&= l7s pQ/df /h] f nufpm M
s_ b'wn] wf]Psf] dfG5] sf]xL x'“b}g eg]sf] s] xf] <
c_ dfG5]sf u'g}ug' x'G5g\ .
cf_ dfG5]sf a}u'g}a}ug' x'G5g\ .
O_ dfG5]df u'ga}u'g b'a} xG' 5g\ .
v_ ;~hLjgn] s] sf/0fn] bM' v kfof] <
c_ ;~hLjgn] km6\ofOF u/]/
cf_ ;~hLjgn] grflxg] s/' fsf] gSsn u/]/
O_ ;~hLjgn] u?' n] eg]sf] s/' f dfg]/
u_ ;~hLjgn] s;sf] afgLa]xf]/f gSsn u¥of] <
c_ rfN;{ 8flj{gsf]
cf_ k|wfgfWofkssf]
O_ a'9fkfsfsf]
*= pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ;~hLjgsf a'afcfdf / u'?x¿ lsg lbSs x'Gy] <
v_ ;~hLjgnfO{ ;a}n] lsg dfof uy]{ <
u_ ;~hLjgsf] g/fd|f] afgL s] xf] <
3_ 8flj{g s] uy{] <
ª_ k|wfgfWofks lsg em:sge' of] <
r_ ;~hLjgn] s] ubf{ cfkm" 3fOt] eP5 <
5_ k|wfgfWofksn] ;~hLjgnfO{ s] ;Nnfx lbge' of] <
(= 5b]lv cf7 jfSo;Dddf a9fP/ nv] M
s_ ld7f] kmn kmNg], ;G' b/ kmn" kmN' g], af]6la?jfdf klg ltvf sfF8f /x]sf xG' 5g\ .
v_ ;fbf hLjg pRr ljrf/
96 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;
!= ltdLn] k9g\ ] kf“r cf6] f ljifosf gfd n]v M
@= tnsf zAbx¿nfO{ pbfx/0fdf b]vfPh;/L axj' rgdf abn M
s_ s]6f], af6f], 5f]/f], d';f], la/fnf], efGhf], r/f] h:t}M s6] f]–s]6fx¿
v_ df]6f], 5f]6f], ;fgf], 7n' f], 5f]6f], uf]/f], nfdf] h:tM} df6] f]–df]6f
u_ d, tF, ltdL, pm, Tof] h:t}M d Ö xfdL
3_ k9\5, vfG5', cfof], a:5, b]V5 h:t}M k9\5 – k95\ g\
#= s'g sfd ug{]nfO{ s] elgG5, nv] M
s_ gofFgofF s/' f vf]h ug]{ Ö j}1flgs
v_ la/fdLsf] pkrf/ ug]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ ljBfyL{nfO{ k9fpg] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ uf8L rnfpg] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ v]tdf sfd ug]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
r_ k;ndf ;fdfg a]Rg] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
5_ sf/vfgfdf sfd ug]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
h_ sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} u/L lnªu\ kl/jt{g u/ M
u'? Ö u?' cfdf sfsf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ afh] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kgflt Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ b]j/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ h]7f] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;DwL Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;;'/f Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ bfh' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} cfs] f/nfO{ cfsf/ agfO{ df, nfO{, af6, / sf] /fv M
h:t}M s]6f] – s]6fdf, s]6fnfO{, s]6faf6, s]6fsf]
5f]/f], kf7f], r/f], la/fnf], d';f], sv' '/f], 8fF8f]
^= pbfx/0fdf h:t} gof“ lqmofkb agfpm M
u/\, eg\, x]/\, ;g' \, a9\, v]n\ h:t}M k9\ – k9“"
&= tnsf lqmofkb k|ofu] ePsf jfSo kf7af6 vf]h]/ gbf]xf]¥ofO{ nv] M
rN5, atfpge' of], /fVt}gy], ky]{, 3l' d;s]sf] lyof], ul/Psf] 5,
cfpg'xf]nf, ;'lt/x]sf] lyof], ub}{ lyP, /x]5, atfof], rxfy]{
97/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
cEof;leqsf] kf7
plxn] g} kj" L{ kxf8L ufpl“ t/ 8'lnvfg] Pp6f jgdfG5] a:Yof] /] . To;nfO{ ;a}n] …;f]SkfÚ eGy]
/] . Tof] ;f]Skf dfG5s] f] lqmofsnfksf] gSsn ug{ v'a dg k/fpY“ of] /] . t/ dfG5]x¿nfO{
pm c;fWo} bM' v klg lbGYof] /] . Tof] slxn] uf]7af6 ufO{afv|f rf]//] vfOlbGYof] /] . slxn]
To;n] afnLgfnL g} ;vfk kfl/lbGYof] /] .
Pslbg kf?xfª eGg] Pp6f s6] f] dfq uf7] df a:gk' /]5 . ;fgf] s6] f] dfq uf7] df a;s] f] yfxf
kfP/ ;f]Skf afv|f rf]g{ uf7] k5fl8 cfOku' 5] . ;fS] kf cfPsf] yfxf kfPkl5 kf?xfª v'a
8/fP5 . …ca s] ug{] <Ú PSnf] kf?xfªn] ;fr] 5] . p;sf] dgdf crfgs Pp6f h'lSt km'/]5 .
kf?xfªn] xk{]af6 l3p lgsfn5] / z/L/el/ bn5] . To;kl5 cug] 'sf] 5]pdf uP/ lhp ;]s]5
/ la:tf/fdf ;'t]h:tf] u/5] . kf?xfªsf] ;a} lqmofsnfk lgofln/x]sf] ;f]Skf uf]7df k;]5
/ xka{] f6 l3p lems]/ e'Tn] z/L/df a]:;/L bn]5 . To;kl5 bGbgL aln/x]sf] cu]gd' f lhp
;S] g yfn]5 . t/ Psr} fl] 6 ;fS] kfsf] lhpdf cfuf] ;Ns5] . lhpdf ;lNsPsf] cfuf] lgefpg
g;sk] l5 ;f]Skf hn/] d/]5 .
!= tn cy{ lbOPsf 5g\ . l7s zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ nv] / k9 M
jgdf a:g] dfG5]h:t} k|f0fL ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ufO{a:t' cflb a:g] 7fpF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
pkfoÙ a'l4 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
l3p /fVg] Ps lsl;dsf] efF8f] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cf]5\ofg ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cfuf] afNg] 7fpF ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
98 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
@= cEof;leqsf] kf7 lzIfsn] k9\gx' 'G5 . ltdL Wofgkj" {s ;g' . sg' } zAb gae' m] lzIfsnfO{
;f]w .
#= tnsf zAbx¿ k9 / sfkLdf ;f/ M
k"jL{ jgdfG5] ;f]Sjf ls|ofsnfk k/fFpYof] c;fWo}
ufO{afv|f vfOlbGYof] kfl/lbGYof] kf?xfª hl' Qm xk{]
z/L/ la:tf/f e'Tg] a]:;/L bGbgL ;lGsPsf]
$= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5b] ;kmf;u“ sfkLdf ;f/ .
%= cEof;leqsf] kf7 k9L tnsf 36gfx¿nfO{ !, @, # === nv] L qmd ldnfpm M
- _ ;f]Skf cfPsf] yfxf kfPkl5 kf?xfª 8/fpg'
- _ ;f]Skf cfuf]n] hn]/ dg'{
- ! _ Psfb]zdf Pp6f ;f]Skf x'g'
- _ kf?xfªn] lhpel/ l3p bn]/ cu]gd' f ;]Sg'
- _ kf?xfª PSn} uf]7df a:g'
- _ ;f]Skfn] klg kf?xfªsf] gSsn ug{'
- _ ;f]Skfn] ufpFn]sf] afnLgfnL tyf ufO{afv|f vfP/ bM' v lbg'
^= pbfx/0f x/] L tnsf lqmofd"naf6 gof“ ¿k agfpm M
a:g'M a:of] a:t} lyof] a;]sf] lyof] a:Yof] a;]5
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k9\gM' ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
x]g{'M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hfgM' ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cfpg'M ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
&= tnsf lgkft /fvL PsPs cf6] f jfSo agfpm M
s_ g} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ /] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ kf] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ lg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
99/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
;fdl" xs lqmofsnfk
õ ltd|f] lstfasf] sg' } kf7sf] s'g} jfSo dgdg} k9 . ltdLn] k9]sf] Tof] jfSo ltd|f] 5]psf]
;fyLsf] sfgdf cfjfh glgsfnL ;'gfpm . ltdf| ] ;fyLnfO{ klg ltdLn] ;'gfPsf] s'/f csf]{
;fyLnfO{ To;/L g} ;'gfpg nufpm . of] qmddf sIffsf ;a} ;fyLlar ;DkGg xf];\ . ca
clGtdsf] ;fyLn] s] ;'Gof] < ;an} ] ;'Gg] u/L eGg nufpm .
l;hg{ fTds n]vg
õ ;dfhdf ljleGg k;] f / Joj;fo ug]{ dfG5] xG' 5g\ . sf]xL 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/ xG' 5g\ .
sf]xL ls;fg, lzIfs, 8«fOe/ cflb xG' 5g\ . o:tf k];f Joj;fo ug{] dfG5]dWo] ltdLnfO{
s] aGg dg k5{ < c;L zAb;Dddf j0fg{ u/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
100 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
kf7 !!
a'afcfdflarsf] emu8f / ljb'/
kf7 ;?' ugc'{ l3
õ dflysf] lrqdf s] eO/xs] f] 5 < atfpm M
õ s] ltdLnfO{ o:tf] s'/f dg k5{ <
õ ltdf| ] 3/df o:tf] eof] eg] ltdL s] u5f}{ <
zAb / cy{
lgGofp/f] – lrGtfn] dlng b]lvg] k|jz] ug{' – leq k:g'
– ;f]Rb}Ù ljrf/ ub}{
emfq] mfpg' – lrGtfn] lz/ lgx/' fpg' uDb} – cj;/Ù df}sf
kmª' u\ p8s] f] – km';|f]Ù xFl;nf] gb]lvPsf] pknIo
dg vf]n]/ – v;' L eP/
101/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
d"n kf7
a'afcfdflarsf] emu8f / ljb/'
-sIffsf7] f . l6lkmgsf] ;do . nlnt,
ljb/' , kd] f / /lZd sIffsf7] fdf
al;/xs] f . ljb/' rflxF lgGofp/f]
bl] vPsf] ._
nlntM ljb/' , ltdL lsg emfq] mfPsf <
la/fdL 5f} ls Sof xf] <
ljb/' M -eml:sFb}_ x“, d emfq] mfPsf] 5'
/ < d t l7s} 5' t .
k]df M xg} , ltdLnfO{ kSs} sx] L
ePsf] 5 ljb'/ . cfh laxfgb} l] v ltdf| ] cgx' f/ km'ª\u p8]sf] 5 .
/lZd M dnfO{ klg To:t} nfUb} 5 .
ljb'/ M x}g, dnfO{ s]xL ePsf] 5}g . d t l7s} 5' . -ha/h:tL xfF:g vf]H5 ._
nlntM -uDeL/ aGb}_ x/] ljb'/, xfdL ltdf| ;fyL xf“} . oltsf jif{bl] v ;u“ } /x]sf
xfdLnfO{ ltdLn] 9f6“ ] klg ltd|f] cg'xf/n] 9f6“ g\ ;Sbg} . To;f] t slxns] fxL“
klxn] klg ltdL o;/L g} emfq] mfpg vfH] Yof} . of] s'/f dn} ] Vofn ul//x]sf]
5' t/ cfh g;f]wL lrQ ae' m]g . eg g, ltdLnfO{ s] ePsf] 5 <
kd] f M ltdLnfO{ h] ePsf] eP klg xfdLnfO{ ;'gfpg x'G5 eg] ;g' fpm . ;s] xfdL
ltdLnfO{ ;xof]u u/f“}nf, g;s] klg dgsf] bM' v c¿nfO{ ;'gfpb“ f dg
xn'sf] xG' 5 .
