Ie npoqyofpevore<pdAcr6od0qreq eurcrrpiovo prlryoou;ryero otr-
trrllenr6pdoerrqllexrprrc6vpeupdrov Korpcryvqrc6vH. iworo;.ro-
yvrynx6ne6io p6gporlOr1onecpd ro16 xord rr5 mpr6re5rrsprypd-
rpig curc6vrrov otrtrqlenr6pdoecrlEvi.no;le6rr urrd Tn prq ro Fto-
yvqrr16ne6ioenr6pdorous peupororpdpoucsrytoyofgevr6on6 rqv
dltrq ro qlexrpr16peripa6qproupyenfeiriopoyvqrr16I.ro regd-
loro nou opli(er 0a errr6rc6{oupvro epp<r06voupfureyoneproo6re-
po orq 66oourd (qr4poro Fero vq ov,r(qrqooup€rous vdpoug
orous onoiougunoroderI 6pdoqxorq 6rlyroupyiorou pcryv4rrxo6
re6iou,rou rre6iou6, qlc64,yroro onoio ro qlerrprrd pe6pc,orro-
relei rqv nr1yro1lld Korro und0epo.
F(IYvqrrKorineEiou
(r€P uF(Irogopo (|Y(DYo
H 6uvopnLoploce
T6oo ro rltrercrprrdpor6p 6oo ror ro aprrep6pr€rpops orpecp6prevo
rrloioro lerroupyo6v pdoer rrlg eni6pooq<;pa1rurlrqoe peuporog6-
po aycoyd.Iro rrpoqyofpevo regdlcro cvagepO1rcopeo'aurq rrlv
eni6pooq rar einope drr pnopo6p€ vd l'rlv neprypdgoup€ Fs rrl
porlOerdTnSvsurolvrr<45iworag66vo'pr1. Ero rropcxrcdrc0rlc petrr-
r4oouperqv emi6pooqaurq 6re{o6rrd.
Ero epyaorriproX. pqorporrororiipvea po-
yvqrrlnerotroer6r=1i.poupre6n orov 1c6po
rrouoproOer€ir,ofrrrd roug 66on6lou5
rou, ro pcryvrlrrr,rlr6e6ioeivoropoyevigpre
<popdan6 rov p,5ps1rer6tronpo5ro v6rto.
O eu06ypoppoagyoly6geivorrprrlpoevdg
xuxlc6poro5perrrlyrlouve1o65periporog,
pooordrq,oprrr;p6perpKooroy<6yrpuro-
ypd.Tono0ero6preov ayroy6oe0ioq ro-
roxdpugrliror rou dvorprlparou vo ppG
oK€rol<pioc>o'fo pcryvrlrrr6rre6ioT. od-
Kporou eivorBu0ropdvooro ay<iyrpouypd
I
h
e
M A I N H T IK EAI A A HAEIIAPAIEiI
iror c6meq ev6eldpev6qpdoqxdrrorog66vopqgvq eivsr6uvsr6vvq
er6qlco0eil.0eivouperov 6rqx6nrr1rar plinouf € rov crl,oydvo p€ro-
xveirqro€Frovio Oioq.
H rare60uvonrqs ;rayv4rrr{g6rivag4gLaplace.O rpdrroqnou
;.reraxrv40rlxoecry<oy6ngpo6i6er qv rore60Lrvorrlrls ooro6pevrl5
66vopqgE. ivorprrorore60uvorloouvr10rorqC. tprcryvqrrelgpgovf(e-
ror vo 6po - piocrrrou rre6iou-orov crl,<rrypdt:rdrroro 66vopqnou
6evdlero6rerr16rerl0uvoro1u ne6iouo6rerr16re60uvorqou cryo-
yo6. H oororipevrl66vopqiLrr 6re60uvorx1dOerqKo,orov crl,<rlY6
r(q,orrlv ivroo4 'roune6(ouB.Av ovoorpirpouperq <popdrou Fq-
yvqrrrco6ne6iou 6rorqpc6vrogro pe6pc o-
perdptrqro, plfnoupe <irrq rpopdr4g 66vo-
pqg Laplaceovaorpdgrerqr.H ovcorpogrl
6rorrrorc6verorKororrlv rrepirrroorl fiou o-
vcorpirgoupe rr1<popdrou pe6proro56ro111-
p6vrag ro puyvrlrq orrlv op1rrl 0ior1rou.
