Abstract Volume

Digital Property: Applications and implementations in public sector. A
case study

Rukhsana, Humayun Sarkar, Asraful Alam

SP 105, Block 8, Siddha Town, Beraberi (Siker Bagan), West Bengal, Kolkata-700136. India

Email: [email protected]

Digital property mapping is a process in which land boundary or parcels are created for efficient and
effective land management. Digital mapping is required for the division of land into or fewer lands or
parcels for the purpose of sale, lease or financing whether immediate or future with certain exceptions.
Properties were digitized with help of GIS to get individual information with additional input of
secondary data where Relational Data Base Management System (RBDMS) inbuilt with. In this work
first of all were collected the GCPs by field survey using GNSS with accuracy of 0.17 mm. The GCPs
were used for rectification google earth image @ digital globe 2017 with RMSE 0.211 and also used at
2st order polynomial. On screen digitization of building and personal database were created in GIS
environment. This work also comparing the digital property area and length with manual survey of
same building based on random sampling to identify the accuracy. The area of a property number 148
on the field were measured 400 Sq.m. where on digital value were found 402.644 sq.m. the only
difference were found 2.644 sq.m However the works revels that high resolution imagery were more
suitable for preparing digital property wise database system as it is faster and could be store for future
assignments.

Page139

Application of GIS in PGE-zonation mapping in the Madawara area of
Bundelkhand craton, central India

Mir Md Ramiz, M.E.A. Mondal

Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

The southern fringe of the Bundelkhand craton is marked by the occurrence of series of lensoidal bodies
of Ultramafic-mafic suite of rocks. These rocks are E-W trending and well exposed near the Madawara
town. Preliminary field studies reveal that the ultramafic-mafic rock suite is mainly composed of
layered harzburgite, spinel-peridotite, dunite and pyroxenite. These ultramafic-mafic suite of rocks are
considered to be good resources of As-Au-Ni-Cr-Cu and PGEs (Platinum Group of Elements).
Exploration of these PGE reserve is matter of prime concern for the government in the present days.
As a result, for these studies, PGE zonation maps are warranted.

Since the last two decades computerized data capture, 3D map presentation and analysis has been an
essential tool in exploration, evaluation and exploitation of the mineral resources. Proper data capture
and storage in the field itself, using the modern software increases the efficiency and reduces the data
validation issues which otherwise would cost time and money for a mineral reserve. These softwares
coupled with the powerful GIS displays help in real time mapping and interpretation in the field.

The PGE-zonation map provide an assessment of the vegetation, problems of existing habitations and
other infrastructural elements. GIS has been an integral part for any preliminary studies in the recent
times. Apart from physical mapping of the PGE bearing ultamafic-mafic rock suites based on field and
geochemical studies, use of remote sensing image interpretation along with GIS has been an
indispensable tool to create a mineralization database. These data can be used to prepare various
thematic data layers which are geo-referenced and hence can be overlaid upon one another to get a
desired map. Here, thematic data layers pertaining to the mapped high Ni-Cr-Cu concentration in rocks
using field and geochemical data is digitally interpreted using remote sensing satellite data of the
Madawara area coupled with the spatial and 3D analysis of terrain data. These thematic data layers are
spatially integrated and a PGE-zonation map is prepared.

Page140

Factors controlling the soil formation of NW Manipur (Indo-Myanmar
Ranges): Evidence from Remote Sensing, Geochemistry and Mineralogy

S. Ranjeeta Devi1, Chingkhei Rajkumar2, Soibam Ibotombi1, M.E.A.Mondal3

1Department of Earth Sciences, Manipur University, Canchipur-795003, India
2Department of Forestry and Environment Science, Canchipur-795003, India
3Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Influence of climate, topography and parent material on soil formation can be studied using remote
sensing data combined with geochemistry and mineralogy for the Surma Group of rock of NW Manipur.
The Surma Group (Miocene) represents molásse sediments of Manipur in the Indo-Myanmar Ranges.
Main rock facies of this Group are sandstone, siltstone, shale, mudstone and intraformational
conglomerate. Petrology and geochemistry suggest fine to medium grained sandstone (sub-litharenite
and litharenite). XRD result shows Kaolinite as the dominant clay minerals, which are the initial
products of weathering or hydrothermal alteration of feldspar and common in all the shale samples. The
soil map prepared by using IRS-IC, LISS-III and NBSS and LUP after digitization in GIS format
suggests the occurrence of fine loamy, clayey skeletal and fine soil in the study area. Soils are found
developed on shale and sandstone rocks of Miocene which include in a period of active laterization
(soil and rock type) that extended from about the mid-Tertiary to the mid-Quaternary periods (35 to 1.5
million years ago). Due to complexity of the terrain, the depth of the soil is variable. The soil is
susceptible to erosion due to the steepness of slope. Soils are moderately deep to very deep, very deeply
weathered soils confined to concave slopes and pockets. The soils developed on shales are deep while
those developed on sandstones are shallow. Intense structural deformation leading to fracturing and
jointing have facilitated weathering and other soil forming processes leading to the formation of deep
fine soil (soft parent rock) in large portion and clayey skeletal (hard parent rock )in the central part of
the study area. Tropical climate and parent rock are mostly responsible for moderate to high chemical
weathering of the rocks which produces a wide variety in the thickness, grade, chemistry and
mineralogy of the resulting soils.

Page141

Hydrochemistry of Groundwater of Singrauli Region Page142

Ravi Shanker Patel1, S.K. Tiwari2, R.K. Singh3, S.B. Dwivedi4, A. Ram1, V. Chaudhary1

1Department of Geology, CAS, Institute of Science Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005
2UGC-ASC (HRDC), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005
3Central Ground Water Board, Lucknow, India

4Deparment of civil engineering, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005

Emails: [email protected], [email protected]

The north-eastern part of Madhya Pradesh, the Singrauli district and the adjoining southern part of
Sonbhadra district in Uttar Pradesh is together termed as the Singrauli region. The region is generally
covered with alluvial soil, red sandy soil and yellow loamy soil, laterite soil and red loamy soil. The
region comprises sedimentary, crystalline and metamorphic rocks, weathered to red soil. Similarly, the
red colour of the laterite soil is more due to diffusion of iron compounds rather than due to high
proportion of iron oxides. The climate of Singrauli region is characterized by hot summer, cool winter
and well-distributed rainfall during southwest monsoon.

The geology of the area reveals the occurrence of various rock formation as old as granites of Achaean
age to the alluvium of Recent age. The other important formations outcropping in the district are Deccan
trap of Cretaceous – Eocene, Gondwana sandstones of Paleozoic to Mesozoic and other rocks of
Vindhayans and phyllites, quartzites, schists, gneisses and granites of Archeans age.

The study area includes Renukoot, Shaktinagar, Dudhichua, Amlori, Nigahi, Jhingurdah, Renusagar,
Anpara- Shaktinagar, Waidhan, Punarwas-2, Punarwas-1, Dala, Obra. Since these areas are located
more nearer to industry and they may be more prone to contamination of groundwater.

Ground water quality (Shallow Aquifer) in Singrauli region has been brought out by analyzing the 26
water samples collected from National Hydrograph Monitoring wells during December 2016. The
water samples were analyzed using atomic absorption photometer, Flame photometer, titration method
(courtesy: CGWB, Lucknow). There are fifteen normal parameters viz. pH, Electrical conductivity,
carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chlorine, Fluorine, Nitrate, Sulfate, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium,
Sodium, Potassium, Silicate, Phosphate. In addition to this, five heavy metals viz. Copper, Zinc,
Manganese, Iron, Arsenic were also analyzed.

The pH value of water samples ranged between 7.40 to 8.20 and are alkaline in nature; and within
permissible limit (6.5 to 8.5) as prescribed by BIS (1991). The electrical conductivity and hence the
salinity depends upon the concentration of dissolved inorganic salts in the water. The EC values in
district are within BIS limit (1000 μS/cm2) and found to be in the range of 160 to 775μS/cm2 at 25°C.
The anion chemistry shows that the chloride concentration in the district range between 43-202 mg/l
within the permissible safe limit of 250 mg/l. The concentration of NO3 in the district ranges from not
detectable to 80 mg/l. The fluoride concentration in the district range between 0.4 to 1.2 mg/l. The
results indicate that there is no problem of excess fluoride in the shallow ground water of the district.
In fact the analysis of groundwater shows that there may not be any health issue related to ground water

of the area directly. At places, iron is found to be above the permissible limit of ground water which
may be due to presence of iron bearing rock types.

Page143

Study on Degradation of Urban River Using Image Processing Technique’s

Ravi L., K.Manjulavani, Ballu Harish

Pavan Plaza, Nijampet Village Chowrasta, Medchal (Dist), 500090, India

Email: [email protected]

River discoloration into polluted drain is a common perspective in present scenario, as urban population
is getting expanded and due to improper maintenance of sewages, the domestic sewage and industrial
waste is getting dumped into natural rivers. It leads to fading of urban natural rivers. Regeneration
techniques of Remote sensing and GIS are widely used in studying change detection techniques of river
encroachment at catchment points and also used in identification of industrial drain tributes, Land use
analysis at river bank. Hyderabad is a fastest growing metropolitan city originated from the bank of
Musi river in 1591 by Mohammed Quli Qutubshah, at present river divides the Historic old city and
new city. Musi river origins at Anantha giri hills at below mentioned coordinates i.e latitude 17.310,
longitude 77.860.River flows for an area of 30 km in Hyderabad. This study involves analyzing the
change detection of Musi River over a period of decade and also interpreting the degradation of river
using open source images. The general objective of study is to geographically identify and analyse the
extension, encroachment and additional parameters of musi river like its sub drains & land use at river
bank. This study demonstrates the use of open source satellite data in determining the drain patterns
and tributary of river.The objective of work includes using the existing modules in Erdas imagine i.e
Change detection,PCA techniques for analyzing change detection of musi river.

