Abstract Volume

Geomorphic Indices Analysis to characterize terrain pattern and
comparison of Birahi Ganga and Nandakini River Catchments in

Himalaya

Manish Sharma, A.K.Pandey

10, Phool Nagar, near hotel palak paradise, Khirni Phatak , Jhotwara, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302012, India

Email: [email protected]

According to United Nation’s International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Asia has the highest
number of fatalities from natural disasters of any region, and within Asia, the countries of Himalayas
have the greatest number of disasters and casualties. There are several reasons for this vulnerability,
the mountains are young and dynamic and still tectonically very active, the intense monsoon rainfall
leads to flooding and landslides, and the extreme relief contributes to the instability of both the land
itself and the infrastructure built on it. In Uttarakhand state, India subjected to frequent occurrence of
natural disasters like Cloudburst. Flooding due to Cloudburst is the extreme form of Natural disaster.
This leads flash floods, landslides, house collapse, dislocation of traffic and human casualties on large
scale. River morphology might deliver valuable insights into the historical characteristics of tectonic
deformation of the region beneath it. Consequently, analysis of channel evolution could provide a
promising means of exploring the spatial distribution tectonic activity. Different geomorphic indices
like Hypsometric Integral (Hi), Basin Elongation Ratio (Eb), Drainage Basin Asymmetry (AF),
Longitudinal River Profile, Transverse profile, Stream Gradient Index (SL) for the watershed to
develop knick points in the watershed. In this study Geomorphic indices were investigated to
characterize terrain pattern and comparison the watershed basin of the tributaries of Alaknanda river,
namely Birahi Ganga and Nandakini River. Nandakini river watershed covering a total area of
546.763232 sq km and Birahi Ganga watershed covering a total area of 296.604728 sq km. Both of
these tributaries of Alaknanda river are many times affected by cloudburst and Landslides.

Page89

A detailed study through Geographical Information System on different
Land use systems in Solan Himachal Pradesh India

Manjeet Singh1, Raj Kumar2, S N Zaffar3, Rahul1

1Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
2 CSWCRTI, Kaulagarh road, Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India
3Faculty of Forestry, SKUAST-K, Shalimar Srinagar, J&K, India

Email: [email protected]

The study was carried out to determine carbon sequestration potential of six forest ranges under Solan
Forest Division of Himachal Pradesh, India. There are six land uses viz., Chir pine, Ban oak, Deodar,
Other broadleaves, Culturable and Un-culturable, which are distributed in 538 compartments along
altitudinal gradient from 900 to 2,100m amsl. The study reveals that among various land uses, the Other
broadleaved species will result in maximum expected carbon (19.88 Mt) which will be 28.81, 23.95,
and 3.07 times higher than standing carbon in Ban oak, Deodar and Chir pine, respectively. The Solan
Forest Division on the whole, has potential to sequester 17 times more carbon over standing carbon of
1.67 Mt, if forest species are extended to their corresponding altitudinal limits in the “land area available
for planting” i.e., Un-culturable land area in the forest division however, to have an accurate estimate
of the carbon sequestration potential of the area, other attributes that decides the establishment of
plantation of different species such as slope, aspect, soil, climate, etc. need to be taken into
consideration beside altitude.

Page90

Soil erosion risk assessment of Lolab watershed using Morphometric and
other terrain characteristics in Geospatial Environment

Mannan Bashir Wani, Syed Ahmad Ali, Umair Ali

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, U.P, India

Email: [email protected]

The computation of various terrain aspects are essential tool for soil erosion risk assessment of any
watershed. The Lolab watershed taken for present study was divided into 12 sub-watersheds (LSB1 to
LSB12) in order to assess sub watershed wise soil erosion behaviour using SRTM DEM in ARC GIS
10.2 and Global Mapper software. The Lolab watershed is a 6th order basin showing variation from
dendritic to sub-dendritic drainage pattern. Sub watershed wise linear, shape and relief parameters were
determined and assigned rank on the basis of value/relationship with erodibility, in order to compute
compound values to determine erosion prone areas in the Lolab watershed.

The sub-watersheds have been classified into four categories viz. very high, high, medium and low
based on compound value in terms of priority for soil conservation and management. Compound value
ranking reveals that LSB 8, LSB9, LSB12 sub-watersheds fall under very high priority with respect to
soil erodibility.The chances of soil erosion in these high priority sub-watersheds are more because of
high altitudinal, steep slope and deep valley topography which boosts erosion of upper loose soil cover.
The LSB1, LSB5, LSB10 having dense forest cover fall under low priority, hence are less prone to soil
erosion in comparison to the other sub-watersheds in the area. Therefore, the morphometric parameters
and other terrain aspects have shown their importance in assessment of soil erosion behaviour
recommended for initiating soil and water conservation and landslide mitigation measures in the area.
Thus, the present work is mainly focussed to identify areas vulnerable to soil erosion in order to initiate
precautionary measures to minimise the ill-effects caused by soil erosion in the area.

Page91

Petrology and pseudosections of sapphirine-cordierite-bearing migmatitic
granulites from Rajapalayam, Madurai Block, India

Manoj K. Yadav, Divya Prakash

Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-
221005, India

Email: [email protected]

Calcium-poor, sapphirine-cordierite rich migmatitic granulites (bulk XMg 0.34-0.38) from several
quarries located in Rajapalayam area, preserve the evidence for regional-scale ultrahigh temperature
(UHT) metamorphism. A detailed petrological study was carried out on these sapphirine-cordierite-
bearing migmatitic granulites to constrain the physico-chemical conditions of metamorphism and
partial melting. The migmatitic granulites preserve a range of mineral assemblages and reaction textures
that vary with bulk composition. The most important assemblage is sapphirine+quartz intergrowth
which serves as the robust evidence of UHT metamorphism. To investigate the effects of bulk-rock
composition on the stability of the sapphirine-bearing UHT granulite facies assemblages in the
NCKFMASHTO (Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-TiO2-Fe2O3) system, a series of P-T
pseudosections based on the melt-reintegrated composition of the Rajapalayam migmatitic granulites
were constructed. Appropriate water and oxygen contents to use in the modelled compositions are
investigated using T-XH2O and T-XO pseudosections. Investigation of the mineral reaction history of the
sapphirine-cordierite-bearing migmatitic granulites, combined with geothermobarometric calculation
and constraints from pseudosection calculated, indicates a clockwise P-T path that reached peak UHT
metamorphic conditions of c. 9.2 kbar by prograde heating characterized by biotite dehydration melting
in the absence of an aqueous fluid phase. The operating dehydrating melting reactions changed with
bulk composition on small scales and produced locally varying modal cordierite, garnet, spinel and
orthopyroxene along with melt. UHT peak metamorphism is followed by near-isothermal (ultra) high-
temperature decompression to P<6.2 kbar at 940℃ and subsequent near-isobaric cooling to <860℃ at
6 kbar. The P-T path and conditions derived here suggest that high-temperature metamorphism in the
Madurai Block of Southern Granulite Terrain was induced by anomalously high heat influx to shallow
crustal depths subsequent to collision and crustal thickening.

Page92

Environmental changes and sustainable development

Mariya Hasnat

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India

Email: [email protected]

Global environmental change is a big problem that affects all the societies and their
environment. It is big challenge that implicates for food production, water, energy , coastal
settlement, forest ecosystem, etc. Climate change due to anthropogenic activities threatens the
ecosystem and human health on global level. In order to withstand the global threats to
ecosystem, the term Sustainable Development introduced. The concept of sustainable
development was first discussed in 1980. Sustainable development is the most effective way
to address the climate change challenges. The sustainable development should proceed both
global as well as country level within holistic integrated framework. The efforts made by
UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol are clearly to inadequate to address the climate change
challenges. To save the planet earth by using sustainable development theme, all developed
and developing countries should unite and understand the problems of our future, our common
future.

Page93

Morphometric analysis of river Ganga in Allahabad and nearby area

Mariya Hasnat

Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India

Email: [email protected]

The aim of this paper is to study the morphometric analysis coupled with Remote Sensing and
Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques .The study area is Allahabad and near by of Uttar
Pradesh, India, expands approximately over 5,482 Km2. It lies in the southern part of the state. For the
morphometric analysis, the morphometric parameters include Basic parameters (basin area, basin
perimeters, basin length, elongation ratio, form factor, and recirculatory ratio), Relief parameters
(maximum height, minimum height, relief ratio, basin relief, ruggedness number and bifurcation ratio),
Drainage network (stream order, stream length and mean stream length) and Drainage texture (drainage
density, drainage intensity, stream frequency). The morphometric analysis of the river network shows
the seven- order network with dendritic drainage pattern.

Page94

Assessment of water quality and their impact in parts of Yamuna River
Basin, Uttar Pradesh, India

Mashkoor Khan, Shadab Khurshid

Department of Geology, AMU, Aligarh-202002 (UP), India

Email: [email protected]

The present study has been undertaken to assess the status of water quality and its suitability for
drinking and irrigation on the basis of different water quality parameters. To achieve these objectives,
systematic sampling of one fifty water samples was carried out during November 2015 and May 2016
respectively in parts of Yamuna river basin in and around Aligarh, Mathura and Agra districts. Various
physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness and anions (Cl, HCO3, CO3, SO4, F &
NO3) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na & K) are analyzed in geochemical lab. The Graphical treatment of the
major ion chemistry helps in deciphering the chemical characteristics of groundwater, which is used
for grouping the samples to identify the trends of the chemical alteration. Important factors that
influence the water quality for irrigation are estimated using recognized methods like Total Hardness
(TH), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percent (Na%),
Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) and Permeability Index (PI). In the study
area most of the samples have exceeded the critical level of irrigation water indices. The suitability of
the water from the groundwater sources for drinking purposes has evaluated by comparing the values
of different water quality parameters with World Health Organization (WHO, 2006) guideline values
and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012). The analysis of hydro-chemical data shows that numerous
water quality parameters of the samples are exceeding the maximum permissible limits of drinking
water standards in some samples. The concentration of nitrate in the post-monsoon is high as compare
to the pre-monsoon period. The high concentration of nitrate is found due to the use of fertilizers and
domestic waste. Few samples have exceeded the maximum permissible limit i.e., 45 mg/l in the study
area. Interpretation of data reveals that the groundwater of the study area is potable, hard, alkaline, and
moderately mineralized and alkali chloride type. In the study area saline nature of the groundwater is
attributed to evaporation from water table, irrigation return flow and anthropogenic activities.
Anthropogenic contributions from agricultural and domestic sources and weathering of rock forming
minerals control the hydro-chemical characteristics of the study area.

