wholly phosphatised. Pyritised and phosphatised marine
micro-organism are also observed. These indicate a probable biochemical mode of origin.

Page73

Monitoring vegetation and land surface temperature dynamic within and
adjacent to protected areas of Similipal Biosphere Reserve

Kamalakanta Mohanta

Department of Remote Sensing and G.I.S North Orissa University, Odisha India

Email: [email protected]

The challenges of managing natural resources of protected areas not only comes from the inside of the
protected boundaries, but also from the surrounding areas because most protected area are open systems
that face threats from adjacent territories. In this context, remote sensing and GIS techniques are used
to study the effectiveness of the buffer boundary in preventing the forest disturbances in Similipal
Biosphere Reserve of Orissa. This study extracted land cover information using unsupervised, and
stratified classifications, as well as vegetation index comparison using time series Landsat and LISS IV
images of Resourcesat-I. Upon completion of the land cover classifications spatial buffers 5-km were
applied to the transition boundary of the biosphere reserve to reveal the spatial pattern and magnitude
of land cover changes. Upon finishing the classification, the post-classification comparison approach
was employed to obtain the information on change in vegetation density in terms of NDVI in the forest
cover of SBR. Comparative analysis for selected subset area could help understand the response of
different land cover types or ecosystems on the landscape. Spatio-temporal analysis was also carried
out to study the dynamics in vegetation and land surface temperature followed by correlation analysis.
The results demonstrate how the land immediately adjacent to this huge protected linear area has
changed in the past three decades. Data analysis for individual segments reveals where the change had
occurred and trends of change. Monitoring land cover changes will guide decision-making for resource
management of these protected lands. Many linear protected areas such as river-based parks, roadways,
habitat corridors, or other trails could face the same challenges and remote sensing data and approaches
will be among the key steps to develop the baseline data for effective management.

Page74

Change study of Land Use in Central High Atlas using Remote Sensing
and GIS: A case of Watershed Oued Ourous

Khanniba A., A. Benali, F. Elwahidi

Laboratory of geomorphology and Environment, Department of Geography, Faculty of Letters and
Humanities, University Cadi Ayyad- Marrakech, Morocco

Email: [email protected]

It has become very significant to provide a better understanding of the dynamics of change of land use
and its relationship to the Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems which are experiencing an increasing
degradation due to several natural factors (climate aggressiveness, terrain ...) and anthropogenic
(deforestation, extension of agriculture ...). In addition, the accelerated development of the land has a
great influence on the mobilization and availability of natural resources. This study was conducted in
the watershed of Oued Ourous, upstream part of the Oued Tessaout Basin Dam Moulay Youssef in
order to monitor the change in land use that has been implemented from the interpretation of Landsat
satellite images (1987 - 2014) and auxiliary data like maps of settlement patterns of forest management
from 1994 to 2003 and the observations of the land. The development of the occupation cards were
classified by a supervised implementation from a training sample and validation of 120 points. Then
we made a "Wall to Wall" comparison to identify the changing dynamics, stable areas or sluggish. The
estimated change rates show that the little open forest annually loses 1.34% (3.87 ha) and the little open
scrub on it annually loses 0.65% (10.26 ha). These lands when it has been colonized by these two
formations they were transformed by a degradation process in favor of very open matorrals which their
area is growing by 5.2% annually (28 ha / year). In conclusion the watershed of Oued Ourous is
experiencing active dynamics of forest degradation due to various anthropogenic factors of over-use of
very limited resources in the area. These results provide to Oued Ourous territory a diagnostic base to
identify and understand the interactions between drivers of change and guide the development efforts
of the watershed.

Page75

Operational mapping of Antarctic vegetation using very high resolution
satellite data: A case study of Schirmacher oasis and environ

Karan Mishra1,2, Shridhar D. Jawak2

1Department of Earth Sciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal M.P.
2National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research, Earth System Science Organisation, Ministry of