Page144

Mineralization and Geological study of Bisha area, Western Nakfa
Terrane, Eritrea (N.E. Africa) using GIS and geophysical observation.

Rizwan Ahmad1, Wolde Gabriel Genzebu1, Liaqat Ali Khan Rao2

1Department of Earth Sciences, Eritrea Institute of Technology, Mai Nefhi P.O.12676 Asmara, Eritrea
(N.E. Africa)

2Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

In recent times, the impact of GIS has been widely felt in many applications in the geosciences,
especially, the integrated analysis of spatial data from multi-source has become increasingly important
to make optimized decisions. Eritrea is divided into several north- or northeast-trending Proterozoic
terranes, which are separated by major crustal sutures. The western Nakfa Terrane comprises lowgrade
metamorphosed calc-alkaline volcanics and sediments, and hosts base metal mineralization in the Gash-
Barka district, including the Bisha polymetallic deposits. The Bisha deposit is a series of massive
sulphide lenses that trend north-south and dip steeply to the west. The strike extent is 1.2 km and the
thickness of the lenses varies from 0 m to 70 m. Mineralization extends to a depth of 500 m below
surface and has not been closed off. The deposit is hosted by an intensely foliated, bimodal sequence
of predominantly tuffaceous metavolcanic rocks. Felsic lithologies appear to directly host the
mineralization, predominate overall, and form the hanging wall stratigraphy. A significant component
of mafic metavolcanic rocks occurs in the more obviously bimodal footwall, which is exposed mainly
to the east of known mineralized zones. Natural mineral resources are the backbone of the development
of industry and economic growth of the country. This gives exploration and mining of mineral ores,
manufacture and marketing of these raw materials added value to the country’s national income. In this
study we have reviewed some of the existing data models and discussed in detail the different types of
geophysical interpretations. Criteria have been developed to classify geophysical and related geological
data types to get a better understanding and enhanced interpretation by combining different geological
and geophysical concepts using GIS operations.

Page145

Petrofacies study and geochemistry of Habo Dome clastics, Kachchh Page146
Mainland Region, NW India: implications for provenance and depositional

basin setting

Roohi Irshad, M. Shamim Khan, A.H.M. Ahmad

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

The Kachchh Mainland Basin of western Indian shield is the largest repository of Mesozoic
sediments accumulated in 6 small isolated sub-basins. These basins namely Jara, Jumara, Nara,
Keera, Jhurio and Habo are linearly exposed in an E-W direction in this part of Indian shield.
Habo Dome basin is the largest easternmost basin amongst these in the Kachchh Mainland
region. It records preservation of clastic rocks included in Chari Formation, bearing an age
from Callovian to Oxfordian. Petrochemical analysis of clastic rocks shows significant
differences between the sandstones as well as shales from base to top. For example, modal
analysis of sandstones display an increase in the proportion of polycrystalline quartz, rock
fragments and heavy minerals coupled with a decrease in K-feldspar upwards. Similarly, there
is an increase in kaolinite proportion in the shales with a concomitant decrease in quartz content
with the stratigraphic younging. The Habo Dome sequence is interpreted to represent a
fluctuating transgressive–regressive facies cycle, developed during the Callovian and Late-
Early Oxfordian. Nevertheless, the fluctuations in sea level are not purely eustatic, but rather
more due to local tectonics. Moderate correlations of REE and Ti with Al2O3 and REE
distribution in the clastic rocks of this basin suggest that these elements are contained chiefly
in clay, mica and /or zircon fractions.The moderate correlation of REE with Ti and Al2O3 is
probably due to the fact that the detritus of the Habo Dome clastics was derived both from
igneous rocks (zircon control) and sedimentary rocks (clay control). Patterns of REE profiles
including the magnitude of negative Eu anomalies in most Habo Dome sediments are similar
to those of Phanerozoic shales. The possible source terrain(s) of these sediments include
granitoids, volcanics and fine grained clastic sedimentary rocks. Close scrutiny of detrital
modes and geochemical characteristics of the sediments reveal two dominant source terrains
for these sedimentary rocks: a granitoid source with significant basic volcanics (Banded
Gneissic Complex, BGC Aravalli craton) and a granite – gneissic source with minor alkalic
volcanic components (Nagar Parkar Massif, NPM) lying to the north and northeast respectively.
The sediment supply was from BGC followed by NPM and thereafter continued in cyclic
manner. The Kachchh Mainland Basins including Habo Dome basin have traditionally been
interpreted to be fault controlled sinks in wherein sediments deposition took place in response
to sea level changes. This study reveals that Habo Dome basin is a local pullapart basin. The

disposition, shape and structural architecture of the Habo Dome basin, are other evidence
regarding its pull-apart basin origin.

Page147

Petrology of Ultra-High Temperature sapphirine+quartz bearing
granulites from Usilampatti, Madurai Block, South India

Roopali Yadav, D. Prakash

Department of Geology, CAS, Institute of science Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005

Email: [email protected]

The Usilampatti area constitutes parts of the granulite-facies rocks of the Madurai Block in the
Southern granulite terrain. Usilampatti area situated 35 km away from Madurai District. The
dominent rock type exposed in the area include quartzite, charnockite, garnet-cordierite gniess,
sapphirine-bearing granulite, mafic granulite, ultramafic rocks, calc-silicate rocks and leptynite
rocks. The sapphirine-bearing granulite occurs as dark, coarse-to- medium-grained lenticular
bodies. Sapphirine-bearing granulite from Usilampatti preserves a variety of mineral textures
and reactions that help in reconstructing metamorphic evolution. Peak metamorphic conditions
were attained with the development of sapphirine+quartz in textural equilibrium that was
followed by nearly isothermal decompression which also followed by successive retrograde
hydration stage. The association of sapphirine + quartz indicates very high temperature
conditions for crustal metamorphism. The stable assemblage during metamorphism contains
sapphirine, spinel, garnet, orthopyroxene, cordierite, K-feldspar, plagioclase, sillimanite and
quartz. The peak metamorphic conditions have been estimated by sapphirine + quartz
assemblage at approximately 940 ºC at 9 kbar which is supported by thermodynamic modeling
using the winTWQ programme.

Page148

Multi Temporal Landsat Imagery Using For Mangrove Mapping and
Change Detection in Kannur – Kerala

Royal Tata.MA1, K.A Sreejith1, K.Kumaraswamy2

1Department of Forest Ecology, Kerala Forest Research Institute, Kerala, India
2Department of Geography Bharathidasan University, Thichy, Tamil Nadu, India

Email: [email protected]

Aerial Photography and legacy high resolution system such as Landsat and SPOT are by far
the most common approaches to mangrove remote sensing (Newton et al., 2009). Furthermore
historical satellite imagery allows for change detection studies more accessible to developing
nations in which the majority of the world’s mangroves grove this imagery can provide very
rapid assessment for monitoring changes in times (Dahoduh-Guebas et al., 2006) of crisis. This
studies using multi temporal LANDSAT sensors including TM, ETM+ and OLI image –
Remote sensing technology and Geographical information system (GIS) data were utilized to
analysis how the mangrove had changes past and present 1991,2001and 2016extent of
mangroves in the Kannur District. A hybrid method of supervised and unsupervised
classification was used along with principal components analysis spectral transformation
methods to produce land cover classes, Image segmentation was used to improve the accuracy
assessment of the post satellite image processing. GPS ground reference points and randomly
generated reference points and reported producer accuracy and user accuracy recorded overall
Kappa statistic for accuracy assessment.

Page149

Use of Landsat data for detecting changes of urban heat islands over
Raipur City, India

S. Guha1, H. Govil1

1 Department of Applied Geology, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, 492010, India

Email: [email protected]

In this study, spatial and temporal distribution of the urban heat island (UHI) zones and their changes
over Raipur city has been thoroughly analyzed using multi-temporal Landsat satellite data from 1995
to 2016. Three sub-scenes of Landsat TM data and one sub-scene of Landsat 8 data have been selected
for the entire research work. Simple mono-window algorithm was applied to retrieve the land surface
temperature (LST) distribution. The optical bands have been used in mapping land use/land cover (LU-
LC) and related changes. The thermal band was used to compute the LST and UHI. Normalized
Difference Bareness Index (NDBaI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and Urban Index
(UI) were proposed to extract bare land and built-up areas from the satellite images. All the indices
show strong positive relationship with LST in the UHI zones. Results show that during the observed
period, the study area experienced a rapid urban growth with a gradual increase in LST. An increase of
23.78% LST over the entire study area has been noticed between 1995 and 2016. The UHI zones have
been developed especially along the north-western and the south-eastern periphery of the city where
the land is almost bare. It was also noticed that these bare lands are characterized by higher UHI
intensity compare to the built-up areas of the city. A difference in the mean LST between UHI and non-
UHI zones for different time periods (2.60C in 1995, 2.850C in 2006, 3.420C in 2009 and 3.630C in
2016) reflects the gradually warming status of the city. LST map of 2016 data shows the existence of
few urban hotspots (LST>47.80C) near the industrial areas, metal roofs and high density transport
parking lots those are more abundant in the north-western part of the city.

