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Ko Ll€rS rr;rig rcrrver6rrrivqwrordoe<ov,e(voro{roor1;reicorrl rrCIpou-
oio oopdr<ov, 6no4 ro {rilo Korro yuqli rc rlrroiq rc eryoprerqrqrd-

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HAEKTPIKO

(er oroug provorri5.Eivorour6 nou erlope fier oro npc6ro recpdlaro6-
rr, 6qlo6q, q 6roipeoqoe ay<oyo65Korpcv61f5 eivor<Xov6poer6r1g>.
'Olo rq ufuxdilouv nenepoopdvq,plrcprl4 F.yolq, er6rx4awimoo4.

ruhl\, ()proilKrl

ovTioroon

H qv"rio'rqor1ev65opoyevorjgru-
trrv6prroday<oyo6eivor ovdloyrl
fipos ro p4roSrou. lldvto o' 0u-
rrlv lqv ovotroyic pooi(eror q
trerroupyiorqg puOprorrrrlogvrioroons, rou opydvou6qtro6rn1ou
pogerrrrpirrervo <puOpi(oupee>irero lledporou ruxlc6poro5eire
rrlv rdo4 oro drpo ev656rnd,lou.Avdloyo Ferov rp6no rrou rro-
peppdlleror oro rfxkopcxro 6pyavocturd,0o lerroupyeieire rrlg
puOprorqrgqg rdo4g,orr6rercr 0c ldyt:tornorevotd;rerpoeireo4
puOprrorqrogu pefporog,on6re 0a liytrar poomdt4g.

'EXou;rerrer dr dvq qrrd ro <rouprrrd>rou po6ro<pcbvoouuv66e-
rdr F€ peroptrqr6 rrurv<orq.'Evq dllo <rouprri>,cur6 pe to o-
rroio <6uvopr6vouprreq <p<rrvqa>r,rorele i rp4po evdgrrorevotol.ti-
rpou. florevordprerpotdrorourfrrou rr-opouord(erolrropcrdro
o€ crxrlpsrrKqrapdoroorl, o€ qxDroyp<xcpiKoorFsouppoltop6.

flrlrevord;rerpoT. o dr<porou
oproyr:vo6rugfuv6prrofo6p;.rorog
(AB)<ruv6iovroar ycdyrprFo€rous
rrdlo.rgrns rrny{S(oXqpo)O. rc-
yoyoi o6v6eoqgiXouvopetrqrio
ovriorooq yr' our6 KorVo,= Vr*
: V. Todrpo A ouv6deroFr €rov
iva orrpo6iKrrrlou 6rrr6louoro
onoi'<0riloupevo erpoppdooupe
rr1pu0pr(6pevrd1or1.To dtrtrod-
Kporou 8rrrd,troouuv8ierotpero
xutrrviipr1o66ppopriocrlou cryo-
y o f l-Aro d x p o A ro u o n o io u
ppior<erarr dvro oe errogq prero
rutrrv6pr1o66pparor prrropfevo
peror-orr(erorrrdvcrrl ou.

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TO HAEKTPIKO PEYMA

H rrvqrqcurrl<enagrpA ovopd(eror6poprdaY5n.o0droupdrer ro
rdrlopo AAI-Zeivorcxvorrrd*ror 6rr ro APNBeivorrlermd. Averpap-
p6ooupero vd;roOhm

o) yrc ro 6irroloAB,0o iloupe Vas: l'R16
p)yroro 6inolo AA,0o dloupreVra= l'Rea

ondreV,n:avask *u k : f, on'orcv=*v^ i.

5rroux:AAr0r U:AB.

H retreurqiqoxion poglie r drr pe ;reroi<ivqoqrou 6popic 0o
prropofpevo noipvou;.r6erdgopegrrpi5 rd,JrlSperold rov rtpriv

;rq6iv ror Vr*. To 8irro\o AA rco8uvapei,ooven<bg,
Ferqy4 pu1pt(6pevqqrdorls.