Earth Science (Govt. of India), Headland Sada, Goa

An observable effect in the global warming is the transition in the phenological cycle in ecosystem. It
is significant to examine and monitor changes in the vegetation, especially in the cryospheric region
because of its sensitive reflectance in the climate change. Due to inaccessibility of cryospheric regions,
the satellite image and the aerial images collected from drones plays a vital role in providing details of
the land feature. The study area, the Schirmacher oasis is a high polar rock desert and wide ice-free
plateau which is 25km long and 3km wide located in the Schirmacher hills on the Princess Astrid Coast
of Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica with a mean sea level of 100m and the vegetation here is
cryptogamic comprising lichens, mosses, fungi, and algae. Cryospheric vegetation classification and
feature extraction methods are being widely used for the study and mapping of vegetation covers using
high resolution World-View-2 (WV-2) multispectral 8-bands satellite data sets. WV-2 provides diverse
combinations of the specific spectral band for the extraction of information from the pan-sharpened
data. Comparing Target detection and Tercat methods, Tercat method attains a significant result in the
extraction of vegetation in the Schirmacher Oasis by when comparing with the reference datasets.
Satellite data with high temporal resolution of 1.1 day have been used for tracking changes in vegetation.
Remote sensing gives the traditional and advanced method for the classification of the vegetation by
mapping in remote areas on global, regional, and local extents. Extensive vegetation surveys allow the
combination of floristically defined plants communities with satellite data in order to map spatial
distribution of vegetation. This study also detected the suitable method viable to do an intensified
classification in the Cryospheric vegetation using the target detection wizard, a pixel based approach
of classification. This study attests the efficacy of the new add on bands with the traditional bands in
WV-2 by highly accurate intensified classification.

Page76

Quantitative drainage basin morphometry analysis of 3rd order
watersheds using Geographical Information System (GIS)

Karung Boboy Kom1, R.A.S. Kushwaha1, M.Okendro2

1Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University, Imphal, 795003, India
2Department of Geology, Imphal College, Imphal, 795001, India

Email: [email protected]

This study aimed at quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters of Sekmai basin 3rd order
watersheds using Geographic Information System (GIS) and DEM data. The Sekmai basin covers an
area of 380.32 Km2 and Geographical Information System (GIS) data was used in evaluation of linear,
areal and relief aspects of morphometric parameters. The lower order streams are mostly dominating
the basin. The mean bifurcation ratio of the 3rd order watersheds (Sekmai basin) is 3.42 which indicate
that the drainage pattern is influenced marginally by geological structures. Length of overland flow
indicates that in majority of watershed have moderate flow- paths, with ground slope, reflecting the
areas associated with more run-offs and less infiltration. High drainage density leads fine drainage
texture is the results of weak or impermeable sub-surface material, sparse vegetation and mountainous
relief. The Elongation ratio is 0.61, suggested that the present basin is elongated. The river Sekmai is
of 6th order and characterized by the presence of dendritic, parallel to sub parallel, rectangular, trellis,
suggesting structural controlled for the development of these drainage network. The results of this study
provide information on drainage morphometry that can help better understand the watershed
characteristics and serve as a basis for improved planning, management, and decision making to ensure
sustainable use of watershed resources.

Page77

Targeting the Hydro Potential Areas of Sangrur, Punjab with Aid of GIS
and Remote Sensing.

K.A.Parray1, K.P.Singh2, and Humaira1

1S.P.College Srinagar, 2Panjab University Chandigarh

It is a matter of concern that almost all the major aquifer systems of the world are heavily stressed due
to over exploitation by ever increasing needs of unceasing human population. The Indo-Gangetic
plains occupying fore deep Himalayan trough and one of the largest aquifer is experiencing same tryst.
The North western region of India including Punjab and adjoining states enjoy the status of food basket
of India but this coveted title comes with a price of ever increasing decline in groundwater levels. The
aquifers are under serious stress as water is withdrawn from historical storages; this unabated precedent
shall give rise to many ecological problems leaving flora and fauna at risk of starvation. In addition to
it climate changes would double the impact on already fragile eco system. The economy of the region
dominantly rests on agriculture related activities and would lead to cataclysm if timely interventions
are not carried by the stake holders at local and regional level. The technology interventions can reverse
the effect and tools like GIS and remote sensing have played a vital role globally in addressing such
problems. The technologies blended with traditional wisdom can pave way to sustainable development
of such a precious resource which has been rightly termed as elixir of life.

The current study attempts to study the region in a holistic manner by using tools of GIS and remote
sensing. It also helps us to understand the impact of neo-tectonic movements on the aquifer systems
which has led to the change in river course patterns. The precise and accurate synoptic viewing of
landforms makes it easy to provide timely solutions. Acquisition of digital images of area can assist us
in formulating a strategy based on historical changes in the landform development and future forecast
modeling of the area. The imageries have revealed huge number of palaeochannel systems which will
certainly help in targeting aquifer rich in quality water but also help us in determining artificial recharge
zones due to natural low lying gradient.