Page150

Pollution Mapping of Yamuna River Segment Passing Through Delhi
Using High Resolution Geoeye-2 Imagery

S. Said1, A. Husain2

1Civil Engineering Department, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
2Civil Engineering Department, Ch. Brham Prakash College of Engineering, (Delhi University),

Jaffarpur, Haryana, India

Email: [email protected]

The river Yamuna is the largest tributary of river Ganga and has been acclaimed as a heavenly waterway
in Indian mythology. However, the 22 km Delhi segment of river Yamuna from downstream Wazirabad
barrage to Okhla barrage is considered to be the most filthiest stretch and has been rendered into a
sewer drain. Present study employs high resolution Geo-eye 2 imagery for mapping and monitoring the
pollution concentrations within this Delhi river segment by establishing correlation between water
quality parameters (WQP’s) and the corresponding spectral reflectance values of the image. A total of
100 water samples were collected from random sampling locations along the river segment were
analyzed for 12 WQP’s in the laboratory that were grouped into two classes namely; (WQP)organic
and (WQP)inorganic. Several spectral band combinations as well as single bands were tested for any
positive correlation with the two formulated WQP classes for performing multiple linear regression
(MLR) analysis. Results show that spectral band combination i.e. [mean RGB × B/R] and the two
formulated WQP classes are in good agreement revealing strong positive correlation i.e. R2  0.85 and
0.82 (RMSE  1.03 and 1.12) for calibration data and 0.74 and 0.72 (RMSE  1.45 and 1.64) for
validation data respectively. The spatial distribution maps depicting pollution concentrations of two
WQP classes were generated in GIS framework, substantiating to the actual in-situ pollution
concentration levels. The methodology adopted in the present study and results obtained validate the
potential of high resolution Geoeye-2 imagery for monitoring and mapping pollution concentrations in
the water bodies.

Page151

A comparative study of the Ferromanganese deposits of central Indian Page152
Ocean basin, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Pacific Ocean and World Ocean

S.K. Barman1, S.K.Tiwari1,2, G Kumar3

1Department of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
2UGC-ASC (HRDC), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
3Department of Geology, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, India

E mail: [email protected]

The nodule samples under investigation are mainly from the latitude 9.5ºS to 12º S and longitude 87º
E to 89.5º E and water depth varying from 4,500 – 5,500 m. Nodules are concretions on the sea bottom
formed of concentric layers of Fe and Mn hydroxides around a core. The core sometimes
microscopically small and is completely transformed into manganese minerals by crystallization. When
visible to naked eye, it can be a small test (shell) of a microfossil (radiolarian or foraminifera), a
phosphatized shark tooth, basalt debris or even fragments of earlier nodules. They generally range in
size from 0.5 to 25 cm in diameter but the average diameter being 2 to 4 cm.

The Central Indian Ocean Basin (CIOB) is located within the Indian Ocean and bordered by the Indian
sub-continent on the north, and 90°East Ridge and Indian Ocean Ridge system on the other three sides.
In the present study about 30 samples have been taken into consideration out of which 18 are class less
than 4 cm in size and 12 are more than 4 cm in size. The samples have higher values for metals like
Mn, Ni, Cu, Co and Zn and lower values for Fe, SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, and P2O5. The alkalise viz. Na2O,
K2O, MgO do not have very significant values. The study indicates that smaller nodules have higher
metal concentrations and also that within the smaller nodules, those with rough surfaces have the higher
metal values. The Diagenetic nodules have Mn/Fe ratio more than 5 while the hydrogenetic nodules
have this ratio less than 2.5. In the present study this ratio Varies from 2.38 to 3.66.

The nodules vary in shape from spheroidal to oblate, discoidal or prolate. Mostly they are asymmetrical.
Exact symmetrical shapes are very rare. Near spherical shapes have been observed in smaller nodules.
The shape of the nodules is mainly determined by their growth pattern and is a reflection of gross
internal structures and the proximity of the mud water interface. The morphology of the nodules
depends to a greater extent on the shape of nucleus and is often responsible for the enrichment of the
metals.

The XRD pattern of the nodules indicates their amorphous nature. Therefore, no well defined mineral
phases could be established. The most common mineral identified is Mn rich variety, i.e. todorokite,
also known as 10Aº manganite. The Mn poor variety 7Aº manganite also known as ᵹ (delta) MnO2 is
also recognised in the larger nodules. It is identical with birnessite. Fe occurs mainly as goethite. The
mineralogy of the Mn phase in the nodules is an important determinant of their minor element
composition; nodules containing todorokite contain more Cu, Ni and Zn. MnO2 is dominant in nodules
from southern CIOB. They are associated with pelagic clay sediments containing keels of foraminifera,
zeolites, chlorite, and illite. The intensity of X-ray peak of todorokite changes with nodule size class
within the same sediments. The abundance of todorokite decreases with increasing size class, whereas

- MnO2 behaves independently. Here, an attempt is being made to classify the most common type of
nodules found in the CIOB. Nodules of the present Study belong to the oxide and hydroxide phase.

In CIOB, todorokite is the dominant mineral phase in the nodules similar to the nodules of Bengal fan.
These nodules are associated with siliceous sediment rich in montmorillonite, chlorite, and illite in
contrast to the micro-nodules of Arabian Sea (Lakshadweep Ridge) which are rich in Birnessite (the
main Mn hydroxide mineral in those nodule). The micro-nodules of Arabian Sea (LR) are Mn-rich, and
are generally Fe depleted. Micro-nodules have highly variable trace element concentrations. In contrast
to micro-nodules of Arabian Sea, the present nodules are excess in trace elements, though both have
more or less comparable Fe-Mn abundance.

The sedimentary geochemical environment in and around Carlsberg Ridge (CR), Arabian Sea is being
studied by some researchers for quite some time; yet there is no conclusive picture to understand the
metal enrichment processes in this area. Hydrothermal, hydrogenetic and diagenetic processes were
attributed by them at various sites, during different studies. Geochemical and mineralogical studies on
Fe-Mn oxides from the CR area, indicate that hydrogenetic process is responsible for the d-MnO2
mineralogy and metal enrichment (e.g. Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Co) of those oxide deposits (Colley et al., 1979).
The chemistry and mineralogy of Fe-Mn nodules from another site of the CR (Karisiddaiah, S. M.,
1985) indicated mixed hydrothermal–hydrogenetic processes for the metal enrichment in those nodules.

The occurrence of Fe-Mn micro-nodule has been recorded from the middle fan region of the Bay of
Bengal. Their abundance is higher in eastern bay than in the western bay. Botryoidal and shperoidal
are the two dominant morphological forms observed in the eastern and western bay respectively. The
bulk chemical analysis of the micro-nodules reveals that they have 24.1 % Mn, depleted Fe (1.10%),
Ni (0.89%), Zn (0.150%) and Co (0.01%), and a Fe/Mn ratio 21.1. Todorokite in association with quartz,
Feldspar and phillipsite is observed in the nodules. The Preliminary result suggests that Mn released
from the smectite clay mineral and early diagenesis are the responsible for their formation.

Page153

Urbanization & Deteriorating Ground Water Quality of Agra City

S. Tariq

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Yamuna, one of the major rivers of North India is on a verge of drying and has a depleting water quality
and quantity. There is a constant growth in the demand of water with urbanization, industrialization,
build up space etc, but our municipal corporation is not able to meet the demand. Thus the public uses
underground water to fulfill its needs. This is also reducing the ground water level. The actual level of
ground water should be 8-10 meters, but the ground water level of the city has dropped to 36 -44 meters.
The city has failed to develop an alternative water source apart from haulage from Yamuna .All
physico-chemical parameters reveals deteriorating ground water quality The objectives of this study
were (1) to provide an overview of present groundwater quality, (2) to determine spatial distribution of
groundwater quality parameters such as TDS, Total Hardness, Iron and Fluoride concentrations. Spatial
variations in groundwater quality of Agra city have been studied using information from Central
Ground Water Board and Agra Jal Sansthan. This study would be helpful for monitoring and managing
ground water pollution in the study area.

Page154

Uptake and availability of Potassium and Nitrogen as influenced by split
application of potassium and nitrogen in wheat under temperate Kashmir

Sabia Akhter1, R. Kotru1, Rukhsana Jan1, Javaid Ahmad Wani2

1Division of Agronomy, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir-190 025

2Division of Soil Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir-190 025

Email: [email protected]

An experiment was conducted during the rabi seasons of 2013-14 and 2014-15 at research farm of Sher-
e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Kashmir to evaluate the effect of split
application of potassium and nitrogen on uptake and availability of Potassium and Nitrogen. The
experiment was set up in split plot design replicated thrice, consisting of 15 treatment combinations,
viz., 3 treatments of potassium @ 30 kg ha-1 [K1: 100% K as basal dose- (RFP); K2: 50% K as basal
dose + 50% K at active tillering; K3: 25% K as basal dose + 75% K at active tillering] and 5 treatments
of nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-1 in split ratios of [N1: 50% N as basal + 25% N at jointing +25% N at booting
stages (RFP); N2: 25% as basal dose + 75% N at active tillering; N3: 25% N as basal dose + 50% N at
active tillering + 25% N at booting; N4: 50% N as basal + 50% N at active tillering; N5: 0% N as basal
+ 75% N at active tillering + 25% N at booting]. The results revealed that application of potassium @
30 kg ha-1 in two equal splits in the ratio of 50: 50 (basal + active tillering) proved significantly superior
and enhanced the total potassium uptake by 17.22 and 18.78% and nitrogen uptake by 16.43 and
17.20% during the year 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively over one split application of potassium as
100% basal dose (Recommended fertilizer practice). The available K status of the soil over the two
years of experimentation decreased steadily with recommended application of K as 100 percent basal
dose but maintained its status quo position with splitting of K dose. The available N-status of the soil
was remained at its status quo position with recommended application of K as 100 percent basal dose,
but there was decline in N status when potassium was splitted in two split doses at the end of
experimentation after two years. Among the nitrogen treatments application of nitrogen @ 120 kg ha-
1 in three splits with reduced basal dose in the ratio of 25: 50: 25 (basal + active tillering + booting)
enhanced the total potassium uptake by 4.45 and 3.89 % and nitrogen uptake by 6.73 and 7.31% during
the year 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively, as compared to the ratio of 50: 25:25 (basal + active tillering
+ booting). Moreover K and N status of soil decreased where nitrogen was applied in three splits as
compared to two splits, where it maintained its status quo position after the harvest of second year crop.
Thus suggests that there is the need to increase the N dose in order to maintain the N status of the soil.