Pooorrir4g.Av ouv66ooup€rov ivov rrd,lorqg
trny4spero drpo rou opoy€vo65ruhv6prro6odp-
R HdrosKGrov dllo ndtroF€lov 6popio,nape;rpdl-
lovra5 oeoerpdro 6inolo ro onoio Oitroupevo rpo-
go6oro6;repepuOpr(dpevpo,e6poq, puO;;rorrrroj-
vrioroorl Oole rroupyeof 4 pooordrq5.flp6rerror,d-
n<rrgrorotrcBoivou;rey,ro odv6eoqXopfs6raxld6o-
oq. Eivorgcxv€pd6rr q pe'rorivqoqrou 6pogdo0o i-
X€rorsouvdrrero14 peropotr4rqg avrioToorlsrou
rurl<6pcros dpd Kdrrou pefporog rrou 6roppierro rdrlcrrpo.

Kd0eourorrvrlrdrr iler ivo
p rrp d r1 )re rrprdr rrv q rry p o .
'Evagpooordrqg pu0pi(erro
pedparF'oqo$ooiasrou Klvrl-
rrlpc pe onorileopo vcxpuO-
pi(errar r4v roXdrrlTsrou
prrpo6ourorrvrlrou.

AvrrororrlsKor rll€Krpr:qevdpyerq

=ovopl6yoorerc6poorov ovrrordrrl yra vo petrerqoouHrr€l ou-
pneprrpoprdou o116rq ororrrdrrlg evipyerrgA. rioeivorra orlpcx-

*'Orav ro ruitcAu.l,ApAa |Z eivanxlent6, ra ryfipara rou xul\wipxorj orjpparoq6e6npp(.-
ovrar qn6 ro i6roperjpa xat ro tpdpAryta yiver,q xdnug no atv9ero.

I

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TO HAEKTPIKOPEYMA

vrrKdr€pdy€yovdrqfiou ouypoivouvolov ;.rrrpdroopoev65ovrr-
ordrq drov rov peuporo6orrlooupe.
o To dvoeivor11erribpcoqrou qlerrprxc,drre6ioumo ele60epo11-
trerrpdvroror
o ro dMo q cMqleni6pooq rcovrrvouptdvovqlexrpovi<ov;rero 16-
vro rou oycoyo6rrlv orroio pnopo6prevo gavro(6poore oov o6-

YKpouorl.
To rllerrprxdne6ioqoxef6uvdpergoro qlerrp6vroro ripyorcov

orroi<ovperpderrr1peroprpo(dpevrelvdpyeroA.n6 rr;v dtrlq, or ou-
yrpo6oergrov qlerrpovf<ovpero rdv'rc'ppsvdpouvro qlerrp6vta,
yeyovd5rrou FoSerrrrpirrervo Oecopodp6rrr rcvofvrorl.r€ora0epq
peuporrrqrcrXfrrpc. Kdrr avdloyo oupfloiverxor rqrd rqv rrrcforl
rou ole{rrrrorrrorrlo orro(o5svepyofiorrtot orrd ro rre6iopop6rrl-
rog, e{orrioS,6ptoS,rr15ovriotoons Touoipo, rricprer refurd pe
oraOepqrcrXfrqra.

Iro0eprl, 6p-S, toldrqra orlproivexr.otmo0eprl rrvqrrrrl evip-
yero.H np6o0err1nvqrrx{ evipyercrrolrorroKro6vro qtrerrp6vrc
ovdpeocoe 66o6ro6oXrrdoguyrpodoersovoKorovdperoorvdpeoo
o'qurd Kqrro rdvrorou crycoyopdeouvrirreron F6onrrvrlrrrrlevfp-
y€rqrrls raldvr<ooqsr<ovrdvr<ovo cu{dveror.'Eloupe6r1lc6{ u-
nopriOproqrng opydvopfvns evdpyerrrngou noipvouv ro 4tre-
rrp6vra (qnd ro ne6io)oe cvopyrivtorrl0epprr{ evdpyeruT. o ye-
yovrigex64l6verqr F€rnv od(qo4 r4<;oeppoxpcoiogrou cyo-
yori.
- Ag ouv6udoou;.rrec6porq 66o r6roir,:poyvropiopororou ovrr-
ordrq orq orroiodXoupeq6qcvcrpep0e(;

c) Yrroro0eroro v6porou Ohm. H orrioroorl rou (R)eivqrqve-
{dprrpq rou pe6poros(l) rar rrlg rdorpg(V).l-roora0epq0eppo-
rpooio roXdeRr : V/l q V = lR.

p) Merorpirr€trq peroprpo(6prevoq' qur6v evipyerce{ oloxlrl-
pouoEevipyeroOepprrrl1'l.p6rerroyr ro'nl{pq evepyerorurlnopdO-
prorlyr' our61p4or;.rorroro6rpqregpdoq <<Ocvnordr7g rcarcva\tb-
vetrr7yerap$a(6yevqo'dur6v ev(.pyen>.

