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TIMELINE 500 BCE c.900–1000 CE 1325 Tenochtitlan 1519–21 1542
Toltecs build marketplace Explorer and soldier
The civilizations of the The Zapotec their capital at Aztec city of Hernándo Cortés The Spanish
region lasted for 2,000 build Monte Tula, Mexico. Tenochtitlan conquers the Aztecs establish a capital
years, until European Alban as founded on an for Spain. at Merida and the
explorers and their their capital Toltec pottery island in Lake Maya resistance
armies wiped them out. and religious Texcoco. Cortés meeting Aztec comes to an end.
centre. leader Moctezuma II
1400 bce
350 BCE c.1300 c.1438 1471 1502 1532 1700 ce
1400 BCE Incas begin to expand their empire Inca chief Pachacuti
The Olmec build First great takes power. City of Tupac becomes Moctezuma II begins The Inca empire 1697
temples and Maya city of through the central Andes. Machu Picchu is built. king of the Incas his reign over ten ends when Spanish The very last
carve colossal Tikal built in and pushes far million Aztecs. The warrior Francisco Maya outpost,
sculptures in the rainforest south to expand empire is at its height. Pizarro captures Tayasal,
northern Mexico. of Guatemala. the empire. and kills the Inca falls to the
emperor, Spanish.
Atahualpa.

Tikal temple Cuzco, Inca capital Machu Picchu

GODS AND CHALCHIUHTLICUE VIRACOCHA XOLOTL TZULTACAH MAMA KILLA MAIZE GOD FUN AND GAMES
GODDESSES Aztec goddess of Most important god Aztec god of death A group of Maya Inca goddess of Unnamed, shaven-
water and storms. thunder-gods. headed Maya god. Ulama was a fast and furious
The Mesoamericans and of the Incas. and lightning. the moon. ball game played by various
Incas worshipped many cultures, including the
gods, most of them to do Aztecs. We don’t know the
with nature or farming. exact rules, but the aim was
People would ask the gods for two teams on a special
for good weather to make court to try to put a ball
crops grow, or for better through a ring set into a wall.
health for themselves and
their families. Ring set 8 m
(27 ft) high
RITUAL AND SACRIFICE AZTEC WARRIORS
Solid rubber
Sacrifice was a vital religious ritual. Animals War was a way of life for the Aztecs. Apart ball
and humans were offered up to feed the gods from gaining new land, the main reason for
so that they would look after the earth. going to war was to capture enemy warriors
for sacrifice to the gods.
Stone for
sacrifice AT 17, YOUNG AZTEC
MEN WERE SENT OFF
Victim thrown
down stairs TO CAPTURE THEIR JAGUAR WARRIORS AZTEC
after ritual FIRST PRISONER For taking captives, Aztec
APPRENTICE WARRIOR
warriors were awarded Carrying wooden spear
distinctive costumes. tipped with sharp stone.

ART AND CRAFTS CARVED FROG
Aztec
The pottery, carvings, ceramics, and metalware left
behind by the Mesoamerican and ancient Peruvian
cultures are a valuable source of information about
the way they lived, their ideas about life, and how
and who they worshipped.

JADEITE CARVING
Maya, 600–900 CE

MOTHER AND BABY CARVED JAGUAR BONES
Teotihuacan, c.200 CE Maya, 400 CE

JADE MASK
Aztec, c.1420–1519

JADEITE FIGURE
Aztec, 1500–1530

JADEITE JAGUAR MASK
Olmec, 900–300 BCE

PITCHER STIRRUP POT MARBLE VASE GOLD CUP FIGURE OF A WOMAN GOLD LLAMA
Inca, 1476–1550 Moche, 200–500 CE Maya, 600–1000 CE Sicán (Andean culture) Inca, c.1476–1550 Inca

299

KEY EVENTS 1453 1571 1923
Mehmed II conquers Constantinople. Defeat at Battle of Lepanto The Ottoman
The Ottoman Empire expanded The Byzantine Empire ceases to exist. stops Ottomans from Empire is
rapidly after it was formed, as expanding further west. dissolved and
the sultans set out to gain new 1514 Selim I the Republic The mosque
territory for Islam, and also Selim I invades northern mosque, 1914 of Turkey is has six
wealth to reward their followers. Iraq and takes over most Istanbul Ottomans join World formed. minarets
of the Middle East. War I on the side of the (towers
2000 for calling
Central Powers. Muslims
Modern to prayer)
1300 Turkish flag

1354 1369 1529 1566 1683
Ottoman armies Suleiman I dies in The Ottomans are defeated at
cross into Europe Ottomans capture Army of Suleiman I Hungary. The Ottomans the Battle of Vienna, starting
at Gallipoli. would advance no the decline of the empire.
Edirne, which besieges the further into Europe.
1300 Suleiman I in battle
The Ottoman becomes their capital. Austrian capital, 1538
Empire is founded by Ottoman navy wins control
Osman I in Anatolia, Vienna, but fails of the eastern Mediterranean
northwest Turkey. at the Battle of Preveza.
to conquer it.

Edirne
mosque

The Ottoman Empire The vast
courtyard is
The Ottoman Empire was one EUROPE surrounded
of the biggest and longest- by 30 cupolas
lasting empires in history. Algiers Edirne ASIA (mini-domes)
It was founded in the 14th AFRICA Istanbul Baghdad
century by Osman, a Turkish TOPKAPI PALACE
ghazi (Islamic warrior). Two Mediterranean Sea Built in 1460 for Mehmed II, Topkapi was the
hundred years later, the empire Cairo
stretched over three continents: main palace of the sultans for 400 years.
Africa, Asia, and Europe. It OTTOMAN CONQUESTS
was ruled over by a series CONQUERORS Up to 1512
of powerful sultans, with the Up to 1520
help of armies of slave-soldiers. By 1639 the Ottomans’ Up to 1566
conquest of most of the Up to 1639
Middle East and North Africa
made them the strongest
Islamic power in the world.

POWERFUL SULTANS THE SULTAN’S LOYAL MEN SCRIBES
Kept the sultan’s
The Ottoman Empire was ruled by descendants of the The Ottomans operated a system called devshirme records

same family for 600 years. The sultans formed strong (gathering), in which Christian boys from conquered

governments, and life under Ottoman rule was mostly countries were made slaves, converted to Islam,

peaceful and safe for ordinary citizens. and taught total loyalty to the sultan. They were

OSMAN I (GAZI) (c.1258–1326) then trained to do important jobs within the
sultan’s household and army.

The founder and first sultan of the Ottoman Empire. A successful WHEN SULTAN MEHMED II VIZIERS AND BOY SLAVES CLERICS
military general who extended Ottoman territory throughout his TOOKBRPOOTWHEERR,SHTEOPUDTEAATLHL, HIS Islamic
27-year reign. TO GOVERNORS scholars
Powerful political
MEHMED II (THE CONQUEROR) (1432–81)
figures
A great military leader, he captured Constantinople and
conquered territories in Anatolia and the Balkans. PREVENT PLOTS AGAINST HIM JANISSARIES JANISSARY
The sultan’s elite troops
SELIM I (THE GRIM) (1470–1520)

Selim came to power after a civil war. He killed his brothers, and MARK OF daiman muzaffer TUGHRA OF SULTAN MAHMUD II
others who might have had a claim to the throne after his death, so THE SULTAN Abdulhamid
that his chosen son, Suleiman, could become sultan. (reigned 1808–39)
The tughra was the It reads Mahmud Han bin
SULEIMAN I (THE MAGNIFICENT) (1494–1556) personal seal of the Ottoman Abdulhamid muzaffer daiman:
emperors. All important “Mahmud Khan, son of
One of the greatest sultans. documents, coins, and letters Abdulhamid, is forever victorious”.
During his 46-year reign, the from the sultan carried a
Ottoman Empire became a world symbol, which was different
power. Suleiman’s reign was also for every ruler. The tughra was
a time of great achievements in
literature, poetry, art, and
architecture.

ABDULMECID I (1823–61) based on Arabic calligraphy. Mahmud
It was designed at the
Responsible for an ambitious beginning of the sultan’s bin Han
reform of the army, schools, and reign and drawn by the
other institutions, Abdülmecid nişancı (court calligrapher)
hoped this reform would make on to court papers.
the declining empire competitive
with other European countries.

SULEIMAN I THE MAGNIFICENT

300

MASTER BUILDERS WEAPONS AND ARMOUR

Ottoman rulers commissioned many magnificent During the reign of Suleiman I, the Ottoman army was
palaces and mosques as symbols of their great power, the largest and most successful in Europe. The sultan’s
as well as to show their devotion to Islam. Ottoman troops were highly trained, well disciplined, and equipped
architects were inspired by both Islamic and European with the latest weapons and armour.
art, and their buildings are a lively mix of both traditions.
STEEL
SULTAN AHMED MOSQUE, ISTANBUL HELMET
Also known as the Blue Mosque, for
the blue tiles that decorate its interior.
It was built between 1609 and 1616.

The central dome
is 23.5 m (77 ft) in
diameter

HIDE AND COPPER
CHICHAK (HELMET)

CUIRASS (BODY PROTECTOR)

BREASTPLATE CHAIN-MAIL ARMOUR

DOLMABAHÇE PALACE AHMET FOUNTAIN KALKAN (SHIELD)
Home to six sultans until the Public drinking fountain built by Ahmed III in 1728.
deposition of the last sultan in 1922. The water is supplied from a pool inside the kiosk. Hilt is decorated with
three Colombian
ART AND DECORATION MACE, DAGGER, CAVALRY BOOTS emeralds
AND SWORD
As the Ottoman Empire grew richer and more
powerful, artists and craftspeople were in JEWELS AND FINERY
great demand to produce art and objects for
the sultan’s palaces. The town of Iznik was The Ottomans’ taste was influenced by the
particularly famous for beautiful ceramic tiles variety of cultures across their vast empire.
and pottery, which were decorated with flowers Jewellery was ornate and generally mixed
and intricate plant motifs and Arabic script, different metals and gems in one
mainly in vivid shades of blue and green. piece. Emeralds and jade were
popular because green was
IZNIK PLATE associated with the prophet
Muhammad.

IZNIK CERAMIC TILES Five pieces of different
shapes are engraved
Sheath is decorated with Enamel flower motif with verses from
more than 50 diamonds the Qur’an

TOPKAPI DAGGER SPOONMAKER’S DIAMOND NECKLACE
Made as a gift from Sultan 86-carat, pear-shaped diamond 1875–1925
Mahmud I to the ruler of Persia, in gold and 49-diamond setting.

Nadir Shah, in 1747.

301

1504 1500 1526 The Mughal
Babur captures the city of
Babur conquers Delhi in
Kabul and becomes northern India. The
ruler of Afghanistan. Mughal age begins.

1556 1540 Empire
Babur’s grandson, Akbar,
Humayun, Babur’s son, loses The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a Muslim prince
becomes emperor. power to a rival Afghan dynasty and descendant of the Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan.
but seizes it back in 1555. The Mughals’ enormous wealth and power can still be seen
today in the many great monuments they left behind.
1605 1563
Jahangir becomes emperor
Akbar begins
on Akbar’s death. to pass laws
granting Hindus
1613 religious and
political
British East India Company freedom.
allowed to build a warehouse
1627 Akbar and his
in Surat, Gujarat.
Jahangir dies Hindu bride
at the age of 58.

1632

Emperor Shah Jahan 1657
Shah Jahan falls ill;
begins building the a year later, his son Kabul MIGHTY MUGHALS
Aurangzeb defeats his
Taj Mahal as a brothers and takes power. Babur and the strong rulers who came
after him ensured that their empire
memorial to his 1707 ASIA grew steadily richer and more powerful.
Emperor Aurangzeb
Tomb of wife Mumtaz Mahal. dies, triggering a
period of rebellions.
Mumtaz Shajahanabad
1857
Mahal 1686 The last Mughal emperor, Delhi
Bahadur Shah II, is Jaipur Agra
The East India Company deposed by the British BABUR (1483–1530)
for supporting the Fatehpur Sikri
starts a war with Emperor Indian Mutiny. A brilliant general, and also passionate about
poetry and gardening. He wrote his own life
Aurangzeb over trading territory. Indian Mutiny, 1857 story in the form of a diary, the Baburnama.

After three years, the company

admits defeat. Calcutta

1739 Surat AKBAR (1542–1605)
Nadir, Shah of Persia,
captures Delhi. The Mughal Bombay Bay of Won the support of his people
Empire starts to decline. Arabi Bengal by setting fair taxes and
promoting religious tolerance.
TIMELINE OF MUGHAL
THE MUGHALS EXPANSION JAHANGIR
(1569–1627)
The Mughals originally came The Mughals gradually AKBAR’S TOMB
from Central Asia. At their extended their territory A enthusiastic patron of the
height, they ruled all of an Sea from northern India.
what is now northern India, By 1700, the empire arts. His wife, Nur Jahan, was one of the
Pakistan, Afghanistan, and 1900 covered 3.2 million sq
Bangladesh. Only a century km (1.2 million sq miles). most powerful women in Mughal history.
later, they had lost nearly all
their territory. Madras SHAH JAHAN (1592–1666)

KEY Cochin Famed for the magnificence of his court, he
built a new city, Shahjahanabad (now Old Delhi),
Babur’s conquests as his capital.

Akbar’s conquests

Aurangzeb’s INDIAN AURANGZEB (1618–1707)
conquests OCEAN
Expanded the empire by a quarter but the cost
of military campaigns drained his treasury.