/lZd M ToxL t . ltdLnfO{ s] ePsf] 5, eg g ljb'/ <
ljb'/ M -PSsfl;_ ltdLx¿sf a'afcfdf emu8f ugx'{ G' 5 <
nlntM lsg ljb/' < d}n] t To:tf] emu8f ePsf] b]vs] } 5g} . -/lZd / k]df
Pscsf{nfO{ x]/fx]/ u5{g\, ljb'/ 3f];]dG' 6f] nfpF5 . nlnt rflxF s]xL
a'em]h:t} ub}{_ ljb/' , ls 3/df ltd|f aa' fcfdflar emu8f eof] x“ <
ljb/' M -lz/ p7fpFb}, pbf; :j/df_ xf], d/] f] 3/df aa' fcfdflar ;wh“} ;f] emu8f
eO/xG5 .
kd] f M aa' fcfdf lsg emu8f ugx{' G' 5 t <
ljb/' M Tof] t yfxf 5g} , t/ ;fgfltgf s/' fdf klg pxf“x¿sf] emu8f eO/xG5 .
pxf“x¿nfO{ emu8f ug{ s'g} lgx“' g} rflx“b}g .
102 /fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff %
/lZd M ltdLnfO{ klg lk6\g'x'G5 <
ljb/' M lk6g\ x' 'Gg, t/========
k]df M t/ s] <
ljb'/ M -pbf; xF'b}_ t/ dnfO{ Hofb}
g/dfOnf] nfU5 . k9\g klg
dg kbg}{ . 3/df a:g klg
dg kbg{} . st} 6f9f s;}n]
ge]6\g] 7fpd“ f ==== -/f]lsG5_
/lZd M wt\ † o:tf] klg ;f]Rg'xG' 5 <
ljb'/ M g;f]r]/ s] ug]{ < ;as} f a'afcfdf kSs} klg o;/L emu8f ubg{} g\ . t/
xfdf| ] 3/df eg] a'af sta} f6 cln ca]/ 3/ cfOk'Ug'xG' 5, cfdf srsr
ug{ yflnxfNg'x'G5 . slxn]sfxL“ egs] f] a]nfdf vfgf kfSb}g, a'af lgx'“ vfH] g
yfNg'x'G5 . emu8f ePkl5 pxf“x¿lar ld7f] af]nLarg t x'gx' 'Gg . xfdL;u“
klg b'a} hgf dg vf]n]/ af]Ngx' 'Gg . clg To:tf] g;f]r]/ s] ug]{ t <
k]df M To;f] xfO] g ljb/' . a? s;/L pxfx“ ¿aLrsf] emu8f /f]Sg ;lsG5 eGg] kf]
;fR] g'k5{ t .
nlntM k]dfn] l7s elgg\ . a? xfdL ;a} ldn/] s'g} pkfo vfh] f}“ g .
/lZd M -s]xL a]/ uDb}_ c=“ == ltdf| ] hGdlbj; slxn] k5{ ljb'/ <
ljb'/ M cfp“bf] dlxgfsf] !^ ut] . t/ lsg < To;n] s] u5{ <
/lZd M To; lbg ltdL Pp6f sfd u/ g .
ljb/' M s:tf] sfd < s] sfd <
/lZd M cfkmn" fO{ hGd lbg] afcfdfnfO{ ;Ddfg ub{} pxfx“ ¿sf] gfddf Pp6f kq
n]v . To; kqdf cfhb]lv ptf slxn] emu8f gug{ cg'/f]w klg u/ . st}
emu8f ug{ 5fl8xfNgx' G' 5 ls <
nlntM /lZdn] l7s ;f]lrg\ . o:tf] sfddf t xfdL cfkm}“ klg cl3 ;gk'{ 5{ . k|of;
t u//] x]/ .
ljb'/ M s/' f t l7s xf], t/ s:tf] lr7L n]Vg] <
k]df M ltdLnfO{ a'afcfdflar emu8f kbf{ h:tf] nfU5, To:t} nV] g] . clg
emu8f gug{ cg/' fw] klg ug{] . aa' fcfdfsf] dg xf,] 5f/] f5f/] Lsf] lk/
al' emxfNgx' fn] f ls <
nlntM Tof] xltof/n] sfd gu/] csf]{ s'g} pkfo ;f]rf}“nf lg . x'Gg / <
ljb/' M -v;' L xF'b}_ ltdLx¿sf] ;Nnfx dnfO{ klg plrt} nfUof] . d hGdlbgsf]
pknIodf oxL sfd u5{' . clg s] xG' 5, x/] f“} .
-l6lkmg ;dokl5sf] 306L nfU5 . ;a} ljBfyL{x¿ sIffsf]7fleq k|j]z ub{5g\ ._
103/fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
zAbe08f/;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf zAb pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M
ha/h:tL, lgGofp/f], emf]qmfPsf], eml:sFb}, km'ª\u, kq, pknIo
@= tnsf zAb / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M
lgGofp/f] lrGtfn] lz/ lgx'/fpg'
emf]qmfpg' lrGtfn] dlng b]lvg]
km'ª\u p8]sf] leq k:g'
dg vf]n]/ ;f]Rb}Ù ljrf/ ub}{
k|j]z ug'{ cj;/Ù df}sf
uDb} v';L eP/
pknIo km;' |f]Ù x“l;nf] gb]lvPsf]
#= Pp6} cy{ cfpg] zAb ;u“ } nv] M
kq, cg/' f]w, k|of;, lk/, dfg, ;Nnfx, laGtL, lr7L, snx,
lrGtf, ;'emfj, emu8f, srsr, ugug, pbf;, ;Ddfg, lj/St, hdsf]{
$= tnsf zAb;“u Ps;} fy cfpg] zAb nv] M
af]nL, xfF;, p7, cfjt, ;'v, kfk, s/' f, ukm, dfg, Oi6, ;fyL
h:t}M af]nL Ö af]nLarg jf af]nLrfnL, xf“; Ö xf“;v]n
%= jfSo agfpm M
pknIo, ;Ddfg, ;Nnfx, kq, cg/' f]w
^= hf8] f ldnfO{ jfSodf k|ofu] u/ M
d;' S' s l/;fpg' h:t}M d;' S' s xfF:g' Ö s]6f] d;' 'Ss xf“:of] .
km/Ss p8\g' ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
emgSs xf“:g' ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
e/' { kmfNg' ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
6';'Ss a:g' ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
kmQ' kmls{g' ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
104 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
af]w / cleJolSt;DaGwL cEof;
!= ;g' fO kf7–!! ;g' / tnsf 36gfnfO{ s|ddf ldnfpm M
- _ ;f;" s/fpg yfNg]lalQs} cf]vtL d'vdf xfNg'
- _ cf]vtL dv' df xfn]kl5 af]Ng gldNg'
- _ a'xf/L 3/ 5f]8]/ dfOt cfpg'
- _ cfdfn] 5f]/LnfO{ ;DemfpFb} emu8fsf] cf]vtL lbg'
- _ To;kl5 ;f;"axf/Lsf] emu8f ;w}Fsf nflu cGTo x'g'
- _ ;f;" s/fpg yfNg]lalQs} Tof] cf]vtL d'vdf xfn]/ glnNg' / gcf]sNg' eg]/
5f]/LnfO{ cfdfn] ;Demfpg' .
- _ dfOtLdf p;n] cfdfnfO{ 3/ ghfg] s'/f ug{'
- _ ;f;"a'xf/Lsf] ;w}F emu8f xg' '
- _ cfkm"n] hlt s/fpFbf klg ax' f/L gaf]n]kl5 ;f;" klg a'xf/LnfO{ s/fpg 5f8\g'
@= pQ/ eg M
-s_ ;f;" ax' f/Lsf lardf lsg ;w}F emu8f ePsf] xf]nf <
-v_ cfdfn] lbge' Psf] emu8fsf] cf]vtL s] xf]nf < atfpm .
#= s] ltdLnfO{ slxns] fxLF a'afcfdfn] s/fpgx' 'G5 < ltdLnfO{ s/fpg'kg]{ sf/0f s]
xfn] f < sIffdf atfpm .
$= dflysf] kf7 rf/ hgf ldn/] nlnt, ljb'/, kd] f / /lZdsf clego;lxt ;j+ fbx¿
jfrg u/ .
%= dflysf] ;+jfbaf6 ljb'/n] afn] ]sf] ;ae} Gbf nfdf] ;+jfb /fdf| cIf/n] sfkLdf ;f/ .
^= tnsf lgkft k|ofu] ePsf PsPs cf6] f jfSo kf7af6 ;f/ M
x} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
t M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
g} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
105/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
&= kf7 k9L sfi] 7sleq nl] vPsf zAb / jfSo /fd|f cIf/df sfkLdf ;f/ M
*= s;n] egs] f] xf], nv] M
s_ xF, d emf]qmfPsf] 5' / < d t l7s} 5' t . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ aa' fcfdf lsg emu8f ug{'xG' 5 t < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ ltdLnfO{ klg lk6\g'xG' 5 < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ wt\ † o:tf] klg ;f]Rgx' 'G5 < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ xfdL ;a} ldn]/ sg' } pkfo vf]hf}F g . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
(= pQ/ b]pm M
s_ ljb/' lsg emf]qmfPsf] lyof] <
v_ ljb'/sf a'afcfdf s:tf] s'/fdf klg emu8f uy]{ <
u_ a'afcfdf emu8f u/]sf a]nf ljb/' nfO{ s:tf] nfU5 <
3_ ;fyLx¿n] ljb/' sf a'afcfdfsf] emu8f /f]Sg] s:tf] pkfo atfP <
ª_ ljb/' n] ;fyLx¿sf] ;Nnfxcg;' f/ slxn] sfd ug]{ ljrf/ u¥of] <
!)= ltdL klg ljb/' nfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] ;fyL xf} . ca ltdL p;sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s]
;Nnfx lbG5f} < cfºg} efiffdf ;ftcf7 jfSodf nv] .
!!= dflysf] ;j+ fbdf ;a}eGbf nfdf] s'/f s;sf] 5 < sfkLdf /fd|f cIf/df ;f/ .
!@= sfi] 7sdf !,@,# === nv] L tnsf jfSosf] qmd ldnfpm M
- _ ljb/' sf ;fyLx¿n] lgsfn]sf] pkfo ljb/' n] ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] .
- _ ;fyLx¿n] ljb'/nfO{ s] ePsf] egL ;f]w] .
- _ l6lkmgsf] ;dodf ljb/' sf] cgx' f/ lgGofp/f] lyof] .
- _ kl5 ljb/' n] aa' fcfdfsf] emu8fn] cfkm"nfO{ ;d:of k/]sf] atfof] .
- _ ljb'/n] ;?' df atfpg rfx]g .
- _ ;a} ldn]/ ljb'/sf] ;d:ofsf af/]df 5nkmn u/] .
- _ ljb/' nfO{ k/]sf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg lgsfn] .
106 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf ljelSt k|of]u u/L PsPs cf6] f jfSo agfpm M
n], nfO{, af6, df, sf], åf/f
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
k"0f{lj/fd lrGx <
cNklj/fd lrGx ,
lj:doflbaf]ws lrGx .
k|Zgjfrs lrGx -_
p4/0f lrGx †
sf]i7s lrGx æÆ
#= l7s lrGx 5fg]/ l7s 7fp“df /fv M
s_ ltdL slxn]b]lv ljBfno hfG5f}
v_ d 3/ uP/ v]N5'
u_ pgLx¿ lstfa sfkL / snd af]s]/ ljBfno hfpmg\
3_ ;fyLx¿n] eg] Tof] xltof/n] sfd gu/] csf]{ pkfo ;f]rf}Fnf lg
ª_ cfxf s:tf] /fd|f] pkfo
$= vfnL 7fpd“ f pko'St lrGxsf gfd n]v M
s_ jfSo k"/f ePsf] a'emfpg] lrGxnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lrGx elgG5 .
v_ jfSodf k|Zg ae' mfpg] lrGxnfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lrGx elgG5 .
u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lrGxn] ;dfg vfnsf kbkbfjnL 5'6\ofpF5 .