Page95

Analysis of Remote Sensing Data for Predicting Geological Structures,
Vertical and Horizontal trend of Northern Khetri Copper Belt, Jhunjhun

Distt., Rajasthan

Masood Ahmed1, Umair Ali2, Rajiullah Khan1, Ahsan ul Haq 3

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
2Department of Earth Science University of Kashmir, Srinager, 190006, India

3Department of Geology Jammu University, Jammu 180006, India

Email: [email protected]

Three dimensional (3D) map of the northern Khetri Copper Belt (NKCB) is developed in GIS
environment using SRTM digital elevation model in conjunction with field data. Khetri is a copper
mining centre since the historic past and is assumed that the region has highest copper ore deposit
potential in the country. Economically viable deposits are constrained to Ajabgarh Group of the Delhi
Supergroup majorly exposed in northern khetri copper belt and tapering toward south. The area has
undergone intensive folding and faulting. Most of the deposits in khetri copper belt are located along
faults; moreover rich mineralized zones are located along joints and fracture planes. The host rocks in
the study area (Quartzite, Amphibole Quartzite and Garnetiferous-Quartz-Chlorite Schist) and other
litho-units with NNE and SSW trend have variable dip amount from 50ͦ to 70ͦ due N & NW direction.
In the present work, an attempt has been made to analyse the structural trend of Cu in hosting litho-
units which may serve as guide for localization of new prospects. The probability of rich mineralization
with depth can be best inferred using high resolution satellite imagery in association with elevation data
and field observations best applied for 3-dimentional prospective of NKCB. Vertical extent of the
northern Khetri Copper Belt has been analysed from 3D mapping developed in GIS environment using
SRTM digital elevation model in conjunction with field data to assess the horizontal trend and vertical
extent of the litho-units bearing copper mineralization. Possibility of exploitable deposit is assumed to
be occurring where the mineralized litho-units are thick and extend to greater depth.

Page96

Arsenic a human carcinogen: An epidemiological study on contaminated
groundwater and societal health in Lalbagh Municipality, Murshidabad

district, West Bengal.

Masud Kawsar1*, Shahnawaz2

1Earth Science Department, IIEST Shivpur-711103, India
2Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Health awareness and health sciences are advancing with immerging new interdisciplinary practices
correlating associated factors and their manifestation on human health. Medical geology is such a
science dealing with health factors associated with geological materials and processes. This piece of
study begins with an investigation of chemical quality of groundwater with special emphasis on arsenic
and disease pattern within the study area arising from it. Out of 23 ground water samples from the
study area about 30% are found with As concentration above desirable limit of 0.01 ppm (WHO).
Disease data from PHCs and individuals shows dominance of acute diarrhoeal diseases, cardiac
diseases, gastrointestinal, non-specific dermatitis, tuberculosis, and cancer in different organs. From
the following study it is quite evident that most frequently occurring diseases within the study area are
co-relatable with what we expect from both long and short term epidemic over exposure of As through
drinking water noticed from various part of the globe including large area of Bangladesh, China and
small area of Taiwan, Mexico, Australia, USA etc. Arsenic is a well-established human carcinogen
declared by several organizations working globally and nationally including IARC and US National
Toxicology Program (NTP). Based on evidence from human studies, it can cause cancer of the lung,
bladder, and skin as well as act as a potent mutagen in human. From the prevailing literature on
mutagenic and genotoxic effects of arsenic and frequently reported cancer in different organs within
the study area, again establish the paradoxical carcinogenicity of arsenic. Current study is
epidemiologically competent with previous works done by WHO and IARC within other parts of
Bengal basin and Bangladesh. The apparent human sensitivity, combined with enigma of
carcinogenesis, create important public health concerns and challenges in risk assessment, which could
be mitigate by detail study on anthropogenic or natural sources of arsenic and the role of arsenic
metabolism in molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis.

Page97

Mapping of EMF Pollution from Cell Phone Towers using Geographical
Information System

Mazumder S.U1, A. Khan1, M.S. Beg2

1Department of Wildlife Sciences, A.M.U., Aligarh, India
2Department of Electronics Engineering, ZHCET, A.M.U., Aligarh, India

Email: [email protected]

Over the past decade there has been a proliferation of cell phone towers to ensure better connectivity.
This has led to addition of one more pollutant to the list of already existing pollutants. The
electromagnetic frequency (emf) pollution or electrosmog has drawn the attention of scientists across
the globe. Quantifying environmental pollutants and their subsequent mapping is essential for sound
environmental management. With this objective we conducted a study in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
to map EMF levels emitted from cell phone towers. We measured the electric field intensity (V/m) of
EMF in 1800 MHz region of the electromagnetic spectrum using a hand held spectrum analyzer. Data
were analysed in ArcGIS 9.3 using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation technique to map
emf pollution in the study area. It is found that IDW is an effective tool for mapping emf pollution and
its distribution. It is expected that this technique can help researchers interested in monitoring impact
of different levels of emf pollution on different targets of interest.

Page98

Orthorectification and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Generation using
Cartosat -1 Satellite Stereo Pair for Baba Balak Nath, Himachal Pradesh

Meena Kumari

Geomatics engineering, Civil Department, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India

Email: [email protected]

A digital elevation model (DEM) is a simple representation of a surface in 3 dimensional way with
height as the third dimension along with x and y in rectangular axes. DEM has wide applications in
various areas like disaster management, hydrology and water management, geomorphology and in
urban development. Valuable information about a terrain can be inferred by exploiting a DEM in proper
way. Study of DEM becomes very useful for studying mountainous terrain which is otherwise hard to
access due to inaccessibility. Cartosat-1 or IRS P5 (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) is a state-of-the-
art remote sensing satellite built by ISRO which is mainly intended for cartographic applications. The
satellite carries two panchromatic cameras which are capable of acquiring stereoscopic data along the
orbital track. The high resolution stereo data have great potential to produce high-quality DEM. This
paper discusses the generation of DEM from Cartosat -1 data for Baba Balak Nath (Himachal Pradesh,
India) using ERDAS Leica Photogrammetry Suite (LPS). Cartosat stereo pair based Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) was generated using the Rational Polynomial Coefficients (RPC) supplied along with
the data products. Steps used for generation of DEM are cartosat-1 input with RPCs, interior and
exterior orientation, tie point generation, block adjustment and DEM generation.

Page99

Remote Sensing and GIS Based Study of Turbidity in Tokyo Bay

Mobees Alam1, Ali P. Yunus2

1Interdisciplinary Department of Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, AMU, Aligarh 202002, India
2Department of Geology, AMU, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Tokyo Bay is the most attractive centre for industrialization in Japan, however the water quality of the
bay is degrading day by day due to harmful algal productions, sediments from erosion, resuspended
sediments from the bottom of the bay and urban runoff. Many agencies collected water quality
parameters from some selected stations in Tokyo bay in limited time and space. This paper presents
empirical model developed for water quality monitoring using remote sensing and GIS in Tokyo bay.
Landsat-8 OLI sensor’s reflectance data was used for continual turbidity retrieval. Regression results
from 4 sampling sites were used in the model which obtained for a period between January and
December of 2014. Based on the model fit, band ratios of green and blue were used to retrieve the
turbidity (R² = 0.303). Seasonal variation of the turbidity were analysed using the images of the study
period. The study shows that high turbidity during the summer months is associated with high
precipitation and that for winter months is accompanying with low precipitation in the hinterlands of
Tokyo Bay. Seasonal southerly wind which is due to the Ogasawara high pressure area in the summer
may also a reason for the increased turbidity. The surface temperature (ST) and water temperatures
(WT) were low in January–March and November–December whereas the same for May–August is
relatively higher. The study confirms the potential of spatial autocorrelation technique for the detection
of cloudiness in the water from turbidity retrieved Landsat-8 OLI.

Page100

Parcel based urban land grading using GIS

Moges Beyene

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Email: [email protected]

Urban dynamism is the result of urbanization process in proportion to population growth. To manage
the changes most developing countries are using a classical land admnistration system which is very
combursome to determine the value of each parcels. Thus, modern geospatial techenology in land
admnistration system is mandatory in countries like Ethiopia as it enhances the national growth. Parcel
based land grading system plays a crucial role in determining the value of parcels, transparent and clear
land marketing system. However, the existing land grading system of Addis Ababa city has not been
very successful in allowing the benfits of the system. The three major reasons appeared to be
contributing for this limitations are, First reason is that some major factors that have prevailing
importance in land grading were not considered, Secondly, there are obvious limitations of a practical
approach on how land grade is prepared and finally conventional methods that are frequently used to
prepare land grade maps are manual and labor intensive. These combined results all sub-cities in Addis
Ababa and more specifically the Nefas silk lafto are not in a position to prepare predictable and flexible
land grade map. This research tries to develop a predictable and flexible conceptual land grading model
for improved land management system in Nefas silk Lafto sub-city. The research methodology had
comprised the conecpt of GIS and MCDA to compare and analyze both primary and secondary data
and Weighted Over lay analysis was conducted to identify influential factors that are used as input to
develop conceptual land grading model, determining preference weight of criteria using Fuzzy
Analyatical Heirarchy process method and aggregating the factor maps that leads to final land grade
map of the sub city.