ARMOUR AND WEAPONS IVORY ASTRONOMY
GUNPOWDER HORN
Mughal warriors fought mostly on Many Mughal emperors took a keen interest
horseback, but they also used elephants in science, mathematics, and especially
that were specially trained to charge and astronomy. They built observatories and
trample the enemy during battle. employed astronomers to produce detailed
zijes (astronomical tables) and calendars.

KULAH KHUD CHAIN-MAIL HELMET DAGGERS AND SCABBARD JANTAR MANTAR OBSERVATORY, NEW DELHI (1724)
(CONICAL Built by order of the Emperor Muhammad Shah,
HELMET) ARM GUARD SWORDS TONGI to help create new astronomical tables.
MACE
MAIL GAUNTLET Constellation
TABAR (BATTLE AXE) Ursa Major,
302 the Great Bear

Band
representing
the Zodiac

Longitude
markings

BRASS
CELESTIAL
GLOBE (1790–91)
Shows the position
of the stars and
their constellations.

ARCHITECTURAL WONDERS Lotus flower TOTITHOTABOUUOLILKTDH1T,E0H0SE0TTOEALNEJEPMSHAUAHSNAETDLS
design decorates
The Mughals showed off their power by building top of dome The building sits
many magnificent new buildings, mosques, and on a square
monuments. Architects took inspiration from The onion dome marble plinth
Persian, Ottoman, Islamic, and Hindu traditions gets its name 7 m (23 ft) high
to create their own style. from its shape

The four minarets TAJ MAHAL
that surround
the building are Built by Shah Jahan as
42 m (138 ft) tall a tomb and memorial to
his wife, Mumtaz Mahal,

who died in 1631.

FATEHPUR SIKRI (CITY OF VICTORY) TOMB OF HUMAYUN MOTI MASJID (PEARL MOSQUE) TOMB OF SAFDARJUNG
Completed in 1754 in New Delhi, this is one of
Founded in 1571 by Akbar, to celebrate his military Built in Old Delhi in 1570, this magnificent garden tomb Built in Old Delhi (1659–60) by Emperor Aurangzeb, the the last great buildings of the Mughal Empire.

victories at Chittor and Ranthambore. was the first major building of the Mughal period. mosque is part of the Red Fort complex of buildings.

MUSLIM ART DAZZLING CRAFTWORK Richly
decorated
Muslims were against showing Art was greatly valued by the Mughals. The borders were
people or animals in religious most skilled painters, craftworkers, jewellers, a tradition
art, so sacred buildings were and textile designers from all over the empire borrowed from
decorated with geometric were commissioned to produce exquisite
patterns, plant and flower works to adorn the emperor’s palaces. Persian
motifs, and decorative miniatures
writing (calligraphy).
LEAF GEOMETRIC DESIGN

JADE BOWL

FLOWER DESIGN MARBLE INLAY

CALLIGRAPHY ON OCTAGON AND SQUARE PATTERN ENAMELLED JEWEL-INLAID JADE JUG MINIATURE PAINTING
MOSQUE ENTRANCE KNIFE HILT PENDANT

303

Imperial Japan SAMURAI WARRIORS The Kabuto
(helmet) often
The story of Japan’s Imperial Age is filled with feuding Samurai were men of noble birth who were featured a
clans and warlike samurai, constantly battling for wealth trained in all aspects of fighting and war. decorative crest
and power. But it was also a place where art and culture They were the only people allowed to carry
flourished, and where honour was respected above all. a katana and a wakizashi (a pair of swords
known collectively as daisho) in public.

The Mempo was an Cheek
iron mask used for and neck
protector
protection and to
scare enemies

RULE OF THE SHOGUNS EMPEROR
The emperor was the deeply
Although the ruler of Japan was the emperor, respected religious and cultural
the country was really governed by the shogun. figurehead of Japan, but held
He was the most powerful of a group of wealthy, little political power.
influential military generals called daimyo.
SHOGUN
DAIMYO The most powerful daimyo Light armour,
Wealthy clan leaders who each ruled (military leader) and the real ruler made from
of Japan. The first shogun seized
a part of Japan. They kept their own power in 1192, and for most of the metal scales,
armies, commanded by fearsome next 700 years Japan was ruled allowed for easy
by a succession of shoguns.
samurai warriors, and often fought movement
each other for land or political power. SAMURAI
Highly trained professional
“GRTTEATHAIHTESEHBGAOFEUNRGLBUELARNTARMIILTAESLNAEUSNBS”DSEIUI ING warriors, bound by a solemn oath
of loyalty to their daimyo. In times
FEARSOME when there were no wars to fight,
WARRIORS the samurai perfected their skills
in music, poetry, and art.
Japan’s history was shaped by
the military men who battled MAGNIFICENT CASTLES
on behalf of warring clans.
In the 16th century, noble families, who were
often at war with their neighbours, built mighty
fortresses to protect their land and armies.
These magnificent castles also served as
symbols of the clans’ power and wealth.

MINAMOTO YORITOMO
(1147–99)

After fierce struggles with rival clans
and his own family, he finally became
shogun in 1192. At his death seven
years later, his son took over as ruler.

SASAKI TAKATSUNA SASAKI TAKATSUNA
(1160–1214)

Commander in the war between
the Minamoto and Taira clans, he
saved Yoritomo’s life at the Battle
of Ishibashiyama.

NITTA YOSHISADA HIMEJI CASTLE
(1301–38) Also called the Castle of the White Heron, because

Resistance leader and general. At its delicate, curved roofs resemble birds’ wings.
his final battle, he was surrounded
by his enemies and, rather than be FAITH AND WORSHIP
captured, he cut off his own head.
Most people followed a faith called Shinto – “the
TOKUGAWA IEYASU KATO KIYOMASA way of the gods” – a belief that all living things
(1542–1616) possess a divine spirit called kami. Worshippers
held rituals and left offerings to the kami at
After civil war, Tokugawa Ieyasu specially built shrines all over Japan.
united Japan under his control.
His descendants ruled for the
next 260 years.

KATO KIYOMASA (1561–1611)

A formidable military leader and devout Buddhist,
he led a brutal campaign to rid Japan of Christianity.

NITTA YOSHISADA SHRINE ENTRANCE AT MIYAJIMA, SOUTHERN JAPAN SAMURAI SUIT OF ARMOUR,
The gateway to a Shinto shrine is called a torii. 19TH CENTURY

304

SAMURAI CODE ART AND CRAFTS 700 2000 ERAS AND EVENTS

Loyalty and honour were essential to the samurai. In 1603 the city of Edo (now Tokyo) Japan’s Imperial Age began
They lived by a strict, seven-point code called became the capital of Japan. around 700 CE. Before then, the
Bushido, which means “the way of the warrior”. In the 260 years of peace that area was made of several smaller
followed, art and culture chiefdoms. The age effectively
GI Integrity JIN Kindness flourished as never before. Edo NARA ended in 1868, when the modern
REI Respect MAKOTO Sincerity artists and craftsmen produced era began. Japanese history is
YU Bravery CHUGI Loyalty beautiful work, from delicate 710–94 split into periods. A new period
MEIYO Honour ivory carvings to bold, colourful Periods began at the start of the reign of
paintings and prints showing PRINTED of Japanese a new emperor or with a similar
city life. FAN history are often major event.
1858 named after the
capital cities 1156 Civil war between
WEAPONS AND ARMOUR used by rulers of several clans.
that period. The
The samurais’ favourite form of fighting was hand-to- city of Nara is
hand combat with knives and swords. They were also Japan’s first
expected to be skilled with bow and arrow, spears, permanent
and later, guns. capital.

BRASS LANTERN
18th century

WRESTLER’S TEA KETTLE HEIAN
NETSUKE 1800–50 Edo period
794–1185
Heian (now
Kyoto) replaces
Nara as Japan’s
capital in 794.

FACE PROTECTOR WOODBLOCK PRINT OF EDO CERAMIC PORCELAIN KAMAKURA Woodblock print of Minamoto
(MEMPO) BY UTAGAWA HIROSHIGE 1857 INCENSE TEA BOWL Tametomo fighting in the civil war
BURNER 1185–1333
THROWING 1600–50 1700–50 This period sees a 1192 After 30 years of civil war,
KNIFE Minamoto Yoritomo becomes
MUSIC AND THEATRE huge rise in shogun. The emperor’s power
power of the is taken from him and he is
Going to the theatre and listening to daimyo and the reduced to a figurehead.
music were popular pastimes for the samurai who
wealthy. Noh theatre was a solemn form serve them. 1281 Mongols attempting to
of storytelling, performed by actors in invade Japan are forced back
masks. Kabuki plays were much livelier KENMU by a typhoon that the Japanese
and more dramatic. name kamikaze, or “divine wind”.
1333–36
Brief restoration Invading Mongols are
forced back by a typhoon
of rule by an 1568 Oda Nobunaga
emperor. seizes power in Kyoto.
His army is equipped with
MUROMACHI muskets acquired from
Portuguese traders.
1336–1568
Also known c.1600 Art and culture flourish in the
as the Warring Edo period – beautiful objects are
State period, created by master craftsmen.
this is a time
of rebellion Folding
and unrest. war fan

KOTSUZIMI DRUM NOTCH BAMBOO AZUCHI/ 1603 Shogun Ieyasu sets up his
FLUTE FLUTE capital in a fishing town called
MOMOYAMA Edo, which will become Tokyo.
1568–1600
1639 Foreigners are forced to
This period leave, beginning a 220-year period
sees an end to of complete isolation for Japan.
the damaging
internal conflicts 305

the country
has suffered.

KOTO EDO/TOKUGAWA

1600–1868
A long period
of peace, during
which Japan

effectively
cuts itself off
from the rest
of the world.

SKEWER GLAIVE MEIJII
(NAGINATA) 1868–1912

DAGGER SWORD SPEAR KABUKI ACTOR, EDO PERIOD SHAMISEN TAISHO
(WAKIZASHI) (K ATANA) 1912–26

SHOWA
1926–89

HEISEI
1989–

1650 bce RULING DYNASTIES Imperial China

China was ruled by a series of China is one of the world’s oldest civilizations,
dynasties, or families. Emperors having lasted more than 4,000 years. It was an
were sometimes overthrown by rival empire from 221 bce until 1912, making it the
clans or foreign invaders. When this longest-lasting empire in history.
happened, a new ruler took the throne
and a new dynasty began.

SHANG c.1500 BCE 
c.1650–1046 BCE Craftsmen learn large–scale
production of bronze
China’s first weapons and tools.
great ruling
c.1250 BCE
dynasty.
Earliest evidence of
ZHOU
c.1046–256 BCE writing in China. Bronze wine
Feudal system
begins: lords rule c.1046 BCE  beaker, ANCIENT WONDERS THE GREAT WALL
over the peasants The last Shang ruler is Shang dynasty
who work on The empire, with its vast wealth, technological The final version of the Wall,
their estates. defeated at the Battle of Muye. skills, and unlimited manpower, created some built during the Ming dynasty to
of the biggest and most magnificent works of keep China’s northern enemies
WARRING engineering and architecture ever made.
STATES out, was around 8,850 km
(5,500 miles) long.
481–221 BCE
As the Zhou Rice pot,
decline, there Zhou dynasty
is a period of
struggle for 771 BCE 
control of China. King You is killed and Haojing,
the capital, is overrun by
QIN invaders. The Zhou court
221–207 BCE flees east.
China is united
under one emperor. 551 BCE 
Philosopher
HAN Confucius is born.
207 BCE–220 CE
Civil service is 221 BCE  Confucius

established, Warrior Zheng declares
which will run
China for the next himself Emperor Shi Huang,

2,000 years. ruler of all China.