Page78

Landscape dynamics and pattern changes in Karisil Watershed of Karauli
district, Eastern Rajasthan using multi temporal remote sensing images

Khush Navi

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email:[email protected]

Improper land-use result in land degradation and decline in agricultural productivity. In order
to get maximum benefits out of land, proper utilization of its resources is ineludible.The
present study was aimed to identify land cover changes in the study area during a period of 24
years (1989-2013) and to determine the direction and extent,where changes occurred. The
study made use of Landsat-5 MSS, TM and Resourcesat-2 LISS- III Satellite images of
1989,1998,2005 and 2013 to determine the extent and pattern of rangeland changes. Result of
the landuse-landcover changes revealed that grassland and cultivated land decreased
significantly at fast rate of 1.74 km2/year. But, uncultivated land and open shrub land,dense
shrub land ,dense bush land,open bush land increased at a rate of 1.01km2/year.The
consequence of this high risk of water scarcity in this area increased significnatly at fast rate.

Page79

Causes of water pollution and its effects: Remote Sensing and GIS
approach

Kumar Amit, Pratibha Singh

Department of Geography, D.A.V. College, Kanpur (UP), India

Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]

The importance of water for sustenance of life cannot be overemphasized. Whether it is in use of
running water in our homes, rearing cattle and growing crops in our farms, or the increased uses in
industry, remain immeasurable. It is important therefore, to not that depletion of this commodity either
through contamination, or careless use results in serious consequences. Human activities including
industrialization and agricultural practices contributed immensely in no small measure to the
degradation and pollution of the environment which adversely has an effect on the water bodies (rivers
and ocean) that is a necessity for life. This paper tries to discuss basically what water pollution is and
equally to address the source, effect control and water pollution management as a whole. Remote
sensing study through IRS 1D LISS III, satellite imagery and SRTM data. The above details gathered
from government and NGOs, the study objectives came into a final target that the urbanization and
industrialization preferably the main reason for the water pollution in the environment. Some
recommendations such as introduction of environmental education are mentioned.

Page80

An overview on geodynamic evolution of Indian Shield: a geochemical
approach

Lata Udsaiya, M.E.A.Mondal

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

Indian shield is an ensemble of four cratons viz: Aravalli, Bundelkhand, Dharwar and
Singhbhum cratons which host plutonic rocks of Precambrian age (3.6 to 2.5 Ga). The plutonic
rocks are mainly granitoid suites comprising tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG),
sanukitoid and high K-granitoid. TTG is characterized by high content of silica (>70 wt%)
with high Na2O (>3 - <7 wt%) and low K2O/Na2O ratio with low MgO, K2O, Ni and Cr.
Sanukitoids are characterized by low abundance of SiO2 (< 60 wt%) coupled with higher MgO
(> 6 wt%), K2O, LREE, Ni, Cr, Sr and Ba whereas High K- granitoid is characterized by high
K2O, SiO2 and low Na2O, MgO, Ni, Cr and high (La/Sm)N and (La/Yb)N ratios. The
geochemical composition of these granitoids suggests the role of subduction tectonism in their
generation. The intercraton comparision of these constituents of the cratons reveal that there
are subtle but significant differences in the geochemistry of granitoids. For example, TTG and
High K- granitoid of Dharwar craton possess highest (La/Yb)N ratios compared to Aravalli
and Bundelkhand cratons. The granitoids of Aravalli craton show highest sink at Eu in the
chondrite normalized REE profile in comparision to Dharwar craton except TTG which shows
highest sink in Dharwar craton. Furthermore among these granitoids, negative Ti and Nb
anomaly are highest in Bundelkhand craton followed by Dharwar and then Aravalli craton.
Although all these granitoid suites formed in the same subduction environment, but their
geochemical differences suggest that individual craton evolve through some different
geodynamic conditions than the others. Key words: TTG, sanukitoid, high K-granitoid,
evolution, geochemistry.

Page81

Granite landforms of Kyrdem pluton, Meghalaya Plateau, Northeast India

L. Lemba Singh1*, S. Kavita Devi1, H. Thomas2

1Department of Geology, Mizoram University, Mizoram, 796004,
2 Dr.H.S.G University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India

*E-mail: [email protected]

The early Ordovician Kyrdem pluton is one of the many igneous bodies within the Shillong Group of
metasediments and the Precambrian Gneissic Complex of the Meghalaya plateau, northeast India. It
covers an area of about 230 km2 and also shows a wide range of geomorphic features. The Kyrdem
granite is mainly exposed in the Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya. The granite is composed of two major
types of granite: i) Coarse grained porphyritic granite and ii) Fine grain granite. Deep weathering and
saprolites are ubiquitous in porpyritic Kyrdem granite and so as the residual landforms formed by
removal of saprolite such as domes, tors and boulders. The litho-structural and climatic factors play the
prime control in the development of the granite landforms of the area.