To vo neprypdr.;,rouFrsrl <popdrqg 66vo-
pq5 Laplace6ev eivor .16ooedrcotroA. piotrrg
nopoxdrco erc0drou;re'rp€lSr€Xr/tKigyro rrlv
nepryporprlrrls Korarprlvoupeorov crvcryvc6-
orrl rrlv errrloyrl ourrjg rrou 0o tcrrprd(er
rreproo6repoorrl 6rrq rou orirprl.
1. H npc6r4 cn' ourfg eivoro leyd;revo5rov6vog rou Maxwell.fro
vo rrl Xprlorporrorqoouperrpirrer err65 o116ro i>rdvuopoB vo Oe<oprl-
ooul,r€rqr ivq 6rdvuopo lerrdv<rroe rprlpo pqxougUrou peuporocp6-
pou aycoyo6pegopd rq rpopdrou qlerrptro6 pedporog.Edpcp<ov;ore
rov rsvdvq rou Maxr,velIl rpopdqg 66vo;.rqgLaplaceeivor11rpopd ro-
rd rrlv orroic 0o peroxrvq0ei o 6e{rdorpogos r,rxlios (pro pi6o 11iva
ovorXrqpr)r,ov orroio <pwro(dpoore vo mpirpr;ror rord ro ouvropd-
repo rpdtro l0 npog B. Av dXou;rtKdrofiroorei pe raroopibro Korp€
rrppnouodv eivor guorrd vc 6ef{ouprerrporipqoq orov rov6vq
Maxwell.
I
e
MAIN HTIKEI AAAHAEtI IAPAIEII
ME IO ANOINHTI
TIATIOEAO NA ME-
AETHIQ HAEKTPOI",IATNH.
lir,ri 2. H reXvrrqrqg 6e{rd5ncldpns Frrop€vi o FCISgovti'rreproo6-
rtpo Korsvorlr4.Oovro(6poore vo rc,'rroe€rofpetr16e{rdrrotrd-
i\' \-. '--/., pn, Fsr€vroPivo rov ovrix€tpo/o€ TF,6rro<6orero riooepo 6d-
Xrutrovo sfvorop6pponCrIrposrrs 6uvuprri5ypoFpdsevo o ovri-
I Xerposopdpponogrrposro p€6po.H 6i'voprlLaplacerdOerqoro €-
rrirre6orrlg noldpqg pag0o iler <popdorrd rqv noldprl FqSnpos
To€otrrrrprr6rr1g,6rrrogrpoiverororo crXrlpo.
3. YndpXeor rdproo rovdvoqrorv rorc6v6o1r6lcovrou 6e{ro6
leprori. Mord(eroprerd F€TovrrpoqyodprevTo€. vr(6voupr€ov o-
vriXerpa,rov 6eixrrl Korrov 1lioorou 6elrodpogleprod oe rpdrro
rirorevo cxvrrororlorivoe ivq rproop0oyrilvrooriorrlpo c{6vov. Av
o ovrile rposovrrororxeiorrl qopd rou pe6porogKoro 6sfKrrlsorq
gopd rou FcryvqrrKonde6iou,o pioo5 l)o pog6eiXverrq cpopdrqg
pcryvr;rrrq6g6vapq5.
To pdrpo rns Fqlvqrrx{g 6rivop4gLaplace.Errrorpigouper6pc
orrlvrr€rpcxprcx6rrrrdcrrcl {qyrovcxepeuvqoouprrc orprpc6oguppoi-
v€rps ro ;rfrpo rr1566vopqgLaplace.