PERIOD OF 214 BCE  Building the FORBIDDEN CITY TERRACOTTA ARMY
DISUNITY Construction Great Wall Enormous palace and 8,000 life-size statues,
221–589 begins on the fortress built in Beijing
Great Wall. buried along with
China is invaded from 1406–21. Emperor Qin Shi Huang.
and divides into
separate states. 105 CE  GREAT EMPERORS GREAT SILK SHIP’S RUDDER
An imperial court official INVENTIONS C.4000 BCE c.100 CE
SUI reports the invention of paper. Some strong emperors had long reigns,
581–618 but many emperors were deposed or Some of the world’s
China is reunified. c.250  assassinated. At times, China was split greatest inventions and
Buddhism is introduced to China. among warring emperors. discoveries came from
TANG Imperial China, and many
618–906 618 QIN SHI HUANG of those inventions are still
China expands to China’s golden (QIN DYNASTY, 259–210 bce) in use today. Scientists
become a great age begins, a period and engineers were highly
world power. of great artistic and He conquered neighbouring states to become valued by the emperors.
FIVE DYNASTIES scientific developments. the first emperor of a unified China and founder
AND TEN KINGDOMS of the Qin Dynasty. WRITING
907–960 Horse figure,
China is once again Tang dynasty HAN WUDI Writing by hand was considered an art form in China. It took
divided into north (HAN DYNASTY, 156–87 bce) calligraphers (professional hand-writers) years to learn how to
and south. make the 40,000 characters they needed to write the language.
Seventh emperor of the Han, he ruled for 54
SONG 1100 years. During his reign, China’s wealth and
960–1279 China’s population grows territory increased.
Advances in to about 100 million.
technology WU ZETIAN
bring wealth Porcelain vase, (TANG DYNASTY, 624–705 ce)
and prosperity. Song dynasty
China’s only female emperor. She was the wife
YUAN of Emperor Gaozong, and took over from him CALLIGRAPHY SET
1279–1368 when he became ill. Eventually, she declared
The conquering 1279  herself China’s sole ruler. INK
Mongols establish Mongol invaders,
their own dynasty. led by Kublai Khan, Mongol warrior YONGLE THE DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
conquer China. (MING DYNASTY, 1360–1424) Chinese characters have been simplified
MING
1368–1644 The third Ming emperor, known for his over their 4,000 years of use.
Exquisite art and ruthlessness and cruelty. He moved the
crafts are produced Chinese capital from Nanjing to Beijing and HUMAN WOMAN HORSE MOUNTAIN
throughout built the Forbidden City.
the period. 1420 Plate, Ming ORACLE
Beijing is named as dynasty KANGXI BONE
QING the new capital of China. (QING DYNASTY, 1654–1722)
1644–1912 14th–11th
The empire 1839–1860 The longest-reigning emperor, he century BCE
declines steadily In the Opium Wars, China took the throne at the age of
and is eventually and Western nations battle eight. His 61-year rule CLERICAL
overthrown. over trade. was a time of peace SCRIPT
and prosperity (LISHU)
306 1912 1912  for China.
2,000 years of imperial rule come c.300 BCE
to an end when six-year-old EMPEROR
emperor, Puyi, is deposed. YONGLE MODERN
SIMPLIFIED

SCRIPT
1956

EUROPE ASIA Karakorum
Venice
Rome Constantinople Kashgar Gobi Shangdu

Mediterranean Sea Samarkand Dunhuang Khanbaliq
Beijing
Sahara Balkh H i mTaIBlEaTyCaHsI N A
Hangzhou
MAMLBUKagShdad
Isfahan

Mecca INDIA

AFRICA Red Sea Arabian Angkor South
Sea China
Calicut

Sea

INDIAN OCEAN

THE SILK ROAD KEY
Silk Road
The Silk Road was a route that ran from China
across Asia towards Europe. It was protected TIGER RABBIT
by the Chinese, so that traders from all over the
world could use it safely. Chinese merchants
became very rich by exporting goods such as
silk, tea, porcelain, and spices.

X DRA

TAICHU CALENDAR RAT SNAKE
O GON
The traditional Chinese calendar
dates back thousands of years.
It was first officially recorded
in 104 BCE, during the rule of
Han Wudi.

THE MORTAR USED TO BIND PIG HORSE
THE BRICKS OF THE GREAT G
WALFLROWMASRIPCAERFTLLOYUMRADE
ANIMAL YEARS MONKEY ROOSTER SHE
EP DO
Each year is named
after an animal. Every

12 years, the cycle
starts over again.

PAPER EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR KITE GUNPOWDER THE THREE CONFUCIANISM BUDDHISM DAOISM
105 CE 132 CE c.550 CE c.850 CE WAYS Followed the rules A philosophy begun Daoists followed
of Chinese thinker by Buddha, a north legendary Chinese
Imperial China was philosopher Lao Zi.
generally tolerant of Confucius. Indian prince.
different religions.
People were free to
choose which of the
three popular belief
systems they wished
to follow.

MYTHS AND DRESSING UP
LEGENDS
Rich people wore splendid robes, made
Chinese mythology of the finest silk. Peasants wore loose
was a rich mix of clothes made of hemp, a rough, scratchy
traditional folk tales, fabric made from plant fibres.
legends based on real
people, and stories THREE SOVEREIGNS SUN WUKONG EIGHT IMMORTALS
adapted from Buddhist According to legend, the Monkey king with Able to bestow life
and Daoist teaching. and destroy evil.
first rulers of China. superpowers.

ART AND CRAFTS JADE PENDANTS IVORY FAN CIVIL
SERVANT’S HAT
The exquisite creations of Chinese
artisans were always in demand, both SILK ROBE
at home and abroad. Craftspeople
enjoyed high status in society, above IVORY PUZZLE BOX
the merchants who sold their work. 1800–1900

GLAZED CAMEL
618–906 CE

BOTTLE PEWTER TEA CADDY GLASS BOWL PORCELAIN TEAPOT EMBROIDERED SHOES
1736–95 18th century 1825–75 1662–1772 Many women’s feet were tightly bound,

to make them as small as possible.

307

Medieval Europe Visor can
be raised
A thousand years of European history, from around the 5th and lowered
to the 15th century, are known as the medieval era, or Middle Guard
Ages. This is often imagined as a colourful time of jousting for armpit
knights and moated castles, but for most people life was hard.
Moving
WHAT NOBLEMEN NOBLEWOMEN KNIGHT IN plates at
THEY WORE COURTIERS DOUBLET AND HOSE shoulder

Most people dressed in PEASANTS CHILD Cuisse
wool and linen. The style (thigh
and quality of their clothes guard)
told everyone whether they
were rich or poor. Rich Poleyn
people wore bright colours, (knee
as well as expensive guard)
materials and furs. Greave
(shin
WPABEENAERARWOSFROCYIOIHORNNANIDLECGLOIDTCHNPUYOFAUWRUOORRAFLRYNPODSLLREY, guard)

BUILT BOLTON ABBEY ST DEMETRIOS OF CHATEAU DE TRAKAI ISLAND KNIGHT
TO LAST England THESSALONIKI BEYNAC CASTLE IN FULL
Bulgaria France Lithuania ARMOUR
Medieval architecture
changed styles many
times over the centuries.
Some of the biggest
and most impressive
buildings from this
period – such as castles,
churches, and abbeys –
are still standing.

MONT-SAINT-MICHEL HOLY TRINITY CHURCH CHATEAU DE FOUGERES BARDEJOV
TOWN HALL
France Slovenia France
Slovakia

MAKING MUSIC HARP LUTE HORN PIPES REBEC DOUBLE PIPE

In medieval Europe, people
of all classes enjoyed music,
both as entertainment
and in religious ceremonies.
Many of their musical
instruments developed
into the ones we play
and listen to today.

SHAWM

WALKING LION CASTLE FOUR CROSSES THISTLE EAGLE HARPY (DEMON) COATS OF ARMS

A knight carried a set of
symbols, or coat of arms,
on his shield so that people
could recognize him in full
armour. The symbols were
arranged under a system
called heraldry. There were
strict rules about colours
and designs, and who was
allowed to use them.

DRAGON BEE DOLPHIN OWL HUNTING DOG REARING UNICORN

308

RELIGION Genoa Venice THE CRUSADES TIMELINE

Medieval people had Marseille Sofia Adrianople In a long-running series of wars There is no clear beginning or end to
very firm religious Constantiople called the Crusades, Christian the medieval period. Generally, it is
beliefs. Europe was Edessa European armies tried to drive dated from around the late 5th century
mostly Christian, Antioch Muslim rulers out of the Holy to the middle of the 15th century.
but there were Damascus Land. They captured Jerusalem,
some Jews, and Rome Bari Acre only to lose the city again later. 450 1500
the Middle East
was mainly Muslim. Messina Jerusalem ROUTES BY LAND AND SEA 476
Cairo The Roman Empire
RELIGIOUS IMAGE 1st Crusade, 1096–99 in Western Europe
This 13th-century stained-glass window 2nd Crusade, 1145–49 Symbol ends. This is the
was made for a French royal chapel. 3rd Crusade, 1189–92 of Islam approximate start
4th Crusade, 1202–04 of the medieval era
570 also known as the
JOUSTING Lance Muhammad, Middle Ages.
Islam’s most
A mock one-to-one fight on horseback, jousting was Barrier, 732
a dangerous sport. Two knights charged at one another, known important At the Battle of
each trying to unseat the other with his lance. as a “tilt” prophet, Tours, European
is born. armies defeat
Muslim invaders.

JOUSTING VAMPLATE LOCKING-GAUNTLET 793 12th-century statue
HELMET (HAND GUARD) Vikings from of Charlemagne

ARMOUR AND WEAPONS Denmark, 800
Norway, and Charlemagne
In the 12th century, knights wore chain-mail armour Sweden begin crowns himself
made from linked iron rings. By the 15th century, their raids in emperor of
battledress was more often a suit of steel plates. northern Europe. Western Europe
Men fought with swords and long-handled weapons and builds a
such as picks and axes. French fortress vast empire.
built for
CUIRASSIER ARMET BURGONET BASINET 896
William the Alfred the Great
MAIL Conqueror defeats the Vikings,
HELMET saving England
1066 from invasion.
MAIL JACKET William the
Conqueror of Jewel with portrait
HORSE HEAD ARMOUR Normandy of Alfred the Great
conquers the
1096
English at Christian
Hastings and Crusaders start
becomes king a long period of
religious wars
of England. in the Holy Land.

POLE 1191
AXE Richard I (the
“Lionheart”), king
GILDED PLATE Church inside of England, defeats
ARMOUR Crusader Saladin, great ruler
fortress of Egypt and Syria.
PICK
1206 Richard
The Mongol the Lionheart
Empire is founded
by Genghis Khan. 1347
The disease called
PLATE the Black Death
ARMOUR begins and will kill
about half the
BATTLE DAGGERS WAR HAMMER HAND 1431 people in Europe.
AXE CANNON French heroine
1440s
CRIME AND THUMBSCREWS Joan of Arc is German craftsman
PUNISHMENT executed by the Johannes
English and their Gutenberg invents
The law in medieval times was very French allies at the printing press.
brutal. Cruel instruments of torture
were used both as punishments and the age of 19. 309
to force people to admit guilt or divulge
information. Many castles had a torture 1453
chamber hidden in their lower depths. The Turks take
Constantinople,

last outpost
of the Eastern
Roman Empire.
This marks the

approximate
end of the

Middle Ages.

NECK SPIKER IRON MASK MOUTH SCREW

Castles TYPES OF MOTTE AND BAILEY
CASTLE 11th and 12th centuries. A
A castle was the imposing residence of a lord, wooden castle is built on a
built as a fortress, to withstand enemy attack. The design of castles motte (mound), surrounded
It was also a community where the lord and his changed as weapons of by a fortified enclosure.
family, his garrison of soldiers, and his many attack developed. The
servants lived and worked. earliest castles were built CONCENTRIC
from earth and timber. 12th–15th century. A central
Then, during the 12th fortress is surrounded by
century, lords began to layers of stone walls.
build castles from stone.
Although they took longer STAR FORT
to build and more skill, 15th–20th century. Shape
they were much stronger deflects cannon fire and
and did not burn like wood. allows defenders to fire
from several angles.
INSIDE A CASTLE Flags showed Workshops
the lord’s colours GREAT HALL
A castle was like an enclosed village, Vegetable The main room of
with kitchens, gardens, stables, gardens the castle, where
workshops, a chapel, and living space people ate, slept,
all contained within its walls. If the and carried out
castle was surrounded by an enemy, castle business.
the people inside had everything they
needed to resist a siege for weeks,
months, or even years.

Circular towers

Thick stone
walls

Moat

DRAWBRIDGE Battlements
Could be raised
POSTERN GATE
to cut off Emergency side exit,
outside access. in case the castle
was invaded.
CATSUTCINLNOENUSDELUOLDSRFIBTSNEEOGNSSAMHUUSAPIGPDELGGSILEEEESCDRET
Inner wall

Outer wall

DUNGEONS
Underground chambers for holding
prisoners and enemy captives.

BUILT FOR MOAT GATEHOUSE ARROW AND GUN LOOPS GATEHOUSE CEILING HOLES SPIRAL STAIRCASE
DEFENCE A wide, steep-walled ditch The main entrance was often The thick walls had narrow slits Boiling water or other Narrow, spiral staircases meant
around the castle, usually
Many castles had features to fortified by a movable iron through which a soldier could harmful liquids could be that invaders could not easily
make it as difficult as possible filled with water. grate called a portcullis. fire missiles at attackers. dropped on to intruders. use swords while climbing.
for attackers to get inside.
Towers were built on either
side of the vulnerable
gatehouse, so that defenders
could rain missiles or boiling
water down on uninvited
visitors. Often the lord chose
to site his castle on a hillside
or clifftop so that he and his
men had a good view of
anyone approaching.

310

BUILDING A CASTLE WHO’S WHO IN CASTLES AROUND
THE CASTLE THE WORLD
A master mason would be
employed to plan and build The household of a great castle in medieval The size, shape, and location
a castle. The work could Europe could easily contain 400 people. It was of a castle were influenced
take years and provided jobs a busy place as servants, craftsmen, soldiers, by natural features such
for many local people, from and entertainers went about their various jobs. as mountains or lakes,
quarry workers and stone- the climate, what building
porters to carpenters, and THE LORD AND HIS FAMILY materials were available,
well-diggers. and how permanent the
castle was intended to be.

Stonemason wears a
coif (cloth cap) to

show his profession

PULLEY WORK
Workers use a pulley to haul a basket

of stone up to where it is needed.

SIEGE WEAPONS GARRISON CHAPLAIN CONSTABLE
The armed troops who were
There were two ways for attackers to stationed in the castle to defend it. Led worship in the The lord’s second-in-command,
overcome the defences of a castle.
They could either take it by force by castle’s chapel. also called a castellan.
battering down the gate, climbing
the walls, or tunnelling under HOHENZOLLERN CASTLE,
the defences. Or they could GERMANY (19TH CENTURY)
surround the castle and
starve those inside until
they surrendered
or died, which
might take a
long time.

GONG FARMER HUNTSMAN, FALCONER, DOG-KEEPER SEAMSTRESS BELMONTE CASTLE,
Dug and cleaned out Outside servants, each with a specific One of the many domestic SPAIN (15TH CENTURY)
the castle’s toilets. servants who looked after
purpose on the lord’s estate.
the lord and his family.