Page82

River meandering migration characteristics along the Yamuna River in the
vicinity of Agra, Uttar Pradesh; Remote Sensing and GIS based study

Liaqat A.K. Rao, Ambareen Khan

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202002, India

2Interdisciplinary Dept. of Remote Sensing and GIS Application, A.M.U., Aligarh, India

Email: [email protected]

The art of remote sensing has opened up many vistas in the study of river migration as satellite
photographs, both in their normal and digitally enhanced modes vividly show the rivers and their
migratory signatures. The rivers migrate for various reasons amongst which tectonic movement is one
of the main causes. A river or stream is dynamic through time. The most significant morphological
property of a river is the meandering process, which is dominated and governed by hydraulic,
hydrologic and topographic characteristics of the river and its drainage area. In a meandering river, the
length of the river keeps on increasing by eroding the outer bank of a bend. The present study has been
conducted to investigate the meandering parameters of Yamuna River using Remote sensing
technology and Geographic information system. To determine the changes in flow dynamics,
meandering of the Yamuna river in and around Agra district of Uttar Pradesh satellite data of MSS
(1976), Landsat2-MSS images with a resolution 60m (1989), Landsat5-MSS images with
approximately same resolution (2000), and (2006), are obtained from ASTER with a resolution of 15m
(2010),Landsat5-TM and (2015), Landsat8-OLI has been used. The study revealed that RS and GIS
techniques are useful to find out the stream dynamics of the river. Yamuna River is one of the most
polluted rivers of the India. It originates from Yamunotri glaciers in the lower Himalayas at an elevation
of approximately 6387 meters Evidence of river migration and meandering characteristics was obtained
by comparing topographic maps and satellite data between the years 1954 and 2015. The study suggests
that the large-scale movement in the form of meandering migration has happened in the Yamuna River
at its course near Agra.  The average net river migration (NRM) is estimated between the year 1954
and 2015 is ~90 m.  The maximum NRM is estimated for the same period is ~2000 m.  The average
linear regression rate (LRR) between the period 1954 and 2015 is estimated to be 1.81 m/yr.  The
maximum LRR is noted as 45.84 m/yr.  End point rate (EPR) between the studied periods is estimated
as 1.51 m/yr.  Maximum EPR is estimated as 53.74 m/yr.  The largest change is observed at
meandering bend #5.  The urban area is increased tremendously since 1954. A possible explanation
may be that the anthropogenic activity near the river banks might have cause large scale migration of
the river Yamuna at its course near the Agra. Continued monitoring and assessments are recommended
to understand the flooding and channel movement in the study area.

Page83

Characterization of channel planform features and sinuosity indices in
parts of Yamuna River flood plain using Remote Sensing and GIS
techniques

Liaqat A.K. Rao, Armugha Khan

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

In order to develop a validate and adequate predictive model to provide soil conservation measures at
watershed level it is necessary to have information on variation and interaction of channel geometry,
water flow and sediment transport, formation and migration of channels and bars and channel
abandonment and filling. Various sinuosity indices are functionally related to morphological,
sedimentological and hydraulic characteristics of the channel. In present study, sinuosity indices have
been evaluated by using Survey of India toposheets (1:50000) scale, landsat-8 data and SRTM 30 meter
resolution data. The objective of the present study is to delineate the lithological control on the channel
characteristics using sinuosity indices. Different kind of paleochannels and morphological features
present in the study area also indicates the channel dynamics and consistent changes in the last decades.
The study also emphasizes that these channel adjustment has occurred due to several types of human
interventions, particularly sediment extraction, dams and channelization.

Page84

Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands of Yamuna River
Flood Plain around Agra District, Uttar Pradesh, India

Liaqat A.K. Rao, Armugha Khan

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, U.P., India

Email: [email protected]

To analyze the development of erosional topography and landforms the detailed study of geomorphic
processes is carried out and fourth order drainage system was selected in parts of Yamuna River flood
plain around Agra district, Uttar Pradesh. The relationships between channel length, drainage-basin
area, and stream-order number are dependent on relative relief, lithology, and climate of the study area
is determined. The other characteristics of the drainage network and topography such as texture,
maximum slope angles, stream gradients, drainage-basin shape, annual sediment loss per unit area,
infiltration rate, drainage pattern, and even the morphologic evolution of the area appear related to
relative relief expressed as a relief ratio, the height of the drainage basin divided by the length are also
takes in to account in order to evaluate the drainage system of Yamuna river. Hypsometric curves are
available for a series of 3 fourth-order drainage basins ranging in stage of development from mature to
old. In these badlands, slopes are initiated by channel degradation and maintained by runoff and by
creep. Runoff or creep may form convex divides and both parallel and declining slope retreat appear in
the evolution of stream-carved topography.