3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lrGxn] cfZro{, ck;f]r, 3[0ff, xif{, ;Daf]wg cflb a'emfpF5 .
ª_ s;}sf] egfOnfO{ b?' :t} /fVg'kbf{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lrGxsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
%= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} tkfO“{ /fvL jfSo kl/jtg{ u/ M
s_ tF w]/} k9\ .
h:t}M tkfO{“ w]/} k9\gx' f];\ .
v_ tF v]n\ . u_ tF xfF;\ . 3_ t“ a;\ . ª_ t“ hf .
^= axj' rgdf kl/jt{g u/ M
-s_ r/f] p8\of] . h:t}M r/fx¿ p8] .
v_ 5f]/f] cfof] . u_ df]6f] s]6f] a:5 .
3_ ;fgf] 5f]/f] k9\5 . ª_ d]/f] efO cfof] .
107/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
cEof;leqsf] kf7
zf]ef u'?df sIffsf7] fdf k:g'eof] . pxf“n] ;t] f]kf6Ldf xfdL ss] ] u5f}{F < eGg] jfSo
n]Vg'eof] .
To;kl5 u'?dfn] sIffsf ;an} fO{ 3/df ltdLx¿ s]s] u5f{} x“ eg]/ ;f]Wge' of] . /fwfn] d
;w}“ 3/ a9f5{' egL . pdz] n] cfkm"n] vfgf vfg] a]nfdf kfgL ;fg{] s'/f atfof] . ldª\dfn]
3/sf] wGbf cfkmn“} ] ug{] s'/f atfO{ . a'wg' fn] 3/sf] kmn" af/Ldf kfgL xfN5' eGof] . k|fZgfn]
d t t/sf/L s]nfp“5' / slxns] fxL“ vfgf klg ksfp“5' egL . PGhlngfn] 3f“; sf6\g] /
Ogf/af6 kfgL cf];fg{] sfd u5{' egL .
cGTodf u?' dfn] EofPsf an] fdf ;an} ] ;a} sfd ugk{' 5{ eGg'eof] . ;an} ] x'G5x'G5, xfdL ;a}
sfd ug5{] f}“ eg] .
!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] pN6f] cy{ lbg] zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ n]v M
sfnf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ slxNo} ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cfuf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ c¿ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
sfF8f ÒÒÒÒÒÒ lg:sge' of] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= cEof;leqsf] kf7 sIffdf Pshgfn] k9 . c¿n] Wofgkj" s{ ;'g .
#= cEof;leqsf] kf7 dgdg} k9 .
108 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
$= cEof;leqsf] kf7df ePsf ljBfyLs{ f gfd l6k / Tolt g} c¿ gofF gfd klg yk M
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ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf cfwf/df tnsf] ;+jfb k/" f u/ M
zf]ef u?' dfn] ;]tf] kf6Ldf xfdL s]s] u5f}{“ eGg] jfSo n]Vge' of] .
u?' df M 3/df ltdLx¿ s]s] u5f}{F x“ <
/fwf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
pd]z M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ldª\df M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
aw' 'gf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k|fZgf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
PGhlngf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u?' df M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;a} M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= pbfx/0f x/] L gof“ jfSo agfpmM
efOn] eGof], æxfdL ;a} hgf 3/ hfg]5f}“ .Æ
efOn] ;a} hgf 3/ hfg] s/' f atfof] .
s_ piffn] egL, æaa' f ahf/df xg' x' G' 5 .Æ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ cfdfn] eGge' of], æefO u[xsfo{ ub}{ 5 .Æ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ df]lxgLn] egL, æd t 3f“; klg sf6\5' .Æ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ a]vfdfgn] eGof], æxfdL slxn]sfxL“ l;g]df x]5f}{F .Æ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
109/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
;fdl" xs lqmofsnfk
õ sIffsf] sfnf] kf6L÷;]tf] kf6Ldf Ps hgfn] æ;a} ldnL syf egfÆ}“ eGg] jfSo nv] .
ca sIffdf h;sf] /fn] g+= ! 5, p;n] o; lstfasf] s'g} syfsf af/d] f ;fR] gk' g]{5 .
clg p;n] To; syfsf] klxnf] jfSo eGgk' g]{5 . To;kl5 /fn] g+=@ n] bf];|f] jfSo, /fn]
g+= # n] t;] f| ] jfSo eGb} hfgk' g{]5 . oxL qmddf x/]sn] pSt syf;u“ ;DalGwt jfSox¿
qmdzM eGb} hfgk' g]{5 . olb clGtd /f]n gDa/ ePsf] JolSt;Ddsf] kfnf] gcfO{ Tof]
syf l;l4P5 eg] lstfas} s'g} csf{] syf klg ;?' ug'k{ g{]5 / oxL tl/sfn] Tof] syf
gl;l4Gh]n;Dd PsPs jfSo eGb} hfg'kg{5] .
l;h{gfTds nv] g
õ a'af jf cfdf;“u ePsf] sg' } s/' fsfgLnfO{ 5f]6f] ;+jfbsf] ¿kdf n]v]/ sIffsf
;fyLx¿nfO{ ;'gfpm M
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110 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
kf7 !@
kfgL
kf7 ;'? ug'c{ l3
õ dflysf lrqx¿sf] gfd nv] .
õ dflysf ;a} lrqx¿lar Pp6f ;dfgtf 5 . Tof] s] xf] <
zAb / cy{
sfsfsn' – kfgL lkpgsf nflu afbndf e/ kg]{ km]jftfn – kf]v/fsf] Ps k|l;4 tfn
kG5L cl;gf – kfgL kbf{ emg]{ a/kmsf 8Nnf
gx/ – vt] Ldf kfgL nufpg agfPsf] 7n' f] sn' f]
lj/xL uLt– ljof]usf] uLt d]3 – afbn
ef8F fatg{ – efF8fs'F8f
111/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
d"n kf7
kfgL–!
– /fdafa' ;j' b] L
;fu/h:t} ulx/f] aG5' †
sfsfs'n Tof] kfgL gkfO{
s7} † ;'s]sf cf7] rkfO{
kfV] b5 jgdf lj/xL uLt
nfp5“ ' ldt kfgL † tl“ ;t .
o} kfgLn] ;kmf d xG' 5'
o} kfgLn] n'uf d w'G5'
ef8“ fatg{ r6\6 kvfN5'
kmf]xf/] kfgL aflx/ kmfN5' .
;fu/h:t} ulx/f] aG5'
gbL aue] m“} d alu/xG5'
hDg' k/k] l5 hDb5' x]/
cfºg} km] jftfn ag/] .
112 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
kfgL–@
ldq agfP sf] aGbg} <
– /fdafa' ;'j]bL
afbnn] g} cl;gf kf5{
la?jf df5{, kmnkm" n emf5{
tk} lg afbn au} 'gL xg}
ul' gnf] dfq} sfx] L x“'b}g .
;fu/ x/] 5fn prfnL
tL/sf a:tL rf6\b5 vfln
t}klg ;fu/ zq' x}g
zq' agfP sf] aGb}g †
gx/ agfP aUb5 kfgL
sj' f vgfP hDb5 kfgL
htf nu] klg ef] eGbg}
ldq agfP sf] aGbg} <
113/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff %
zAbe08f/;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf zAb pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M
sfsfsn' , lj/xL, efF8fat{g, km]jftfn, afbn, cl;gf, a}u'gL, 5fn
@= l7s cy{df /]hf - _ nufpm M
s_ kfgL lkpgsf nflu afbndf e/ kg]{ kG5LnfO{ elgG5—
c_ sfu cf_ sfsfs'n O_ sf]OnL
v_ lj/xL uLt eg]sf] s] xf] <
-c_ ljof]usf] uLt cf_ d]nldnfksf] uLt O_ kfgLsf] uLt
u_ ef8F fat{g eg]sf] s] xf] <
c_ efF8f dfem]sf] kfgL cf_ efF8fdf xfn]sf] kfgL O_ efF8fsF'8f
3_ kf]v/fdf /x]sf] k|l;4 tfnsf] gfd s] xf] <
c_ /f/ftfn cf_ km]jftfn O_ tfnga]tfn
ª_ kfgL kbf{ emg]{ a/kmsf 8NnfnfO{ s] elgG5 .
c_ afbn cf_ tfn O_ cl;gf
r_ gbLsf] 5]pnfO{ s] elgG5 <
c_ tL/ cf_ d"n O_ ;fu/
5_ v]tLdf kfgL nufpg agfPsf] 7n' f] s'nf]nfO{ s] elgG5 <
c_ vf]nf] cf_ kn' O_ gx/
#= p:t} cy{ cfpg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] ]/ n]v M
hª\un ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒ d]3 ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒ
sk8f ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒ b:' dg ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;d'b| ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒ ;fyL ÖÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= kf7df tLg hf]8L ljk/Lt cy{ lbg] zAb 5g\ . vf]h/] nv] M
h:t}M ;kmf–kmf]xf]/
%= p:t} ;'lgg] c¿ b'O{ zAb cfkm}“ n]v M
s_ kfgL gfgL ;fgL ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ uLt ldt l;t ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ x'G5' eG5' ;'G5' ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ x]/ km]/ 6]/ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ kf5{ df5{ ;f5{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
114 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
afw] / cleJolSt;DaGwL cEof;
!= ;'gfO kf7–!@ Wofgk"js{ ;g' / l7sal] 7s 5'6\ofpm M l7s a]l7s
s_ kfgLleq kfOg] af]6la?jfnfO{ hnLo la?jf elgG5 .
v_ kfgLsdn hnLo la?jf xf] .
u_ hnsD' eLsf] h/f df6fleq ufl8Psf] x'G5 .
3_ kfgLdf kfOg] la?jfsf] sf08 s8f xG' 5 .
ª_ hnLo la?jfsf] kft k|foM lrNnf] x'G5 .
@= pQ/ bp] m M
s_ s'g} rf/ cf]6f hnLo la?jfsf] gfd eg .
v_ kfgLsdn s:tf] la?jf xf] <
u_ kfgLsf] ;xtdf g} h/f / af]6 xg' ] s'g} Pp6f la?jfsf] gfd eg .
3_ ;a} efu kfgLleq} xg' ] s'g} Pp6f la?jfsf] gfd s] xf] <
ª_ kft / sf08nfO{ s]n] sl' xga' f6 arfpF5 <
#= ltdL kfgL sg' sg' sfdsf nflu k|ofu] u5f{} < atfpm .
$= dflysf] sljtfx¿ ult, olt / no ldnfO{ jfrg u/ . o:tf] jfrg, ;fdl" xs / Psn
ba' } 9ª\un] u/ .
%= dflysf sljtfx¿af6 lgDgfg;' f/ zAb l6k .
rGbl| aGb' nfu]sf cfwf cIf/ nfus] f rGb|laGb' / cfwf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cIf/ gnfu]sf
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
115/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
^= sljtf k9L vfnL 7fp“ e/ / sljtf k"/f u/ M
s_ sfsfsn' ÒÒÒÒ kfgL ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
s7} † ÒÒÒÒÒÒcf]7 ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ jgdf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
nfpF5' ÒÒÒÒÒÒ kfgL † ÒÒÒÒÒÒ .
v_ afbnn] g} ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
la?jf ÒÒÒÒÒÒ, kmnkm"nÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒ afbn ÒÒÒÒÒÒ x}g
ul' gnf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ x'Fb}g .