Oupi4oupr6err q ovd povd6olpdvou peroprpo(6p€vorlrov qvrr-
ordrq evipyero(roX656)iverarcrr6 rrlv t:{io<oorP1= Vl

Av ouv6udoouperrs 66o ourfg r6rarr-epdrqr€KSdrrr5 ovr(oror-
1ege{roc6oer0ga rrporfq.reqr e[iocooqyrq rqv avo ;rovd6o1p6vou
qlexrprx{ evdpyerorrou Kqrovolt6verdvoovrrordr4g.

P=l'R

Iqpefooq. Avo'rr1ve{io<rlorP1: Vl o"/rtKoroorqooupreo I pero
ioo rou (odpgovo F€rov v6porou Ohm)0q npordr.1r1e1renio4gev-

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To H^ EKT PTKP.EYMA
t

6rogdpouoce{io<oorP1 = \P/RyrCrIrlv roX6nou rorovq}c6vet6vog

cvrrordtqg 4-_

H <cuor4pri>ytrriooor4g 0tppo6uvo;rxrig.To 4trercrpr1n6e6fo
rrou eyrcOiororororo €ocor€ptx6rou peu;lcrog6pouoycrryodo-

ore(,6rr<o9einope,6uvdpergoro qtrerrpdvroT. o ipyo our<6vrcov

6uvdpeorveivor-yro r4v rrepinrooq oro0,spo6pe6poro5-ioo pe
W : Pt : 12Rt rqr orroretrerfqv noodrqro yeroprpo(6pevr1rglle-

rrprxrlgevdpyercgA.gnpooi{oupe 6114 evdpyeraourri 6evono-
04xedercrmov uyaryririna4 q evdpyeroor'dvavnuxvtor{, olld

antrri peraprpri(ercrurrd ro ne6foorov oyoyri pio<odpyou.Irq
ytrc6ooo6,r"11c6rrq1g, 0ep;ro6uvo;rrrrq1r5roletrei ivo fpyo.

Or ouvdrrereogurr15rqg peropipcorl5eivatvo ou{qOeirl €oor€-

prrq Oepprrrervl ipyero*rou cytoyotiKorro'yeyov65er6qla6verapr e

cri{4o4 r45 Oepporpcroicr5ou. Aur6 dler<rgonordleopc vo F€To-
fupd(u o ay<oyd0gepp6rqrcoro neprpdtrtrorvou. Irrl ouv(0r1rre-
pinrcrlorl6rou 11Oepporpaoiqtou oy<rryonticpopdvetorc0epq 4
percprpo(riprvqorov oytoyrievdpyera(unri popg{ qlcrrprxod

dpyou)efvcrfoq pe r4 0epp6rnrornv onoia o oytlyrig percprBri-

(eroro neprprillov rou.

(xvTroTctI rls

foule. O 6p6pogrou netpdporos.Kord 'ngCIpXfSrr156eroerfo5
rou 1840,o JamesPrescotJtouleorcotrouOr6vr6cgn,o5 irove rrd-
vrq, ro 6p6porou rrerpd;roroqrordlrl€eoe ou;rnepdoporoncpd-
Forqpsqurd rrourreprflovrarorrlv e{io<o<rP1= l'R. Eprnrmeudpe-
vosrrs ouoxeud5rou Korrr5 prerpqoeTrsoucrri6er{e6rr:

Kcrri rq peupcrodrirqoq evrigcvnmdr4 r<orecgdoovq oep;roxpo-
oio rou rrupo;rdveroruOep{, ro ovd ;rovri6a;lprivourroori Otppti-
rnrqs rrou €Kxopeimo neprpdllov rou eivqrc) cvdloyo rrposro

" Xptn(erat, ioutg va ouyioouperq 8nEopd avayeoa croug 6pooqOepyn<e4vi.pyen ran I
Otpydrrya. Me rov 6po 1epprc1evtpyen xrppd(ou1tt ro pipog ueivo rrTSto<orepxrfg e-
vtpyenq,, or percpoAiq, roo onoioo avravaxAti.tvrato tg 9€pyoKpaotax(.qperapoA(.q. e
Mnopoipe oover<bqva Atye6n au{r19qxe4 tAanu;91xe 4 9eppxtl ev€pytn tv6q ouo'ri-
paroq,.Avrioera, o 6pos oepp6rtya tyer v6r1pay6vo og evtpyetayerappc(6yuq an6 ro
o6orqya rtpos ro nep$4l\ov rou 11avriarpoga.