PAGES, SQUIRES, AND KNIGHTS

Knights led the force that defended a lord’s castle and lands. They were
noblemen who pledged to fight for the lord whenever he needed them.
In return, knights were paid well and granted lands of their own.

TREBUCHET LONGBOW PAGE SQUIRE KNIGHT SAUMUR CASTLE, FRANCE
Used to hurl heavy stones at Used to shoot arrows (10TH–16TH CENTURY)
A knight started his At the age of 15, the page At the age of about 21, a squire
castle walls. at long range. career at the age of became a squire. He would would be made a knight at KASTELHOLM CASTLE, FINLAND
seven, as a page. clean his knight’s armour the ceremony of dubbing. (14TH CENTURY)
A page would serve and weapons, and
meals and carry accompany the knight Another knight, usually
messages, as well to the battlefield. the squire’s master,
as learning good Squires were taught tapped the new
manners and knight on the
how to hold horsemanship and shoulder with
a weapon. fighting skills. the flat of a sword,
and announced him
as a knight.

PAGE SQUIRE KNIGHT

BOMBARD (CANNON) CASTLE LIVESTOCK
Blasted walls with large stone balls.
The castle kept a variety of animals
to provide food for the community.
Chickens and geese lived in the courtyard,
while larger animals grazed in the fields
and were brought inside the castle walls
at night to keep them safe.

QATRANA CASTLE, JORDAN
(16TH CENTURY)

BOMBARD CHICKENS LONGHORN
This British cannon, called the Mons COW
Meg, was built in 1449 and is one of

the largest ever made.

COTSWOLD SHEEP BAGOT GOAT

BALLISTA GOOSE BOAR OKAYAMA CASTLE, JAPAN
Giant crossbow that fired (16TH CENTURY)

huge arrows.

311

1415 THE REBIRTH The Renaissance
OF EUROPE
The Renaissance is the name given to a time of huge cultural
The Renaissance began in northern Italy change in Europe, beginning in the late 14th century. Scholars
towards the end of the 14th century. Two rediscovered the writings of the Ancient Greeks and Romans, and
hundred years later, its influence had this led to an explosion of new ideas about science, art, and politics.
spread all over the world.

c.1420
Architect Filippo Brunelleschi
rediscovers perspective,
meaning that objects can be
drawn to look as if they are
near or far away.

Arches drawn
using perspective

1440 First WHERE IT LONDON RENAISSANCE MEN
Johannes Gutenberg printing BEGAN BRUGES ANTWERP
invents the printing press BRUSSELS COLOGNE During the Renaissance, many of the
press in Germany. The Renaissance began in most influential people did not focus
Statue of the richest parts of Europe. PARIS solely on one subject, but became
1469 Lorenzo de The city-states of northern expert in a range of disciplines.
Lorenzo de Medici becomes Italy were full of wealthy
head of the city-state of Medici noblemen, bankers, and LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452–1519)
Florence. merchants who were eager
to show off their wealth and MILAN VENICE A true all-rounder, Leonardo was a brilliant
1472 power by supporting artists GENOA painter, inventor, sculptor, architect, and
Artist Leonardo da and inventors. In northern scientist. His Mona Lisa is probably the best-
Vinci, aged only 20, Europe, scholarship and PISA FLORENCE known painting in history.
is invited to join the new ideas flourished in SIENA
Painters’ Guild of the prosperous wool- MARTIN LUTHER (1483–1546)
Florence. trading regions of what ROME
is now Belgium, Germany, German monk and university professor. He
1486 and the Netherlands. attacked corruption in the Roman Catholic
Botticelli paints his Church, was excommunicated, and became
masterpiece The Birth KEY a key figure in the Protestant Reformation.
of Venus. Major Renaissance cities
PARACELSUS (1493–1541)
1498 POWERFUL PATRONS
Leonardo paints the Swiss scientist who studied medicine and found
mural The Last Supper The Medici family were rich bankers. From that many doctors made patients worse rather
for a convent in Milan. 1434 they ruled the city of Florence, and than healing them. He used his knowledge of
commissioned artists such as chemistry to develop new drugs and medicines.
1503 Leonardo da Vinci and
Pope Julius II Michelangelo to produce MICHELANGELO (1475–1564)
commissions many many great buildings
artists, including and works of art. Artist, architect, and sculptor who painted the
Michelangelo and ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, part of the Vatican
Raphael, to create in Rome. The ceiling contains more than 400
work for him in Rome. life-size figures and took four years to complete.

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI (1469–1527)

A diplomat and writer from Florence. His book
The Prince gave advice to ambitious politicians
on how to succeed. The word “machiavellian”
is still used today to describe ruthless or
cunning behaviour.

1504 Statue on the tomb MEDICI COAT OF ARMS
Michelangelo’s statue of Pope Julius II
of David is displayed FLYING MACHINE
in Florence. Leonardo da Vinci’s design for the
ornithopter, a human-powered aircraft.
1509
Dutch scholar Erasmus publishes RHECEOLLTIGECHONOENIPZMATAEORBRDDL,OEEARVDNNEEDRBSSPIICGAIOYNRNCAESLDCEHO, UF TE
his book Praise of Folly, which pokes
fun at superstition.

1511
Raphael completes the fresco The
School of Athens to decorate a wall
in the Vatican, the Pope’s palace.

1527 SCIENCE AND
Rome is sacked by the army of DISCOVERY
Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor.

1543 Woodcut A new method of approaching PRINTED BOOK THEODOLITE ASTROLABE
Doctor Andrea portrait of science began to take hold during the Printing meant that scholars could An instrument to help An ancient navigation aid,
Vesalius publishes Andreas Renaissance, in which conducting publish their work more widely and architects and builders redesigned and widely used
the first textbook Vesalius experiments and gathering evidence by Renaissance explorers.
about the human were seen as the best ways to gain exchange ideas with each other. to measure angles.
body and how knowledge. This approach led to
it works. great progress in the sciences and
to many new inventions.
1546
Michelangelo appointed
chief architect at St
Peter’s Basilica, Rome.

1560 1550 MATCHLOCK MUSKET WHEEL LOCK PISTOL
A method for firing the gun mechanically, rather than by a lit wick,
Giorgio Vasari publishes The matchlock was a new it was safer and more portable than the matchlock weapon.
a massive history of way of firing a gun so that it
Renaissance art: The could be operated by a
Lives of the Artists. single person.

312

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS RAUSCHPFEIFE GOLDEN AGE OF BATHHSOIELLIIDCNATUEPWRTAIOOSR6D0OE,F0S0ISG0TNPPEEEDOTPTELROE’S
Reeded wind instrument ARCHITECTURE
Music was the main form of entertainment Dome designed
in Renaissance Europe. Composers BASS RECORDER Architects were inspired by the ruins of Ancient
experimented with new instruments and Wind instrument Roman and Greek buildings. They studied ancient by Michelangelo
different ways of singing in harmony. writings on geometry and proportion in order to
make buildings that were both beautiful to look at
RACKETT and suited to their purpose.
Wind instrument

Bell tower designed Dome built Single stone arch
by Giotto from four supports two
million bricks arcades of shops
Coloured
REBEC marble
Stringed instrument exterior
played with a bow.
DUOMO, FLORENCE RIALTO BRIDGE, VENICE ST PETER’S BASILICA, ROME
TENOR CRUMHORN Completed in 1436, the duomo (cathedral)
Wind instrument A late Renaissance Over a 120-year period, many
is topped by a huge, octagonal dome masterpiece of architecture of Italy’s finest architects
LUTE designed by sculptor and architect and engineering, completed
Stringed instrument, similar to a guitar. worked on the building. It was
Filippo Brunelleschi. in 1591. completed in 1626.

A REVOLUTION NEW ARTISTIC
IN ART TECHNIQUES

A way of thinking called Renaissance artists wanted their
humanism became work to look realistic. They
popular during the rediscovered ancient techniques
Renaissance. Humanism’s and developed new ones to make
focus on the experiences their subjects and backgrounds
and achievements of real look as much like those in the
human beings had a huge real world as possible.
influence on artists. They
started to portray people, MONA LISA (1503–06)
including religious figures, Leonardo da Vinci
as realistically as possible,
and to place them in more LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
everyday situations. Perspective was used to give an

artwork a sense of depth. For
instance, if an artist drew a line
of trees, he would make them
smaller and closer together as
they got further away from the
foreground (front) of the drawing.

FRESCO (WALL PAINTING) OF AERIAL PERSPECTIVE
THE QUEEN OF SHEBA (1466)
Also called atmospheric
Piero della Francesca perspective. It was a way of
creating depth and distance,
STATUE OF especially in a landscape, by
DAVID (1501–04) making features paler and less
detailed, the further away they
Michelangelo
got from the foreground.

PIETA (MARY HARMONY AND PROPORTION

HOLDING JESUS) Drawing objects so that they are
(1553) precisely the right size when

Michelangelo compared to each other. Artists
rediscovered Ancient Greek and
VIRGIN AND CHILD (c.1480) Roman writings, which set out
Carlo Crivelli how mathematics could be used
to work out ideal proportions. A
work of art created in this way
would have perfect balance and

harmony, they believed.

313

c.2700 BCE 2750 bce ADVENTURERS Exploration
Egyptians build AND EXPLORERS
The first explorers set sail in search of new places to buy
wooden ships From the first sailing expeditions and sell goods. Later, people led expeditions to get rich,
capable of sea to rocket-propelled space travel, to claim territory for their country or religion, to make
voyages. They humans have always gone beyond scientific discoveries, or simply for the thrill of adventure.
begin trading with the limits of their known world to
nearby countries. see what else is out there.

334 BCE 1500–500 BCE Phoenician EXPLORERS OF THE Rectangular Oars were
Alexander traders ANCIENT WORLD sail on two used when
the Great invades Phoenicians (from curved beams there was
the Persian Empire, modern-day Israel The earliest explorers were the no wind
then continues east and Lebanon) Phoenicians and the Egyptians, who PHOENICIAN TRADING SHIP
and north as far explore the wanted to find markets to trade their VIKING LONGSHIP
as modern-day Mediterranean, goods. Later cultures, such as the
Pakistan and India. then as far as west Romans and Vikings, also wanted
Africa and Britain, to conquer new territories to
1001 CE looking for new expand their empires.
Viking Leif trading partners.
Ericsson reaches
North America and 1271
makes a settlement Marco Polo begins his
in Newfoundland, exploration of China and Asia.

Canada. Ships built from strong
cedar wood from Lebanon
1488
Bartholomeu Dias Marco Polo’s China and Asia expedition

of Portugal sails 1492 Christopher
from the Iberian Columbus’s
Christopher coat of arms
Peninsula to Columbus
southern Africa. lands in
America
1497 and claims
Vasco da Gama sails it for Spain.

around the Cape of EYGPTIAN
Good Hope to India. TRADING SHIP

1519–21 1577–80 THE AGE OF
Portuguese Ferdinand EXPLORATION
Englishman Sir
Magellan is the first Francis Drake In the early 15th century,
European to sail from circumnavigates Portuguese sailors set
the Atlantic Ocean to the globe (sails out to find a sea route to
round the world). Asia. This triggered a
the Pacific Ocean. wave of exploration, as
Statue of rival countries found MARTIN FROBISHER
Portuguese caravel new trading routes and Tried a route to the
(sailing ship) 1642 Sir Francis Drake established colonies all Pacific but got only
over the world. as far as Canada.
1769 Abel Tasman explores
Captain James KEY GREENLAND
Cook discovers Van Diemen’s Land Magellan’s route
Other Spanish missions
New Zealand. (now Tasmania). Portuguese expeditions NORTH
English expeditions AMERICA
Statue of Captain 1819 French expeditions Frobisher 1576
James Cook Dutch expeditions
Augustus Siebe invents CANADA Cartier 1534–36 ENGLAND
1943 a helmet that enables JOHN CABOT Cabot 1497 NETHERLANDS
Jacques Cousteau divers to work at a
invents the aqualung, depth of 60 m (196.8 ft). Deep-sea
diving helmet
an automatic air Crossed the Atlantic SPAIN
supply for divers. 1858 to North America. ATLANTIC PORTUGAL
John Hanning Speke
1961 discovers Lake OCEAN
Yuri Gagarin Victoria, Africa. Caribbean Columbus 1492
becomes the first Columbus 1502–04
man in space. Drake 1577–80

2012 1911 Arctic explorer’s INDIAN
James Cameron sealskin hood OCEAN
reaches the bottom Norwegian Roald and gloves
Amundsen and his FRANCIS DRAKE
of the Mariana team reach the Raided Spanish
Trench, the deepest South Pole.
colonies along the
undersea location coast of America. BRAZIL
in the world. He circumnavigated
SOUTH
314 the globe during AMERICA
this expedition.
Amundsen Drake 1577–80 ATLANTIC
arriving at the Magel OCEAN
South Pole
1M6C0AOSKNOUMYMLDY(E1EO0EA0XNRPMLSYE,IDLACIESTOSIVT)OEIHNNRESAASTBHDOOIAOPUYSKT da Gama 1497–98
Loaisa 15261969
lan 1519–21 FERDINAND MAGELLAN
Neil Armstrong,
2015 commander of USA’s Found a route through
Apollo 11 mission, South America via straits
sets foot on that link the Atlantic and
the moon. Pacific oceans.