Page155

Assessment of groundwater quality using WQI and GIS near the Karsara
Municipal landfill site, Varanasi, India

Sachin Mishra1, Dhanesh Tiwary1 Anurag Ohri2, Ashwani Kumar Agnihotri2

1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, India
2Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi, India

Email: [email protected]

Since groundwater is the primary source of water for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses in many
developing countries and its contamination by landfill has been recognized as one of the most serious
problems in the world. The quality of groundwater is as important as quantity. So a sustainable technical
approach is needed for the regular monitoring and management. The aim of this paper is to evaluate
the groundwater quality near a landfill site in pre and post monsoon 2016, using the water quality index
in Karsara rural area of Varanasi city, India. during pre and post monsoon. Water Quality Index (WQI)
was calculated and it was integrated with geographical information system (GIS) for spatial mapping
to estimate the status of water quality in the study area. Leachate pollution index (13.61) of landfill
sites also calculated that revealed the significant concentration of pollutant present in the landfill
leachate. The results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that groundwater is safe for drinking
purpose as most of the parameters were observed below the standard limit (WHO &BIS) of drinking
water quality. WQI map shows that the most of the study area near the landfill site has good water
quality and it can be used for drinking purpose. Results of WQI showed that 90% of groundwater
samples are good in pre monsoon and 80 % in post monsoon, 10% and 20% groundwater are poor in
pre-monsoon and post-monsoon respectively. The WQI and LPI can also be an important monitoring
tool for landfill policy makers and the public about the groundwater pollution risk from the landfill.

Page156

Status of housing condition and housing amenities in the rural urban
fringe of Faizabad city

Sadaf, Munir A.

Department of Geography A.M.U., Aligarh, India

Email:[email protected]

The main aim of the paper is to examine the effect of urbanization on housing conditions and access to
basic amenities in rural urban fringe of Faizabad city. Food, cloth and shelter are the basic needs for
the survival of human beings. Although, Food and cloth have their own importance, however, the need
of a better housing condition cannot be ignored. The Inadequacy of housing condition affects the quality
of life and social well being. In most of the cases proper housing conditions are related to income. This
paper focuses on housing conditions and housing amenities in the rural urban fringe of Faizabad city.
Rural urban fringe generally have unique characteristics. The mixture zone is characterized by both
traditional types of housing and new houses with all facilities. This study is mainly based on secondary
sources of data collected from the village directory and house listing table from the census of India.
The paper reveals that the overall better housing conditions and housing amenities exist only in primary
fringe. Thus, this paper suggests some remedial measures for improving the overall housing conditions.

Page157

Hydrogeochemical Investigation and Groundwater Quality
Assessment of Moradabad District, Uttar Pradesh

Saddam Husain and Shadab Khurshid
Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh - 202002

[email protected]

Moradabad, an industrial city in Uttar Pradesh region of North India, is situated between 280- 21’ to
280-16’ latitude North and 780 4’ to 790 longitudes East. The rapid urbanization and industrialization
has led to deterioration of ground water quality to a large extent. Hydogrochemical investigation of
groundwater resources of Moradabad district has been carried out to assess the solute acquisition
processes and water quality for domestic and irrigation uses. The study area selected were the
Ramganga river of Moradabad district, Uttar Pradesh. The river water is an important source of potable
water supply for the city as well as adjoined areas of the district for all purposes. Fifty-five groundwater
samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness,
major anions (F-, Cl-, NO-3,HCO-3,SO42-) and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+). Ground water is found to
be slightly alkaline with higher values of pH and very high values of Alkalinity. The observed range of
fluoride in water of study area are 0.31-1.20 mg/l. Nitrate is more than 45 mg/l in ten samples indicating
anthropogenic activities. Study results reveal that groundwater of the area is slightly alkaline in nature
and moderately hard to very hard.

Page158

Groundwater quality assessment in parts of Aligarh district,
Uttar Pradesh, India

Sadia Khanam

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

The study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater quality of Aligarh district (India). Aligarh district
is situated on the western part of Uttar Pradesh occupying a small part of Ganga -Yamuna doab. A
hydro-geochemical study has been carried out to assess the ground water quality in various part of
Aligarh district. Forty five samples were collected in pre-monsoon 2016 to determine water quality
parameters for drinking and irrigation purpose. The parameters used for drinking purpose include pH,
electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, major anions and cation. The
result suggest that samples are within the permissible limits.Ground water of study area is strongly
alkaline and hard to very hard in nature. Some samples have high sulphate value above permissible
limit which affect human health. In groundwater chemistry, the order of cation abundance is
Na+>Mg2+>Ca2+>K+ and in anionic chemistry the order is HCO3->SO42->Cl-. The type of water
predominates in the study area is HCO3-Na-K based on hydro-chemical facies. The suitability of water
for irrigation is evaluated based on sodium percent (%Na), permeability index (PI), kelly’s ratio (KR),
Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), Residual sodium carbonate (RSC), USSL diagram and salinity
hazard. According to RSC 69% samples are unsuitable for irrigation purpose and according to MAR
all samples are unfit for irrigation purpose. As per the U.S Salinity laboratory classification, all
groundwater samples fall under safe category and good for irrigation purpose belongs to C2S1 (low
sodium-moderate salinity) and C3S1 (low sodium-high salinity).

Page159

Land Use transformation in cities: A study of million+ city - Ghaziabad
and NCR

Sahar Fatma, Abdul Munir

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Email: [email protected]

Cities are home to more than half of the world population. Cities are important centres of economic and
social development, but also a source of many major environmental problems. The rapid expansion of
urban areas due to rise in population and economic growth, is increasing demand for land and several
other natural resources, especially in million plus cities. With the accelerated urbanization process,
urban land use has changed dramatically, due to which several serious problems such as need of
additional infrastructure, settlement pattern, land use transformation and various environmental
problem has emerged. These problems have been studied carefully using remote sensing and GIS
technologies. The present research put forth an attempt in analyzing the relationship between city
growth and land use transformation for major urban centres, which include; Ghaziabad, Noida,
Faridabad and Gurgaon, because these cities have been identified as major Central National Capital
Region cities of NCR, because of their strong inter linkages with NCT of Delhi. The Ghaziabad and
NCR region offer an excellent case study of Land Use issues and changes. During the last few years
several transformations have occurred in Land Use pattern of Ghaziabad and NCR region. The
development of Ghaziabad city can be divided into four time line, (i) prior to 1961: industrial
development; (ii) 1961-81: Industrial development with low density Residential area; (iii) 1981-2001:
Institutional development with medium density residential area; (iv) 2001-2015: High density
Residential area. The paper tries to find out Land Use transformation in Ghaziabad and their
surrounding regions on the basis of secondary data which have been collected by District Nagar Nigam
Report and Sankhyikhi Patrika of District. The changes in Land Use and Land Cover are depicted by
Google Earth Image data.

The result indicate that Ghaziabad city is expanding towards its peripheral region and the NCR region
is also expanding in all direction, engulfing the surrounding rural areas.

Page160

Neighbourhood disadvantage, water Supply, sanitation and health, A study
of Azamgarh City

Saleha Jamal, Uzma Ajmal

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

Access to safe drinking water, basic sanitation facilities and hygiene are recognised as basic human
needs as well as essential ingredients to ensure human health. However, global statistics for 2015
showed that 663 million people do not have access to safe water and 2.4 billion people do not have
access to proper sanitation facilities. A significant amount of disease could be prevented through access
to safe water supply, adequate sanitation services and better hygiene practices. It is estimated that 58%
of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene mostly in low-income
countries. Data had revealed pronounced disparities in access to water and sanitation with the poorest
and those living in rural areas are least likely to use improved facilities. Present study is an attempt to
examine the discrepancies in water and sanitation conditions and associated health problems in
disadvantaged neighbourhoods of the Azamgarh City. For identifying disadvantaged neighbourhoods,
firstly, all 25 wards of the city were grouped into different neighbourhoods on the basis of income,
population density, household density and location. Of all neighbourhoods, low income
neighbourhoods have been identified for the present study. These types of neighbourhoods are mainly
occupied by low and middle income dwellings. Present study is mainly based on primary sources of
data collected through questionnaire, interviews and observations. Study finds that water supply and
sanitation conditions in these neighbourhoods are far below than satisfactory level. About three fourth
of the residents have reported various form of strife in water supply, water quality related problems as
well as inadequate sanitation conditions resulting in prevalence of various diseases like cholera,
typhoid, pneumonia, worm infestations, diarrhoea, dengue, malaria and jaundice.