TO HAEKTPIKO

rsrpdyovo rou p€riForos,sgdoovor Frrpiosrs yivovrorFsrnv i-
6ru qvriorooq Kqrp) uvriloyo rrposrqv ovrfmcoq, egdoov or Fs-
rp{oergyivovrar;rero i6ropedpa.

Ta ou;.rnepdo;rorocurd, ouvroro6vrov treydpevvoriporou foule,
o onoiogeivor,orrlv ouoio,ivo5 ox6porlfrro5 yrovq neprypdqou-
perq 6rorrlpnonrrls evipyera5orqv er6rrrnl epinr<loqrrls F€ro-
r p o n q 5p e r o p r p o ( 6 p e v re1vgi p y € r qos € e v r i p y e r0oe p p r r q .

O vdpogrou Jouleqrrorelei <vdpo>rcrrd rrlv i6roiworo rrou o-
norelei ror o v6;ro5rou Ohm.Avcgipelcr rcr ourd5 oe oproprdvo
pr6voufurd rqr 6evouvrord ivo yevrrdvdporq5 96orlS.E{dtrtrou,
rcd0eutrrrdrrourrerOap1feoro v6porou Joulener0apXierar orov
vdporou Ohm.

H rrerpcparr14enalqOronrou vdpou,pcoi(e'ror
rrdvoroe perpqoersrrls Or,pprd'rrlrcrrsou erlopef o
peuporocpdpoagyroy6grrposro rreprBdMovrou.

Ti'rorouei6ougprerpqorlpr5rropod;rvec rdvoupre
KorFt d,pyovarrou 6rq06r-erro oXotrrrdepyoorrl-
pro'

Ocrvdpwo Joule.Togorv<ipevroqrd ro orroioro q-
trexrpr1p6erlpo6qgroupy:of 6{qoqrr150epporpc-
oic5 r'covoyroyc6vi1er errrrporrloerva trfyerargor-
v6pevoJoule.A,evepcpovf(eroprrdvoorous ovrrord-
re5. Epcpavf(troKr ororou(;crycoyofrgcrrvrltrerrporcr-
v4rrlpov atrtrdxcr oro €oorrprr6 rurv r1trer<rprrc6v
nqyc6v.Er6rr<6dF, -S, yro rous ovrrordregro garv6-
pevoJouleorroreleirov trrovo6rre6vepyerorp6erc-
olqporropdrrououppoivrro'ourofg drov 6roppio-
vrcr o116rltrerrprr<pde6po.

Eqqppoy€rSou gorvopdvou
Joule

Aopm{porogu1910pev{poond O Aaynr4pa,q,rupcrcrdto€oq cfioretreiror arrd yudfuvo rrepi-
potrqpdlro
Flqpo, pioo oro orroio undpXerpre'rotrtrrrvdrlpo rutrrypfvooe
I oneip<rlproT.o vq;.roeivarrrol6 lenrd rr iXer p4roS rrou prro-
pei va <pOdveKr qrro ivo pirpo. 'O'rqv peupcro6orrlOeirpOd-

v€ro€ Oepporpcoioroopporricg2,200"Cpe 3000"C orrlv o-

rroio exrrfpfi€r ro yv<oor6rpotg.

O npc6rog qle r<rprr<d5loprrrrrlpo5rruporrcbo€rrrsKoro-

orceudorqrerord rq Serceriq rc,u 187Osr6 rov Thomas

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TO HAEKTP]KOPEYMA

EdisonT. o npoplqporo rrouXpsrdorrlKv€o dvrtF€rrorri'osl
yro vo lrpoxoprlo€ro116rqv opltrrl rorooreurl orrlv fiGpo-

nipo pelrioon 4rcrvrrolld xct opto;.rivqorrd crsr6,drr<og11
rr1{qrou peralhro6 vrlporogror q c,{ei6oorr1ou, epgovi(o-