To epc6rqpo{van: sn6 norcus rrap<iyovrerqca9opi(erarto pt-
rpo rqq,66vsprlsLaplaceE; {aprdru and rrl,E6or7rou ayuyo6; a-
16 ro p4xoqrou uytuyo6;anr6ro pdpog rou uyuyoti; EQaprdrara-
n6 r4v i.waoq rou peiparoc; Karnon yopEry€yet4 oyenrcrel fo,p-
rrloq; Ava<pepdpoopreiporo orqv erdrr<nrel pirrroo4 rrou o prupd-
rogdpogcrl,oydseivareuQfypCIpl1os.
Trgarrcvrqosrsorc rropcrrrdvoepcorrlprarpod5rrq 6ivouvor
fiapopqrlKi5 dpeuvegoprefoe rdOe;rioo116aurig vc Oiroupeivc
ror ;r6voouyrercprprfevpo<rrrqpoO.r qn'cvrrloer5rrg onoie5noip-
voup€ouvoqrf(ovroor ro e{r15:
c) fro rqv rrepirrrcoonrrou o psuFcxr(xp6poagycoySe5ivorrdOe-
ros ors 6uvaprrigypo1rpisrou poyvn'rrxonf e6iouro pirpo r-r1g
66vcprr1Lgaplace6iveroron6 rqv e{io<rroq
F=Bl 0
e MANf HTTKAEAT^H^EnrAPArEr:
B
orrlv olroio ro B rroprordveI rqv 6-
vrqorl rou Fol/vrlrrxofrre6fou,ro I
rqv ivroorl rotr pedporosKorroA ro
F4roSrou eu0tiypqFFopueupcrocpS-
pou ayolyori.
F) frc rqv nepirrrcoorlrouo psu-
parogdpogoyoydg eivornopdtrIq-
lo5 perrg 6uvctprrriygpoppi56evo-
orefrqr poyvrlrrx(66vopq.Iro yevr-
x6, 6qlo6r1,g<xtv6;revrorls eni6po-
ons pcryvnrrrornle6iouos psuForo-
g6po oy<oy6rropouord(erotpio e-
[oipeo11.
Av, ritrog, cruv6udooupr€0 fisr-
po;.rorrrdcurd 6e6opivopretq Oeco-
pia yro rqv ovtttruoqevdg6rcv6opra-
rog 0o o6qyq0c6peoe ;rfoyevtrdre-
pr1e{ioooq.
l-ldv<ooro errirre6ofiou opi(er pe
ro ld avoldoupe to 6rdvuopo B oe
66o ouvrorc6oe5B, ro, B* o":d t'g orrofe5 11priad"
vo e(vqrnopdtrlqtrq npos rov eu06ypapproay<oyd
xor q dtrtrqB*(B*: Bnpq) rdOerqo'ourdv. I6pcpr,l-
vq ps doo efrroprer/o poyvrll'rrc6rre8io E, 6ev errr-
6pd orov peupro'rorpdpcoryo'1r6H. eni6pcorl/ ouvt-
rrc6grou B npoiplerar prdvorxrr6ro rre6io E-. loX6-
er,lorrrdv F : B*1011F = Bl04pg.
'EvroorlpoyvqnKorine8ircu
Eivoryvcoord 6rr rdOe prrpq petrdvopr6oooro poyvqrrrd ne6io
fipoodvqrotrf(erar rard rqv xore60uvoq rrg ivraoq5. Iro npc6-
ro, enior15,re<pdAoro6e10r1ropeyrCIrrlv iv'rooq rou proyvrlrrrod
ne6fou ivov opropd -B : Flm - poor(6pevc,orrlv urro0errxrl;.ro-
yvrynxriroo6r4ra. AlId r1iwoto Lroyvrltrrcrrlroo6r4rc 61ereyra-
rotrerrpOeiO. g urrdOepqyro ro payvqrrr6 nc6io pnopo6pe vq 0e-
<opoOperov p€uFqrorp6pooycoy6 Kor vs 6c6ooupeivov oproprd
rou peyi0otsgi.vraorl payvrTnxorjne\iou poor(dpevo orq 66vaprr1
Laplace.