&= pQ/ bp] m M
s_ sfsfs'nn] kfgL gkfpFbf jgdf s:tf] uLt ufpF5 <
v_ kfgLn] s]s] ;kmf ug{ ldN5 <
u_ kfgL hDg' k/]kl5 s;/L hDb5 <
3_ cl;gfn] s]s:tf] lauf/ u5{ <
ª_ ;fu/n] s;/L tL/sf a:tL rf6\b5 <
r_ kfgLnfO{ htf nu] klg s] eGb}g <
*= tnsf kª\lStsf] JofVof u/ M
s_ sfsfsn' Tof] kfgL gkfO{
s7} † ;s' ]sf cf]7 rkfO{
kf]Vb5 jgdf lj/xL uLt
nfpF5' ldt kfgL † tFl;t .
v_ gx/ agfP aUb5 kfgL
sj' f vgfP hDb5 kfgL
htf nu] klg ef] eGb}g
ldq agfP sf] aGb}g <
(= ltdLnfO{ dflysf] sljtfsf kª\lStdf s'g kªl\ St dg k¥of] / lsg < b; jfSodf dg
kgf{sf] sf/0f n]v .
116 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf lqmofkbdf l7s 7fp“df …gÚ nufO{ cs/0f agfpm M
hfnf, eg, hfGYof], uP5, aG5, eG5, xG' 5, x]/, ag]5
@= lqmofkbdf …gÚ yk/] cs/0f ae' mfpg] jfSo agfpm M
s_ ;a} ldq aG5g\ .
v_ xfdL nu' f wG' 5f}F .
u_ kfgLn] aufP5 .
3_ kfgL k¥of] .
ª_ cfh 7'nf] kfgL knf{ .
r_ ;fu/, s'jf / tnfp x]/ .
#= vfnL 7fpd“ f l7s ;j{gfd 5fg]/ /fv M
s_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sfd ;dod} u5'{ . -xfdL, d, pm, pgL_
v_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ sfd ;dod} u5f}{ . -d, xfdL, ltdL, logL_
u_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3/ hfG5' . -xfdL, pm, cfkm}F, Tof]_
3_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ u[xsfo{ u5{ . -d, pm, ltdL, tF_
ª_ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ vfhf vfG5g\ . -xfdL, ltdL, pgLx¿ Tof]_
$= /ªu\ Lg zAbn] lbg] cy{ vfnL 7fp“df n]v M
s_ d a'afl;t 3D' g hfG5' . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
laxfg 3D' bf zLtn] ubf{ hf8f] x'G5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ ltdL vfln emu8f u5f}{ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ltdL vfnL 7fpFdf l7s zAb e/ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ d]/f dfdf la; jif{ kU' ge' of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
bu' f{dfgn] t ljif kf] vfP5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= tnsf] tflnsfaf6 jfSo agfpm M
cfh kfgL k¥of] tk} lg hf8f] eof] .
cfh 3fd nfUof] To;n} ] udL{ eof] .
d/] f] k/LIff glhs cfof] dnfO{ k9g\ dg nfU5 .
d/] f] k/LIff ;lsof] dn} ] /fdf| ] k9g\ k' 5{ .
^= kf7af6 x:| j Osf/ - l _ / bL3{ Os{ f/ -L_ nfus] f kfr“ kf“r cf]6f zAb gbf]xf]¥ofO{ n]v .
&= kf7af6 …aÚ / …jÚ k|of]u ePsf zAb gbf]xf]¥ofO{ nv] .
117/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff %
cEof;leqsf] kf7
kfgL k|f0fL / jg:kltnfO{ geO{gxg' ] s'/f xf] . o:tf] kfgL k|fKt x'g] 7fp“nfO{ kfgLsf] ;|f]t
elgG5 .
kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ ljleGg lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . vf]nfgfnf / gbLx¿ kfgLsf dxŒjk"0f{ ;f| ]t xg' \ .
To;} u/L lxdfndf hld/x]sf lxp“ klg kfgLsf] ;|f]t xf] . lxdfnsf] lxp“ kUn]/ g} w]/}h;f]
gbLx¿ aGb5g\ . tfn jf kfv] /Lx¿ klg kfgLsf ;f| t] x¿ x'g\ . jiff{t\ jf afbn klg kfgLsf]
;f| ]t xf] / ;d'b| klg . To;} u/L Ogf/, 6o\ 'ajn] af6 klg hldgd'lgsf] kfgL kf| Kt ul/G5 .
To;}n] logLx¿nfO{ klg kfgLsf] ;|f]t dflgG5 .
lgisif{df kfgL k|fKt xg' ] gbL, vfn] fgfnf, lxdfnsf lxp“ cflb kfgLsf ;f| ]t xg' \ . To:t} sj' f,
wf/f, tfn, kfv] /L, Ogf/, 6\o'ajn] , jiff{, ;d'b| cflb klg kfgLsf ;f| t] xg' \ .
!= cEof;leqsf] kf7af6 tnsf zAbx¿sf] kof{ojfrL zAb nv] M
af]6la?jf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dx' fg M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
dV' o M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ tnfp M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
lgrf]8 M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ k“w]/f] M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
@= ltdLn] b]vs] f ;a}eGbf 7'nf] kfv] /L÷tfn s'g xf] < Tof] sxfF / s:tf] 5 < ;fyLx¿nfO{
atfpm .
118 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
#= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf] clGtd cgR' 5b] >'ltn]vg u/ / cfkmn" ] nv] ]sf] kf7 cfkm“} hf“r M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= pQ/ nv] M
s_ kfgLsf] ;|f]t eg]sf] s] xf] <
v_ kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿ slt lsl;dsf x'G5g\ <
u_ lxdfnnfO{ lsg kfgLsf] ;|f]t elgPsf] xf] <
3_ hldgdl' gsf] kfgL s]s]af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 <
ª_ sDtLdf b; cf]6f kfgLsf ;|f]tx¿sf] gfd n]v .
%= tnsf jfSox¿df l7s 7fp“df l7s lrGx /fvL kg' nv]{ g u/ M
s_ sj' f wf/f Ogf/ 6\o'aj]n gbLgfnf ;db' | lxdfn cflb kfgLsf ;|f]t x'g\
v_ cf]xf] sqf] 7n' f] tfn
u_ efO tkfO{“ sxf“;Dd hfg'xG' 5
3_ gl;dfn] egL cfh d :s'n hfG5'
ª_ ufp“ / ;x/ 7'nf / ;fgf kj" { / klZrd dw];L / kxf8L ;a} ldn]/ b]z agfpgk' 5{ .
^= pbfx/0fdf x]/L tnsf ls|ofx¿sf] ¿k abn M
u5{ M ul/G5 . k9\of] M kl9of]
a:5 M ÒÒÒÒÒ n]Vof] M ÒÒÒÒÒ
x]5{ M ÒÒÒÒÒ uof] M ÒÒÒÒÒ
;f5{ M ÒÒÒÒÒ xfF:of] M ÒÒÒÒÒ
lbG5 M ÒÒÒÒÒ n8\of] M ÒÒÒÒÒ
d5{ M ÒÒÒÒÒ lt¥of] M ÒÒÒÒÒ
119/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
;fd"lxs lqmofsnfk
^= tLgtLg hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca tnsf] sf]7]kbaf6 g]kfnsf gbLx¿, lxdfnx¿ / ljleGg
7fp“x¿sf] gfd vfh] /] 3]/f] nufpm . To;kl5 tL gfdx¿ vfnL 7fpFdf ;f/ M
s sf] ;L ;L af af nf h'
0ff{ nL / ; d] tf] gf gf
nL ;f lq u sf] rL /f kf]
z" z" s / l/ e] o v
nL g Gsf df of /L 0fL /f
b] / O{ yf d sf] xf hf
af /f k' 5]« sf a g] kf
wf} nf lu l/ n' w /f g
lqz"nL ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
b; ldg]6df s'g ;d"xn] ;aeGbf a9L gfdx¿ e6] \of] <
l;h{gfTds nv] g
õ …kfgLsf] pkof]lutfÚ zLifs{ df !)) zAb;Ddsf] 5f6] f] lgaGw nv] .
120 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
kf7 !#
lats] f] ;dodf n}hfg] oGq
kf7 ;'? ug{c' l3
õ dflysf] lrq x]/ / To; lrqdf ePsf] s'/f atfpm .
zAb / cy{
j1} flgs – lj1fg;DaGwL hfGg] l6eLsf] kbf{ – 6]lnlehgsf] b[Zo b]lvg] efu
uj{ – 3dG8 sG6]g/ – kmf]xf]/ p7fpg] jf xfNg] efF8f]
k|ltefzfnL – k|ltef ePsf]Ù Ifdtf ePsf] lat]sf] ;do – uPsf] ;do
nuQ} – tTsfn} cgd' lt – :jLs[lt
crfgs – PSsfl; ufoa – x/fpg] sfdÙ nf]k xg' ] sfd
121/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
dn" kf7
lats] f] ;dodf n}hfg] oGq
– ljsn a:tL
cfh lbj; Ps xKtfkl5 dfq
:sn' cfof] . To;}n] dn} ] ;fl] wxfn]“,
æltdL lsg Ps xKtf;Dd :sn'
gcfPsf] x“ <Æ
p;n] d/] f] sfg}g]/ d'v NofP/
eGof,] æyfxf 5 /fh' † d}n] cl:t
egs] f] ;fdfg agfP“ lg †Æ
lbj; Pp6f Hofb} kl| tefzfnL
s]6f] lyof] . pm yfq] ] /l] 8of] jf
38Lx¿af6 kªv\ fx¿ agfpg
;SYof] . slxn]sfxL“ tf/lagf
aHg] /]l8of] klg agfp“Yof] . Psk6s t Pp6f yfq] f] lkG| 6/af6 ux[ sfo{ ug]{ oGq klg agfPsf]
lyof] . o;/L s]6fs]6Ld} yk' }| ;fdfgx¿ agfPsfn] ;a}n] p;nfO{ kmR' r] j}1flgs eGy] . xfdL
rflx“ p;nfO{ r:d] eg/] afn] fpY“ of}“ lsgls xfd|f] sIffdf r:df nufpg] pm dfq lyof] .
æ/fh' † e/] l6lkmgdf nfOa/]| L hfg] xf] <Æ p;n] sIffdf u?' k:ge' Gbf cufl8 dnfO{ ;fW] of] .
ælsg <Æ
æd}n] lat]sf] ;dodf nh} fg] oGq agfP“ lg †Æ p;n] uj{;fy eGof] .
lbj;;u“ p;sf] b;f}“ hGdlbgsf] lel8of] Sof;6] lyof] . pm kf| oM km';b{ sf] ;dodf nfOa/]| Ldf
k;]/ ToxL xl] //xGYof] / eGg] uYof{]– æd]/f] of] hGdlbg d/] f] hLjgsf] ;ae} Gbf /dfOnf] lbg
xf] . d kml] / s;/L oxL lbgdf afR“ g kfp“nf <Æ
ln;fn] KofRr eg]sL lyO{, æcfpg] dª\l;/ & ut] ltd|f] hGdlbg xf]Og < ToxL lbg /dfOnf]
u/ g . eOxfN5 lg .Æ
lbj; eGYof], æxf]Og, d t cfºgf] b;f“} hGdlbgd} afR“ g rfxG5' .Æ
ln;f lbj;sf] s/' f ;'g/] cf]7 n]Ko|fp“yL . xfdL klg xf“;]/ p8fp“Yof}“ . l6lkmgsf] 306L
nfUof] . lbj; p;n] agfPsf] gofF“ s/' f bv] fpg dnfO{ k:' tsfnodf lnP/ uof] . ln;f klg
xfdLnfO{ k5o\ fpb“ } cfO{ .
lbj;n] k':tsfnosf sd{rf/L;u“ l6eL x]g{] cg'dlt dfUof] . p;n] l6eLsf tf/x¿ hf8] hf8
122 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
kf¥of] . To;kl5 p;n] agfPsf]
lats] f] ;dodf n}hfg] oGq klg
hf]8\of] . Tof] oGq Pp6f yfq] ]
l6gh:t} lyof] .