Page161

Ground Water Quality Assessment in Parts of Mathura District, Uttar
Pradesh, India using Analytical Procedures and GIS Analysis

Salman Ahmed, Shadab Khurshid

Department of Geology, A.M.U., Aligarh, India

Email: [email protected]

The present study focuses on water quality analysis and mapping for prospecting suitable groundwater
sites in Mathura district for drinking and irrigation purposes. Analytical data of various physio-chemical
parameters constituting a large number of water-quality indicators including Sodium absorption ratio
(SAR), Kelly ratio, and major ions for the 65 locations water samples from March 2016 through
September 2016 have been experimentally determined and evaluated by comparing their values with
World Health Organization (WHO), Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Water Quality Association
(WQA). Results indicate that Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Hardness (TH), Mg2+ and Cl- are
found to be higher than (>50%) the permissible limit comparing with the guidelines of the WHO, BIS
and WQA. The distribution maps and contours of various physio-chemical parameters were also plotted
in a geographic information systems (GIS) environment to determine the suitable ground water sites.
The piper trilinear diagram shows that majority of the groundwater samples are Ca–Mg type. The output
maps show that the water quality in the eastern parts of Mathura district is largely unsuitable for
drinking and irrigation purpose when compared to other regions of the study area.

Page162

Rare earth element (REE) geochemistry of phosphorite deposits of
Banswara district in Rajasthan, India

Samsuddin Khan, K.F. Khan, Mohd. Shuaib

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 283110, India

Email: [email protected]

Paleoproterozoic phosphorites of Sallopat area of Banswara district show moderate REE concentrations
which are slightly higher than those of the Jhermoti and Ram Ka Munna of the same region. LREE
concentrations of the phosphorites in all localities of the study area are higher than those of HREE and
show normal seawater pattern with decreasing HREE, negative Ce and positive Eu anomalies. Negative
Ce anomaly reflects oxidising conditions by getting Ce3+ oxidised to Ce4+ in contrast to positive Eu
anomaly which reflects the reducing conditions by getting Eu3+ reduced to Eu2+. These anomalies
provide evidence of upwelling and mixing of organic rich anoxic bottom water and oxic upper seawater
before the formation of phosphorite deposits in the basinal site

Page163

Land use /land cover changes in Govindsagar catchment, Lalitpur district
(UP, India) using remote sensing and GIS

Samreen Fatima

Interdisciplinary Department of Remote Sensing and GIS Applications, A.M.U., Aligarh-202002,
India

The methodology necessitates the provision of the base map from SOI toposheet, delineation of
drainage, preparation of slope and flow direction map using ASTER data and for the land use/land
cover change detection, visual interpretation has been carried out using IRS-LISS-III data of 2005 and
2015. The land use/land cover analysis disclose a wide variety categories of land cover as well as land
use present in Govindsagar catchment area which shows a variation from (2005) to (2015). The study
area is mainly cramped to cultivated land and uncultivated land, which shows changes since last decade,
there is an increase in cultivated land of about 4.86% of the geographical area where as uncultivated
land ( fallow land) shows the decline in about 1.61% of the total geographical area. The ridges located
on the southern periphery of the catchment area covers about 16.8% in year of (2005) while it declines
in (2015) and reaches up to 14.3 % of the geographical area, this decline arises due to increase in stone
quarry from 0.48% (2005) to 1.24% (2015) of total geographical area. The settlement/ built-up land in
the study area are generally associated with extensive cultivated fields. This land use category including
cities, towns, and villages contributes about 2.91%(2005) and in the year of (2015), it comprises 1.86 %
of the total geographical area. Beside these major categories, another category of waste land and stony
waste manifest slight declines of 1-2% respectively during past decade while there is an increment in
the geographical area of water bodies as in (2005) the area having water bodies was 2.24% whereas in
the year of (2015) it covers 3.23% of total geographical area of the Govindsagar catchment.

Page164

Assessment of Water Quality Index of the Ground Water in Raikode
Mandal, Medak District – A study from GIS & Remote Sensing

Sanda Rajitha1, A. Narsimha1, Praveen Raj Saxena1, N. Sravanthi2

1Department of Applied Geochemistry, Osmania University, Hydrabad, Telangana, India
2State key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese

Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China

Email: [email protected]

The study focused on the variability of ground water quality rural area of tropical rural region. Thirty
two groundwater samples from open and bore-wells were collected during the post-monsoon period in
2016, in parts of Raikode Mandal, Medak district, Telangana State, India. Various hydro chemical
parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH) as CaCO3, calcium (Ca2+),
magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl–), sulphate (SO42–), nitrate (NO3–),
fluoride (F–). Using pH/ EC/TDS meter (Hanna HI 9811-5), the EC and pH of water samples were
measured in the field. The suitability of the water from the groundwater sources for drinking and
irrigation purposes was evaluated by comparing the values of different water quality parameters with
World Health Organization guideline values for drinking water. The parameters like total dissolved
solids concentrations varied from 271 – 1459mg/l, Fluoride concentrations range varied from 0 – 5mg/l
and Nitrate concentrations varied from 11 – 174mg/l. Water quality Index which represents the
combined influence of individual water quality parameters supported by the Geographical Information
System (GIS) helps in predicting and decision making. The present study aims at monitoring and
evaluating and classifying water quality for drinking purpose using Water Quality Index and GIS
mapping for Study area. The physico-chemical analysis of ground water samples were analyzed and
compared with standards (BIS). The latitude and longitude of the sampling location were taken to
generate geospatial maps using GIS platform. Fluoride and Nitrate taken were found to be the main
contaminants in the region. Water Quality Index calculations revealed that 71.87% of the groundwater
in the study area was unfit for drinking purpose and needs effective quality monitoring and management
strategies for utility. Over exploitation of groundwater for agricultural and industrial purposes resulted
in deterioration of groundwater quality and quantity.

Page165

Built-Up Expansion and Vegetation Destruction: A Case Study of NCT of
Delhi

Sandesh Yadav, Haseena Hashia, Taruna Bansal

Department of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi-25, India

Email: [email protected]

Built-up expansion and vegetation destruction are the two major outcomes of urbanization and
industrialization in the NCT of Delhi. the land use and land cover in the NCT of Delhi is dominated by
the built-up as compared to the vegetation cover. These changes in built-up expansion and destruction
of vegetation cover have considerable impact on the land use and land cover of the NCT of Delhi.
Further, these drastic changes in Land use and land cover have great impact on the micro-climate of
the NCT of Delhi. The sole purpose of the present research study is to promote ecological understanding
among the urban dwellers of the city regarding the balance between built-up expansion and the
vegetation destruction. The present research study attempts to analyze the trends and patterns of Built-
up expansion and the vegetation destruction in the NCT of Delhi during the period 1987-2006 by using
Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing. The present research study is based on
the remote sensing data of Landsat-7 (TM), Landsat-7 (ETM+) and IRS-P6 LISS III of 1987, 1999 and
2006 respectively. The data interpretation and analysis of built-up expansion and vegetation destruction
in the NCT of Delhi helps in understanding the changes in land use and land cover and impact of these
changes on the micro-climatic conditions of the study area.

Page166

Modeling Of Species Distributions with Maximum Entropy (MAXENT)

Satya Narayana Acharya

Department of Remote Sensing and G.I.S North Orissa University, Odisha, India

Email: [email protected]

Accurate modeling of geographic distributions of species is essential to various applications in ecology
and conservation.The best performing techniques often need some parameter tuning, which may be
prohibitively time-consuming to do separately for each species, or unreliable for small datasets. Think
of your favorite tree species. Go on, does it. If it could, your favorite tree species would cover the earth
from pole to pole and coast to coast. It would even grow in the ocean. The use of Species distribution
models (SDM) to map and monitor animal and plant distributions has become gradually more important
in the context of awareness of environmental change and its ecological consequences. From their
original initiation as resource inventory and conservation mapping tools, SDM have evolved along with
the increasing variety and availability of statistical methods, Digital, biological and environmental data
with which they are build in a Geographic Information System. Species ranges are energetic and often
respond to changes in global climate. Recorded increases of global average temperatures through the
twentieth century have already resulted in observed shifts of species ranges within many parts of the
world. Projections of future species distributions under climate change are possible through models that
correlate known species occurrences with observed historical climate, then project this correlation onto
scenarios of climate change.

Page167

Evaluation of Land degradation and socio-environmental issues: A case
study of semi arid watershed in Western Rajasthan

Sayema Jamal and Akram Javed

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh
[email protected]

The present work attempts to assess the land cover changes at watershed level and status of land
degradation in Mithri Watershed lying in the semi-arid tracts of Western Rajasthan, using time series
climate data and remote sensing data and GIS techniques. The study also has a strong field
component in the form of village wise surveys to record observations on climatic changes, agriculture,
socio-economic condition of the community, water availability etc. Integration of Remote sensing
technique along with climate data analysis and household surveys, Group discussion and Participatory
rural appraisal (PRA) was conducted to record land use/land cover changes and its impact on socio-
economic condition of the people. Degradation mapping of the area revealed that area is affected by
forest degradation, scrub erosion and salinization. Anthropogenic factors like fuel wood and timber
extraction, livestock grazing etc. are also responsible for forest degradation. People have shifted from
cash crops such as cotton to maize, barley and cereal during the last two decades.