Page101

MCA on mechanism of river bed potholes growth: A study of middle
Subarnarekha River Basin, India

Md Kutubuddin Dhali

Department of Geography, Presidency University, Kolkata,86/1, College Street, Kolkata, West
Bengal 700073, India

Email: [email protected]

Pothole is one of the most dynamic micro-fluvial erosional landform of the river bed. Subarnarekha
River is a rejuvenated antecedent river and occupies a significant part of the Chotanagpur Plateau. The
river bed of the Subarnarekha River, the confluence zones of Subarnarekha-Lokjoriya and
Subarnarekha-Kharsoti have favourable conditions for the development of potholes. Geological (joint
and fracture on river bed) and hydrological (stream power, water discharge, flow velocity) parameters
are taken into consideration to understand the mechanism of pothole growth. Multi criteria analysis
(MCA) has been done to understand the governing factor influencing the mechanism of pothole
development. This study is interesting and the main significance of this research work is the study of
the micro geomorphic landforms near confluence and other places of the river bed. The results are
analysed in a quantitative way and the micro-scale field observations have been represented using
ArcGIS 10.2.2 and IBM SPSS 22. Using the MCA it has been inferred that ‘joint length’ is the prime
contributing factor responsible for pothole formation in the Middle Subarnarekha River Basin, Ghatsila.

Page102

A Regional Analysis of Urbanization and Urban Housing with Modern
Household Amenities and Assets in Bihar, India

Md Naiyer Zaidy*, Mahtab Alam

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Bihar is one of the lowest urbanized states of India as only 11.3 per cent population resides in urban
areas. Low development of industrial sector and absence of strong non-agriculture sectors are the chief
reasons behind the backwardness of the state. Moreover, the status of urban housing and availability of
modern household amenities and assets are also in pathetic condition. The present research paper
analyses spatial pattern of urbanization in thirty-eight districts of Bihar. The paper also examines status
of modern urban household amenities and assets in the region. The study is fully based on secondary
sources of data collected from census of India, 2011. The data have been calculated with the help of
simple percentage method and Z-Score techniques. The GIS-Arc View Programme (Version 3.2) has
been used to show spatial variations in the level of urbanization and housing condition through maps.
The overall analysis of the study reveals that the level of urbanization is very low in most of the districts
of Bihar. It is highest in Patna district with 43.48 per cent to lowest in Samastipur district with 3.46 per
cent. The level of urbanization in seven districts of the state is below 5 per cent whereas twenty seven
districts of the state reported level of urbanization below state average. Furthermore, it is revealed that
there is a very high regional variation in the level of development with respect to overall urban amenities
and assets in the study area. Patna, Kaimur, Gaya and Muzaffarpur are highly developed based on
overall status of urban amenities and assets. While, more than 60 per cent districts of Bihar are
undeveloped at various level in availing urban amenities and assets. It may be concluded from the
present study that Bihar is one of the least developed states which needs special attention from the
government and policy makers to enhance the level of urbanization in the state.

Page103

Latest advancements in 3D modeling and visualization software

Md. S. I. Ansari

Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology, Ranchi, 835215, India
Email: [email protected]

3D Terrain Modeling is very useful whether it is for urban planning or scientific visualization and
analysis of surface topography. When all data is available in 3D geo-referenced domain it is fairly easy
to carry out visual studies on practical problems like road and bridge access analysis, interpreting
minerals deposit sites, danger and safe zones. The combination of GIS and scientific visualization build
valuable products upon DTM, extending their usefulness. Available 3D Modeling software like
SketchUp, Rhino 3D and Blender are very much useful and they can be able to model a 3D map of
earth as well as Olympus Mons of Mars using popular terrain generation algorithm based on Non-
uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) and Delaunay Triangulation. 3D Modeling with these software
aimed at researchers and students who want to take their data analysis and visualization to the next
level.

Page104

SWIR - UAV an emerging future technology for Remote Sensing
Applications

Md. S. I. Ansari1, Zishan2

Department of Remote Sensing, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India

Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]

UAV applications in remote sensing are gaining importance with the advancement of technology. The
image accuracy in the least feasible time is the demand of the future prospect. In context with the ground
truthing technique this is highly useful especially in those areas which are beyond the human reach.
One such area is open cast coal mines of Jharia (260 km of NW of Kolkata City) where pit bottom,
steep slopes, high temperature creates inverse environmental conditions to observe LST (land surface
temperature) through conventional ground truthing method. In such a scenario UAV equipped with
highly precise sensors and tracking system is the only cost effective and time saving way to collect
accurate and real time data. Keeping in mind the environmental conditions, we are designing UAV in
a way to give maximum desired data.

It can have on-board sensors like IR wireless temperature sensor (MLX90614) designed in a way to
infer temperature by angular coverage with accuracy. SWIR (Shortwave Infrared) OWL 640 camera
having sensitivity from 0.4µm to 1.7µm attached for Hyper-spectral high resolution imaging and can
be used for more than 25 applications including emission microscopy to study surface morphology,
precision agriculture and day-to-night imaging for military surveillance purpose can able SWIR – UAV
to compete with the most powerful, versatile professional drones available in global market like Versa
X6 and Huginn X1. The direct georeferencing with the integration of IMU (Inertial measurement unit)
on-board gives less time consuming for data processing than indirect georeferencing using ground
control points, and can supply real-time navigation capability to UAV. The on-board APM (Ardu Pilot
Mega) can track UAV in real-time and can change the study area at any time whenever required. The
strong application software tool can make the UAV itself an intelligent system. Thus, in such a scenario
where precision, accuracy, flexibility & ease of obtaining data is required the above mentioned design
of SWIR - UAV will be an intelligent solution.

Page105

Demarcation of hydrocarbon prospect zones in part of Masila basin,
Yemen: Using surface/subsurface Neotectonism parameters and
geoinformatics technique

Mohammed Sultan Alshayef1, Akram Javed1, Arafaat Mohammed Bin Mohammed2

1Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India
2Department of oil and gas, Aden University, Aden, Yemen

Email: [email protected]

Masila basin is one of the biggest basins of hydrocarbons in Yemen. Tectonic activities in Yemen are
associated with Gondwana break up and separation of India /Madagascar from Afro-Arabia which are
directed towards North-West and South-East during Jurassic – late Cretaceous. Geological
structure/tectonic studies are playing an excellent role for demarcation of oil and gas prospect zones
because most of hydrocarbon traps located in structure traps. Surface feature can be linked with deeper
buried basin and lithological structure such as fault, fracture etc. which may have potentiality of oil and
gas in the area. Subsurface is active because active tectonism which reflected on the surface as different
types of anomalies such as lineaments, relief, morph structure, drainage anomalies etc. Geoinformatic
with satellite data becomes good technique for studying neo tectonism. In the study area: geomorphic
and morphometric indices namely, stream gradient (Sl), Hypsometric integral (HI), mountain front
sinuosity (Smf), topographic symmetry factor (T), Valley width to height ratio (Vf), Drainage basin
asymmetry (Af), bifurcation ratio (BR), basin elongation ratio (RE) and drainage density(Dd) have
been extracted from ASTER GDEM data and calculated by using Arc GIS 10.2.2 whereas it used for
assess the surface neo tectonism. In the subsurface: structure/isopach maps of (Reservoir rocks and
basements depth) have been prepared by using various well depths (29 wells) where it interpreted the
subsurface tectonic activities. These surface and subsurface output have been integrated and show the
hydrocarbon prospect zones. The prospect result of this work show that the SE and NE of this study
area are more potentially for hydrocarbon exploration due to high active tectonism.

Page106

Tsunami impacts on nuclear power plants along Western Coast of India
due to a Great Makran Earthquake: A numerical simulation approach

Mohd Zuhair, Shahnawaz Alam

Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India

Email: [email protected]

The major seismicity source in the northern Arabian Sea is the Makran Subduction Zone (MSZ) that
defines the tectonic boundary between the Arabian plate and the Eurasian plate, located offshore Iran
and Pakistan over which an instrumentally registered earthquake (Mw 8.1) generated a tsunami on 27
November, 1945. It has caused severe cataclysm to a vulnerable population along the surrounding
coastlines, including India. It has been on a long seismic quiescence since this last event. The population
and industrialization have exponentially increased along the coastal areas in last half decade. The highly
exposed coastal locations to the tsunamis are the areas where the nuclear power plants are located. In
the present work, a numerical simulation of a great tsunamigenic earthquake (M 9) is presented that
predicts the generation, propagation, run-up and travel time using TUNAMI N2 for estimating tsunami
impacts along the nuclear power plants of the western coast of India. It is observed that the tsunami
will strike along the coast of Jaitapur Nuclear power plant (Maharashtra), Tarapur Nuclear Power Plant
(Maharashtra), Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant (Karnataka) and Mithi-Virdi Nuclear Power Plant (Gujarat)
after 210, 215, 225 and 230 minutes, respectively. Results show that the tsunami run-up is highest for
Jaitapur nuclear power plant (2.32m). The Mithi-Virdi power plant is the least effected power plant
(0.93m) while Kaiga power plant (2.15m) and Tarapur power plant (2.12m) might have faced quite
intense tsunami consequences. The arrival times and run-ups of the tsunami along the different power
plants have been calculated since these parameters are of vital importance in mitigation of the coastal
hazard, evacuation planning and installation of early warning system in order to save the inhabited
communities from the disaster.

Page107

Hydrocarbon reservoir visualization/modeling using ArcGis and well log
Data: Alif reservoir, Marib-Shabwa Basin as a case study

Mohammed Ali

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

Subsurface reservoir modeling is a complex task for geographic information system (GIS) technology.
However, the spatial nature of geo-objects always drives GIS to be part of the modeling systems. The
traditional activities in which GIS is involved in geosciences are data management, visualization,
spatial analysis, and decision support. Current developments allow the full GIS capabilities on a desktop
computer with full integration of the industry-standard relational database management system
(RDBMS), geostatistical functionality, 3D visualization, 3D geoprocessing capabilities, and Web-
based mapping. These make GIS more attractive for comprehensive geosciences needs. Modern GIS is
built on an open standard technology that ensures GIS can be integrated with specialized solid 3D
geosciences programs to solve complex geologic problems. Recent advances in interoperability and
standards, in addition to the breakout of GIS from a specialist application toward being a widespread
desktop tool, have meant that it is now in an ideal position to provide a powerful data integration tool
in many industries. Industries, such as meteorology, environmental management, or oil and gas, deal
with complex three-dimensional spatial data. To provide full integration, GIS must handle complex
three-dimensional data types and spatial representations that exist in the various disciplines within these
industries. This paper introduced the main modeling procedure, the stages of modeling of hydrocarbon
reservoir using ArcGis. Schlumberger’s petrophysical analysis software Techlog was chosen because
it is widely used and Windows based. Techlog uses “Wire line logs” in its petrophysical properties
analysis, which allow the user to define tabulated data throughout a solid structure. These tabulated
data are composed of top and bottom of reservoir, gross (thickness), effective porosity, shale volume,
and fluid saturation (water and hydrocarbon saturation). As an innovation point, this paper explored the
technological realization of the transplantation of the 3D model between the Techlog software and the
ArcGis software for the first time for Alif reservoir in Marib-Shabwa basin and achieved perfect effect.
At last, the Alif member case study indicated that ArcGis could quickly build reservoir model for all
the petrophysical properties derived from well log data and presented it in 3D visualization theme.