æx]/, ca of] 6f]kL d}n] nufPkl5
ltdLn] of] /ftf] a6g bafObp] m,
To;kl5 d l6eLsf] kbfd{ f k:5' /
dn} ] rfxs] f lats] f lbgx¿df kU' g
;S5' . :s'nsf] 306L nfUg] an] fdf
of] csf]{ kx“n] f] a6g bafpg" . d aflx/ lg:sG5' .Æ lbj;n] p;sf] oGqaf/] atfof] . d}n]
klg æx'G5Æ eg]“ .
lbj;n] Tof] rf/kf6] oGq cfºgf] 6fpsfdf l5/fof] . d}n] /ftf] a6g bafP“ . oGqn] Pp6f
cgf7} f] cfjfh lgsfNof] . To;sf] nuQ} lbj; t l6eLsf] kbfl{ eqaf6 s/fpg yfNof,] æx]Nnf]
/fh' † x]Nnf] ln;f ††Æ
lbj;nfO{ l6eLsf kbfl{ eqaf6 afn] s] f] bV] g]lalQs} ln;fn] egL, ælbj; † d klg Toxf“ cfpg
rfxG5' . d klg lats] f lbgx¿df afR“ g rfxG5' .Æ
lbj;n] ToxL“af6 eGof,] æcl3 dn} ] u/]h:t} u/L Tof] 6fk] L nufpm g .Æ ln;fn] Tof] oGq
lbj;n] h:t} u/L 6fpsfdf nufO{ . dn} ] /ftf] a6g bafOlbP“ . km]l/ cgf}7f] cfjfh cfof] .
Psl} 5gdf ln;f klg lbj;;Fu} l6eLsf] kbf{df bv] f k/L . pgLx¿ ba' }n] dnfO{ xft xNnfP .
To;kl5 lbj;n] 6fpsfdf xft /fv/] eGof,] æd/] f] b;f“} hGdlbg .Æ geGb} l6eLsf] kbfd{ f
lbj;sf] b;f“} hGdlbgsf] efh] sf] bZ[ o b]vfk¥of] . To; efh] df d klg lyP“ . lbj;sf] cfºgf]
b;fF} hGdlbgsf] ef]hdf cfºgf b; hgf ;fyLx¿nfO{ afn] fPsf] lyof] . xfdLn] To; efh] df
Hofb} /dfOnf] u/s] f lyof}“ . tL ;a} b[Zox¿ kbf{df h:tfsf] To:t} b]vf k/] . lbj; / ln;f
klg dSv kl//x]sf lyP .
FUIJV ODKQ
/ eRI.N XRI @ G V[@ /D @ ODKQ
/ FIS OV HJ @ 7R[/ D @ 3VO` JGI VQ
VI @
306L nfluxfNof] . To;kl5 d cfºgf] sIffsf7] flt/ nfu“] . kfr“ f“} 306Lsf] k9fO ;lsof,] lbj; /
ln;f sIffdf cfPgg\ . 56} f“} / ;ftf“} 306L klg ;lsP, t/ pgLx¿ cfPgg\ .
:sn' 5'66\ L ePkl5 d bf8} “b} k:' tsfno uP“ . Toxf“ l6eL klxns] } 7fp“df lyof] . t/,
lbj;sf] gof“ oGq lyPg . dn} ] Toxf“sf sdr{ f/LnfO{ Tof] ;fdfgsf] af/]df ;f]w“] . pxf“n] Tof]
yf]q] l6g :sn' aflx/sf] sG6g] /df kmfn]sf] s'/f atfpge' of] . d xtfl/b“ } sG6g] / ePsf]
7fpd“ f uP“ . t/ sG6g] /sf] kmf]xf]/ t cl3 g} 6s« n] nlu;s]5 .
e/] a]ns' L lbj; / ln;fsf afcfdfx¿n] pgLx¿ ufoa ePsf] s'/f yfxf kfpg5] g\ .
To;kl5 pgLx¿sf] vf]hL xf]nf . :sn' df klg lbj; / ln;fsf] af/d] f dnfO{ ;f]Wg] xfn] fg\ .
d}n] s] hafkm lbg] xf]nf < lbj; / ln;f sxf“ xf]nfg\ <
123/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
zAbe08f/;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf zAb pRrf/0f u/ / sfkLdf ;f/ M
k|ltefzfnL kª\vf lk|G6/ uj{ n]Ko|fpFyL rf/kf6]
a6g nuQ} b[Zo kbf{ crfgs sG6]g/
@= tnsf zAb / cys{ f] hf8] f ldnfpm M
j}1flgs tTsfn}
uj{ PSsfl;
k|ltefzfnL 6]lnlehgsf] b[Zo b]lvg] efu
nuQ} b]lvg] j:tÙ' x]g{ ;lsg] j:t'
crfgs kmf]xf]/ p7fpg] jf xfNg] efF8f]
l6eLsf] kbf{ lj1fg;DaGwL hfGg]
b[Zo 3d08
sG6]g/ k|ltef ePsf]Ù Ifdtf ePsf]
#= tnsf kbfjnLsf] cy{ 5fg]/ n]v M
lat]sf] ;do Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ :jLs[lt dfUg'
cf]7 n]Ko|fpg' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ crDdsf] cfjfh
k:' tsfnosf sd{rf/L Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ uPsf] ;do
x/fpg'
cgd' lt dfUg' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ cf]7 afª\uf] agfpg'
k':tsfnodf sfd ug]{ dfG5]
cgf}7f] cfjfh Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ufoa xg' ' Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= kf7df cª\u|]hLdf k|ofu] xg' ] s]xL zAb g]kfnLdf nl] vPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] b; cf]6f zAb
vf]h/] nv] M
%= tnsf zAbsf] kof{ojfrL zAb kf7af6 vf]h]/ nv] M
d]l;g Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ uPsf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k/' fgf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ 3d08 Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
:jLs[lt Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ :j/ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ldq Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ PSsfl; Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
labf Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ljBfno Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= tnsf zAbsf] ljk/Lt cy{ ae' mfpg] zAb n]v M
;kmf, kl5, laxfg, gofF, a]km;' {b, aflx/
124 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
afw] / cleJolSt;DaGwL cEof;
!= ;g' fO kf7–!# ;g' / To;kl5 ;fl] wPsf k|Zgx¿sf] l7s pQ/df /]hf nufpm M
s_ ldbf; s:tf /fhf lyP <
c_ bfgL
cf_ nf]eL
O_ cN5]
v_ /fhf ldbf;n] tflGqs ;fw'nfO{ s] eg] <
c_ ;fw' dxf/fh Û
cf_ ;Gt dxf/fh Û
O_ >L % dxf/fh Û
u_ sfvdf a:g cfPsL /fhfsL 5f]/L s] eOg\ <
c_ lx/fsf] d"lt{
cf_ 9'ª\ufsf] d"lt{
O_ ;g' sf] d"lt{
@= ;g' fO kf7–!# sf] syfn] s:tf] lzIff lbG5 < ltdLnfO{ nfu]sf s/' f eg .
#= ltdLn] rfxs] f] s'/f k"/f xg' ] j/bfg kfP ltdL s] j/bfg dfUYof} < lsg <
$= dflysf] kf7 kfn}kfnf] k9 .
%= dflysf] kf7df w/] } cªu\ ]h| L zAb ko| fu] ePsf 5g\ . tLdWo] sDtLdf kfrF cf]6f zAb
l6k M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= lbj;sf b; hgf ;fyL sf]sf] xf]nfg\ < sNkgf u/L b; hgfsf] gfd n]v M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
125/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
&= s;n] s;nfO{ egs] f] xf] < nv] M
s_ ltdL lsg Ps xKtf;Dd :s'n gcfPsf] x“ < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ d}n] cl:t eg]sf] ;fdfg agfPF lg † ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ e/] l6lkmgdf nfOa|]/L hfg] xf] < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ d km]l/ s;/L oxL lbgdf afFRg kfpFnf < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ª_ cfpg] dª\l;/ & ut] ltd|f] hGd lbg xf]Og < ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
*= kf7sf] t];f| ] cg'R5b] k9L pQ/ bp] m M
s_ lbj; s:tf] s]6f] xf] <
v_ lbj; s]af6 kª\vfx¿ agfpg ;SYof] <
u_ lbj;n] u[xsfo{ ug]{ oGq s]af6 agfP5 <
3_ lbj;sf ;fyLx¿ p;nfO{ lsg r:d] eGy] <
ª_ tnsf zAbsf] cy{ n]v M
yf]q], u[xsfo{
(= pQ/ b]pm M
s_ lbj; Ps xKtf;Dd :sn' lsg gcfPsf] /x]5 <
v_ lbj; s]s:tf ;fdfg agfpg ;SYof] <
u_ lbj;sf s'/f ;g' ]/ ln;f lsg cf]7 n]Ko|fpFyL <
3_ lbj; / ln;f lsg dSv kl//x]sf lyP <
ª_ lbj; / ln;f s;/L x/fP <
r_ /fh' lsg lrlGtt eof] <
!)= ltdL /fhs' f 7fpd“ f ePsf] eP lbj; / ln;f x/fPkl5 s] uYof}{ < la;klRr; zAbdf
n]v .
!!= hGdlbg s;/L dgfpgk' 5{ < la;klRr; zAbdf cfºgf ts{ bp] m .
!@= dfgf“} ltdL lbj; cyjf ln;fsf afa' cyjf cfdf xf} . ca ltdf| ] 5f]/f jf 5f/] L
x/fPsf 5g\ . ltdLn] /fh'nfO{ e6] o\ f} . ltdL /fh'nfO{ s:tfs:tf s/' f ;f]W5f} < sNkgf
u/L nv] .
126 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf lqmofkb ko| fu] ePsf PsPs cf6] f jfSo kf7af6 vf]h/] n]v M
cfof], ;SYof], agfPsf] lyof], agfpFYof], rfxG5,' kl//x]sf lyP, lg:sG5,' kfp“g]5g\
@= pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} lqmofkb n]v M
k9\ – k9\of] k9\5 – k9\g]5
eg\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
n]v\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
gfr\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
#= tnsf wft'af6 pbfx/0fdf lbPh:t} gof“ lqmofkb atfpm M
k9\ – k9\of] k9\b} lyof] k9]sf] lyof] k9\Yof]
vf – vfof] vfFb} lyof] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hf – uof] ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
x]/\ – Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= tnsf wfta' f6 pbfx/0fdf h:t} gof“ lqmofkb agfpm M
k9\ – k9\5 k9\b} 5 k9]sf] 5
vf – vfG5 vfFb} 5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hf – hfG5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
x]/\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
%= tnsf wft'af6 pbfx/0fdf h:t} gof“ lqmofkb agfpm M
k9\ – k9\g]5 k9\b} xg' ]5 k9]sf] xg' ]5
vf – vfg]5 vfFb} x'g]5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
hf – hfg]5 ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
x]/\ – ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
^= tnsf] lqmofkb k|ofu] u/L PsPs cf]6f jfSo agfpm M
uof], vfPsf] lyof], x]b}{ lyof], vfGYof], a:5, k9\b} 5, uPsf] 5 .