Apollo 11
commemoration badge

NAVIGATION TOOLS SCIENTIFIC JOURNEYS ADVENTURERS OF
THE GOLDEN AGE
Sailors exploring new territories had no maps In the 19th century, the thirst for knowledge
to guide them, so they had to find their way by was so great that scientists and naturalists Exploration was a risky business,
other methods. Navigators used a compass to such as Charles Darwin embarked on long but the rewards were potentially huge.
find the right direction, and they calculated and dangerous trips to search out new Successful explorers could expect fame,
their position by observing stars and planets. species of animals or plants. wealth, and personal favours from a
grateful monarch.
MAGNETIC COMPASS ASTROLABE
18th century, Italy. Allowed sailors to use the CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
(1451–1506) Italian sailor Columbus
stars to navigate.
was paid by King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella of Spain to find a sea
route to China. Instead, in 1492, he
found America and called it the
New World.

LODESTONE BEETLE SPECIMENS VASCO DA GAMA VASCO DA
The earliest type of Collected by (c.1460–1524) A Portuguese GAMA
magnetic compass.
Charles Darwin. explorer, he led the first expedition

to sail round the Cape of Good Hope,

at the tip of Africa, to India.

FERDINAND MAGELLAN
(1480–1521) Magellan led the first

expedition to sail all the way round
the world. Unfortunately, Magellan
himself did not make it home alive:
he was killed in a battle between
local tribes in the Philippines.

GLOBE MICROSCOPE HERNAN CORTES
For calculating Used by Charles Darwin in the 1830s. (1485–1541) A Spanish
routes and bearings.
conquistador (soldier), Cortés FERDINAND

first travelled to Mexico to set up a MAGELLAN

trading colony for Spain, but ended

up destroying the entire Aztec Empire

in Central America.

SIR WALTER RALEIGH
(c.1552–1618) An English

adventurer who tried unsuccessfully

to set up colonies in the New World,

but who is best remembered for

bringing tobacco back to Europe

TELESCOPE EARLY AIRCRAFT INSECT DRAWINGS SNOUTFISH from the Americas. SIR WALTER
Sketched by naturalist Collected by explorer
Used to identify landmarks INSTRUMENT PANEL RALEIGH
Henry Bates. Mary Kingsley.
from a distance. Showed aircraft’s height and speed.

ARCTIC POLAR PIONEERS
OCEAN
In the 19th century, the cold, hostile
Barents 1596–97 regions of the Arctic and Antarctic INUIT (ESKIMO) KNIVES WITH BONE HANDLE
Willoughby 1553 were largely undiscovered. Explorers Made of steel from the abandoned ship of Sir
from many different countries joined John Franklin, who failed to find a sea route
the race to be the first to conquer the through the Arctic Ocean, north of Canada.
North and South poles.

SIBERIA

HUGH WILLOUGHBY

AND WILLIAM BARENTS
Both sailed north of
Siberia, but failed to
find routes to the Pacific.

EUROPE

ASIA CHINA
INDIA
PACIFIC
OCEAN

AFRICA da GCaambraal11459070–98 VASCO Andrade 1517 Magellan 1519–21 Drake 1577–80 WINDPROOF HOOD CLASP KNIFE AND SEXTANT
Spice Islands Loaisa 1526 Worn by Sir Ernest Shackleton on Used by Captain Robert Scott on his
Cape his South Pole attempt of 1907–08.
of Good AUSTRALASIA South Pole expedition of 1912.
Hope
PHILIPPINES

INDIAN DA GAMA
OCEAN Reached India via
Africa, returning

to Portugal with CROSS-COUNTRY SKIS
Used by Captain Scott in his first South Pole expedition, 1901–04.
cinnamon

and pepper.

Drake 1577–80

POLAR SLEDGE
Eight-man sledge from an Arctic expedition in 1875.

315

Revolutions 1566–1648 1640–60 1648–53
THE FRONDE
Political revolutions have occurred DUTCH REVOLT ENGLISH CIVIL WAR
throughout history and can completely TROOPER’S HELMET A series of uprisings called the
change society. Often violent, they In 1566–68, Dutch Protestants Fronde took place in France,
typically occur when angry citizens rose up against Catholic ENGLISH initiated by the French
rebel against their rulers to demand a Spain, which had ruled the CIVIL WAR Nobility and supported
fairer society, and frequently a different Netherlands since 1555, by the middle classes.
leadership. Revolutions can change and declared independence. This period of intense They were rebelling
existing power structures very quickly. The revolt led to a long political activity started against the King’s
However, their causes have usually and bloody war with Spain when Parliament wished absolute rule, and
been building over many years. that ended with Dutch to restrict the authority of discontent later
independence in 1648. King Charles I. Civil war spread to the
broke out and ended with masses. After
MEDAL COMMEMORATING the execution of the king the Fronde
ENGLISH SUPPORT FOR in 1649. For ten years, failed, the
THE DUTCH England was a republic King became
ruled by Lord Protector even stronger.
Oliver Cromwell.
STATUE OF KING
LOUIS XIV

1945 1936–39 1930 1918–23 1917

HO CHI MINH: SPANISH BRAZILIAN GERMAN STATUE OF LENIN,
LEADER OF THE VIET MINH CIVIL WAR REVOLUTION REVOLUTION BOLSHEVIK LEADER

AUGUST REVOLUTION This revolt against the Economic hardship, A series of revolutions shook OCTOBER
Spanish government led powerful landlords, and Germany immediately after REVOLUTION
In 1945 Ho Chi Minh and his mainly to civil war. On one side demands for workers’ rights World War I (1914–18).
communist force the Viet Minh set were nationalists led by led to revolution in Brazil in Communists Rosa Luxemburg Two revolutions happened
out to liberate Vietnam from French General Franco, backed 1930. A provincial governor and Karl Liebknecht led the in Russia in 1917. The
rule. They seized Hanoi and declared by Nazi Germany and called Getúlio Vargas Spartacists’ uprising against first, in March, removed
independence but French forces Fascist Italy. They fought seized power. A the tsar (ruler) and set up
Republicans: Communists, dictator at first, the government, but it a provisional government.
retaliated. This led to the First socialists, and anarchists, he introduced was brutally quashed. In the second, in October,
Indochina War and the start of who were backed by the reforms that Later, extreme the Bolshevik party, led
bitter conflict in the region. Soviet Union. modernized nationalists, led by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
Brazil and by Wolfgang Kapp, (Lenin), called for “peace,
earned him tried to seize power, land and bread”. They seized
the nickname blaming the Weimar power and in 1922 set up the
“Father of Republic for Soviet Union, the world’s first
the Poor”. betraying the Communist state.
German Empire.

GENERAL FRANCO: DICTATOR GETULIO VARGAS:
OF SPAIN 1939–75 BRAZILIAN

PRESIDENT 1930–45,
1951–54

1946–49 1953–59 1956 1974 1974–77

CHINESE HUNGARIAN CARNATION ETHIOPIAN
REVOLUTION REVOLUTION REVOLUTION REVOLUTION

From the 1920s onwards, there After World War II (1939– On 25 April 1974, army In September 1974,
was a struggle for control of 45), Hungary became a rebel tanks rolled into Mengistu Haile Mariam
China between the Kuomintang, Communist state, under Lisbon, Portugal, and led an alliance of radical
or nationalists, led by Chiang the influence of the Soviet seized control of the city’s armed forces and police
kai-Shek, and Communists under Union. In 1953 Imre Nagy, a communications. They (the Derg) to depose the
Mao Zedong. Civil war broke out moderate socialist, became overthrew the government emperor, Haile Selassie.
in 1945, ending with a Communist leader, and in October 1956 of Prime Minister Marcello They executed the emperor
victory in 1949. he called for Hungary to Caetano, ending 50 years and set up a Communist
become independent in of dictatorship. The revolt state. The coup was
an anti-Soviet uprising. was called the “carnation followed by years of
The Soviet troops invaded revolution” because the bloodshed and civil war.
Hungary and put down the people gave carnations to
uprising with great brutality. the troops as they
entered the city.
REVOLUTIONARY CHE GUEVARA
BECAME A WORLDWIDE HERO

CUBAN REVOLUTION GRATEFUL LISBON CROWDS
PRESENTED REBEL TROOPS
An armed revolution led by Fidel
Castro and Che Guevara overthrew WITH CARNATIONS
the USA-backed dictatorship of
MAO ZEDONG President Batista. Cuba became
a revolutionary socialist state and
later a Communist country.

316

1775–83 1789 1791–1804 1806–24
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION THE STORMING OF THE BASTILLE, HAITIAN LATIN-
A PRISON IN PARIS, 14 JULY 1789 REVOLUTION AMERICAN
In the mid-1770s American REVOLUTIONS
colonists revolted against British FRENCH REVOLUTION In the French colony of Saint-
rule and “taxation without Domingue, former slave Influenced by the American, French,
representation”. They issued This rebellion was against poverty, the nobility, and Toussaint L’Ouverture led slaves and Haitian revolutions, Latin-
a Declaration of Independence. the royal family. In Paris revolutionaries demanding in a rebellion against slavery, American revolutionaries led by men
War broke out in 1775, ending in political change stormed the Bastille. A National burning plantations and killing such as Venezuelan Simón Bolívar and
1783 with the colonists winning Assembly was formed and the Declaration of the their owners. Slavery was Argentinian José de San Martin rose up
independence and creating the Rights of Man called for liberty, equality, and abolished on the island, which against Spanish colonial rule. By 1825 most
United States of America. fraternity (brotherhood). King Louis XV and his became independent Haiti. of Latin America had gained independence.
wife, Marie Antoinette, were executed and France
THE US CONSTITUTION, became a republic. L’OUVERTURE SIMON BOLIVAR,
DRAWN UP IN 1787 LEADING REVOLT KNOWN AS “THE
AGAINST FRENCH
PLANTATION OWNERS LIBERATOR”

1911 1910–20 1866–68 1848
EUROPEAN
XINHAI MEXICAN EMPEROR MEIJI REVOLUTIONS
REVOLUTION REVOLUTION RULED 1867–1912
Often called “the year of revolutions”,
During the Xinhai Revolution, The Mexican Revolution started as MEIJI in 1848 more than 50 uprisings broke
nationalists overthrew the a protest against the dictatorship RESTORATION out across Europe. Although these
Manchu dynasty in China, of President Porfirio Díaz, but soon revolutions happened independently,
ending 2000 years of spiralled into an armed revolution Led mainly by young samurai, people across the continent were
imperial rule. They set up that lasted around ten years. Led this revolution in Japan banding together to demand political
a republic under Sun Yat- by Emiliano Zapata, Pascual Orozo, overthrew the Tokugawa and social change and an end to
sen, although real power and Pancho Villa, the rebels fought shogunate (hereditary military monarchies. Thousands were killed
stayed in the hands of to reform society. rulers) and restored imperial as the uprisings were put down.
provincial warlords. rule under Emperor Meiji. The
revolution led to reforms that THE HUNGARIAN TRICOLOUR FLAG,
SUN DI“TEITHYOAOINSUNRYBRETVOEOOKLTUEUNTMTRLIIEOELINFIVEARAENSEROTEY”ZOLTOAEPNAADTEAR, modernized Japan. A SYMBOL OF THE 1848 REVOLUTION
YAT-SEN

1979 1980–81 1986 1988–91 2004–05 2010–12

NICARAGUA SOLIDARITY YELLOW EASTERN EUROPE ORANGE ARAB SPRING
IN POLAND RIBBON REVOLUTION
In the 1970s there were By the late 1980s protests Starting in 2010, a wave of
extremes of rich and poor Revolution broke out YELLOW were spreading through the Taking its name from pro-democracy uprisings
in Nicaragua. Supported in Poland when the REVOLUTION Soviet satellite states of orange banners and took place in the Middle
by peasants, urban independent trade union Eastern Europe, as protesters clothes of demonstrators, East and North Africa –
workers, and the middle- Solidarity organized The Yellow Revolution was demanded greater democracy. the Orange Revolution in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, the
classes, the guerrilla a series of mass popular In Berlin demonstrators pulled Ukraine was made up of Yemen, and Syria – that
troops of the Sandinista workers’ strikes, under protests in the Philippines down the hated Berlin Wall that mass protests against challenged some of the
National Liberation the leadership of Lech against the corrupt regime divided East and West Germany, the undemocratic region’s authoritarian
Front (FSLN), of President Marcos. In and by 1989 Communism had election of a Russian- governments. Protesters
threw out wealthy Walesa. They wanted this non-violent revolution, collapsed throughout Eastern backed president. As were met with violence,
dictator Anastasio liberation from more than two million and Central Europe. a result the election but regimes in Tunisia
Somoza. They Soviet control, Filipinos demonstrated was repeated and and Egypt were toppled.
introduced new and their actions for greater democracy, anticorruption candidate
socialist reforms. forced the Polish displaying yellow ribbons Yushchenko was elected.
Later, rebel groups government to as a symbol of protest.
called the Contras Marcos departed and OTEFAPOLPRCOOOOHARRTVRDAEEIANSDSYTGGWEEE5R,ERA0SRE0NEIV0NDSOTUU1LO0KUPN,PRT0NLA0IOIE0IESNNDE
fought back against introduce reforms. was replaced by
the Sandinistas, who Solidarity was Corazon Aquino.
lost power in 1990. banned but
continued their
resistance until FRAGMENT OF THE BERLIN WALL
they took power.