vrov o{erripooro. E{urraxoderodr rr yro rqv reXvoloyiorrlg

erroplgprogrirorou ei6ou5npoplqyorq ovrperoni(ovror

erixolo.H rq€rlrou vrlporogorrogedyerorp€rrlXpqoporrol

qor'166orrlrrou ;rerdllou, 6rrorgeivcrro polgpdprorrou fXer
oqpeior4€rlS3650"C.H o{ei6<oor4ou perdtrlouuvrtper<rrrri-
(eror pero vd prlvurrdpXepr ioo oro 6o1eioofpcq ql d fva

o6povi5oipro dnog eivotro opy6, ro rpurrrd 11ro d(crlro.

Aopmdpnoogurorooreu6mqxe Iro pero{d 4 nopouoio rou oepioueivorcvoyxoio,yrcri e-
r o 1 8 7 9o n 6r o vE d i s o n pno6i(er rqv eloip<oonfiou 0o urprbrororo pirollo, edv

1riocoro yudtrrvonepiptrqpoun(p1eandluro revd.
Eivor1rucoord6rr ro <parv6pevJor"rl6eevo{rorroteiropr d,vo
ps rous tropurrlpe5gorropo6. H r;trxerprrrlrou(iva Kqrro rl-

trexrprrdof6epoarrorelo6vXopsKrrlprorrrdrropo8eryporo
orrrorcirvouorcucfv,orrg orroiegp6riorreerpoplioy4ro i6ro

<porv6pevToo. i6roouppoiveKr orp€rov qtrexrprxO6 eppoof-

(p(Dvq.

Ie rdOeOeppovrrrqouoxeuqcxvmlpdgovror6rio ev6ei{erg.

Eivorro trey6pevoovoyaonxd orotyeb rr;9. To ivq orrd qurd

ovcgiperar orqv rdoq (Vo)rrls Ko\/ovrKrllgerroupyio5 rrlg

Korro dtrlo orqv rltrerrprxrlroX6(Po)rrou 0c rqrqvqtr(6vtt e-

g6oov 0o lerroupyei pe rrlv ovopor:rrrr1rdoq Vo.Av q ou-

Irjyxpovoqtrolm4poqleyo6rtrcnequqlerroupyqoerpe rdoq prrp6rtpq o116rqv ovopoorrrq

to;tiog(5KnWou) lp4otgonoteqirrorot 6i6erroXf plrcp6repr;o116rqv Po,11p&ypqoorlprgopo.Av
oeKrv[P0T0Yploi{g'errKqT6' oq
v{poroueivoorndpolep6Iro.' ,,dtrr trerroupyei'pi rdorl'preyctrrrepq o116rrlv ovopoorirrl, o-
no6i6erro16 peyoldrepq an6 rqv Po,otrld perc6v€roor lpo-

vrrxd q 6rdprrro rns (o4S rrl5 q rorcxarpirperor.

To 66o ovopoorrrd ororle io oleri(ovror p€ rqv cvrioroorl (R)

rou crvrrmdrr; o6prg<ovoF€ rnv e{iorooq Po: V6lR.Mrropofpe, ou-
verrcir5o, 116rq 6rio ourd ororleio vo unoloyf(oup€ rrlv ovrioroorl.

fro 6vq Oepprooirp<rrvc22OYl2O001W1av, ricnaorl 0s eivarR : V|lPo,

0o eivor6qla6r] 24,2 O.
Irrg orxrcxis syKdroordoer56leg or qtrerrprrig ouoreui5 ouv6f-

ovrcr dror c6orevq lerroupyodv F€ Trlv i6ro'rdoq q orroio ouprri-
rrra KGrp€ rnv ovoprcorrrcqrdorl xoOeprdg.

Ie rroMi5 rreprrrrc6oer5ro rporvdpevoJouleiXer ouvirrer€STrSo-
trofeg rrpfrrer vo orrorpedyoup€.Mfq orrd aurig eivor q unepOip-
povon rcrv ayoryc6v,r; orrofo prrropefvc rrpoxotrioer ord;.ro Korrrup-

rcryrd.Irou5 cryolyo6gperccpopdgorous crrroiougy, ro tr5yougorro-

vopiag,XpqorForrorofpeodp;raro grrpqg6roroprlgeivar6uvqrdv vo

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T OH A E K T P I K O

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