Page108

Petroleum source rocks characterization and hydrocarbon generation of Page109
the Upper Jurassic sediments in Saba field, Sab’atayn Basin, Yemen

Mohammed Ali

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

The Upper Jurassic source rocks are divided into two main units Lam and Meem Members (Madbi
Formation), believed to be the major source rocks in the Sab’atayn Basin. The Saba field in the
Sab’atayn Basin, western Yemen is still undergoing hydrocarbon exploration stage and hydrocarbon
potential has not been assigned yet. In this study, subsurface samples from Saba-01 well were used to
determine the source rock characteristics and petroleum generative potentials of prospective source
rocks, including quantity, type of organic matter, and their thermal maturity level. The results were then
incorporated into basin modeling in order to improve our understanding of burial/thermal histories and
hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from Upper Jurassic source rocks. Based on organic
geochemical analysis, the Upper Jurassic source rocks have variable TOC content in the range of 0.29-
1.5 wt. % meeting the standard as indicating a poor to good source rock generative potential. The bulk
geochemical results showed that Lam source rocks contains Type III kerogen with Hydrogen Index
(HI) values less than 135 mg HC/g TOC, while the Meem Member displaying generally Type III,
graded mixed Type II-III kerogens, with (HI) values in the range of 10 to 287 mg HC/g TOC, which
have the ability to generate mixed oil and gas accumulations under thermal maturation level. Vitrinite
reflectance in the range of 0.54-2.14 % Ro and pyrolysis Tmax in the range of 384-453°C, generally
indicate that the Lam source rock have sufficient thermal maturity for hydrocarbon generation, whereas
the Meem source rock is post mature source rock. One dimensional basin modeling was performed to
analyse the hydrocarbon generation and expulsion history of the Upper Jurassic source rocks in the
Sab’atayn Basin based on the reconstruction of the burial and thermal maturity histories in order to
improve our understanding of the hydrocarbon generation potential. Calibration of the model with
measured vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) and borehole temperature (BHT) data indicates that the paleo-
heat-flow was reverse heat flow have been recorded at Saba-01 well location, and present heat flow
higher than the ancient ones. The modeled hydrocarbon generation of the Saba-01 well shows that the
Meem source rock in this well has reached the required level of thermal maturity to onset of the oil
window (0.55-0.7 % Ro) from about 152.12 Ma at a depth 952m. Main oil generation occurred at
121.90 Ma at a depth of 1046m for the calculated VR value (0.7-1% Ro). Based on burial/thermal
history model, the burial temperature within Meem unit ranges from 29 °C to 93.75 °C. In addition,
Lam source rock reached the required level of thermal maturity to onset of the oil window (0.55-0.74 %
Ro) from about 72.77 Ma at depth of 546m. Lam unit did not enter the main oil generation phase due
to shallower depth and insufficient temperature. Based on burial/thermal history model the burial
temperature within Lam unit ranges from 23 °C to 29 °C. Therefore, the Meem source rock can be
consider as generative potentials of prospective source rock horizons in Saba field, Sab’atayn basin
than Lam source rock.

Object oriented image classification for automatic lineament extraction.
Application to the Central and Eastern Anti-Atlas (Morocco)

Mohamed Mohamed Vall

N 3 Saliha Zitoune 50000 Meknes

Email: [email protected]

The contribution of the lineament extraction by filtering from the imagery in geology and mineral
exploration has been proven. Unfortunately, this method remains subjective, tedious, and its result
depends on the expert view of the analyst. The study was consist to automate the extraction of linear
features visible on the filtered images based on object oriented classification technique and using some
geometric and geological parameters related to the faults (linearity, length and alterations). The
originality of this study lies in the fact that this method, used previously in the fields of urban planning
and the environment; however, is tested for the first time in the field of geology, at least in Morocco.
Obviously, the results of such work may find several applications in the mineral exploration case at the
regional scale. In order to accomplish this, we operated both the Landsat images of Moroccan Anti-
Atlas region. Their processing has allowed us to obtain multi-scale lineament maps and maps of
alterations (clay and iron oxides). These results have been confronting with the official geologic maps
as pointed out by fracturing maps of Tudurí (2005) and Harroud (2011). This comparison allowed us
to confirm the results of automatic extraction of existing major faults in the documents mentioned above
and to highlight other faults of smaller dimensions. Furthermore, the lineaments map obtained was
superimposed on the different maps of the geologically features indices of faults (iron oxides and clay).
The results attest to the association of these alterations to major faults. Finally, the confrontation of the
map of lineaments obtained on one hand share with existing manual surveys and on the other hand with
records alteration indices allows proposing a map of significant faults of the study area. Statistical
analysis of the automatically obtained faults revealed rosettes for different dimensions. The comparison
with the rose diagram for the official geologic map allowed to noting that the last is conform with the
rose diagram of greater than six Km extensional faulting. Accordingly, automatic extraction of
fracturing by the object-oriented classification method helps in obtaining a more accurate and more
complete rendering compared to the manual mapping survey. In conclusion, the combination of object
oriented technique for the extraction of the faults with alteration indices is an effective tool in the case
of faults marked by iron oxides which may have a potential mining interest.

Page110

Mineralogical studies of the manganese ore deposits of Ghatia, Kalakhuta
and Tambesra localities of Banswara district, (Rajasthan) India

Mohd Shaif, F.N.Siddiquie

Department of Geology, A.M.U. Aligarh (U.P.), India

Email: [email protected]

The Manganese belt occurring in the Banswara district stretches about 20 km long and 30 to 70 m wide
from Gararia to Rupakhedi village in Banswara district. These ore deposits areas are situated in the
southern parts of Aravalli mountain belt (SAMB). The study areas are highly deformed,
metamorphosed and characterised by greenschist facies to lower amphibolite facies. The ores are co-
folded with the metasedimentary rocks especially phyllite and quartzite. The manganese ore deposits
are confined in bedded deposits and found to occur in form of small lenses, pockets and network of
veins. This paper discussed the mineralogy of the manganese ores of Ghatia, Kalakhuta and Tambessra
localities of the district. The hard and compact ore with distinct bands is mostly braunite while the other
powdery and soft minerals are pyrolusite, psilomelane, cryptomelane and wad. XRD analysis and ore
microscopic studies reveal that the primary ores are manganese silicates viz. braunite and spessartine
with other minor minerals occurring freely, indicating the higher grade of metamorphism. The primary
ores are syngenetic with meta-sedimentary mineral assemblages of braunite, spessartite and minor
bixbyite, vredenburgite, jacobsite, rhodochrosite. The association of higher and lower oxides minerals
of secondary manganese ores are viz. Pyrolusite, hollandite, psilomelane, cryptomelane, pyrochroite,
coronadite. The secondary ores dominantly as Mn-oxides and its hydrated derivatives are irregular
supergene and replacement bodies and formed due to alteration of the primary ores. The presence of
quartz, garnet, feldspar, limonite, hematite, ochre are the common gangue minerals found in manganese
ores.

Page111

Drainage basin asymmetry and associated tectonics: A case study of Abdan
basin, Yemen.

Mohsen Alhamed, Syed Ahmad Ali

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

The geomorphic indices of active tectonic have to be a useful tool for study drainage basins. Some of
these techniques have been used in Abdan Basin in order to interpret the basin tilting and asymmetry.
Asymmetry Factor (AF) has been worked out for the Abdan basin and all three sub-basins. It is found
that basin have experienced differential tilting. The Asymmetry Factor (AF) shows lateral tilting may
be related to active tectonics. The values are between 42 and 75 so, that indicate the study area are tilt
and basin is tectonically active and still uplifting. The greater value belong to total Abdan basin and
lowest value belong to sub-basin2. Use of geographic information system (GIS) in calculation of data
was very helpful to determine the basin and its sub-basin and classification them in suitable method.

Page112

Watershed delineation and morphometric analysis of Beas Upper
Catchment using Remote Sensing data and Geospatial Techniques in India

Monika1, Sagar S. Salunkhe2, H.Govil1, Mahesh Tripathi1

1Department of Applied Geology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India
2Regional Remote Sensing Centre West, NRSC/ISRO, CAZRI Campus, Jodhpur, 342003, India

email: [email protected]

Watershed play a critical role in the natural functioning of the Earth, thus consider as a one of the
primary planning units in the field of natural resource management. The morphometric analysis of
watershed, provide a quantitative description about of drainage system which is an important aspect of
characterization of watershed. GIS is a body of knowledge devoted to creating tools, processing actions
and extracting of information in assessing various terrain and morphometric parameters of drainage
basin and watershed. It provide a flexible environment and a powerful tool for manipulating and
analysis of spatial information, morphometric parameters and to explore the relationship between the
drainage morphometry and properties of landforms, soils and eroded lands. GIS is characterized by
very high accuracy of mapping and measurement of watershed delineation and morphometric analysis.
Watershed delineation and morphometric analysis of Beas Upper Catchment in India was carried out
using Geospatial Techniques. Data inputs in the study include ASTER & Cartosat DEM (30m) and
satellite image of IRS LISS-IV (Resourcesat-2). Watershed delineation and boundaries comparison was
done using both ASTER & Cartosat DEM. The 22 morphometric parameters including Slope and
Aspect analyses were carried out through measurement of linear, aerial and relief aspects of the
catchment using ASTER & Cartosat DEM. Total 10 watersheds were delineated, whose area was found
to be ranging from 324.51 to 850.34 km2 and 322.27 to 850.03 km2 and basin area is found to be 5800
m and 5412 m delineated for ASTER & Cartosat DEM respectively. Catchment is of 7th order and 8th
order in drainage map prepared using ASTER and Cartosat DEM respectively. By calculating Drainage
density, Bifurcation ratio, Ruggedness number etc. indicates the area is moderate drainage, extremely
rugged with high relief and is more prone to soil erosion. Hence, from the research it can be concluded
that there is very less difference in the watershed boundaries delineated using ASTER and Cartosat
DEM. Digital Elevation Model and Satellite data coupled with GIS techniques have proven as
competent tool in watershed delineation and morphometric analysis.