127/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
cEof;leqsf] kf7
hLjgdf w]/} 36gfx¿ 3l6/xG5g\ . xfd|f] hLjgdf 36g\ ] ;a} 36gfx¿ xfdL ;w}“ ;lDem/xg
;St}gf}“ . t/ sx] L 36gfx¿ eg] hLjgel/ ;Demgf cfO/xg] lsl;dsf xG' 5g\ . o:tf
36gfx¿nfO{ hLjgsf clj:d/0fLo If0f dflgG5 . hLjgsf clj:d/0fLo 36gfx¿ s'g}
;'vb x'G5g\ / sg' } b'Mvb klg x'G5g\ .
x/s] JolStsf] hLjgdf lats] f 36gfx¿n] w]/} ke| fj kf/]sf] x'G5 . To;n} ] sf]xL lat]sf]
;dodf kmsg{ ;Sof] eg] s] ubf{] xfn] f < of] lh1f;f ;a}df x'G5 . sfx] L cfºgf] hLjgdf
36]sf] sg' } /dfOnf] 36gfdf kmsb“{ f] xf] / ToxL“ /dfP/ a:tf] xf] . sf]xL cfºgf] lat]sf]
hLjgdf cfkmn" ] hfgLghfgL u/]sf uNtLx¿nfO{ ;Rofpb“ f] xf] / v;' L xb'“ f] xf] .
ltdL rflx“ lat]sf] ;dodf kmsg{ kfof} eg] s] u5f{} <
!= zAb / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M - _ bM' vn] el/Psf]
s_ clj:d/0fLo - _ hfGg] OR5f
v_ ;'vb - _ la;{g g;lsg]
u_ b'Mvb - _ ;'vn] el/Psf]
3_ k|efj - _ c;/
ª_ lh1f;f
128 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
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#= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf] klxnf] cg'R5b] ;kmf;“u ;f/ M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
$= cEof;leqsf] kf7af6 If / 5 ko| fu] ePsf PsPs cf6] f zAb l6k . To;kl5 c¿
kfrF kfFr cf6] f zAb yk M
…IfÚ k|of]u ePsf zAb 5 k|of]u ePsf zAb
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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^= tnsf jfSox¿sf] kb;ªu\ lt ldnfO{ ;f/ M
s_ 36gfx¿ hLjgel/ 3l6/xG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
v_ 5f]/Ln] u[xsfo{ u¥of] . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
u_ p;sf] efOx¿ :s'n hfG5 . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
3_ xfdL ahf/df a:5g\ . ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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129/fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
;fd"lxs lqmofsnfk
s_ cfkm" ;fgf] xb“' fsf] Pp6f kmf]6f] Nofpm . ca To; kmf]6fnfO{ Pp6f ;fbf kfgf
-kmf]6fs] kL sfuh_ df 6f“; . ca /fdf| ] cIf/n] cEof;leqsf] kf7sf] cEof;–% sf]
pQ/sf] ¿kdf ltdLn] nv] s] f] …clj:d/0fLo 36gfÚ To; ;fbf kfgfdf -kmf6] fd] l' g÷kmf6] fs] f]
5p] df_ ;f/ .
v_ rf/rf/ hgfsf] ;d"x ag . ca -s_ sf] lgb{]zgsf cfwf/df ltdLn] tof/ kf/s] f] ltdf| ]
kmf]6f];lxtsf] clj:d/0fLo 36gfnfO{ Pp6f rf6k{ ]k/df -rf/} hgfsf] c6g\ ] u/L_ 6f;“ .
ltdLx¿n] tof/ kf/]sf] pSt rf6{k]k/ k|bzg{ L kf6Ldf kb| z{gL u/ . k|bz{gkf6L -l8:Kn]
af8] _{ geP ;a}n] k9\g / xg] { ldNg] u/L k|bz{g u/ .
l;hg{ fTds nv] g
õ lat]sf] ;dodf n}hfg] oGq syfsf] lbj; / ln;f sxf“ k'u] xfn] fg\ < pgLx¿ kml] /
el] 6Pnfg\ ls gel] 6Pnfg\ < sNkgf u/L !)) zAb;Dd n]v M
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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
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130 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
kf7 ;?' ugc{' l3 kf7 !$
cfºgf] :jf:Yo
õ dflysf] lrq x/] L Toxf“ eO/x]sf] s/' f atfpm .
õ ltdLnfO{ wg 7n' f] nfU5 ls :jf:Yo < sf/0f;lxt atfpm .
zAb / cy{
km' ?ª\u} – v;' LÙ k'm?ª\u kf}li6s – kf]if0foS' tÙzlSta4{s
gSsnL – agfj6LÙ ;SsnL gePsf] Vofn – ljrf/Ùxf];
kvfnf – kftnf] lb;fÙ 5]/f}6L lemlem/{ ] – ;nfO{ kf/]/ cfuf] afNbf lemlem{/ ug{]
ckfª\u – z/L/sf] sg' } cª\un] sfd ug{ g;Sg] nfk/afxL – c;fjwfgL
cj:yf c;Dej – xg' g} g;Sg]
Psf]xf]/f] – Ps ;'/]Ù cfºgf] ;/' df dfq} rNg] kt' nL 5f]Kg – k'tnL ;dfTg
lbg 9Ng' – lbg laTg'Ù ;fFem kg{' k5t' f] – kZrfQfk
131/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
d"n kf7
cfºgf] :jf:Yo
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p;sf] Pp6f v/fa afgL 5 .
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z}zj ld7fO{ / rsn]6 egk] l5
x?' Ss} x'G5 . s] rsn]6 jf ld7fO{
vfg' g} v/fa afgL xf] t < t/ w/] }
vfg' rflx“ kSs} g/fd|f] xf] .
zz} jn] rsn6] kfof] eg] hlt klg vfOlbG5 . cfºgf] vfhf vr{ klg w]/}h;f]
rsn]6 / ld7fO{ lsGgd} vr{ u5{ . afcfdf ahf/ hfge' Psf] a]nf rsn6]
NofOlbg'eof] eg] pm km?' ª\u} k5{, t/ slxn]sfxL“ rsn]6 NofOlbg la;{gx' 'G5 .
Toltan] f pm Hofb} l/;fp5“ . afcfdf;“u ugug ul//xG5 . cxf| Psf] sfd klg
ug{ dfGb}g .
t/, lxhfc] fh p;nfO{ rsn]6 vfPsfdf k5t' f] nfUg yfn]sf] 5 . p;sf bft“
ls/fn] vfg yfln;ss] f 5g\ . p;nfO{ yfxf 5, ca p;sf bf“t pdF|bg} g\ . p;n]
s]xL dlxgfkl5 g} gSsnL bf“t nufpgk' g{]5 . t/, gSsnL bf“t s;} u/L klg
;SsnLh:tf] x“'bg} .
/fh' ;fg} eP klg /fd|f] v]nf8L xf] . pm km'6an v]Ng l;kfn' 5 . 6a] n6]lg;,
af:s6] an / c¿ vn] x¿ klg /fd|} v]N5 . p;sf] v]n xg] ]{ hfs] fx] L klg kl5 pm
rlrt{ vn] f8L x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ug{ ;S5g\ tfklg p;u“ Pp6f sdhf]/L 5 .
/fh' cfkmn" fO{ ld7f] nfUg] lrh hlt w/] }w/] } vfg dg k/fp5“ . gld7f] nfUg] lrh
hlt 5b“' g} 5fp] m“ eG5 . pm slxns] fxL“ t olt w/] } vfG5, ls Tof] vfgf g} ckr
xG' 5 .
ckr ePkl5 p;nfO{ kvfnf nfU5 . kvfnf nfu]sf] a]nf pm v]Ng ;Sb}g .
slxns] fxL“ t pm kvfnfs} sf/0f w]/} lbg :s'n klg hfg ;Sb}g . lxhf] Pp6f
dxŒjk"0f{ v]n lyof] t/ p;nfO{ kvfnf nfus] fn] Tof] v]ndf vN] g ;s]g . To;n} ]
p;n] cab]lv s'g} lrh ld7f] nfUof] eGbd} f w]/} gvfg] ljrf/ u/s] f] 5 .
dxz] lgs} kml' tn{ f] / ;G' b/ s6] f] xf] . pm ;fg} eP klg lgs} cf“l6nf] 5, t/ pm
132 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
lgs} c6/] L klg 5 . p;nfO{ xltof/ v]nfpg
w/] } dg k5{ . 3/sf dfG5n] ] xltof/ gvn] fpm
eg] klg pm c6/] u5{ . km';b{ xg' l] alQs} pm
v's/' L jf bfp lnP/ 7o\ fs7\ofs 7s' 7's ug{
yflnxfN5 . p;sf] o:tf] afgLn] sg' } lbg
p;nfO{ 7'n} rf6] nfUnf / pm ckfª\u xf]nf .
p;sf kl/jf/sf dfG5]nfO{ /ftf]lbg o;}
s/' fsf] lrGtf kl//x]5 . ;f“Rr} g} vs' '/Ln]
p;sf cfn“} f jf xft l5Gg] u/L sf6o\ f] eg]
cyjf, cfv“ f km'6o\ f] eg] pm t hLjge/
k5'tfpb“ } a:g'kg{] xG' 5 .
d]3f k9g\ eg]kl5 x'?Ss xG' 5] . pm cfºgf] sIffsf] k|yd ljBfyL{ klg xf], t/
p;sf] :jefj Psf]xf/] f] 5 . pm k9g\ n]Vg yfnL eg] vfgvN] g klg lal;{G5] . pm
/ftel/ klg kl9/xG5Ù] nl] v/xG5] . vN] g yfNbf klg pm o:t} Psf]xf/] f] xG' 5] .
kt' nL 5fK] g yfNbf h:tf];s' } 3fd, kfgL, kmfx] f/] / lxnf]sf] ;d]t Vofn /flVbg .
pm v]NbfvN] b} lbg 9N5 / ;f“em klg emdSs} k5{ . t/ xfd|f] z/L/ d]l;g t xfO] g
lg † z/L/nfO{ cf/fd klg rflxG5 . kf}li6s vfgf klg rflxG5 . gq t la/fdL
eOxflnG5 lg †
d3] f klg lgs} sdhf]/ 5] . cfºgf] Psfx] f/] f] :jefjn] p;nfO{ an] fa]nf cf5] o\ fgdf
yGSofp“5 . o;k6ssf] k/LIffdf klg pm w]/} k9]sLn] la/fdL eO{ . k/LIff t /fd}|
eof] t/ p;sf] :jf:Yo cem} l7s eO;ss] f] 5g} . bO' t{ Lg lbgcl3 pm 6G6nfk/'
3fddf kt' nL 5f]Kg lg:sL . p;nfO{ t Hj/fn] ] ;dfltxfNof] . pm cem} klg lgsf]
eO;s]sL 5}g . oltv]/ p;nfO{ cfºgf] :jf:Yosf] cfkm}n“ ] Vofn /fVgk' 5{ eGg]
yfxf x'gyfns] f] 5 .
an/fdnfO{ cfhsn lgs} k5'tf] x'g yfns] f] 5 . Pslbg pm ?v r9\g] eof] /
n8\of] . p;sf] xft efl“ rof] . p;sf] xft t hfl] 8of] t/ afªu\ f] eof] .
kf]xf]/sf] ltxf/df z}n' k6s] f / lemlem/{ ] v]Nb} lyO{ . afcfdfn] k6s] f gv]nfpg
;DemfPsf lyP, t/ lh2LjfnL zn} ' k6]sf;u“ v]ln/xL . crfgs Pp6f k6]sf
p;sf] bflxg] cfv“ fg]/ k8l\ sof] . To; lbgb]lv p;sf] bflxg] cf“vf] sfd} gnfUg]
ePsf] 5 . p;nfO{ cfºg} nfk/afxLn] cfv“ f] lalu|Psfd] f w]/}w]/} b'Mv nfU5 .
efOalxgL xf] † :jf:Yo xfd|f] cd"No ;DklQ xf] . ltdLx¿n] klg nfk/afxL u¥of}
eg] ltdLx¿sf] :jf:Yo lauG| 5 . cfºgf] :jf:Yosf] af/d] f c¿n] Vofn ul/lbb“ }g .