E{unoxorlerqr6rr o oprotrr6ogur6q ouprr,:prtropBdveror uq opr-
opo6g 6lcov rov ororlef<r:v,rrou xoOopf(ouv ivo 6tovuoprorrr<6
prdyeOo56,qtra6r1rqg 6re60uvorlSr,lS gopds Korrou pirpou.
I
e
MA fN nTTK EAIA ^nA E fl l A P A IE l )
Are60uvo4.Ie rdOeoq;reiorou lioyvr1rrrodne6foucvrrororlei,
6ncogeirrope,pic ror gdvooplopdv46re60uvor1ri,roro c6orer1
66vop4oe onoro6qnor€p€uporogdpocyory6vq eivorpr'16evrr4.
H lcporr-qprorrrrlror povo6rxrol urrl 6re60uvoq0o ovopd(eror
6re60uvorqou Foyvqrrrcor6re6iouorc orlp€i'o ur6. O oprop6g
<paivercoruOoiperog.ASpn pog6rogefyer6, ;rco56,rr xqr'ourrlv
rqv 6re60uvorrlrpooovcrolf(ercr rdOeprrprlpoyvrlrrrrlpetr6vo
rrou 0q rorroOerrjooup€oro poyvrlrrx,5rre6iooro orrofoovo(ps-
pdpoore.
Oopri. fldv<oorrl 6re60uvorrlrou opiocrprqevrrororxodv66o ovri
Oereggopis. H pfo on6 ourig op((e'rolog gopd rrlg ivroorlg
TouFcryvrlrrro6re6iou. Eivqraurrl rrou cvrorrorpiv€Tororrlv Ko-
re60uvoqrrlg 66vopq5Laplacpedoer r<luxov6vcrou Maxwell.
Mdrpo.Ie pqrogUev65eu06ypcp1.ropu€upqrorpdpo(ul) oytoyod
o orroiogppioreror oe opoyevisFcryvrlrrKnde6io rdOero orrl 6r-
e60uvo4rrou opiorqKsnporlyoupivcogcoreircr 66vcpr1F.To nq-
)\ko FllAr) qrroretrrfnoo6rqro ove{dplr1rr1on6 rq payvqrrrrl6ti-
voprlKqtro undOeparcr rr)er<<ppd(rer'r1ou;rpolrlrou ne6iouorq
6rop6pgroorrlou FCIyvqrrxor6re6(ou.
To rrrltrfroat:r6 Fil|-ovopd(erorprirporrlg dvrooqsTou poyvqrr-
ro6 ne6iou.And rqv i6roe{io<rroqopi(r:rorror q povd6oivroorlg
1 Tesla(1T).Eivqrfoqpe1N/Am.
oE€nPiS€puopooHnroogyovPrlnontKrogniuoet6oi?oIu
'H6qotr6 ro 1820o Ampdreerye6rorpiverrrlv oprordrqroH. ouprrspr-
gopd w65 peupororp6ponulcroiou prioooe opoyevi5pcryvr;rrr6ne-
6iorropouord(erdrroro{Xr epgcrvqeivcrcrl4Oero-opror6rrlrCFIerrl
l /trror4ouFrr€prqopdpragpcryvqrrr(gpe,\6vcgpioo oro'ne6ioqur6.
l-lcporqprioErKs oroupneprioFqrq.To rrlqiororrou 0q Xpnorpo-
rrorrlooupe0o dXeor X4poop0oyc6vroT.o 6dvoupepeivo lenr6 vr1-
Fo Korro rpepdpeoe rreproplopoyevo(rpgrcryvqrrronde6iou,dror
rrouvo prropevf s fisprcrrp6geraerle60r:pay6p<oarr6 rov rqrcK6-
pu<pod{ovo ouprperpiorgou. Kdr<ror rrd rqv eni6pcxorqou Bdpoug
Korrrls 6rivopq5rou r€vropdvouvqpro'rorgo rrloioro roopporrei.