Page113

Subsidence monitoring using microwave data

Monika1, H. Govil1, Mahesh Kumar Tripathi1, Subhanil Guha1, Neetu Gill2

1Department of Applied Geology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India.
2Chhattisgarh Council of Science & Technology, Raipur, 492014, India
[email protected]

Mining subsidence is one of the biggest problem with the open cast and underground mining area.
Subsidence happens in the mining area due to improper extraction methods of the mineral resources or
due to the rock/slope failure. The traditional subsidence monitoring techniques in India are time-
consuming and costly. Recently Microwave remote sensing has gained a significant success to identify
the subsidence. In the Microwave technology, the Persistent Scatterer interferometry (PSInSAR)
technology gives a new turn to monitor the subsidence/deformation. The this study we have attempted
the PSInSAR technology to identify the subsidence in the Korba region of Chhattisgarh, India. This is
one of the largest mines in the India. The Sentinel-1 C data has been used to monitor the subsidence in
that area. Results of the study shows that a minor subsidence has been monitored in this area. Many of
the areas also show upliftment within the study area. This is because of- the dumping sites of the coal
mines. Conclusively it can be said that microwave remote sensing is a good tool to identify the
upliftment and subsidence in an area.

Page114

Biodiveristy assesment of Wetlands of Aligarh district using geospatial
technique

Mohd Mukhtyar Hussain, Orus Ilyas, Ekwal Imama

Department of Wildlife Sciences, Aligarh Muslim Univeristy, Aligarh, India

Email: [email protected]

The study was conducted during the month of Jan to May 2016 in Aligarh district by using Geospatial
techniques. The wetlands in and around Aligarh were identified with the help of Satellite Imagery
Landsat-8 with 30 m spatial resolution and Topographic maps with 1:50000 Scale. ERDAS Imagine
2014, Arcview 3.2 and Google Earth computer software’s were used, therefore In the ERDAS Imagine
2014, the satellite imagery classified into two classes one is wetland and another is non-wetland which
is known as supervised classification. The wetlands were identified, Tehsil-wise, Atrauli 165 wetlands,
Gabhana 121 wetlands, Iglas 163 wetlands, Khair 161 wetlands, and Koil 319 wetlands. The total 929
wetlands were identified in Aligarh district. Out of these total wetlands, the five wetlands were selected
for the GIS mapping and biodiversity assessment. The selected wetlands are Ahraula, Barhad, Dhabi-
Dhaba, Jamao and Shekha jheel. All the five selected wetlands were mapped using ERDAS Imagine-
9.2 and Arc View 3.2. Total 85 species of birds were recorded including 16 order and 31 families. Out
of 85 species 58 species were resident and 27 species were migratory. According to IUCN Status 76
species of Least Concern, 05 species Near Threatened, 02 species vulnerable, 01 species Endangered
and 01 species Critically Endangered were recorded during study period. The wetlands are the best
refuge for the migratory bird species, and the presence of the more number of birds species shows the
health of the wetland, which is very much threatened habitat in Aligarh district. The large number of
wetland are affected by using the harmful activities such as Encroachment, use of Pesticides and
Fertilizers, Livestock Grazing and Weed Infestation and some wetlands are totally converted into
agricultural land due to which the wetlands are shrinking. The paper aims to identify the biodiversity
values of the wetlands along with the major threats to the biodiversity of the wetland.

Page115

Morphometric analysis of Gandeshwari watershed using Remote Sensing
and GIS

Mohd. Sayeed Ul Hasan1, Kalyan Adhikari2, Soumya Bhattacharyya3

1Science and Technology, NIT Durgapur, India
2Department. of Earth and Environmental Studies, NIT Durgapur, India

3Department. of Civil Engineering, NIT Durgapur, India

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the capabilities of Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic
Information System (GIS) techniques for the morphometric analysis of any watershed. Remote sensing
and GIS have emerged as most powerful tools for morphometric analysis for the development of the
regional hydrological models for solving various hydrological problems of the ungauged watershed in
inadequate data situations. The study area is one of the sub-basin of Dwarakeshwar River covering four
block of Bankura district of West Bengal. The Gandeshwari watershed expands approximately over
391.7624 Km2 and it has been divided into 24 micro-watershed. The morphometric parameters divided
into four categories: basic parameter, relief characteristics, drainage network and drainage texture
analysis. Basic parameter deals with basin area, basin perimeter, basin length, elongation ratio, form
factor and recirculatory ratio. Relief characteristics consists of maximum height of watershed,
minimum height of watershed, basin relief, relief ratio, biffurcation ratio and ruggedness number. The
third category which is drainage network deals with stream order, stream length and mean stream length.
The last category is drainage texture analysis which consists of stream frequency, drainage density,
constant channel of maintenance, length of overland flow and drainage intensity.

Page116

Diversity and ecology of Protura (Insecta- Hexapoda-Apterygotes): Present
status and future implications

Mohammad Jalaluddin Abbas

Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Terrestrial life is undergoing rapid change due to climatic manipulations. The effect of climatic
manipulations has been scarcely studied on less diverse communities in several soil ecosystems. There
are two face views of ecologists; diverse community might be more realized for stability conditions
than compare to less diverse community and, functional values of such diverse communities have been
evaluated several times more than less diverse communities. The third possible view of ecologists might
be that, the effect of harsh climatic condition or sudden changes may totally be destroy the meager
community and hence synchronized (to establish the picture/soundtrack record in their correct relative
position) diverse communities in most of soil habitats in all over the world. However, this is much more
importunate in any meaningful research that how and why such an extent of species and when the
concerned species might totally be extinct from their habitats. Therefore, in present investigation, we
have studied the diversity and ecology of Protura which is rarely studied up to till record. However,
proturans are ecologicaly important along with their functional uncalled for. We also discussed the
probable impact of protura diversity in soil ecosystems.

Page117

Diversity of Microarthropods in Different Habitats: An ecological
perspective

Mohammad Jalaluddin Abbas, Hina Parwez

Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-
202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Soil biological communities are shaped by several factors like edaphic factors, environmental
variables, soil nutrients availability and anthropogenic changes including urban development
and agricultural practices. Edaphic factors exert the conditions to influence microarthropods
populations. To test this hypothesis, a question has been addressed; how factors regulate the
ecosystem functions in contemporary a combined fashion? After an experimental setup and
carried out soil samples weekly for a period of two years, we observed that, vegetation and
habitat conditions both have close relationship to microarthropods dynamic populations
particularly affect on local scale, resulted the microclimatic influence of edaphic matrix which
is generally system oriented. It is also discussed in this paper, on what attempt possible for
better functional use of microarthropods which is important for their conservation and for
better output as a result of soil productivity in contemporary harsh climatic conditions with
minimum use of amendments. We conclude that diverse species found in structurally diverse
habitats where they often appear to specialized conditions.

Page118

Topographical influence of stream water acidity in Central Himalaya
Uttrakhand, India

Mohammad Mulhim, Zabiullah Ansari, Sarfaraz Ahmad

Department of Geology Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

An extensive stream water sampling has been conducted in the Garhwal region of Central Himalaya.
The Average ± std (max-min) pH of the stream in Bhagirathi basin and in the Alaknanda basin is 6.9 ±
0.3(7.4-5.4) and 7.8 ± 0.4 (8.6-7.0) respectively. The higher pH in alaknanda is due to limestone
deposits in catchment while lower pH in Bhagirathi basin is due to pyrite intercalations in Bhagirathi
granites. The results show a temporal, spatial and top relationship with stream water pH. It is observed
that the average ph of water showing inverse relationship with elevation. This relationship is showing
exponential pattern from 500-2000 amsl. However, this relationship is not continued at higher altitude
as dominance of glacier melting as source to stream water in this region. The result also indicates that
geochemical weathering is mostly dominant at lower altitude up to 2000 amsl assisted by high
temperature, rainfall, low slope and biogeochemical activity.

Page119

Integrating Airborne LiDAR and Terrestrial Laser Scanner derived forest
parameters for accurate estimation of above-ground biomass/carbon in
Ayer Hitam tropical forest reserve, Malaysia

Muluken N. Bazezew1, Yousif A. Hussin2, E. H. Kloosterman2

1Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Dilla University,
P.O. Box 419, South Region, Dilla, Ethiopia

2Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation (ITC),
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands

Email: [email protected]

Parameters of individual trees can be measured from Airborne LiDAR scanner (ALS) point cloud data
provided that the laser point is dense enough and trees in multiple canopy layers are visible from the
top. However, retrieving tree parameters in a complex biophysical environment of tropical forests using
single LiDAR technology could still be inadequate. This paper presents new approaches of acquiring
tree parameters for estimating above-ground biomass (AGB) through integrating ALS and Terrestrial
laser scanner (TLS). Two ways of data acquiring were implemented: ALS data was used to detect and
extract upper canopy tree parameters while TLS complemented for tree stems and lower canopy trees
height measurements. Initially, multi-resolution segmentation of ALS canopy height model (CHM) was
executed to delineate individual tree crowns of upper canopy trees. The result showed segmentation
accuracy of 73% and 1:1 correspondence of 78% with the reference tree crowns. About 62% of trees
were delineated from ALS-CHM while the remaining lower canopy trees were identified from TLS
data. ALS detected trees were then co-registered and linked with the corresponding tree stems detected
by TLS for diameter at breast height (DBH) use; 93.5% of the field recorded trees were recognized
from TLS data for DBH measurements. DBH derived from TLS was validated using manually
measured-field DBH, and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.989 and root mean square error
(RMSE) of 1.30 cm (6.52%) were achieved. Two-way tree height validations were implemented; upper
and lower canopies tree heights. The R2 and RMSE between field and ALS-measured upper canopy
trees height were found to be 0.61 and 3.24 m (20.18%), respectively. R2 of 0.69 and RMSE of 1.45 m
(14.77%) were achieved between field and TLS-based lower canopy trees height. The AGB or carbon
regression model that the relationship between AGB derived from remote sensing (ALS + TLS) and
traditional field method at the plot level resulted in R2 of 0.97 and RMSE of 0.62 Mg (7.64%) where
field method underestimates with the bias of –0.289 (–3.53%) Mg.