MONUMENT TO THE
SHIPYARD WORKERS,

GDANSK, POLAND

317

US Presidents GEORGE JOHN ADAMS
WASHINGTON
Since the office was created in 1789, there have been 1797–1801
43 presidents of the United States, all men. To be eligible, 1789–97 Helped draft the Declaration
a person has to be at least 35 years old and born either Led army against the of Independence. Established
in the USA, or overseas to US-citizen parents. As well as British in the American the naval department, so
being Head of State, the president is Commander-in-Chief Revolution, then became he is remembered as the
of the country’s armed forces. the first president. “Father of the Navy”.
Unanimously elected.

WILLIAM JOHN TYLER JAMES K POLK ZACHARY MILLARD FRANKLIN
HENRY TAYLOR FILLMORE PIERCE
HARRISON 1841–45 1845–49
Vice-president who took the Greatly expanded the territory 1849–50 1850–53 1853–57
1841 presidency on the death of of the USA, adding Texas, Successful military general Tried to make a compromise Allowed new states to decide
William Henry Harrison, Wisconsin, and Iowa as who commanded US forces between the anti-slavery for themselves whether to
The first president to die in making him the first states, and taking over land in in the war against Mexico states and the slave- allow slavery, which angered
office. He died of pneumonia president to serve without the west that would become (1846–48). Died of cholera owning states in the south, many and edged the USA
only a month after he being elected to office. New Mexico and California. a year after taking office. but the peace was short-lived. ever closer to civil war.
became president.

CHESTER A GROVER BENJAMIN WILLIAM THEODORE WILLIAM H
ARTHUR CLEVELAND HARRISON MCKINLEY ROOSEVELT TAFT

1881–85 1885–89; 1893–97 1889–93 1897–1901 1901–09 1909–13
Brought in a law that The only president ever to Grandson of President Oversaw expansion of US The youngest person to A lawyer by profession, he
meant that civil servants serve two non-consecutive William Harrison, during his territories, including Hawaii become president, at 42. set up the postal savings
were hired purely for their terms – he lost an election, term the country expanded and Puerto Rico. Six months Won the Nobel Peace Prize bank and passed a law
ability rather than because then was voted back in again and six new states were into his second term, he in 1906 for negotiating peace allowing states to collect
of their political connections. four years later. admitted to the Union. was assassinated. between Russia and Japan. income tax.

DWIGHT D JOHN F LYNDON B RICHARD NIXON GERALD FORD JIMMY CARTER
EISENHOWER KENNEDY JOHNSON
1969–74 1974–77 1977–81
1953–61 1961–63 1963–69 Ended the Vietnam War and Unexpectedly became vice- President during a difficult
Led the Allied armed forces His work to reform civil Brought in the Civil Rights improved relations with the president, then president, period for the USA, both at
in World War II. During his rights and promote racial Act, but faced opposition USSR. His term ended in during an era of scandals. home and abroad. After his
two terms of office, the US equality was cut short when for sending more troops disgrace after political His honesty helped restore term in office, he became a
economy thrived. he was shot dead in Texas. into the war in Vietnam. corruption was uncovered. the image of the presidency. respected statesman.

318

THOMAS JAMES JAMES MONROE JOHN QUINCY ANDREW MARTIN VAN
JEFFERSON MADISON ADAMS JACKSON BUREN
1817–25
1801–09 1809–17 Remembered for the 1825–29 1829–37 1837–41
The main author Helped draw up the US Monroe Doctrine, which Before he took office, he After financial panic and
of the Declaration of Constitution, which set declared that the USA would Son of a previous became a national hero stock market crash led to
Independence, which stated out America’s laws and resist attempts by other president, John Adams. for leading the army that economic depression, Van
that the colonies would no guaranteed certain rights countries to establish After his presidency, defeated the British at the Buren became unpopular
longer accept British rule. for its citizens. colonies in the Americas. he became a strong Battle of New Orleans. and was not re-elected.
campaigner against slavery.

JAMES ABRAHAM ANDREW ULYSSES S RUTHERFORD B JAMES A
BUCHANAN LINCOLN JOHNSON GRANT HAYES GARFIELD

1857–61 1861–65 1865–69 1869–77 1877–81 1881
Like previous presidents, he Opposed to slavery, he led Put on trial by the Senate A hero of the Civil War, After winning one of Shot dead after only 200
tried to make peace between the country during four for violating the Tenure of he was an inexperienced the closest presidential days in office, before he
states on the slavery issue, years of civil war. Days after Office Act, he escaped being politician whose presidency elections ever, he fought to could carry out his promise
but by the end of his term, the war ended, he was shot removed from office by was overshadowed by end corruption in politics to reform the civil service
civil war was looming. dead by John Wilkes Booth. a single vote. scandal and corruption. and public life. and other public bodies.

WOODROW WARREN G CALVIN HERBERT FRANKLIN D HARRY S
WILSON HARDING COOLIDGE HOOVER ROOSEVELT TRUMAN

1913–21 1921–23 1923–29 1929–33 1933–45 1945–53
Took the USA into World An unpopular president who Honest, hard-working, and Shortly after his election, the Led the USA through the Authorized the dropping
War I in 1917. After the war, was dogged by rumours of modest, he was fondly USA began an era of serious Great Depression and World of two nuclear bombs on
he proposed the formation financial wrongdoing. He nicknamed “Silent Cal”. economic depression. War II. He funded a plan to Japan, which ended World
of the League of Nations to died suddenly, before an Under his presidency, the Hoover was blamed and revive the US economy and War II. Took the USA to war
try to prevent future conflict. investigation could begin. US economy boomed. did not win a second term. help people out of poverty. with Korea.

A TUOWSNTOILPCYRTEEB,ESESNIEDEYRELEVENAICTNRTGSCEADUNP

RONALD GEORGE H W BILL CLINTON GEORGE W BARACK OBAMA
REAGAN BUSH BUSH
1993–2001 (2009–)
1981–89 1989–93 Presided over a time of 2001–09 The first African American
An ex-Hollywood star, he An oil tycoon and ex-head of peace and prosperity, but his After the terrorist attacks of president. His healthcare
helped to end the Cold War. the CIA, he took the USA and reputation was damaged by 9/11, he ordered the invasion reforms were disliked by
He was shot by a would-be its allies into the first Gulf a scandal over a relationship of Afghanistan and declared opponents, and led to
assassin but recovered. War with Iraq (1990–91). with a White House worker. the War on Terror. stalemate in government.

319

US Civil War EVENTS AND BATTLES

In the early 1860s, the USA, then known as the Union, was Less than a century after gaining its
torn apart by war. The northern states had made slavery independence, the USA was in danger of
illegal and believed it should be abolished in the rest of the breaking up. More than 50 major battles
country. The southern states disagreed. Their landowners and 5,000 minor ones were fought before
relied on African slaves to farm their tobacco and cotton. the Unionists finally won the war.
Some southern states felt so strongly, they left the Union.
1860

6 NOVEMBER 20 DECEMBER 1860
1860 South Carolina withdraws
Abraham Lincoln from the Union. Six states
is elected the follow by February 1861.
16th US president.
He promises to
abolish slavery.

Abraham Lincoln Confederate flag

Maine ONE IN FOUR SOLDIERS
WHO WENT TO WAR
Oregon Minnesota Vermont NEVER CAME HOME –
Nevada New Hampshire MANY WENT MISSING

California Wisconsin New York Massachusetts 5

Territories Michigan Rhode Island

Iowa Pennsylvania Connecticut
New Jersey

Illinois Ohio Maryland
Indiana Delaware

West

Kansas Virginia
Virginia
Missouri
Kentucky

Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina 20 22 2.1
Alabama South Carolina 4 9 1.1

Mississippi Georgia 7

TWO SIDES Texas KEY
Northern states
At the start of the war, seven southern Louisiana Northern border states NUMBER POPULATION SOLDIERS
states broke away from the Union. Four Southern states
border states later joined the southern Florida Southern border states OF STATES (IN MILLIONS) (IN MILLIONS)
Confederacy. The 20 northern states loyal to Territories not yet states The new state The Union had Twelve per cent of
the Union were later joined by five border states. of West Virginia 2.4 times more
formed during people than the all southerners
Confederacy. fought in the war.
the war.

UNIFORMS AND KIT RAZOR SOAP

The Union side wore blue and the Confederates, grey.
Soldiers carried their food, water, toiletries, ammunition,
and personal belongings in a knapsack. Union soldiers
were better equipped because the North had more
factories to make supplies and railways to transport them.

WATER CANTEEN

TOOTHBRUSH

UNION INFANTRY CONFEDERATE KNIFE AND
UNIFORM INFANTRY UNIFORM
UNION SOLDIER’S LAP DESK CANDLE IN TIN TIN MUG KNIFE FORK KNAPSACK CARTRIDGE BOX

TRANSPORT INNOVATIONS WEAPONS AND CONFLICT

The 1830s had seen the birth of the railways. The Civil War was the first in which large numbers of
Both sides relied on steam trains to transport infantrymen were armed with rifles instead of muskets.
troops and supplies, but the North had more Rifles shot further, and with greater accuracy. The
than twice as much track as the South. repeating rifle, introduced in 1863, was even better – it
Other advances included the appearance could fire more than one bullet before it needed reloading.
of armoured steam warships, called
ironclads, and early submarines. STEAM LOCOMOTIVE

CSS VIRGINIA (FIRST BAYONET FOR
CONFEDERATE IRONCLAD) SPRINGFIELD 1861

USS MONITOR (FIRST UNION IRONCLAD) COLT ARMY MODEL 1860
REVOLVER

320

12–14 APRIL 1861 Union flag 11–16 FEBRUARY 1862 4 JULY 1863 15 NOVEMBER– 1 FEBRUARY 9 APRIL 1865
Ulysses S Grant leads 1865
The first battle a Union victory at After a six-week 21 DECEMBER 1864 Confederate
of the Civil War, the Battle of siege, the Union army Union General Lincoln signs the General Lee
fought at Fort Fort Donelson, captures the city of Sherman sweeps 13th Amendment, surrenders to
Sumter, South Tennessee. Vicksburg, cutting off through Georgia, Union General
Carolina, is a Arkansas, Louisiana, ending victoriously which formally Grant. The Civil
victory for the 8–9 MARCH 1862 and Texas from the rest at the port abolishes slavery War is over.
Confederates. The Battle of Hampton of the Confederacy. of Savannah.
Roads, off the coast of in the USA.
Virginia, sees the first
combat between Ulysses
ironclad warships. S Grant

21 JULY 1861 17 SEPTEMBER 1862 1–3 JULY 1863 8 NOVEMBER 1865
1864
The Union army is The Battle of Antietam The Union side halts the Lincoln is 14 APRIL 1865
defeated at the first major takes place in Union Confederates’ advance at re-elected Lincoln is shot
battle of the war – the the Battle of Gettysburg, US president
First Battle of Bull Run territory near Sharpsburg, Pennsylvania. for a second while at the
in Virginia. Almost 850 Maryland. With a total of term of office. theatre by John
soldiers lose their lives 22,717 dead, wounded, or
(460 Union soldiers and Wilkes Booth.
387 Confederates). missing, it is the bloodiest He dies a
single-day battle in US day later.
military history.

Lincoln Memorial

AFRICAN AMERICAN UNION FIGURES CONFEDERATE FIGURES LIVES LOST
SOLDIERS
The people on this side were loyal to People from the rebel states in the In total, an estimated 620,000 men
Roughly a tenth of the Union army the United States of America. They South broke away from the Union and lost their lives in the Civil War. Where
was made up of African American were nicknamed “Yanks” or “Yankees”. formed a new country, the Confederacy. possible, Union soldiers received a proper
soldiers (179,000). There are no military funeral, but the military cemetery
records of how many slaves were ABRAHAM LINCOLN (1809–65) JEFFERSON DAVIS (1808–89) in Washington DC soon filled. Arlington,
forced to fight for the South. Virginia, the family estate of Confederate
As US president, Lincoln led his country A soldier and senator, Davis was General Robert E Lee’s wife, Mary, was
through the war, abolished slavery, and the president of the Confederate taken over for the new state cemetery.
saved the Union. States of America.
ARLINGTON CEMETERY
ULYSSES S GRANT ROBERT E LEE (1807–70)
(1822–85)
Virginia-born Lee became the
General Grant led the Union army supreme commander of all
from 1862 onwards. After the war, the Confederate forces.
he served two terms as president.
JOHN BROWN GORDON
JOSHUA CHAMBERLAIN (1832–1904)
(1828–1914)
This fearless Confederate general
Chamberlain heroically led a crucial was wounded so often that people
bayonet charge at Gettysburg. said he must be invincible.

SOLDIERS IN THE ROBERT SMALLS (1839–1915) BELLE BOYD (1844–1900)
UNION ARMY
A southern slave, Smalls freed A notorious spy, Maria “Belle”
KEY White soldiers himself, took over a Confederate ship, UNION Boyd gathered information CONFEDERATE
then fought on the side of the Union. GENERAL from Union soldiers. GENERAL
African American
soldiers

TIN OF COFFEE BLOCK COMMUNICATION MEDICAL ADVANCES LIGATURE NEEDLES
ESSENCE OF TEA
Both Union and Confederate leaders made Although basic hygiene was still poor,
use of the newly invented electric telegraph. great strides were made in treating the
They could send messages to generals on the wounded. Horse-drawn ambulances
battlefield and receive updates on the fighting. transported casualties between field
hospitals. Women worked as nurses
on the battlefield for the first time.