'Orw ro p€uporo6orrlooup6rerorrrorriv,lupe6rr errelef orpoglrig
rotravrr6oergydpcosrr6 rov d€ovacvdp'rrloqgevcoraur6lpovo rei-
va vo rrpooovorofuorei pero erirre66'rou rdOeroorrg 6uvoprrcdg
ypoFFiST. efurdorrl 0for1ourq roopponcf.
I
e
MAINHTIKEIAMHAET]IAPAIIE
Irov rllerrpopcryvrlrrop6prerov 6popuyarogdpo nAaioto6ev
ewoodpeurroxpeorrKdrc6rtrrou dler q:4pq op0oy<6vrAo.ur6
rrou ewoofpe i1er,piporc, q({Fc enina6oror 6qproupyeircr
qrrd dvo peuporocp6poxcrtr<66rrroou avqrel oe xleror6 rdxlor-
po (ppoXop) ero oqpreic<ero66our>or <t:(d6our>ou pefprctog
notrri xovrd ro ivo oro dllo.
H ouvotrrrqoupn€prqopdpdS<pipveor ro puotrdrl oupn€prqo-
pd progpayvqrrrqgpetr6vogpioa oe pcryvrlrrr6ne6ioopoyevfq.H
etrruorrrcorlurrl cxvctroyipoogrrporpinervrr6elrodpredrr:
Or 66o<l1rerrgou rrloroiou ouFfieprgdpovrcor av rrdtrorFoyvrl-
rrrrlg peldvog,pdperogror v6rrog.
Oeopqrrxripeldr4. Yno0froupe6rr fva rxplrd crivrlro nAoioro
A|AE eivqrnopdllqlo rrpos rrS 6uvoprrrig
ypqppis opoyevodgn e6iou xor drt oe rdrroto
orrypn ro p€upcro6orodpe.
To rrloioro orroretrEircxor 116riooepr5 eu06-
ypoHpous ay<oyofg.):-ercxOivqvarrd ourodg
B ooxeiror -qrrd ro Fcq^/rlrrK6rre6io- pro 66voprrl
LaplaceO. r 6uvdper5rou corofvror orou5 66o
opr(6wroug cryrrryodgt,oro oX4po eivoto Af rqr
AE=Af=a AE) eivar ovriOeregrcrratrl4loe{ou8erepc6vo-
Ar=AE: B vror. Or 66o 6uvdperr;rrou qorodvrcr orous
rorcr6pu<poug cry<rry<>i6lo9uv pev ioo pirpo
olld 6ev ohlqloe{ouiSerepcirvovrorE. ivqrrro-
pdllrlleg 6uvd;rerg pe ovri0e'reSgopiS, ol ,f,fioissreivouv vcxfispr-
orpirgouv ro cplxd orivrlro rrloioro. Ie nr:pirrruron,6FoS,fiou ro
rrtrqioroeivorrdOero mrg 6uvcprris ypqFFiS,or 6uvdpergorous Koro-
r6pugoug uyroyo65yivovror awi0ere g xcr d,lqloe {ou6errp6vovror.