Page120

Growth of urbanization in India using Remote Sensing and GIS
Techniques

Mumtaj Ahmed, Kazi Hamidul Islam, Md. Ashif Ali
Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Now a days, urbanization is one of the most important key for the development of the Nation. In India,
the difficulty in the process of urban development is so rapid that it demands quick response and
perspective view of planning of the cities and towns. Consequently, it is vital and important for policy
makers to integrate remote sensing into urban planning and management. In the last fifty years the
population of India has grown two-and-a-half times, but urban India has grown nearly five times. In
2001, 30.7Crore Indians were living in nearly 3700 towns and cities spread across the country, and in
2011, it rise 37.7Crore urban population lives in more than 5700 towns and cities, and it is expected to
increase to over 53.3Crore by 2021 respectively.At the moment, India is among the counties of low
level of urbanization. As a result, most urban settlements are characterized by deficits in housing and
water supply, urban encroachments in fringe area, inadequate sewerage, traffic congestion, pollution,
poverty and social unrest making urban governance a difficult task. The high rate of urban population
growth is a cause of concern among India’s urban and town planners for efficient urban
planning.Therefore, there is an urgent need to adopt modern technology of remote sensing which
includes both aerial as well as satellite based systems, allow us to collect lot of physical data rather
easily, with speed and on repetitive basis, and together with GIS helps us to analyse the data spatially,
offering possibilities of generating various options, thereby optimizing the whole planning
process.Remote sensing mainly depends upon determining some kind of energy that is produced,
transferred or exposed from an object in order to decide certain physical properties of the object.
Photography is the one among the important types of remote sensing techniques. The result of a remote
sensing system is commonly an image demonstrating the scene being perceived. Meanwhile, remote
sensing may not afford all the information desired for a full-fledged assessment; many other spatial
aspects are necessary to be incorporated with remote sensing data. This process of assimilation of three-
dimensional data and their combined remote sensing is broadly in Cartographic assessments. This paper
proposes the remote Sensing techniques are enormously useful for selection of sites for specific
facilities such as dispensaries, restaurants, solid waste clearance area and industry. Urban planning
needs a large volume of data both at the time of planning and at the time of application of the plan to
decide the status of the available abilities. Thus, remote sensing techniques provide precise, orderly and
reliable information for planning and management of a town or a city. Remote Sensing techniques are
very useful for change detection analysis and selection of sites for specific amenities such as hospitals,
restaurants, solid waste disposal and industry. These information systems also offer interpretation of
physical (spatial) data with other socio-economic data, and thereby provide an important linkage in the
total planning process and making it more effective and meaningful.

Page121

Landslide Susceptibility Assessment at Bener SubDistrict (Central Java)
using Frequency Ratio Model

Munawaroh, D. Mardiatno , Muh. A, Marfai

Jalan Raya Bogor km 48 Badan Informasi Geospasial, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

Landslide hazards are one of the most dangerous natural disasters all over the world. Landslide
susceptibility assessment is useful for land use planners, and it can give the government some guide of
management. In the current study, Frequency Ratio model combined with geographic information
system are used in the Bener SubDistrict. Firstly, landslide inventory map in Bener subDistrict come
from literature study. Then 170 (80%) landslides were randomly selected as sample data, 42 (20%)
landslides were selected as verification data. Secondly, the relationship between landslide and
influencing factors was described 10 factors were applied in the model including slope, slope elevation,
TWI, SPI, LS, distance to river, distance to fault, lithology map, rainfall. By using these factors,
corresponding parameters in FR model simulation were selected. The results show that the high risk
and very high risk of landslide areas is present/appears for 40% of the region. In the course of model
validation, the results were validated using ROC curve. The AUC of Frequency ratio model was 77%.
Therefore, the landslide susceptibility index map of Bener SubDistrict is valuable for decision maker
in landslide prone area.

Page122

Of climate change and the calamitous events of Kashmir ecology: A
historical analysis

Mumtaz Ahmad Numani

Centre of Advanced Study in History, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

Over the decades now, scientists/ geo-scientists/ social-scientists through their profound
research (conceptual models) have defined a direct cyclic relation of landscape, climate and
the calamitous events. Climate is a relative term the change of which is thus real. It has got an
everlasting impact on both: the biotic and abiotic components of the environment. Calamitous
events (like Earthquakes, floods, fires, epidemics and famines) in past are more attributed to
fate than to climate change. Fate like a mad sovereign, Shrivara rhetorically opines, can in a
moment bestow unusual favour on his subjects when propitious, and inflict untold miseries
when unpropitious. But who can understand the caprices of fate, he realises? Shrivara also
informs us of an untimely snow fall that was followed by famine in Kashmir. About Kashmir,
the first fact mentioned by all the chroniclers was its invigorating climate change now. Climate
failure in Kashmir though occasionally had troubled people in the past and continues to trouble
in the present. However, its continuity and intensity of change above average is a matter of due
concern. Of several, but two important objectives may define the purpose of writing this paper.
One, on the basis of sources is to recapitulate and offer a critical comprehensive analysis of
the calamitous events occurring during 16th century onwards Kashmir. Two, is to briefly
examine the current and future challenges of the state in seeking wiser conceptual models for
addressing the issue of climate-change and the calamitous events frequently occasioning in
Kashmir.

Page123

Flash Flood Effect on Soil Fertility Status of Cold Arid Region-Ladakh

Mushtaq A. Wani1, Zahid M. Wani2, Phuntsog Tundup1 and Shazia Ramzan1

1S.K.University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar-190025 (J&K)
2Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, School of Engineering and Technology, AIT Bangkok,

Thailand

Climatic factors have become more significant in recent times due to rapid climate changes induced by
anthropogenic interventions affecting our ecosystem in various ways. The present study was undertaken
to determine loss of soil organic carbon, major and micronutrient status of cold arid Ladakh region
because of unprecedented cloudburst in August 2010. After flash flood devastated several villages of
Ladakh region were sampled for soil. Sampling was done for both affected and unaffected fields. The
collected soil samples were analyzed for pH, EC, OC, N, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn, WHC, texture, etc. In
most of the affected areas, top fertile soil has been removed and fields were full of boulders and debris.
This resulted in depletion of various major and micronutrients essential for plant growth and good soil
health. The lower lands also formed hardpan because of soil deposition from hills. Soil pH was recorded
8.26 and organic carbon depleted from 1.09% to only 0.71% of making the soil loose and poor in WHC.
The WHC reduced from 49% to 18-19%. N, P and K (215.1, 21.0 and 316.4 kg/ha respectively) and
micronutrient contents were also reduced. These losses have severe long-term effects on crop
productivity and economy of the region. Some recommendations were put forth for restoration of
agricultural productivity and soil health under cold arid agro-ecosystem. In case of moderately affected
fields, big stones can be removed with deep ploughing and levelling. Hard pans can be removed also
by deep ploughing to mix surface and subsurface soil. Construction boundaries and repairing of
irrigation channels is necessary. Addition of organic manures in terms of FYM, vermicomposting, etc.
for improvement of soil structure, aggregation, aeration and WHC is recommended. Proper soil and
water conservation measures should be adopted for improving soil health and sustainable crop
production.

Page124

Geological mapping and GIS visualization of Banded Gneissic Complex II,
Aravalli Craton in and around Lawa-Sardargarh area of Rajasthan, India

Naima Akhtar, M.E.A. Mondal

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh – 202002, India

E-mail: [email protected]

The present work is based on compilation of map consisting of different litho-tectonic components of
Banded Gneissic Complex (BGC II), Aravalli Craton in and around Lawa-Sardargarh area and
additional information using GIS software (ArcGIS) for the purpose of field investigations. The rock
types of BGC II include gneiss, granitoids and supracrustals. The merits of using GIS software over
other softwares being, it provide more accurate map with least distortion. Scanned lithological map of
the area is used to produce a raster format of a map, real world coordinates are assigned to the raster
data. The map thus generated will be georeferenced. This map is used by ArcGIS to trace the
lithological components with the help of various tools. Its overlay capability helps us to add the roads
and railway networks, areas of human settlements and other required data in a single map. It is a unique
feature of GIS software. These information are of much necessity while carrying out field work. The
produced map can be overlapped on Google Earth which is easily accessible nowadays. Thus it gives
a real picture of the field area. Post field work, the exact location of our sample collection can be pointed
on the map precisely. The description of the sample of a particular location can be fed into the database
in the form of spreadsheet.

Page125

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Proterozoic felsic and mafic magmatic Page126
rocks of Bomdila group, Arunachal Pradesh, NE Lesser Himalaya

Naqeebul Islam, Shamshad Ahmad Shaik Abdul Rashid

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

*Email: [email protected]

The Paleoproterozoic Bomdila gneisses from the north east Lesser Himalaya, associated with the
extensive development of Proterozoic granitoids along a 2000 km linear belt in the Lesser Himalaya.
The gneisses have been examined thoroughly with a view toward understanding its petrogenesis, the
regional implications of the Proterozoic granitic magmatism and its contribution in the evolution of the
continental crust in the Himalaya. Mafic metavolcanics (amphibolite sills and dykes) occur within the
gneisses. The discordant field relations and reaction zones noticed at number of places with the gneisses
clearly demonstrate that the metavolcanics are younger than the gneisses and might have intruded into
the basement rocks. Based on megascopic properties, three different types of granites were deciphered
and delineated. They have been named as i) Coarse grained porphyritic gneiss (CPG) ii) fine grained
gneiss (FG) and iii) leucogranite (LG) . The intrusive relationship of different phases reveals that the
CPG is the oldest phase followed by FG while the LG is the youngest among the three phases. On the
basis of field and petrological studies, the three types of granites have been grouped as two principle
types of granites: porphyritic biotite-muscovite (two-mica, consisting of CPG + FG) granites and
tourmaline-bearing leucogranites (LG). The Bomdila gneisses are foliated, augen-bearing, medium to
coarse grained, leucocratic and consists of quartz, plagioclase (albite to oligoclase), microcline, biotite
and muscovite as essential minerals. The substantial amount of felsic mineralogy strongly suggests that
they are leucogranite magmas, in agreement with the common occurrence of other such leucogranites
in the Himalaya.