Vofn ul/lbg rfx]/ klg ;Dej x“b' }g . To;}n] cfkm“n} ] cfºgf] :jf:Yosf] af/]df
ljrf/ k¥' ofpg'k5{ . gq cfºgf] ;fgf] nfk/afxLn] ubf{ hLjge/ k5t' fP/ af“Rgk' g{]
xG' 5 . x}g t <
133/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
zAbe08f/;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf zAb kf7 x]/L z'4 u/]/ sfkLdf nv] / k9 M
gSsln kf}:6Ls rrL{t emL/emL/]{ 6G6nfk'/,
jfª\uf] lh4LafnL ;j' f:y dxŒjkg' { aLrf/
@= s, v, u=== n]vL zAb / cy{sf] hf8] f ldnfpm M
s_ km?' ª\u} - _ x'g g} g;Sg]
v_ gSsnL - _ c;fjwfgLÙ kjf{x gug'{
u_ kvfnf - _ ;nfO{ kf/]/ cfuf] afNbf lemlem{/ ug]{
3_ ckfª\u - _ ljrf/Ù xf];
ª_ Psf]xf]/f] - _ v;' LÙ km?' ª\u
r_ lbg 9Ng' - _ k'tnL ;dfTg
5_ kf}li6s - _ kfi] f0foS' tÙ zlStj4s{ Ù z/L/nfO{ df6] f] alnof] agfpg]
h_ Vofn - _ lbg laTg'Ù ;f“em kg{'
em_ lemlem{/] - _ Ps ;'/]Ù cfºg} ;/' df dfq rNg]
`_ nfk/afxL - _ z/L/sf] s'g} cª\un] sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf
6_ c;Dej - _ kftnf] lb;fÙ 5]/f}6L
7_ k'tnL 5f]Kg - _ agfj6LÙ ;SsnL gePsf]
#= tnsf cy;{ “u ldNg] zAb kf7af6 vfh] /] n]v M
g/fd|f], cGbfh, 3fp, lk/, rsf]{ 3fd, kZrfQfk, k|Voft
$= s;nfO{ s] elgG5, nv] M
v]n v]Ng] Ö v]nf8L w]/} lh2L ug]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
w]/} ukm ug]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ w]/} vfg] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
eg]sf] g6]g]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ kmt' L{;Fu sfd ug]{ Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
cfF6 gePsf] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ w]/} 9fF6\g] Ö ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
134 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
afw] / cleJolSt;DaGwL cEof;
!= ;g' fO kf7–!$ /fd|/L ;g' / l7s zAb /fvL jfSo k"/f u/ M
s_ ;Gt'lnt vfg]s'/f eg]sf z/L/nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ tŒj ePsf]
vfg]s'/f xf] .
v_ vfg]s/' f ;kmf, ÒÒÒÒÒÒ / ;/' lIft x'gk' 5{ .
u_ xfdL wfg, ds}, uxF', ÒÒÒÒÒÒ hf} cfnh' :tf vfg]s/' f vfG5f}F .
3_ /;fogx¿ ld;fOPsf] vfg]s/' fn] xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ ÒÒÒÒÒÒ u5{ .
ª_ ahf/df tof/L cj:yfdf /x]sf] vfg]s'/fsf] ÒÒÒÒÒÒ 36fpFb} hfcf}F .
kf]if0f tfhf kmfk/ xflg pkof]u
@= ;g' fO kf7–!$ km]l/ ;'g]/ pQ/ b]pm M
s_ xfdL s]s] vfG5f}F <
v_ cfhsn s:tf] rng a9\of] <
u_ ahfl/of vfg]s'/fdf lsg /;fogx¿ ld;fOPsf] x'G5 <
3_ xfdL :j:Yo /xg s] ug{'k5{ <
#= s] ltdL slxNo} ladf/L ePsf 5f} < ltdL slxn] / s;/L la/fdL eof} < ladf/L x'Fbf
s:tf] xbF' f] /x5] < ;'gfpm .
$= dflysf] kf7 kfn}kfnf] k9 .
%= dflysf] kf7af6 …aÚ / …jÚ ko| f]u ePsf rf/rf/ cf]6f zAb l6k . To;kl5 c¿
rf/rf/ cf]6f zAb yk M
…aÚ ko| fu] ePsf zAb …jÚ k|ofu] ePsf zAb
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ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
135/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff %
^= l7s pQ/df /]hf - _ nufpm M
s_ z}zjsf] g/fdf| ] afgL s] xf] <
c_ ;fyL;Fu ldNg] cf_ cfdfafan' fO{ ;3fpg]
O_ k9\gdf Wofg lbg] O{_ rsn]6 / ld7fO{ w]/} vfg]
v_ zz} jsf bf“t s] eP/ laluP| <
c_ rsn]6 gvfP/ cf_ bfFt gdfem]/
O_ ls/fn] vfP/ O{_ gofF bfFt nufpg' k/]/
u_ /fhn' fO{ s] sf/0fn] kvfnf nfUof] <
c_ ld7f] nfUg] lrh w]/} vfP/ cf_ gld7f] nfUg] lrh w]/} vfP/
O_ vfgf l7Ss vfP/ O{_ /fd|f] v]n]/
3_ d3] fsf] :jf:Yo s] sf/0fn] laluP| sf] 5 <
c_ hg' klg sfd Psf]xf]/f] 9ª\un] ug]{ eP/ cf_ /fd|f] k9]/
O_ sIffdf k|yd eP/ O{_ k9\b} gk9]/
ª_ s] lalu|Pkl5 xfdLnfO{ ;ae} Gbf a9L gf]S;fg xG' 5 <
c_ v]n cf_ k9fO
O_ :jf:Yo O{_ wg;DklQ
r_ xfdLn] sg' } klg ;dodf sd] f ljrf/ k¥' ofpg'k5{ <
-c_ v]Ngdf cf_ :jf:Yodf
-O_ ;T' gdf O{_ gfRgdf
&= pQ/ b]pm M
s_ z}zjnfO{ rsn]6 vfPsfdf lsg k5'tf] nfu]sf] 5 <
v_ /fhs' f /fd|f / g/fd|f afgLx¿ s]s] x'g\ <
u_ dx]z s:tf] s]6f] xf] <
3_ d]3f lsg sdhf]/ 5] <
ª_ an/fdsf] xft s] ubf{ efFlrof] <
r_ z}n'sf] cfFvf s] ubf{ sfd gnfUg] eof] <
5_ xfd|f] :jf:Yo s] sf/0fn] lau|g ;S5 <
*= nfdf] pQ/ bp] m M
s_ :jf:Yo xfd|f] cdN" o ;DklQ xf] < k|:6 kf/ .
v_ :jf:Yo /xg s]s:tf s'/fdf ljrf/ k¥' ofpgk' 5{ <
136 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
Jofs/0f;DaGwL cEof;
!= tnsf zAbnfO{ tflnsfdf ldNg] u/L e/ M
afgL, z}zj, afcfdf, ahf/, ca, 6]an, jf, la/fdL, an, a'l4, ;]jf, nfk/afxL,
;Dej, af/]df, ljrf/, hLjg, j0f{, jz+ , jStf, jg, jl/i7, j0f{dfnf, jfSs,
jfl/, ljb]z
…aÚ nv] /] …aÚ g} afl] ng] …jÚ nv] /] …aÚ afl] ng] …jÚ nv] /] …jÚ g} afl] ng]
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ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ ÒÒÒÒÒ
@= l7s 7fp“df l8sf] tfgL hf8] ]/ z'4 u/ M
s_ z}zj ;fyL x¿ ;Fu v'a} ldN5 .
v_ z}zj sf] v/fa afgL s] xf] <
u_ o; k6s sf] k/LIff df klg p;n] w]/} k9]sL n] la/fdL eO{ .
3_ an/fd nfO{ cfhsn lgs} k5'tf] xg' yfn]sf] 5 .
#= tnsf jfSodf l7s 7fpd“ f l8sf] 56' o\ fO{ k'gn{v] g u/ M
s_ kvfnfnfu]sf] a]nfpmv]Ng ;Sb}g .
v_ pmk9\gn]VgyfnLeg] vfgv]Ngklg lal;{G5] .
u_ Pslbgpm?vr9\g]eof]/n8\of] .
3_ kf]xf]/ ltxf/dfz}n' k6]sf/ lemlem{/] v]Nb}lyO{ .
ª_ ltdLx¿n]klgnfk/afxL u¥of}eg] ltdLx¿sf]:jf:Yolau|G5 .
$= tn bv] fPh;/L jfSo abn M
z}zjn] rsn]6 vfof] . zz} jn] bf“t lauf¥of] .
h:tM} zz} jn] rsn6] vfP/ bf“t lauf¥of] .
s_ /fh'n] w]/} vfof] . /fh'nfO{ kvfnf nfUof] .
v_ dx]zn] vs' /' L rnfof] . dx]zn] xft sf6\of] .
u_ d]3fn] w]/} k9L . d]3f k|yd eO{ .
3_ an/fd ?v r9\of] . an/fd n8\of] .
ª_ abdf; s]6fx¿n] abdf;L u/] . pgLx¿nfO{ k5'tf] eof] .
137/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
cEof;leqsf] kf7
dflg;sf nflu ;aeGbf dN" ojfg\ s] xf]nf <
o; kZ| gsf] cgs] pQ/x¿ x'g ;S5g\ . s;n} ] ;'g, rfb“ L, lx/f, dft] LnfO{ d"Nojfg\ 7fG5g\ .
s;n} ] hUufhldg, ?ko} f“k;} fnfO{ d"Nojfg\ 7fG5g\ . sfx] Lsfx] L ljBfnfO{ dN" ojfg\ 7fG5g\
eg] sfx] L cfkmGt, ;fyL;“uLnfO{ dN" ojfg\ 7fG5g\ . o:t} pQ/x¿dWo] :jf:YonfO{ d"Nojfg\
7fGg]x¿ klg w]/} 5g\ .
;fl“ Rrs} :jf:Yo dflg;sf nflu cd"No ;DklQ xf] . xfdf| ] z/L/ :j:y 5 eg] xfdL h] klg ug{
;S5f}“ . /fd|/L sfd ug,{ /fd|/L v]ns'bdf ;xefuL x'g, /fd|/L nv] k9 ug{ z/L/ :j:y xg' 'k5{ .
olt dfq xfO] g /fdf| ] s'/f ;fR] g klg :j:y z/L/ x'gk' 5{ . To;}n] elgPsf] 5— æ:j:y z/L/df
:j:y ljrf/sf] af; xG' 5 .Æ
dflg;sf nflu olt d"Nojfg\ :jf:YonfO{ c;/ kfg]{ w/] } sf/0fx¿ xG' 5g\ . o:tf sf/0fx¿dWo]
d'Vo rflx“ xfdL cfkm“} xf}“ . cyft{ ,\ xfd|f] nfk/afxL g} xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ xflg ug{] d'Vo sf/0f
xf] .
!= tnsf zAbx¿sf] p:t} cy{ lbg] zAbx¿ cEof;leqsf] kf7af6 vfh] ]/ n]v M
;jfn M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ hafkm M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
axd' "No M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ gftfuf]tf M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
bf}nt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ lhp M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
;f]r M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ dfgj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
k|efj M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ Iflt M ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
138 /fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
@= :jf:Yob]lv afx]s csf{] dN" ojfg s'/f s] xfn] f < ltdLnfO{ nfu]sf] s'/f atfpm .