Page85

Study of challenges faced by urban green spaces

M. Shashi l, B.Aneesha Satya

Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal, 506004, India

Email: [email protected]

This paper presents the challenges of urban green spaces based on the selective analysis theory from
different studies The important roles played by green spaces are social, economic, cultural and
environmental aspects of sustainable development. Urban green spaces can be a comprehensive tool
for long term protection of environmental sustainability through improving the quality of life and air
quality, reducing the energy costs of cooling buildings. Urban green spaces also can provide ecosystem
services in which the recreation and relaxation facilities are especially available to urban dwellers and
tourists too. To confirm the multiple roles played by green spaces, certain level of qualitative
improvements and distribution of green spaces within the urban area should be considered and
incorporated effectively into the environmental sustainability agenda. To do this, an integrated
approach regarding the planning, monitoring, designing is required for improving cities in different
countries. Hence through the present work a flow of methodology is created to identify green urban
spaces.

Page86

Landslide Hazard Zonation Mapping along NH-58 Road corridore
Nandprayag to Badrinath in Garhwal Himalaya (Chamoli Landslides): An

Approach of GIS and Remote Sensing

Mahesh Kumar Tripathi¹, H. Govil¹, P.K. Chanpatiray², I.C. Das², Monika¹

1Department of Applied Geology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India
2Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun-248001, Uttarakhand, India

Email: [email protected]

This study has been carried out along NH-58 road corridor Nand Prayag to Badrinath in Garhwal
Himalaya, India, as this terrain is prone to the landslide hazards. This research work study has been
made to derive and identify the important terrain factors and variables contributing to landslide
occurrences in the region and corresponding thematic data layers were generated in GIS domain. These
terrain data were collected from the topographic maps, satellite imageries, field visits and available
published maps. Geodatabases are prepared by digitizing the maps and with satellite data (LISS-III &
LISS-IV,ASTER DEM) along with tabular data Information value method the hazard zonation in terms
of factor of importance for a given decision problem in terms of thematic parameters, categories and
their normalized weights. Statistically integrating weightages from these thematic maps, a specific
landslide hazard map was developed on a GIS platform and verified with field investigations. The
resulting landslide hazard zonation map delineates the area into different zones of four classes of
landslide hazard zones like as, very high, high, medium and low.

Page87

Study of mineralogical diversity and scattering characteristics of lunar
equatorial region using Chandrayaan-1 data

Manish Sharma, S. Arivazhagan, A. Krthi

10, Phool Nagar, Near Hotel Palak Paradise, Khirni Fhatak, Jhotwara, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302012,
India

Email: [email protected]

Mineral mapping of lunar surface is significant to understand the origin, evolution, geological history
of the Moon. Advancements in orbital satellite sensor technology has allowed discriminating the
minerals on lunar surface using hyperspectral data. Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M³) is an imaging
spectrometer that has provided the first high-resolution spatial and spectral map of the entire lunar
surface. Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M³) on board the Chandrayaan-1 project of India, which gives
Visible/Near-Infrared (NIR) spectral data (hyperspectral data) of the Lunar surface to gain insights on
the surface mineralogy. Band ratio and spectral profiling methods are used for identifying minerals. 1
µm and 2 µm band depth were used to detect the Olivine and Calcic-Pyroxene rich sites. Mini-SAR of
Chandrayaan-1 is the very first kind of hybrid polarimetric radar flown outside the Earth’s orbit. The
hybrid polarimetric architecture of mini-SAR allows the measurement of the Stokes parameters and
backscatter properties of various lunar geological features. The radar backscatter along with the
parameters circular polarization ratio (CPR), relative phase (δ) and m (Degree of polarization)–χ
(Poincare ellipticity) decomposition technique were used to study the scattering mechanisms,
surface/sub-surface roughness. SAR is a powerful tool to study the physical and geometrical properties
of lunar morphological features and the magnitude and characteristics of SAR backscatter and m-χ
decomposition parameters are critical in understanding the morphology and nature of deposits
associated with lunar surface features. In this paper Mineralogical diversity and Scattering
characteristic of Byrgius Crater, King Crater, Maunder Crater, Taylor Crater and Descartes Crater were
investigated using Chandrayaan-1 data.

Page88