Page168

Remote Sensing image-based analysis of the relationship between Urban
Heat Island and City Sprawls

Shabnam Nargis

Jharkhand Space Applications Center, Ranchi-834002, India

Email: [email protected]

The formation of Urban Heat Island is closely linked to City Sprawls and is a matter of grave concern
in contemporary world. This study deciphers the reasons behind variations in the temperature due to
urban built forms, its types; and its cumulative effect on climate change. The areas which suffer most
because of urban heat island in Ahmedabad city have been identified in the present study. The study
was carried out extensively for eight wards of the city for different time periods. The results were
generated in the form of images showing the heat mapping and the zonal statistics showing the colder
and warmer wards of Ahmedabad city. In this study spatiao-temporal datasets (Landsat 5 and Landsat
8 at 30 m resolution) are used from 1992 to 2017 to detect the changes in city sprawl and urban heat
island. Study revealed that sprawl has been considerably increased on the eastern side of river from
1992 to 2017. There has been considerable development along the south eastern side of the river
which is due to NH8, Nuclear Development has taken place along Sanand Region that connect
Ahmedabad via Sanand Sarkhej Highway. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been
used as an indicator of vegetation abundance to estimate the land surface temperature (LST) –
vegetation relationship. The amount of vegetation has considerably decreased due to the urbanization
process. The LST observed from 1992 to 2017 shows a considerable change in temperature from
minimum of 30°C to maximum of 61°C. The Land Surface Temperature of Open Lands is observed
to be maximum, whereas the vegetation and water-bodies show minimum surface temperature.
Maximum Temperature is observed on the north-western side, and west side. Zonal statistics shows
the mean land surface temperature of an area. Study also shows that the wards near western side of
river such as Navrangpura and Paldi, wards on the eastern side of river such as Maninagar, Kankaria
, Wards on the North Eastern Side of River such as India Colony, Viratnagar are the coolest wards
and Wards like Paldi, Vatva, Kalupur, Gota, Sarkhej are found as the warmest wards. This is due to
the fact that there has been a Development of Industries in these Regions. Due to rapid urbanization
the central part of the city has become denser, and in the surrounding parts of the city land use has
been converted from agriculture to built-up. The western administrative zones are comparatively
cooler than other zones because of the tree cover and green spaces. Urban areas without green spaces
have more impact of UHI. It has also been observed from the results of study that the green spaces
and tree cover should be a major component in city planning.

Page169

Urban expansion and its impact on agricultural land fragmentation, A
case study using geo-spatial techniques.

Shahab Fazal

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Land is one of the prime natural resources. A city grows not only by population but also by changes
in spatial dimensions. Urban population growth and urban expansion also induce land use changes
and land transformation. The land transformation is a process which cannot be stopped but should
certainly be regulated for sustainable (urban and rural) development. Many geographical changes at
the urban periphery are associated with the transfer of land from rural to urban purpose. These
transformations have detrimental effect on land resource especially in the urban fringe.

The present study focuses on loss and fragmentation of agricultural land due to urban expansion. The
study is based on analog maps like city guide map, prepared by survey of India and satellite images
combined with field checks and surveys in GIS environment to measure the loss and fragmentation
of agricultural land to urban expansion in Aligarh City between 1980 and 2014. The study shows how
such techniques allow a detailed mapping of land use changes and includes details of the location of
the agricultural land losses, the nature of the land use changes that caused these changes and the
quality of the agricultural land that was lost. The paper also analyses anthropogenic pressure on land,
forecasting the fragmentation of agricultural land holdings and discusses what these findings imply
for India and for other nations where urbanization is reducing the supply of high quality agricultural
land.

Page170

The effectiveness of digital elevation models from airborne LiDAR and Page171
satellite data for mapping watershed characteristics

Shahryar K. Ahmad

Department of Civil and Environmental Engg., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98105

[email protected]

With the advancements made in the field of geomorphology and hydrology, it has now become
possible to map the terrain and stream networks that exist on the landscape with an unprecedented
accuracy. The accurate prediction of stream location is essential for modeling the hydrologic response
of a catchment to a precipitation event, as it highly influences the modeled flood lag time and/or
magnitude. The grid-based digital elevation model (DEM) is the most prevalently used resource for
mapping the topography of a terrain, considering the computational and storage efficiency. In this
study, very fine resolution DEMs have been generated from lidar point cloud using 1) the FUSION
software and 2) LASDataset tools in ArcGIS, for watershed delineation and stream network mapping.
The lidar data has been provided by the ‘Sonoma County Vegetation Mapping and Lidar Program’.
Elevation models at subsequently coarser resolutions have also been acquired from publically
available sources such as USGS and SRTM to investigate the effect of resolution on the
characteristics of delineated watershed. The vendor-provided DEM at 1m resolution has been
employed as a ground truth for comparison. The Cherry Creek Watershed in the northern part of
Sonoma County in California has been chosen as the study site with an area of around 15 square miles.
The stream networks have been mapped by setting up thresholds on flow accumulation values, and
saturated areas extracted using a conceptual rainfall runoff model called TOPMODEL’s wetness
index parameter. The results suggest that the performance of different DEMs varies widely across the
resolutions. While 1m resolution DEM is the one containing the most intricate details, resulting
stream networks contain a lot of false positives and physically inconsistent scenarios. The 3.05m and
10m DEMs perform the best with most realistic representation of the existing terrain topography
within the watershed, although they suffer from a few false positives and true negatives respectively.
The extracted saturated areas are better captured by 10m resolution DEM, although for a small region
analysis, 3.05m can perform better if the terrain has lesser inundations. On the other hand, 30m and
90m DEM are too coarse to use for a small to medium scale watershed analysis and stream mapping.
However, they might be of value, especially the 30m DEM, in the cases of a large catchment study
where time and memory can come up as constraints. The results from this study have been found
consistent with those presented in the existing literature, suggesting that 3-10m is the most suitable
resolution range for hydrological modeling, especially for watershed analysis and stream network
mapping. The study can be further extended by validating the mapped streams with the actual stream
networks from field data. This approach of terrain mapping using remotely sensed data will facilitate
the hydrological modeling with better confidence levels, especially for inaccessible remote areas with
scarce in-situ data.

Geochemical studies of Post-Archean rocks, Arunachal Pradesh, NE
Lesser Himalaya: implication for evolution of Precambrian crust

Shamshad Ahmad, Shaik A Rashid

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

In an endeavor to document the composition and evolution of the Precambrian crust from the
Northeast Lesser Himalaya from where much less information is available, Paleoproterozoic (1900 +
100 Ma) metasedimetary (pelites and quartzites) rocks and granites from the Bomdila Group,
Arunachal Pradesh were thoroughly examined. The integrated approach adopted in the study
including field, petrography and major and trace element geochemistry indicate that the
metasediments are felsic in composition and may have been derived from a granitic source lithology,
which may have undergone moderate to intense chemical weathering. The associated basement
granites, on the basis of field and mineralogy, consists of two types of magmatic phases;porphyritic
gneisses containing biotite and muscovitewithout tourmaline (referred as two-mica granites) and a
weakly to non-foliated leucogranite having abundant tourmaline (referred as tourmaline granite). The
geochemical signatures such as high peraluminosity (A/CNK >1.1), S-type nature, normative
corundum, presence of metasedimentary enclaves, enrichment in incompatible elements (Rb, Ba, K,
Th, La) and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSE) and their respective ratios (such as Zr/Sc,
Ti/Zr, Th/Sc) suggest that both suites are derived from a pelitic source, similar to that of the associated
metasediments.This study further suggests the unroofing of felsic material which has supplied detritus
to the Bomdila basin, thus establishing the felsic composition of the Precambrian crust in the region.

Page172

Application of Water Quality Index (WQI) for evaluation of groundwater
quality in Meerut city, western Uttar Pradesh

Shamshaad Ahmad, Rashid Umar

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India

Email: [email protected]

In the present study water quality index has been calculated to assess groundwater quality of Meerut
city, western Uttar Pradesh. A total of 67 samples for the pre- and post-monsoon, 2015 were collected
from shallow aquifer and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. Nine parameters viz. TDS, pH,
TH, Cl, SO4, NO3, F, Ca, and Mg have been utilized to evaluate water quality index (WQI). The
computed WQI values range between 51 to 109 and 101 to 167 with an average 78 and 127 during
pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. During pre-monsoon, season except two samples no. 2
and 20 all samples belong to good water type. A correlation of WQI map with land use map reveal
that these samples represents area dominated by industrial activity. Whereas, a different situation is
observed in post-monsoon season, all the samples in this season fall in the category of “Poor Water
Type”, which may be attributed leaching of ions from landfill, fertilizers from agriculture and
effluents released from different industries. Overall the study suggests groundwater quality of Meerut
city is deteriorated and reflects impact of urbanization and industrialization.

Page173

Working Condition of Houseless Population in Kanpur City

Shamshad

Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Email: [email protected]

The working condition of houseless population interms of workers & non-workers, number of
working days in a month, number working hour in a day, duration of joblessness in months per year
and causes of unemploument of houseless non-working population in Kanpur city have been
examined in the present study. The research work is based on primary source of data generated
through a comprehensive field survey in the city carried out during 2012. Analysis of the present
research work reveals that the ratio of houseless workers exceeds that of houseless non-workers,
moreover, more than fifty percent houseless persons (54.23 percent) availed the employment
opportunities throughout the year whereas remaining houseless people have been facing the problem
of irregularity of days of work in month or no work at all in a month. However, only 15.47 percent
houseless workers have been working 4 to 6 and 6 to 8 hours per day and remaining houseless workers
have to do work more than 8 hours per day that is the violation human right. The mental disability as
a cause of unemployment among houseless non-workers has been recorded the maximum percentage
share among all the given causes.