#= cEof;leqsf] kf7sf] t;] f| ] cgR' 5]b cg'nv] g u/ M
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$= l7s pQ/ n]v M
s_ ltd|f] ljrf/df dflg;sf nflu ;aeGbf d"Nojfg\ s] xf]nf <
v_ :jf:Yo s;/L cd"No ;DklQ xg' ;S5 <
u_ :j:y z/L/sf] af/]df s] elgPsf] 5 <
3_ xfd|f] :jf:YonfO{ xflg ug]{ s]s:tf sf/0fx¿ x'g\ <
%= l7s zAb /fvL tnsf jfSosf] kg' nv]{ g u/ M
s_ /fd|/L sfd ug{ xfd|f] z/L/ :jf:Yo xg' ' cfjZos 5 .
:j:y
v_ efOsf] :jf:Yo df ;w' f/ cfPkl5 d kms{G5' .
:j:y
u_ xfdLn] cfºgf] ;+:s[lt e'Ng'x“'b}g .
;f:+ s[lts
3_ g]kfndf w]/} ;:+ s[lt ;Dkbfx¿ 5g\ .
;f+:s[lts
ª_ pgLx¿ Hofb} ldx]gt u5{g\ .
ldx]gtL
r_ pgLx¿ Hofb} ldx]gt 5g\ .
ldx]gtL
139/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff %
;fd"lxs lqmofsnfk
s_ xfd|f] :jf:Yo lau|g] d'Vo sf/0f xfd|} nfk/afxL xf] . cEof;leqsf] kf7df oxL s'/f
elgPsf] 5 . ca kf“rkf“r hgfsf] ;dx" ag / s]s:tf] nfk/afxLn] xfdf| ] :jf:Yo lau|G5
eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn u/ . b; ldg]6sf] 5nkmnkZrft\ cfºgf] ;d"xaf6 lg:ss] f]
lgisif{ sIffsf c¿ ;fyLnfO{ klg ;'gfpm .
v_ b'Ob{ O' { hgfsf] ;d"x ag . tn :jf:YonfO{ kmfObf ug{] / a]kmfObf ug]{ j:t'x¿ 5g\ .
ltgLx¿nfO{ 5'6\6f5'66\ } nv] M
a9L v]Ng,' l7s ;dodf ;'Tg' / p7\g,' af;L vfgf vfg', tfhf kmnkmn" vfg,'
kfgLdf leHg', /flt w]/} a:g,' laxfg s;/t ug'{, ;do ldnfP/ s]xL If0f v]Ng',
;8]un]sf vfg]s'/f vfg,' /fd|/L rafP/ vfg', a9L vfg', vfFb} gvfg,' dfbs kbfy{
vfg', w"d|kfg ug{', ul' nof] w]/} vfg,' vN' nf 7fpFdf a:g', w]/} gl/;fpg,' lh2L gug'{,
cgz' f;gdf a:g'
:jf:YonfO{ kmfObf ug]{ :jf:YonfO{ ak] mfObf ug]{
l;hg{ fTds n]vg
õ xfdf| ] :jf:Yo tGb'?:t /fVg xfdLn] s]s] ug{k' 5{ < xfdLn] Wofg lbg'kg{] jf ckgfpg'kg{]
s'g} ;ft s'/fx¿ nv] M
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
ÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒÒ
140 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
kf7 ;?' ug{'cl3 kf7 !%
cfkmGtLsf] jsfnt
l7s 5 † tkfO“{n] vfPsf]
t tkfO“s{ f] gfltn] ltg5{]
t/ tkfO{“sf] xh/' afn]
vfPsf] rflx“ s;n]
lt5{ <
zAb / cy{
/:] 6/' fF – vfhf, gf:tf vfg] xf]6nÙ /]:6'/]G6 clejfbg – gd:sf/Ù 9f]uÙ k|0ffd
dfkmL – b08;hfoaf6 dl' St lbg] sfdÙ Ifdf vf]6 nufpg' – bf]if nufpg'
vt] fnf – v]tdf sfd ug]{ dfG5] ph'/ ug{' – d'2f lbg'
ca]/ – ca]nfÙ l9nf] cbasf ;fy – lzi6 tl/sf;FuÙ dfgefp k¥' ofP/
141/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff %
d"n kf7
cfkmGtLsf] jsfnt
– zfGtbf; dfgGw/
Ps lbg o;f] 3d' /] cfp5“ ' egL ;x/df uPsf] cfkmGtLn] 3D' bf3D' b} lbg lats] f] rfn}
kfPg . hg' a]nf p;nfO{ w]/}a]/ 3'd5] ' eGg] nfUof] To;a]nf t pm ;f/} yfls;ss] f]
lyof] . yfs]kl5 ef]sfpg] klg eOxfNof], To;n} ] pm glhs}sf] Pp6f /]:6/' fd“ f
k:of] . /]:6/' fd“ f pl;lg/fvs] f] tfQftf] km'n bv] ]kl5 p;n] /]:6'/f“jfnfnfO{ kmn'
NofOlbg eGof] . efs] ld7f] ls efh] g eGbf ef]s ld7f] t xf] g,} To;df klg
tfQftf] kmn' † cfkmGtLn] Pskl5 csf{] ub{} nufnu tLg cf6] f kmn' vfof] . To;kl5
p;n] k};f ltg{ egL sf]6sf] vNtLleq xft 3';f¥of] . nf} hf, vNtLleq t Ps
k};f klg lyPg . nfhn] /ftf] ePsf] dv' bv] fp“b} cfkmGtLn] dfkmL dfUof] / eGof],
æ;fxh' L, efs] fPsf] lyP“ . vNtL g} g5fdLsg vfP5,' va' ld7f] dfgL vfP“ . clxn]
vNtL 5fDbf kf,] xg] f;{] \ g, dn} ] t k;} f afs] /] cfpg} en' s] f] /x5] ' . efl] nkl;{ g} d
cfP/ lt?n“ f . x'G5 <Æ
142 /fd|f] g]kfnL sIff %
ælsg gxg' ' † x'G5 †Æ ;fxh' Ln] eGof,] ætLg cf]6f kmn' sf] slt g} k;} f xf] / <
km;' b{ df cfP/ ltgx'{ fn] f lg †
kfr“ 5 dlxgfkl5 cfkmGtL ;x/ hf“bf ;aeGbf klxn] pxL /]:6'/fd“ f k:of] /
;fxh' LnfO{ clejfbg ub{} eGof], æ;fx'hL, cl:tsf tLg cf6] f pl;g]sf] kmn' sf] k};f
lbg afs“ L lyof] . d}n] slt k;} f lbgk' nf{ s'lGg <Æ
;fxh' Ln] Sofns'n6] / lems]/ slxn] dfly, slxn] tn lyRb} lx;fa u¥of] /
Sofnsn' ]6/ b]vfp“b} eGof,] æx]g;'{ \ t, hDdf rf/ ;o dfq eof] .Æ
æs] /] < d}n] t hDdf tLg cf6] f km'n dfq vfPsf] †Æ cfkmGtLn] 5Ss kb{} eGof] .
æxf,] tLg cf]6f kmn' s} dfq lx;fa u/]sf] x'“ .Æ ;fxh' Ln] eGof], æolt egs] f]
w/] } xf]Og < x]g';{ \ t, tkfOn{“ ] tL km'n gvfg'ePsf] eP ltgaf6 tLg cf]6f rNnf
t lgl:sxfNy] . xg} t < clg tL tLg cf]6} rNnf x's/{] clxn];Dddf slt kmn'
lbO;Sy] xf]nfg\ . nf} lx;fa ug';{ \ t < clg d}n] rf/ ;o ?lkof“ dfq eGbf klg
w]/} eof] t <Æ
143/fdf| ] g]kfnL sIff %
;fxh' Lsf] s/' f ;'g/] cfkmGtL klxn] t cndndf k¥of] . kl5 l/;fof] / eGof,]
æd Toqf] k;} f ltg{ ;lSbg“ . tkfO{+“ hxf“ hfg dg nfU5 Toxf“ uP/ d]/f] gfp“df
ph/' L ug;'{ \ .Æ
/]:6'/f“jfnf To;kl5 t'?Gt} /fhfsf b/af/df uP/ cfkmGtLsf lj/fw] df d'2f
xfNg k'Uof] . cfkmGtL /fhfnfO{ klg dg k/]sf] lyPg lsgeg] pm of] / pm gegL
h] s/' f klg h:tf] dgdf cfof] To:t,} sg' } s;/ afs“ L g/fvL 7f87f8f] afN] g]
uYof{] . cfkmGtLsf] lj/fw] df d'2f k/]kl5 /fhf klg cfkmGtLnfO{ gl;xt lbg]
cj;/ kfPsfdf v;' L bl] vGYof] . cflv/ cfkmGtLsf] d2' fsf] km};nf ;'gfOg] lbg
klg cfof] .
/]:6/' f“jfnf klxn] g} Toxf“ kl' u;ss] f] lyof] / c¿ klg w]/} dflg;x¿ Toxf“ hDdf
ePsf lyP . km;} nf ;g' fpg eg/] /fhf cfOkl' u;s]sf lyP . sb' fs{ 'bf{ lbg
9lNsg nflu;Sbf aNn ylsth:tf] bv] fp“b} cbfntdf cfkmGtL b]vf k¥of] .
144 /fdf| ] gk] fnL sIff %
cfkmGtL b]vfkg]{ lalQs} vf]6 nufp“b} /fhfn] 7n' f] :j/n] uh{]/ eg,] æcfkmGtL,
s] rfnf xf] of] ltd|f] x“ < cfkmn}“ ] vfPsf] kmn' sf] k;} f klg gltg]{, clg cbfntdf
;dod} xflh/ xg' ' stfstf cfºg} ;/' df o;/L l9nf] cfOkU' g] < nf} eg t, l56f]
eg, o;f] ug{' l7s xf] < ls s;f] <Æ
cfkmGtLn] a8f] cbasf ;fy gd| eP/ eGof], æ;/sf/, xf], d clnslt l9nf]
eP“ . s'/f s] eg] vt] df cfh} ux“' 5g{' lyof] . v]tfnfx¿ cfOku' ]sf lyPgg\ lap
e'6\g nfUbf cln ca/] eof,] ;/sf/ †Æ
l;ªu\ f] cbfnt ylsg{ ] u/L xf:“ b} /fhfn] eGof,] æs] /,] s] /] < lap e'6\g' k/s] fn]
ca/] eof] eg]sf] xf]Og <Æ
;an} ] k:| 6 ;G' g] u/L cfkmGtLn] eGof,] æxf] ;/sf/, cfh} lap 5g{] egs] fn] lap e6' g\ }
k¥of] . e6' b\ fe'6\b} ;do nfus] fn] clnslt ca]/ ePsf] xf] .Æ
/fhfn] xf;“ f] ldl;Psf :j/df eGof,] æcfkmGtL, dn} ] ltdLnfO{ t 7n' f] al' 4dfg\ 7fgs] f]
lyP“ . ltdL t Ps gDa/sf] dv" { /x5] f} . e6' ]sf] lap 5/]/ sxL“ af]6 pd|nf t <
sxf“ uof] ltd|f] a'l4 <Æ
æ;/sf/, e'l6;s]sf lapaf6 af]6 pd“|bg} g\ eg] pl;lg;s]sf kmn' af6 rNnfx¿
sf]/lnPnfg\ t ;/sf/ <Æ lgbf]{if cg'xf/ bv] fp“b} cfkmGtLn] hafkm dfUof] .
To;kl5 eg] /fhfsf] vn' s] f] dv' vn' } /x\of] . Ps zAb klg pRrl/t ePg /
ptf /]:6/' f“jfnf ;fx'n] cfºgf] dv' n'sfpg yfNof] . cbfntdf pkl:yt bzs{ x¿
eg] cfkmGtLnfO{ x]b{} dgdg} v;' L xb“' } cfkmGtLsf] al' 4sf] tfl/km ug{ yfn] .
;fef/M afnsf];]nL -gfgLx¿sf] klqsf_
145/fd|f] gk] fnL sIff %
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Ramro Nepali 5
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