The silica content of the samples varies from 66-76 wt. %. total alkali concentrations are generally
variable and range from 5.5 to 8.5 wt. %, which are mainly controlled by K2O abundance. However,
the tourmaline granites show slightly higher total alkalies when compared to the two-mica granites; this
may be because the former are enriched in both K and Na contents. All the Bomdila samples are
peraluminous with aluminum saturation index [ASI, molecular Al2O3/CaO+Na2O+K2O] of more than
1.1 and also contain abundant normative corundum. These characteristics and high Al2O3 (>13 wt. %)
contents indicate that they correspond to S-type granites. On SiO2 vs. Y, Yb and Nb variation diagrams,
the Bomdila granitoids plot in WPG + ORG fields, whereas they depict clear syn-collision granite
signatures on SiO2-Rb bivariate plot. The discriminant Rb vs. (Nb + Y) diagram shows that the
tourmaline granite generally lies within the syn-collision field (as do other Himalayan leucogranites),
whereas the two-mica granites straddles the field boundary between collision granite and volcanic-arc
granite. The two-mica granites show relatively more abundance of Rare Earth Elements (REE)
concentrations when compared to the tourmaline granites, which have a lesser amount of REE contents.
However, both the types exhibit similar LREE enriched and HREE depleted patterns with consistent
moderate Eu negative anomalies. The Rb-Sr whole-rock analysis of granitic rocks in Bomdila area has
been carried out which gives isochron age and initial 87Sr/86Sr as 1171 ±17 Ma and 0.7700± 0.0087.
This strongly suggests that there are at least two generations of igneous activity in the area.

The metabasic rocks (mostly amphibolites) associated with the Bomdila granitoids have also been
investigated to understand their tectonic setting and petrogenesis. Using different discrimination
diagrams (for e.g. AFM, YTC), the mafic rocks from the Bomdila area are classified as continental
tholeiites. The chief mineral constituents are augite, hornblende, biotite, plagioclase (oligoclase-
andesine), sphene, epidote, chlorite and quartz. Quartz is present in minor quantity. Some of the
important characters, like low magnesium numbers (mostly < 60) and Sr as well as negative Eu
anomalies of the Bomdila basic rocks suggest that fractional crystallization has played a role in the
generation of these rocks. Most of the geochemical characteristics of Bomdila basic rocks indicate that
they may have been derived by different degrees of partial melting of enriched mantle source. Typical
continental tholeiitic nature, overall low Mg numbers with chemical features indicating the involvement
of fractional crystallization are consistent with the geochemical signatures of other such volcanics from
the Himalaya that exist in the NW Lesser Himalaya.

Page127

An Assessment of housing quality in Uttar Pradesh: Spatial Inequality

Naushaba Naseem Ahmed

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

Uttar Pradesh has a large population and a high population growth that in turn created
substantial pressure on housing provision. Housing supply crisis and the deterioration in the
quality of the housing infrastructure become the serious issue that needs to be addressed. This
paper is an attempt to present the housing quality index (HQI) by principal component analysis
(PCA) of selected indicators with help of household Census data 2011. The selected indicators
were normalized by UNDP method that ranges the value between 0 (highest value) and 1
(lowest value). The sub- indices of HQI were depicted through maps to highlight the inequality
in housing quality. The final result shows that Gautam Buddha Nagar (0.123) is occupied the
better position in term of housing quality followed by Ghaziabad (0.207) and Lucknow (0.270)
while on the other end, Shravasti district (1.126) is least developed in this regard followed by
Bahraich (1.109) and Chitrakoot (1.104). To provide better housing quality, government policy
planners should improve the housing conditions and basic environmental services to backward
districts of Uttar Pradesh.

Page128

Hydro-chemical characteristics of the groundwater in Trans-Yamuna
Alluvial aquifer, Palwal district, Haryana

Nepal Singh, Sarfaraz Ahmad, Syeda Nigar Mazhar

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

The hydro chemical characteristics have been evaluated for the groundwater regime in trans-Yamuna
alluvial plain, Palwal district, Haryana. The groundwater samples collected in post- monsoon 2015 and
pre-monsoon 2016 from the study area were analyses for physical parameters as pH , EC (Electrical
conductivity) and major ion concentration such as Ca+, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, Cl, CO3, SO4, NO3. The
detailed observations are as follows: pH value 7.9± 0.128 (7.45-8.37) ,HCO3 -326±106 (51.33-1031)
mg/l. For CO32- the concentration is about 62.61± 91.17 (-509-341) mg/l, Mg -77± 0.051 (-77.45-77.17
mg/l), SO42 -257±165.45 (13.005-1395) mg/l. Cl- show 608±321 mg/l (80-236.5), Ca2+ concentration is
55.98±34.002 mg/l (12.5-324 mg/l). Na+ is having 203 ±117(22.88-848) mg/l whereas, K+
concentration 30 ± 26.91 mg/l (3.55-244 mg/l). And silica concentration is 69±18.23 mg/l (35.38-172
mg/l) with F- 0.77±0.193 (0.32-1.41) mg/l. The order of anions is Cl> HCO3>SO4>CO3>F and Cl >SO4
>HCO3>CO3>F in pre and post monsoon season. While the order of abundance of cations is
Na>Mg>Ca>k does not change with season.

Page129

Study of Land Use/Land Cover Change Dynamics In Osian City And Its
Surroundings

Newton Kumar Mohanta

Department of Remote Sensing and G.I.S North Orissa University, Odisha, India

Email: [email protected]

Land is vital to the survival of all life on Earth and it is important that we understand the various changes
that take place on it. Environmental and anthropogenic drivers are constantly changing the face of the
Earth and it is essential that we understand what these drivers are and the change they bring about to
the land use/land cover. Spatial information on land use/land cover is the basic prerequisite in planning,
utilizing and management of natural resources. A considerable degree of land transformation is being
witnessed because of growing population pressure on the finite land resources and industrialization
resulting in deterioration of the environment. Due to increase in population, extreme climate conditions
and incidence of natural disaster, the natural resources management has become very complex. As a
precursor, it is necessary to understand the ‘cause and effect’ of the transformations through scientific
studies. Jodhpur district lies in western Rajasthan. Western Rajasthan is one of the most populated
deserts in the world with reference to both human and livestock numbers. Agriculture and livestock
rearing are the major sources of livelihood. Tremendous pressure on the land in recent past has resulted
in extension of cultivation to the fragile parts of sandy terrain.. Different objects on the surface of the
earth reflect different amounts of energy in various wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Remote sensing science detects and measures these spectral responses, which enable identification and
classification of different objects on the earth surface. Satellites, which orbit around earth, provide a
vantage point to observe measure, map and monitor the earth’s natural resources. The present study has
been undertaken in parts of Jodhpur district, Rajasthan with the following objectives, To map land
use/land cover for two different periods viz., 1995-2001 and 2001- 20015. To evaluate changes in land
use/land cover over the period 1995-2001 to 2001-2015.

Page130

A study of change in agricultural and forest land in Gwalior City using
satellite imagery

Nitesh Gupta, Padam Jee Omar, Ravi Prakash Tripathi, Shiwanshu Shekhar

IIT (BHU) Varanasi, India

Email: [email protected]

The relative evaluation of land use and land cover for various uses such as forest, agriculture and water
bodies etc. is the important issue in the semiarid region. Application of Remote Sensing technology for
Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change analysis has been carried out in semi-arid region of Madhya
Pradesh, central part of India and found that the use of remote sensing along with Survey of India
toposheets could be used appropriately for LULC mapping. The semi-arid regions are characterized by
erratic rainfall and high rate of vegetation dynamics. The increasing biotic pressure together with
increasing human demands exerts pressure on the available land resources all over the region. Therefore,
in order to have best possible use of land, it is not only necessary to have the information on the existing
LULC, but also to monitor the dynamic land use resulting because of increasing demands aroused from
the growing population. Continuous overexploitation of natural resources like land, water, and forest
has caused serious threat to the local population of the semi-arid region. This causes problems like little
scope for soil moisture storage, high rate of soil erosion, declining groundwater level and shortage of
drinking water.

Page131

Mining impact on water resources of Jhalawar district Rajasthan: Using
Remote sensing techniques

Nuzhat Fatima

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh (U.P), India

Email: [email protected]

Mining industry brings fortitude of developing economies throughout much of the world. From century
environmental insensitive policies, however are leading to massive soil degradation, contamination,
lethal vegetation, ground water (surface and subsurface) pollution, disposal of mine dump and
landscape disfiguration around mining areas. A systematic and multidisplinary approach stipulates
reliable information and visual analytical tool for mapping, management, monitoring of reclamation
and rehabilitation of mineral areas. These techniques infer help to assess the environmental impact and
monitor dynamic changes caused by mining activity. The main objective was to address the issues
concerning mining and its impact on environment particularly water resources using Remotely sensed
geo-information tools and interpretation of mining induced environmental problems in Jhalawar,
district Rajasthan . Jhalawar is mainly lained by rocks of Vindhyan supergroup and Deccan traps. About
60% of the district is overlaid by Deccan traps. The Vindhyans comprised of Jhalarapatan sandstone
and limestone of lower Vindhyans of Semri group which is the main sand stone horizon in and around
Jhalawar for mining purposes. Due to mining activity the natural profile, contour pattern of an area gets
highly disturbed which affects the drainage system and deteriorates the quality of water. The mining
pits gets filled with rain water, percolates downward and degrade the ground water quality by increasing
the calcium content and total hardness. The dynamic operation of mining leads to the deduction in
ground water level, lowers the water table. Satellite based Remote Sensing has emerged an excellent
tool for surveying, planning and monitoring of mining activity and for finding its impact on water, land
and air water .