Page174

A study of risk factors associated with poor water and sanitation in
Srinagar City, Jammu and Kashmir

Shanawaz Ahmad Baba1, Abdul Hamid Mir2

Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190 006

Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002

Email: [email protected]

This paper seeks to investigate the risk factors associated with inadequate water and sanitation
conditions in the different income households of Srinagar city. The study is based on primary sources
of data collected with the help of well structured questionnaire/schedule from 1500 households during
2013. This study identifies the 8 main water supply and sanitation related risk factors and occurrence
of 6 associated diseases. The study show that most of the low and lower middle income households
were exposed to all the associated risk factors of water and sanitation. The study points to the need
of creating awareness amongst the low and lower middle income households about the waterborne
diseases. A positive correlation was found between the 8 water and sanitation related risk factors,
inadequate water supply (X1), water quality problem (X2) , water storage in open containers(X3),
toilet sharing (> 6 persons per toilet) (X4), excreta disposal in open drains/water bodies (X5) ,
inadequate waste disposal/accumulation (X6), inadequate drainage (X7), water logging (X8) and the
occurrence of associated diseases, diarrhoeal diseases (Y1) (r=0.967), typhoid (Y2)(r=0.987),
helminthic infections (Y3)(r=0.854), skin infections(Y4)(r= 0.983), eye infections (Y5)(r=0.966) and
jaundice (Y6)(r=0.194).

Page175

Petrofacies, Provenance and Tectonic Setting of Karharbari Sandstone,
Ong-River Basin, Orissa, India: Using Petrographical Interpretation

Shahnawaz, Masud Kawsar

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India

Email: [email protected]

The Ong-river basin is an elongated Gondwana outlier surrounded by the Eastern Ghats Supergroup
of Precambrian rocks in the Balangir, Bargarh and Sonepur district of Orissa. The basin comprises of
Talchir and the Karharbari Formations of the Lower Gondwana succession. The depositional
environment of the lower part of the Talchir Formation was glacial with advancement of
sedimentation changed over to glacio-fluvial and fluvial environments. The Karharbari Formation,
on the other hand, was deposited in a fluvial environment. The Karharbari sandstones were studied
with a view to understand the nature of provenance and tectonic setting of Ong-river basin. Twenty
representative samples of sandstone from Karharbari were examined for detrital mineralogy,
petrofacies and tectonic implications. These sandstones are medium to fine grained, poorly to
moderately sorted and angular to subrounded grains, of low to medium sphericity and are composed
of several varieties of quartz, feldspar, rock fragments and micas and heavy minerals.
Petrographically, the Karharbari sandstones are mostly quartzarenite followed by subarkose and
sublitharenite. Petrofacies analysis shows that the bulk of the karhabari sandstone was derived from
stable continental block field and the recycled orogen field. The sediments were deposited in rifted
basin condition.

Page176

Assessment of Spatial Variability of Soil fertility parameters using
Geospatial Techniques in Temperate Himalayas

Shazia Ramzan, Mushtaq A. Wani

Division of Soil Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir, Shalimar Campus, Srinagar-190025, J&K, India

Email: [email protected]

Knowledge of spatial variability of soil properties is important in precision agriculture as well as site
specific nutrient management. This paper addressed the spatial distribution characteristics of organic
matter (OM), pH, available nitrogen (AvN), available phosphorus (AvP), available potassium (AvK)
and available sulphur (AvS) in Research farm of SKUAST-K, Shalimar, Srinagar. A total of seventy
seven (77) soil samples were collected in a systematic grid design using geographical positioning
system (GPS). Each grid was specified at a fixed distance of 50 × 50 m2. The results showed that soil
organic matter and S was distributed normally while as the three soil macronutrients (AvN, AvP and
AvK) and soil pH followed log normal distribution. Soil available phosphorus had a highest
coefficient of variation (56.87%) and the soil pH (7.06%) the lowest. All the soil macronutrients were
found in medium range except sulphur which was found deficient in whole of the research farm. The
experimental semivariogram of the log-transformed data of soil available phosphorus, potassium, soil
pH and normally distributed soil organic matter and sulphur was fitted to exponential model. Gaussian
model was found to be the best fit for experimental semivariogram of soil available nitrogen.
Experimental semivariogram results indicated a moderate degree of spatial dependence for soil
organic matter, available potassium and sulphur, soil pH and weak degree of spatial dependence for
soil available nitrogen and phosphorus. Using such analyses, it is possible to plan appropriate soil
management practices, including fertilization for agricultural production and environmental
protection.

Page177

Applications of Thermal Scanners in Remote Sensing

Shazma Malik

Sir Syed Nagar, Aligarh-202 001, Uttar Pradesh, India

Email: [email protected]

Aerial mapping of thermal imagery depends on the use of a system that is sufficiently enough to sense
the thermal radiation and by which a variations in apparent temperature can be detected. The
development of photon detectors provided a practical technology for use of the thermal portion of the
spectrum in remote sensing. Detectors have been designed with sensitivities for many of the spectral
intervals of interest in optical remote sensing. The most widely used imaging sensors for thermal
remote sensing are known as thermal scanners. Thermal scanners sense radiances of feature beneath
the aircraft flight path and produce digital and or pictorial images of the terrain. In the present study
an attempt has been done to discuss the types of detectors with their applicability in different
wavelength regions and in accordance with their capacity of detecting the different objects.

Page178

Natural Resources Planning For Regional Development Using Geospatial
Technologies

Shimola, K., Krishnaveni

Civil Engineering Department, Malla Reddy Engineering College, Secunderabad, India

Email: [email protected]

This paper is intended to locate the suitable area for water harvesting structures in Vaippar river basin
and to develop action plans for sustainable management using Remote sensing and GIS techniques.
Spatial assessment of water resources is needed in the present situation in order to meet out the water
demand of the public. By finding the spatial variation of water resources it will be useful to better
manage the water problems. Since rainfall is stochastic in nature, there is a necessity to conserve the
water resources for timely need. In this basin most of the surface water has been driven to the sea
during monsoon season. So the surface water has to be conserved by artificially recharging into the
ground surface during non-monsoon periods. Remote sensing and GIS plays a key role in identifying
and locating suitable artificial recharge sites in a river basin. In order to harness the available water
resources and utilise them effectively, rain water harvesting is of greater importance. Usually,
percolation ponds play a vital role in this aspect. Various thematic maps such as drainage map, soil
map, land use map, geology map geomorphology map, runoff and ground water potential maps are
overlayed in GIS platform. In the study area, suitable area for artificial recharge is located using
ArcGIS software.

Page179

Hydrogeochemical characteristics and assessment of groundwater quality
of Ghaziabad and Bghpat district, Uttar Pradesh for irrigational
purposes

Siraj Ahmad and Shadab Khurshid

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

[email protected]

The need for assessment of suitability of groundwater resources for irrigational purposes become
relevant in the face of continous rising global pollution threats of groundwater. The paper examine
the physical and chemical characteristics of the groundwater resources around Ghaziabad and
Baghpat district to investigate it suitability for irrigation purposes. For this purpose, a total of forty
representive groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions such as pH, total
dissolved solid, electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium,
fluoride, sodium percentage (Na), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Kellys ratio (KR), magnesium
adsorption ratio (MAR), permeability index (PI), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were
determine and compared with the different irrigation water quality classification system. Wilcoxs
diagram indicates that majority of groundwater samples fall in excellent to good and good to
permissible types. Na% and SAR values also indicate that majority of the samples are safe for
irrigation purposes. Based on these analysis, it is noticed that the groundwater of study area is suitable
for irrigation.

Page180

A Remote Sensing approach to understand the Morphometric
classification and Geologic Implications of Chaibasa-Noamundi basin,

Jharkhand, India

Smruti Rekha Sahoo

Department of Geology, MPC Autonomous College, Baripada, India

Email: [email protected]

The Proterozoic Kolhan siliciclastic rocks around Chaibasa-Noamundi region (2.0 - 2.2 Ga) exhibit
extensive development of thickly bedded sandstone, impersistent conglomerate and huge deposits of
shale with lenticular patches of limestone which lies unconformably over Archaean granitoid
basement in the eastern side, whereas western contact is faulted with Iron Ore Group of rocks. The
landscape is a result of the coalescence of a number of pediments, and controlled by joints, fractures
and lineaments. The present article emphasizes on Digital Elevation Model (DEM), which shows that
the western and south western zones of the basin have maximum, while the eastern zone have low
topographic gradient. The development of the drainage patterns in Kolhan are related to the gross
lithology and structural features. The episode of the dome and dome structure, faults and joints is
indicative of a structural adjustment along the Kolhan basin boundaries. The formation of basinal
boundary was a result of collective effect of intracratonic extension and thrust tectonics.
Morphometric analysis shows overall broad pediplain and valley filled structure which is widely
dominated by trellis and dendritic fluvial drainage patterns.

Page181

Land use/land cover mapping and change detection analysis in Karauli
district using remote sensing and GIS

Subah Rais1, Akram Javed2

1Zakir Hussain Hall, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur-721302, India
2Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India

Email: [email protected]

The present study has brought to light the significant land use/land cover changes, leading to
degradation of the natural resources. Remote Sensing & GIS techniques proved helpful in the
preparation of LU/LC maps and obtaining authentic conclusions within the study area. Changes in
thirteen land use/land cover categories were assessed using Standard Geocoded FCC of Indian
Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-1A (LISS II) of 1989 and IRS-1C (LISS-III) of 1998. Land use/land
cover (LU/LC) mapping was carried out using multi-temporal IRS data by standard visual
interpretation method based on photo-recognition elements with field verification, which were
incorporated wherever required in the final mapping. Thematic maps were digitized, edited and
analysed using Arc GIS software.