SET OF AMPUTATION KNIVES SAW
CRIMPER

ROPE SLEEPING CAP TELEGRAPH BONE SAW BOX OF INSTRUMENTS FORCEPS
RECEIVER

SPRINGFIELD 1861 RIFLE

CONFEDERATE COPY OF
THE SPRINGFIELD 1861 RIFLE

SPENCER CARBINE COTUHLEDISFNPIRE3NE0CSSEEERVCEOCNANRDSBHSIONTES CONFEDERATE DRUM
(REPEATING Those too young to carry a rifle enlisted as
RIFLE) drummer boys. During battle, their drum calls

communicated commands to the men.

321

1500 AGE OF IMPERIALISM European BRIWTOIONASTRHE-LIQEDTMU’SSAPPLIRERATAENEKCRD,OTOAVHFREETERAHEDE
empires
The growth of European empires
spanned several hundred years, and As European explorers sailed around the world in the
led to wars, revolutions, and rebellions 16th century, they claimed “new” colonies for their home
by those who were unwilling to be countries. Nations built empires overseas and many became
controlled by foreign nations. rich. However, the native people in these new empires were
often treated very poorly.
1500s
The Portuguese and Spanish start
to explore widely, especially around
South America.

Model of a Portuguese caravel WHY BUILD ALASKA
AN EMPIRE?
1565 CANADA
The Spanish establish the first European Many European powers considered NEWFOUNDLAND
colony in what is now the USA. The first themselves to be superior to the rest
English colony is founded 20 years later of the world and thought they were
in Roanoke. the best people to govern, develop,
and civilize other nations.

1756–63
The Seven Years War sees Britain become
the world’s largest colonial empire, gaining
America and India in the global conflict.

1775–81 UNITED STATES St Pierre
The American states OF AMERICA and Miquelon
win independence
from the British after EXPLORATION NATIONALISM ATLANTIC
the American War People wanted to find Nations wanted to OCEAN
of Independence. demonstrate their power
new territories and and compete with others. Bermuda
The American trade routes.
constitution MEXICO
1810–26 CUBA Bahamas
Revolution in South America leads
to most colonies freeing themselves Jamaica DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
from European rule.
BRITISH Puerto Rico
HONDURAS HAITI Virgin Islands

HONDURAS St Martin
Leeward Islands
1858–1947 GUATEMALA WEST INDIES Guadeloupe
SALVADOR Curaçao Martinique
British rule is imposed Barbados
on India after the Indian NICARAGUA Windward
rebellion of 1857 against ECONOMY RELIGION AND PACIFIC COSTA RICA VENEZUELA Trinidad Islands
the British East OCEAN and Tobago
India Company. There was a demand IDEOLOGY
for new materials and Religious groups wanted BRITISH GUIANA
new markets around to convert more people COLOMBIA
DUTCH
1880–1914 the world. to Christianity.
GUIANA
European powers seek
territory in Africa, invading THE IMPERIAL WORLD ECUADOR FRENCH
and colonizing the continent ACRE GUIANA
in a “scramble for Africa”. During the Age of Imperialism, the
world was constantly changing as BRAZIL
1945 BIGGEST EMPIRES countries struggled for land and power.
Many nations had European rule PERU
By the end of the World At their peak, some empires covered imposed on them, while others rebelled
War II, the empires of millions of square kilometres of land and achieved independence. It was a
Italy, Germany, and across the globe. turbulent time as global powers fought
Japan collapse. for territory and control.
1 BRITISH EMPIRE
BOLIVIA
33.7 million sq km (13 million
1947 Statue of sq miles) in 1922. THE WORLD IN 1800 AY YPARAGU
Mahatma ARGENTINA URUGUA
The British make the first 2 SPANISH EMPIRE 1800 saw the Spanish and Portuguese at their CHILE
move to end colonialism by Gandhi peak, as they occupied much of the Americas.
granting India independence 19.4 million sq km (7.5 million Britain’s empire around the world had also started
after pressure from sq miles) in 1740. to grow significantly.
Mahatma Gandhi.
3 FRENCH EMPIRE
1956
12.9 million sq km (5 million
Disagreement over ownership of the Suez sq miles) in 1938.
Canal in Egypt leads to the Suez Crisis.
Britain and France lose their influence 4 PORTUGUESE EMPIRE
around the world.
10.4 million sq km (4 million
1963 sq miles) in 1821. Falkland
Islands
Independent African 5 ITALIAN EMPIRE
1970 countries set up Flag of the
the Organization Organization of 3.6 million sq km (1.4 million
of African Unity African Unity sq miles) in 1942.
to promote their
economic, political,
and cultural interests.

322

TRADE SLAVERY

As Europeans claimed territories, they took advantage Between 1500 and 1880, up to 12 million Africans were kidnapped from their
of the local resources, such as gold and spices, and homes and sold in the Americas as slaves. They were transported in slave
traded them in markets around the world for profit. ships and many died of disease and lack of food or water.

IVORY The slaves had to lie on their
Africa and Asia back, kneel, or sit hunched up

COFFEE
The Americas

GOLD COCOA SPICES – PEPPER, TEA COTTON SUGAR CANE THE VIGILANTE People were
The Americas Central and CLOVES, AND CINNAMON China and This slave ship was found chained together to
South America Asia and (SUGAR) to be carrying 345 people
Asia India in 1822. prevent rebellion
the Americas The Americas

Greenland ORWAY N FINLAND THE WORLD IN 1900
ICELAND N RUSSIAN EMPIRE
SWEDE Early in the 19th century, countries in
DENMARK Central and South America revolted
against their foreign rulers and
became independent. Between 1880
and 1914, European nations divided
Africa between themselves. In the
space of a few decades, they took
over most of the continent.

NETHERLANDS BRITAIN POLAND

BELGIUM GERMAN AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN EMPIRE

SWITZERLAND EMPIRE ROMANIA KHIVA Port Arthur
FRANCE IA SERBIA
BULGARIA KOREA
E BEDUINS QING EMPIRE
PORTUGAL SPAIN OTTOMAN BUKHARA JAPAN
Ceuta LY  GREECE AFGHANISTAN Weihaiwei
Azores T EMPIR Jiaozhou PACIFIC OCEAN
GIBRALTAR TUNIS Malta CYPRUS Taiwan
Melilla ALGERIA Hong Kong
Madeira PERSIA NEPAL BHUTAN
IFNIMOROCCO Gwadar
Canary OTTOMAN to Oman
Islands EMPIRE
BAHRAIN Diu
EGYPT TRUCIAL INDIA Macao

RIO DE ORO

Cape Verde ERITREA OMAN Chandernagore BURMA Guangzhouwan
Islands
FRENCH ANGLO- OMAN Damão Yanaon PHILIPPINE
GAMBIA WEST AFRICA EGYPTIAN FRENCH ISLANDS
HADHRAMAUT Madras SIAM INDOCHINA
PORTUGUESE SUDAN Pondicherry
GUINEA GOLD Socotra Goa Karikal
COAST
SIERRA LEONE TOGO BRITISH Mahté
LIBERIA NIGERIA
O CKHAMERUNFRENCH SOMALILAND SOMALILAND CEYLON BRITISH
ABYSSINIA NORTH BORNEO
ITALIAN DUTCH
BRUNEI EAST
SOMALILAND Maldive Islands

Fernando Po FRCEONNG LADO MALAYA SARAWAK INDIES

SAO TOME CONGO BRITISH EAST AFRICA SUMATRA BORNEO
AND PRINCIPE FREE

RIO MUNI STATE GERMAN Seychelles

NORTHEASTERN RHODESIA EAST Zanzibar Chagos Islands JAVA

Ascension AFRICA Amirante Islands

BAROTSELAND- ANGOLA Comoro Islands Cocos Islands
NORTHWESTERN
BRITISH CENTRAL Christmas PORTUGUESE
RHODESIA AFRICA Island TIMOR

St Helena GERMAN MADAGASCAR

SOUTHWEST Mauritius
AFRICA

WALVIS BAY Réunion
BECHUANALAND
INDIAN OCEAN AUSTRALIAN
SOUTH AFRICAN COLONIES
REPUBLIC NATAL SOUTHERN
BASUTOLAND RHODESIA Lord Howe Island
CAPE COLONY
ORANGE PORTUGUESE
EAST AFRICA
FREE STATE

KEY NEW
Ottoman Empire ZEALAND
Britain and possessions
France and possessions Portugal and possessions Austrian Empire in 1850; Austrian- Japan and possessions
Denmark and possessions Habsburg empire Independent nations
Spain and possessions Swedish Empire in 1700 and 1800 Qing Empire
USA and possessions
Netherlands and possessions Italy and possessions in 1900;
Venetian republic in 1700
German Empire in 1900;
Hohenzollerns in 1700; Prussia Russian Empire and
in 1800 and 1850 possessions

323

British 757–1066 OFFA
monarchs
ANGLO-SAXONS 757–96
The history of England, and later Britain, The king of Mercia
is tied together by a string of kings and After the Romans left Britain (central England)
queens. Early on, royals could start in the 5th century CE, the land expanded his
wars, break from the Church, and was attacked by invaders and kingdom north and
punish the country’s leaders. Today, split into warring kingdoms. south and protected
the Queen has little power but upholds The leader of one, Egbert, it by building a huge
long and popular traditions. became the first king of dyke along the
England. Throughout the Welsh border.
Saxon period, powerful kings
fended off Viking raids, but
England was ruled by Viking
monarchs for over 25 years.

757–96 OFFA 955–59 EADWIG
802–39
839–56 EGBERT 959–75 EDGAR EGBERT
856–60
860–66 AETHELWULF 975–78 EDWARD II “THE MARTYR” 802–39
866–71 Originally King of Wessex,
871–99 AETHELBALD 979–1013 AND 1014–16 AETHELRED II “THE UNREADY” Egbert gradually increased
899–924 the power and influence of
925–40 AETHELBERT 1013–14 SVEIN his kingdom. His authority
940–46 was recognized throughout
946–55 AETHELRED I 1016 EDMUND II “IRONSIDE” most of England after he

ALFRED “THE GREAT” 1016–35 CANUTE defeated Mercia and
Northumbria.
EDWARD “THE ELDER” 1035–40 HAROLD I “HAREFOOT”

ATHELSTAN 1040–42 HARDICANUTE

EDMUND I 1042–66 EDWARD III “THE CONFESSOR”

EADRED 1066 HAROLD II

ELIZABETH I 1485–1603 1461–85 1399–1413 HENRY IV
1558–1603 1413–22 HENRY V
Strong-willed Elizabeth TUDORS YORKISTS 1422–61 HENRY VI
was a clever politician 1470–71 HENRY VI
with loyal followers. The Tudors ruled with This branch of the House of
Under her reign an iron fist and were not Plantagenets had a strong claim to HENRY VI
trade, exploration, always popular, but they the throne. After Richard of York was 1422–61 AND
and prosperity killed in the Battle of Wakefield (1460),
increased. fostered national pride 1470–71
and parliament grew in his son Edward became the first After losing his
MARY I strength under them. The Yorkist king. William Caxton invented father’s gains in
1553–58 the first printing press in this period. France, a failing
Nicknamed Bloody manufacturing and mind cost Henry VI
Mary, Henry VIII’s eldest merchant classes rose in 1461–70 EDWARD IV the throne for a time.
daughter burned protestants status, and architecture, 1471–83 EDWARD IV
after she seized the throne, 1483 EDWARD V
and restored the Roman literature, and theatre 1483–85 RICHARD III
Catholic Church. blossomed. Playwright

William Shakespeare
was a leading light.

HENRY VIII 1485–1509 HENRY VII TUDOR RICHARD III

1509–47 1509–47 HENRY VIII 1483–85
Famous for his six wives The last English king
1547–53 EDWARD VI to die on a battlefield,
(he divorced two and Richard III may have
beheaded two), Henry VIII 1553 LADY JANE GREY had a role in the death
made himself head of the
1553–58 MARY I of his two nephews,
Church of England and the princes, in the
bankrupted his country. 1558–1603 ELIZABETH I Tower of London.

1603–1749 1649–59 1660–1714 1714–1901

STUARTS COMMONWEALTH STUARTS HANOVERIANS

This dynasty was dominated by political battles between For the first and only time in its After Charles II was restored to the throne The Hanoverian dynasty saw many
King and Parliament, which ended with a civil war and history, England was a Commonwealth London suffered two disasters – a plague changes. Robert Walpole became
a beheading. Although the Stuarts believed they had a (or republic) without a king or queen. killed more than 100,000 people and a the first Prime Minister to German-
god-given right to rule, they were tolerant of Catholics, Ruled by puritan Oliver Cromwell great fire destroyed most of the city. James II speaking George I, and Britain
and made peace with Spain. They were patrons of the and his Parliament, the country tried to restore the Catholic faith but fled developed into an industrial society.
arts and left a legacy of beautiful art and architecture. took Jamaica from the Spanish when William of Orange was invited to By the end of Queen Victoria’s reign,
and defeated the Dutch at sea. restore rights in the Glorious Revolution. Britain’s economic power was being
challenged by other nations such as
1649–53 REPUBLIC 1660–85 CHARLES II Germany and the United States.
1653–58 OLIVER CROMWELL 1685–88 JAMES II
(LORD PROTECTOR) 1689–94 WILLIAM III OF ORANGE 1714–27 GEORGE I
1658–59 RICHARD CROMWELL 1727–60 GEORGE II
(LORD PROTECTOR) AND MARY II (JOINTLY) 1760–1820 GEORGE III
1694–1702 WILLIAM III 1820–30 GEORGE IV
1702–14 ANNE 1830–37 WILLIAM IV
1837–1901 VICTORIA
JAMES I CHARLES I OLIVER CROMWELL CHARLES II
GEORGE I
1603–25 1625–49 (LORD PROTECTOR) 1660–85 1714–27
Scotland and England were This stubborn king believed This “merry monarch”
united when this Scottish king in his divine right to rule and 1653–58 had many interests and This German-born
took the throne. He ruled for stamped on any opposition. After Charles I was king faced rebellion
long periods without Parliament, Defeated by Oliver Cromwell in executed, this leading many mistresses. He
and was the target of Guy the Civil War, he was tried and general established took a keen interest in in Scotland then
Fawkes’s failed Gunpowder Plot. executed by his parliament. his own council of scandal when a
15 and a parliament architecture and South Sea trading
of 400. He was science, and introduced
company went
followed by the new sport of bust and ruined
his son Richard. yachting to England.
thousands of
investors.