Page132

Spatial analysis and landscape modeling of the eastern region of
Madagascar from SPOT 5 satellite images: case of the large Maningory

watershed

P. Ramanamandimby

Lot II M 89 bis DB Andravoahangy Est

Email: [email protected]

The sustainable management of tropical natural resources remains a huge challenge facing the perpetual
dichotomy between increased demand on agricultural products and biodiversity conservation. In
Madagascar, the landscape are mainly dominated by agricultural matrix with sparse wetlands and some
remnants rainforests especially in the Alaotra Mangoro and Analanjirofo Regions. Particularly in the
Maningory watershed, anthropogenic pressures are mainly based on slash and burn activities and
accelerate land cover change over the landscape. This study was carried out to provide a decision tool
for different actors involved in the development of the region by providing quantitative data on land
cover linked with specific spatial parameters as distance from the main river and topography.
Multispectral SPOT 5 imageries since 2014 has been processed through pixel-based and object-oriented
classification to derive land cover maps. The accuracy of each classification has been assessed by
confusion matrix and Kappa index. The influence of topography on land cover distribution has been
analyzed using statistical correlation estimates of slope derived from digital elevation model. Distance
from river allows to have a continual variable which has been used to analyze landscape unit
distribution variation to river proximity. The results show that the forest cover area increased towards
the periphery of the river (10.63% of dense forest and 11.63% of degraded forest in the study area).
The analysis also highlights the influence of topography on the land cover. In fact, the lowlands (less
than 8% slopes) were generally dominated by rice field and other agricultural area. Then, a great
proportion of dense forests (72.17% of the total dense forest area) are still localized in a medium slope
(between 8% and 30%). The class of savoka follows this trend (54.61% in the same range of slope)
which indicates forest degradation as alternative to the lack of arable areas in the lowlands. Thus, in
order to improve the natural resources management at landscape scale, the main actions should be
focalized on the establishment of a balance between agricultural practices by improving yields from
modern techniques and forest conservation.

Page133

Geoconservation of landforms or features through Geoparks

Poonam Khare

Department of Geology, J.V.Jain College, Saharanpur-247001

Email: [email protected]

India is a store house of captivating and notable landforms. Geologically India inherits 4 billion years
old i.e. Precambrian or purana rocks as well as the youngest rock of 60 to 7 million years old. This
immense geodiversity is proven in the varied geological structure, tectonic records, climatic variability,
mountain chains, glaciers, deserts, beautiful water falls, rock cut caves and long coastal lines. The
importance of geological and geomorphological heritage is recognized by Earth scientist academicians
and conservation practitioner that our natural heritage should be conserved for future generation. Geo
conservation is the identification and care of sites which make a unique contribution to our Earth
heritage. It is now a growing and widespread activity that is well established in the US, Europe, China
and many other parts of the world. Appropriate geo conservation of these geo inherited sites are can be
done in the form of Geoparks. These can be converted, using apt designs, to tourist attractions which
will push towards awareness and sensitivity of the masses towards the geological culture of India.
Information centres in these sites will help people in understandning the Ethnogeology of our
civilization with the landforms. The aim of the paper is to discuss the importance of Geoconservation
of Geoinherited landforms through geoparks and develop awareness and its concept.

Page134

Mapping Wetlands of Uttar Pradesh using Remote sensing & Geographical
Information System

Prachi Kulshrestha1, Qamar Qureshi2, Swati Saini3

1Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
2Landscape level planning and management department, WII, Dehradun, India

3IT and RS & GIS cell, WII, Dehradun,India

Wetlands exhibit enormous diversity according to their genesis, geographical location, water regime
and chemistry, dominant plants and soil or sediment characteristics. It is the presence of water for a
significant period of time which is principally responsible for the development of a wetland. Thus
wetlands are of critical ecological significance as they support a large variety of plant and animal
species adapted to fluctuating water levels. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) estimates
conservatively that wetlands cover seven percent of the earth’s surface and deliver 45% of the world’s
natural productivity and ecosystem services of which the benefits are estimated at $20 trillion a year.
Despite these benefits, wetlands suffer human interference and are among the most threatened of all
ecosystems. Around 50% of the earth’s wetlands are estimated to have already disappeared worldwide
over the last hundred years through conversion to industrial, agricultural and residential developments.
To conserve and manage wetland resources, it is important to have inventory of wetlands and their
catchments. Mapping is thus essential for monitoring spatio- temporal dynamics of wetlands for better
decision-making. With this idea we conducted mapping of wetlands of Uttar Pradesh, India, using
satellite imagery (IRS AWiFS). Two date-data, viz., pre-monsoon (Feb-March) and post-monsoon
(October-November) were used to capture hydrological variability of the wetlands. The state of Uttar
Pradesh is covered in 40 IRS AWiFS tiles. Further the wetlands were mapped using NDWI model in
ERDAS Imagine 13 and layered after conversion from raster to vector layers. The total area of wetlands
mapped in Uttar Pradesh during pre-monsoon was 179715.8 ha. and that during the post monsoon
season was 370444.42 ha. The percentage increase of which was 0.792%. The study shows GIS to be
an effective tool in monitoring spatio-temporal dynamics of wetlands for better conservation of wetland
biodiversity.

Page135

Predicted range shifts and vulnerability to future climate change of
Garcinia indica, a vulnerable medicinal species to the Western Ghats

Pramanik M.K.

Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India

Email: [email protected]

In recent, climate change is a big threat and has been widely documented to the geographic distribution
of many plant species, while its impacts on the distribution of ecologically vulnerable medicinal species
remain largely unknown. The identification of the suitable location of a species under current and future
climate is a significant step towards the mitigation of biodiversity decline. Incorporating this, the study
aimed to predict the influence of current and future climate on Garcinia indica distribution of the
northern Western Ghats using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) modelling. The future projections were
made for the period of 2050 and 2070 with all RCP (Representative Concentration Pathways) scenario
(2.6, 4.5, 6.0, and 8.5) using 16 species occurrence data, and 19 bioclimatic predictors from the BCC-
CSM1.1 model of Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) 5th assessment. The bioclimatic
variables were minimised to smaller no. of variables after multicollinearity test, and their contributions
were assessed using jackknife test and AOC value 0.844 indicates the model perform with high
accuracy. The major influencing variables will be temperature seasonality (37.5%), precipitation of
wettest quarter (27%), precipitation of warmest quarter (17.6%), precipitation seasonality (10.5%), and
precipitation of driest period (6.4%). The model predicted 14.85% (27316.42 sq. km) of the presently
documented as moderate to high suitable classes, while 79.50% (146213.5 sq. km) of the area identified
as ‘unsuitable’ or ‘very low suitable’. Climate change predictions presented that there will be a drastic
reduction in the suitability by 2050 and 2070 for 6.0 and 8.5 RCP scenarios. The results also reported
that the species range limit would be shifted towards the north (e.g., north-western Goa and south-
western Maharashtra) by reducing southern range limits (e.g., south-western Karnataka, and small parts
of northern Kerala). Finally, the results signify that the model might be an efficient tool for biodiversity
protection, ecosystem management, and species re-habitation planning under future climate change.

Page136

A quantitative geomorphic study of Barsati River Basin, Jharkhand, India

Pramod Kumar Pandey, S. S. Das

Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, University of Allahabad, India

Email: [email protected]

An attempt has been made to study drainage morphometry and its influence on hydrology of
Barsati Basin, north-eastern Chhotanagpur Plateau, Jharkhand. The detailed study is made
with Cartosat-I Stereo pair data for preparing Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Geographical
information system (GIS) was used in evaluation of linear and areal aspects of morphometric
parameters. The study reveals that the Barsati Basin has 5th order river network with a dendritic
drainage pattern. The dendritic drainage pattern indicates that the basin has homogeneous
lithology, gentle regional slope and lack of structural control. The low mean bifurcation ratio
of the entire basin indicates that the basin has good permeability and the drainage pattern is
not much controlled by geological structures. Moderate drainage texture, low drainage density
and stream frequency of Barsati River basin indicate that the relief is mature and permeability
is good. The shape parameters indicate that the basin is slightly elongated in shape with good
infiltration capacity.

Page137

Application of Landsat Time-series Images to Quantifying Land-use Land-
cover Dynamic Change and its Future Projection

Pratik Deb1, Ashok Mishra2, Igor Mushikin3, Soukhin Tarafdar1

1G. B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Upper Bhaktiyana, Srinagar,
Garhwal-246 174, Uttarakhand, India

2Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India-
721302

3Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies, 10, Plakhotnogo Str., Novossibirsk,
630108, Russia – 630108

Emails: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Land use land cover change is considered as one of the important issues in the context of carbon
emissions, climate change, and loss of biodiversity throughout the world. Land is becoming a scarce
resource due to high urbanization and immense agricultural development. Therefore, information about
the land use land cover and their change detection is essential for selection, planning and
implementation of new land use schemes to manage the sustainable land and water resources as well
as to meet the increasing demands for basic human needs and welfare. This paper is an attempt to
demonstrate effective modern techniques in mapping, identifying and accessing the land use land cover
changes in the Subarnarekha river basin located in the eastern part of India. Change matrixes were also
used to quantify the area (percentage) that had changed from one land use land cover to another class.
Spatial patterns of land use land cover change were identified through the supervised classification
approach followed by the unsupervised classification and change detection analyses. Land use land
cover change was quantified through Markov analysis and related probability of change for each class
was predicted. Seven Landsat satellite images of 1987, 1991, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2008 and 2011 were
processed and classified into eight land use land cover categories: Dense Forest, Open Forest, Mixed
Forest, Waterbody, Settlements, Agricultural Land, Current Fallow and Barren Land/Sand. The area of
dense forest and open forest decreased drastically in between 1987 to 2011 as changes were estimated
to reduce from 12.87% to 6.17% and 13.95% to 7.89%, respectively, of the total basin area of 19,121
km2. At the same time, the area of settlement and agricultural land increased (2.63% to 6.89% and
47.80% to 57.70%, respectively) which is due to urbanization, human population and increase of
agricultural fields. The results indicate that severe land use land cover changes occurred in dense forest
(-54.78%), open forest (-31.20%), agricultural land (+23.30%), settlements (+169.58%), current fallow
(-95.31%) and barren land / sand (+90.47%) during 1987-2011 time period.

Page138