Results revealed a large change in the area of different LU/LC categories during the period from 1989
to 1998. Cultivated land occupies 192.39 km2 (27.88 %) area in 1989 reduced to 115.2 km2 (16.7) %
in 1998. Whereas, overall reduction of Open forest/tree cover was about 0.81 km2 (0.12%) from 1989
to 1998. It was found that there was maximum increase in the area under Uncultivated land from
70.96 km2 (10.28 %) to 102.71 km2 (14.89%) from 1989 to 1998. Not only this, Stone quarry was
found to be 9.03 km2 (1.31 %) in 1989 which drastically increased to 22.99 km2 (3.33 %) in 1998.
Degraded land covers a small area of about 1.49 km2 (0.22 %) in 1989 but shows an abrupt increase
of 10.9 km2 (1.58 %) in 1998. Ravenous land (with open scrub) was quite widespread in the area,
which occupies 134.78 km2 (19.53 %) in 1989, further increased to 143.24 km2 (20.76 %) in 1998.
Water body/river occupies 5.24 km2 (0.76 %) in 1989 and 5.73 km2 (0.83 %) in 1998. The relatively
higher area under water body/river in 1998 is due to the high rainfall in 1997, which led to the filling
of ponds, lakes and reservoirs to their capacity. Both anthropogenic and natural activity was
responsible for such major changes within the study area. Proper land use planning is important for a
sustainable development of the area.

Page182

Urban waste generation and associated environmental problems: a case
study

Subia Aftab1 and Naqeebul Islam2

1 Department of Geography, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
2Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

[email protected]

The qualitative degradation of urban environment in developing countries is the result of spontaneous
and uncontrolled production with the rapid growth of population. Rapid pace of urbanisation with a
low level of urban development, disparity between urban population growth and rate of total
development and slow expansion of urban based industrialisation have resulted in increased stress on
urban amenities and services. As a result the cities of developing countries (like India) are facing the
pressure on basic services and infrastructures. The problem of waste is not just limited to larger cities
but it has seeped into small and medium cities also.

The present study is based on the analysis of the problem of urban waste generation in a by selecting
Aligarh city as a case study. The city of Aligarh is a middle class and urban centre located in the
Northern Doab between the rivers of the Yamuna and the Ganga in western Uttar Pradesh.

The true-score model is the method for weighting individual respondents’ ratings to improve
reliability can be derived from an adaptation to true-score model. Then, the model takes the form:

= 1 (1√− ) 1
∑ ( )

=Intrarater reliability for respondent and

= standard deviation of respondent ′s ratings Page183

The sewerage and sanitation facilities in the city are one of the vital elements of the quality of the
environment which is very much unsatisfied. Besides, disposal of household refuse and garbage also
present a problem in the city. Heaps of garbage in residential localities is familiar sight creating poor
environmental quality and health hazards for the residents. The present work has been based on both
primary and secondary sources data. For primary information, a household survey (one per cent
sample) was conducted in different wards of the city. As a result of the analysis of surveyed
information, the old parts of the city were found in critical situation of environmental quality, while
the Civil Lines and the University areas were comparatively in better situation.

Efficacy of ALOS PALSAR for accounting forest biomass and carbon
stock in context to REDD

Suman Sinha, A. Santra and S. Santra Mitra

1 Department of Civil Engineering, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, 721657, India Email:
Email: [email protected]

Forests are important for global carbon balance, acting both as carbon source and sink; they serve as
vital component in combating global climate change. Accounting for forest aboveground biomass
(AGB) and carbon (C) within forest ecosystems is the most essential step representing forests in
climate change policy at regional, national and global scales in context to Reducing Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). Remote Sensing (RS) technology provides cost and
time effective means for accurate temporal monitoring over large synoptic extents at local to global
levels, and hence, is beneficial over conventional methods. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) offers
unique inherent capabilities overcoming the constraints of optical RS. The study targets in
establishing the potential of L-band ALOS PALSAR dual-polarized (HH/HV) SAR data for AGB
and C stock assessment over moist tropical deciduous heterogeneous forests of Munger (Bihar, India).
SAR backscatter values were correlated with field-based AGB values and were regressed to generate
best-fit models for AGB estimates. HH polarization showed better results in comparison to HV where
a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.868, RMSE of 16.063 t/ha and an accuracy of 80.605% was
attained. Validation of the model resulted in R2 value of 0.713, RMSE of 22.34t/ha, model accuracy
of 61.768% and Willmott’s index of agreement of 0.883. Resulting modeled AGB were converted to
carbon (C) and carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents using conversion factors. Hence, the study
establishes and recommends the efficient use of ALOS PALSAR for AGB and C estimates of tropical
forests with high accuracy and reliability, providing information about the spatial distribution and
quantification of forest AGB and C required for REDD monitoring.

Page184

Hazard and risk zone identification in a multi hazard urban environment

Susmita Sarkar, Swati Bidhuri

Department of Geography, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, 110025 New Delhi

Email: [email protected]

Urban areas are complex systems growing rapidly in size which makes evaluation of risk more
intricate. Cities of developing countries are characterized by lack of physical infrastructure,
inadequate planning, insufficient knowledge, poor management and lack of adoption of scientific
measures along with detrimental effects of poverty which makes them more vulnerable in case of any
disaster. Risk analysis of cities, whether physical or anthropological, is vital to lessen the adverse
consequences of disasters. The first step in any risk analysis, rather a pre-analysis step, is
identification of risk. Delhi, a city built without much planning, disaster is one very serious concern.
Risk exposure in the city is very much diverse which makes it necessary to study the spatial
distribution of the risk intensity scales. This provides important information about the areas at risk
where management priorities are needed. The study is focused on understanding the necessity of
considering the spectrum of threats by multilayered analysis and identifying zones characterized by
multiplicity of hazard.

Page185

Groundwater Fluctuation Pattern in Ramganga River basin at Bareilly
District

Syeda Nigar Mazhar, Sarfaraz Ahmad

Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India

Email: [email protected]

Rapid change in socio-economical changes has been witnessed in Ramganga basin in the recent years.
These conditions are resulting in population /urbanizations and leading to pressure on water resources
and environmental quality of the region. The time series data of the groundwater fluctuation show
declining trends in the groundwater level in most of the area. These trends are not statistically
significant in Tarai region namely Dhaneli purvi and Nawabganj showing due to continuous supply
of groundwater from upstream. However in the southern region the declining trend are statistically
significant and the rate were observed as 0.12m/yr in Ramnagar and 0.04m/yr in Shishgarh, area of
Ramganga flood plain.

Page186

Impact of hard coastal protection structures on alongshore sediment Page187
transport: A study based on Google Earth historical imageries of SW

Indian coast

T.B. Pradeep Kumar, Mohammad Alam, K. Balachandran, K. Ramesh Kumar

Beach Sand and Offshore Investigations Group, Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and
Research, Begumpet, Hyderabad500016, India

Shoreline changes take place over a range of time scales due to natural as well as man-made causes.
A series of Google Earth imageries depicting coastline changes on the southwest coast of India at
Thottappally (Alappuzha district, Kerala) and Periyakad (Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu) have
been studied and the morphodynamics of these beaches are used to extrapolate the possible effect of
a proposed breakwater at Veli (Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala). The Thottappally coastline had
not been protected by a sea wall/ breakwater before 2004. Once the construction of breakwaters
started, the longshore movement of sediments was hindered and sediment accretion started on the
updrift SSW side. As the breakwaters were extended further into the sea, the aerial spread of accreted
beach increased, whereas severe erosion on the downdrift NNW side upto Punnapra (14km) and
beyond till Alappuzha (22km) necessitated construction of a sea-wall all along the coast to arrest loss
of human life and dwellings. By 2014, the accreted sand body outgrew the breakwater (>80,000km2
area) and further sedimentation resulted in harbour shallowing. Even after removing tens of thousands
of tonnes of sand the depth of the harbour remained more or less same. This meant replenishment of
HM-laden sediment in the harbour. The depth of water in the harbour was approximately 1.5m. It is
estimated that about 400,000 tonnes of sediments accumulated at Thottappally harbour in five years
after the breakwater inhibited alongshore sediment transport. Since most of the sediment transport in
a coastal system happens close to the beachfront, it may be assumed that the estimate holds true to
rather good accuracy.

Satellite imageries of Periyakad in Tamil Nadu show the effect of a breakwater on the coastline in
that vicinity. Prior to the construction of breakwater in 2003, the width of active beach at Periyakad
was approximately 75m. Even before the completion of the breakwater into deeper waters, the beach
on the NW (Rajakkamangalam) got completely eroded (88,000m2 area). The effect was severe and
immediate erosion of the downdrift side of the breakwater after it was erected. Then gradually over
six years less than half of the beach has been replenished, probably during annual reversal of drift
direction coincident to monsoon. Very similar phenomenon has been observed at most of the other
beaches in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, like Chavara, Parayakadav, Alappad, Pillaithop, Inayam etc.,
pointing to the futility of costly hard engineering structures in arresting coastal erosion. The effect of
coastal process that has been taking place in Thottappally and Periyakad has significance in altering
the natural coastline by human activities.

Presently there is a proposal to construct breakwaters 500m into the sea at Veli in
Thiruvananthapuram in order to facilitate continuous flow of brackish water from Akkulam Lake into
the sea. Studies on the littoral drift and beach morphodynamics point to net annual northward
transport of sediments on the SW coast of India as experienced at Thottappally, Periyakad etc. As
envisaged, similar processes would be operational at Veli also. A breakwater may result in accretion
of sand on the southern side towards Shankhumukham and erosion on the northern side towards
Thumba and Pallithura, where many installations of the Department of Space and on human dwellings
are located.

This observation is an offshoot of the studies to understand preferential concentration of heavies along
the coastline and beach morphology in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Page188