HtrerrprK6KSrvrlrrlposo z;I
'Orov ro perctrh16rrtrsioropeupcxro6orq0i erdrro o116rrlv errf-
6pcrorrlou Fcryvqrflo6 rre6iouupx(e:,vo or pigeror.'EXou;;e6,qtro-
611p, io 6rdro{q rrou orror€trei evepyerordperorporrdo.H peropr-
pc(dpevrlqlerrprr4 evdpyerpoerorpineror (rord 6vopipog)oe e-
v6pyeropqlovrrrl.'E1ouprep,r'dtrla trdyrc,p o pqXcxvArl.v orov d{o-
vo fisprorpocprln5poooppr6ooupfrveov ifuxo xcr 0etrqooupv€o rov
pdloupeo€ rrsprorpog{,GV,6qlo6r1O, elqcroupvea 6qproupyrloou-
pre6vavrllexrprrdrcrvqrqp0oo cxvrrper<orricroiuvpoeoopcp6eprr6-
6ro.'Errperrv€o ro rreprpfvouprHe.rc(vqoro1u ntroroioueivar,p6-
I
e
MAIN HTIKEI AAAHAENIAPAIEII
pcrc, neprorpogrrrjcMd pegopd rl onoiq avcorpdcpercr.
AguroOiooupedrr xcrd rr1onypq rrou ro peuporo6oro6-
I,r€rlo ntrqioroeivcrrropdMqtronpog rrg 6uvoyrri5ypopprig.
Or oorofpevegEuvdperLgaplacero rnrroXdvouvA. urd 6p.S,
ouppoiverpdxprS6rou yiverrdOeroorr5 6uvcprrxdygpcppi5
616rrond rr1mrypq ereivrlor6uvdptrgLaplac6epouvenrppo-
6uvrrrd.Eivqr o epn66royrqro onoio prlqoape.
Iro oqpeiocur6 orrqyrrof rou rTr:pcopdvoqur(6vqinor{av
ro pr5lorous Kqrpcg6&oocvrov rrpcirrorltrexrprr6rrvqrrlpa.H
r6doeivfl rpcrvopevrrqdrrl{.Tr1 mryprlrrou ro nlqioro ppfore-
ror or4 0dor1roopponiagd, ru rcrTdMrltroodorqyc rroulfyeror
ouAAtxrqctrerroupye€f'rortbmevo cwoorpigsrrrl gopd rou
pefporoq. H ouvinerq eivorvo egrgori(ov'ra6r uvdper5Laplace
riroreg rirmevo lerroupyodvtrnrcrxuvrrrd.'Orqvro rrlqioro
mq ouviXercppeOexicrndtrrxdOerocrng6uvoprrigypoppf5ro
pe0pc rorrrdh cnrampCgerqr.Kqr'
curdv rorr rp6rro e{oogali(eror q
moOeprlrpopdrqg neprmpogrrq5
rou rivqor'15.
Iq <p(o rrou X)rlorFonorofpe
yrq vo <rr<ipeFr fipoSDro ourorivrl-
To 4 n ;ro'roorxlfrc po5, crov qle-
rrprx6 or[,qpd6popoflerpcrd-Kqrpr-
ordg,orcr rp6leT,oro rllerrprrd
ntruvrr1pr,ro, ro pi{ep, orou5 r6p-
voug,oilfui xor o'dvcx ocopdrrcrXyi-
6rq rrou nai{ope drav eiprom€fior-
6rd, undp,ler ivo5 rrvqrrlpo5 qle-
rrprrd5. 'l)tror ol rllerrplroi qurof
xrvrlrrlpe5eivororr6yovor rtov Krvrl-
rrlpcovrrou KdrdoKedqow rov rrt-
pooprdvocn<r6voqr Eup<orroiorr€Xvr-
rof. Irq 1832 o Pixii,Cvogfdltrog
KsrsoK€u'forrj5, rrou Bor10r10rero-
16 rov Anrpdre,iAuoe ro rrpr6rc
npoplrlpcrro rrou ovcgdpcpe. Or
rrpcoror,6F,rS,orxovoprroixrv4rrl-
pe5xa0ucrriprloov. fro nollig o-
x6pa 6er,rerfe5 rc npoptrqparo
rrou e(1crrvo ovrrF€T<orrioouvor
retrproi c'no6erXrqrw preyctr6repo
crrd ere(v<xrrou erXcvvo qvrrF€Tco-
rrfoouv or rirrorqpoveg.
I
lflTT^-Tl:i''