324

ALFRED “THE GREAT” CANUTE HAROLD II 1066–1154

871–99 1016–35 1066 NORMANS
The only English king to be This Viking king treated Harold II was appointed by his
known as “The Great”, Alfred Danes and Saxons fairly and Originally Vikings who had settled in northwest
was almost overthrown by the country prospered. There brother-in-law Edward the France, the Normans were hungry for new land.
Viking raiders but fought is an old story that he proved Confessor but his reign was William the Conqueror claimed the throne after
he was an ordinary man by he defeated Harold II at the Battle of Hastings.
back, captured London, trying and failing to make short-lived. He died after The Normans built castles and brought with
and expanded his original being shot in the eye in the them a feudal system of lords, who held land,
the tide go back. and peasants, who worked it.
Wessex kingdom. Battle of Hastings, and
William I took the throne. 1066–87 WILLIAM “THE CONQUEROR”
1087–1100 WILLIAM II
1100–35 HENRY I
1135–54 STEPHEN

WILLIAM “THE
CONQUEROR” 1066–87
Called “The Conqueror” because
he conquered England, William was
crowned king on Christmas Day 1066.
He built the Tower of London and
ordered a survey of land and people
called the Domesday Book.

1399–1461 HENRY III 1154 –1399

LANCASTRIANS 1216–72 PLANTAGENETS
After provoking civil wars
These three kings reigned through almost with his barons, Henry III Originating in Anjou, France, this dynasty
continual warfare. French territory was was defeated by their leader took its name from a yellow flower (Planta
de Montfort, who formed a genista) an ancestor wore in his hat. During
recaptured and then lost, and in the War of parliament of lords, bishops, much of their rule, England was at war with
the Roses, the royal houses of Lancaster and France and Scotland, and Wales and Ireland
knights, and freemen. came under English rule. The Plantagenets
York fought over the throne for 30 years. laid the foundation for law and government

by creating justices of the peace and the
first parliament. They put the royal seal on
a charter of rights called the Magna Carta.

HENRY V HENRY IV EDWARD I “LONGSHANKS” JOHN I 1154–89 HENRY II RICHARD I
1189–99 RICHARD I
1413–22 1399–1413 1272–1307 1199–1216 “THE LIONHEART”
Henry V reclaimed lost Returning from exile This warrior king fought many John lost most of the “THE LIONHEART”
in France, Henry IV battles to unite England and territories in France 1199–1216 JOHN I 1189–99
territories in France reclaimed the throne Scotland. A model parliament and taxed his country 1216–72 HENRY III This crusading king spent most of
when he defeated the from Richard II. His reign was formed during his reign. 1272–1307 EDWARD I his reign fighting for Christianity in
French at the Battle of was marked by many heavily. The Magna the Holy Lands. Imprisoned by the
Agincourt, losing only rebellions and revolts. Carta (great charter) “LONGSHANKS”
was drawn up to settle 1307–27 EDWARD II Emperor of Germany, he was
400 English lives. the rights of people, 1327–77 EDWARD III returned for a huge ransom and
Church, and monarchy. 1377–99 RICHARD II was eventually killed in France.

1901–10 1910–

GEORGE III SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA WINDSORS

1760–1820 This dynasty of just one king is named George V changed his surname to Windsor during
The Americans after Queen Victoria’s husband Prince the World War I because of the strong anti-
won independence Albert, who was the son of the Duke German feelings of his people. After Edward VIII
and England of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Edward gave up the throne to marry a divorced woman in
fought France in became king at the age of 59 and 1936, his younger brother George VI was King
the Napoleonic reigned during the first years of the through World War II. Queen Elizabeth II has
Wars during 20th century, when new inventions reigned for more than 60 years.
George’s reign. like the first automobile were taking
Britain into the modern age.
1910–36 GEORGE V
1936 EDWARD VIII
1936–52 GEORGE VI
1952– ELIZABETH II

WILLIAM IV VICTORIA EDWARD VII GEORGE VI ELIZABETH II

1830–37 1837–1901 1901–10 1936–52 1952–
George VI was a good The current queen remains
Many more people got the vote This much-loved queen ruled for Edward was a athlete and soldier, but this head of the Commonwealth
social king who shy man with a stammer
under William IV, and slavery 64 years. After her husband Prince enjoyed sports, had not expected to be king. (former colonies) and is
parties, and travel. He managed to overcome popular around the world.
was abolished throughout Albert died, she went into mourning He helped restore his speech impediment and Prince William and Catherine,
relations between became popular during and Duchess of Cambridge, and
the British Empire. but was coaxed back to public life. France and England after the war. their children lead a new
and built a new
royal estate in generation of royals.
Sandringham,

Norfolk.

325

The Industrial COAL AND IRON
Revolution
For thousands of years, iron had been made by using charcoal
from timber. But in 1709 Englishman Abraham Darby and his
son developed a way of making iron using coal. Coal was easier
to obtain than wood, so this discovery led to a huge growth in
the production of iron to make tools and machinery, and to the
opening of more mines to provide the coal.

In mid-18th-century Britain, a surge in new IRONBRIDGE, SHROPSHIRE
technology and inventions meant that fewer people Site of the world’s first iron bridge, built by Darby’s grandson in 1781.
were needed to farm the land. People moved from the
countryside to towns, to work in the newly built mills and CANALS
factories. This change in the economy, from farming to
manufacturing, is known as the Industrial Revolution. The growth in manufacturing meant there were more goods to be
transported around the country, and canals were the answer –
STEAM POWER DOUBLE-ACTING Open Piston rod pushes man-made rivers, deep enough to cope with large, heavy barges.
ENGINE IN A STEAMSHIP valve crankshaft In 1761 an engineer called James Brindley built a 16 km (10 mile)
The first steam engine was long canal to carry coal direct from a mine in Lancashire to sell
invented in 1712, to suck water Boiling in Manchester in the UK. The venture made a fortune for the
from mines. Then, 60 years water mine owner and sparked a boom in canal-building.
later, James Watt developed
a way of using steam to drive turns to
factory machines. The age of steam
steam had begun and would
transform industry, travel, and Coal fire
home life, first in Britain
and then all over the world. 1 FORWARD STROKE
Steam enters the cylinder through the open

valve on the left and pushes the piston forwards.

Closed Open valve
valve

Water

condensed

from steam

returns to

boiler

Chimney Piston rod pulls TRENT AND MERSEY CANAL CAEN HILL LOCKS
Originally called the Grand Trunk A series of 29 locks on the Kennet
2 BACKWARD STROKE crankshaft Canal, it cost £296,600 to build and and Avon Canal in England were
opened in 1777. built in 1810 by John Rennie.
The steam now enters the cylinder through

the valve on the right and pushes the piston back.

Steam Cylinder BIRTH OF THE
dome RAILWAYS
Piston
Factories needed a constant
Control valves supply of raw materials coming
in and finished goods going out,
Firebox and the railway was the perfect
solution. Trains were much
STEPHENSON’S ROCKET quicker than canal barges,
The Rocket, built by George and could carry much larger
Stephenson and his son quantities of goods than road
Robert, was the first significant wagons. By the 1840s, fast and
public steam passenger reliable steam engines were
locomotive, built in 1829 to produced and became a symbol
run on the new railway from of the Industrial Revolution
Liverpool to Manchester. across Europe and America.

Steel- Control TREVITHICK’S LOCOMOTIVE
rimmed rod In 1808 Richard Trevithick built a ”rail
wheels circus” in London and charged a shilling

for a ride on Catch Me Who Can.

326

THE FACTORY AGE THPHRUTEOMIDNMAUEENWCSEWFDSAOPSCIRNTOKENTERTIRNOTCGHNOAMU1N,AL0DCA00HINES TIMELINE
OF A REVOLUTION
Traditional industries such as cotton and textiles were transformed
by the Industrial Revolution. Machines were developed that could The invention of steam power was a turning
make raw cotton into thread in a fraction of the time it had taken point in history. It also sparked major
craft workers in the past. At first, the machines were powered by developments in other areas, including
water, so mills and factories were built next to rivers. When steam communications, transport, and construction.
replaced water power, the factories moved into towns.
Spinning frames Carding 1709 1700 1712
Machines wound spun the cotton fibres machines Coke, a product of Thomas Newcomen
cotton on to rods into thread combed and coal, is first used to builds the first steam-
untangled the powered engine.
called bobbins raw cotton produce iron.

Arkwright’s mill in 1764
Derbyshire, UK James Hargreaves
invents the spinning
1771 jenny, a machine for
Richard Arkwright spinning yarn.

builds the first Replica of
water-powered Richard

cotton mill. Arkwright’s
water frame

REGULATIONS 1774 1798
James Watt develops Gas lighting is
Factory life was harsh. introduced in factories,
Workers could be fined the steam engine. so they can operate
throughout the night.
just for whistling, or Replica of the Watt
being five minutes late. steam engine 1800
Italian Alessandro
Flowing water turned the 1805 Volta invents the
wheel to power the machines Engineer Thomas first electric
Telford completes the battery.
INSIDE A COTTON MILL Pontcysyllte Aqueduct,
Volta’s
WORK CONDITIONS WORKERS IN A 50% 24% the longest and battery,
women girls highest in Britain. called the
Factory workers worked more than 12 hours a day, six days a week. COTTON MILL, 1859 “Voltaic Pile”
At the start of the Industrial Revolution there were no laws to protect the A third of mill 7% boys 1807
health or safety of workers. Factories workers were The first commercial 1825
were hot and deafeningly children, aged 19% steamboat, Savannah, The Stockton and
noisy, and accidents men launches in America. Darlington Railway
and injuries were as young as five. opens, the world’s first
very common. They wriggled 1815 public steam railway.
Sir Humphry Davy
PIT CHILDREN between machines invents a lamp that is George
Children worked deep to clear blockages, safe to use in gas- Stephenson,
which was strenuous engineer of
underground in coal and dangerous work. filled mines. the Stockton
mines, pulling heavy and Darlington
wagons along tracks. railway

RISE OF THE THE MOVE FROM 77% living INDUSTRIAL PIONEERS Davy 1841
NEW TOWNS COUNTRYSIDE TO in towns lamp William Fox Talbot
TOWN IN THE UK The Industrial Revolution was driven by patents his invention
As more and more factories engineers and inventors, many of whose 1837 of the “calotype”
were built, towns grew and 17% living ideas paved the way for the age of high The first electric (photographic
housing, schools, and shops in towns technology in the 20th century. communication negative).
were built near to where device, the five-needle
people worked. Small towns RICHARD ARKWRIGHT (1732–92) telegraph, is invented. Fox Talbot’s
quickly became large, experimental
factory-dominated cities, Invented the water frame for spinning thread or The electric telegraph, camera
which attracted even more yarn, then set up the first water-powered cotton invented by William
people in search of work. mill in England. Cooke and Charles Early telephone by
Wheatstone Alexander Graham Bell
1700 1900 RICHARD TREVITHICK 1876
(1771–1833) 1855 Alexander Graham Bell
UK population: 5.5 million UK population: 41.6 million Englishman Henry invents the telephone.
In 1804 Trevithick designed and Bessemer invents
built the world’s first steam a machine to make 327
railway locomotive.
steel cheaply.
FARM ELI WHITNEY RICHARD
TECHNOLOGY (1765–1825) TREVITHICK

As the population grew, there American who invented a machine
was an increased demand for called the cotton gin, which
more food and more efficient, revolutionized the cotton industry
cheaper ways of growing it. in America.
Steam-powered ploughs and
threshing machines SEED DRILL SIR HUMPHREY DAVY (1778–1829)
appeared in the STEAM THRESHING MACHINE
1820s, then in English chemist and inventor. He developed
1831, American the Davy lamp, a light to help miners detect
Cyrus McCormick dangerous gases underground.
invented a mechanical
grain harvester. ISAMBARD KINGDOM 1900
BRUNEL (1806–59)

An engineer who built bridges, tunnels,
railways, and the world’s biggest ship at
the time, the Great Eastern.

World War I

In 1914 tensions that had been simmering in Europe came GERMAN FOKKER
to a head. War broke out and quickly spread across the world. Dr.I TRIPLANE
Fought between two powerful groups of countries (the Allies and
the Central Powers), it was the biggest war the world had ever seen.

THE WAR TO
END ALL WARS

When the war began, people
believed it would be over quickly.
In fact, it lasted for four years and
more than 65 million men were
called upon to fight.
28 JUNE, 1914 GREEA CONTINENTAtlantic OceanNORWAY
Archduke Franz ITALAT WARDENMARKSWEDEN
Ferdinand of Austria-
Hungary is assassinated, 1914 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 1914 The two main European NETHERLANDS RUSSIA
with his wife, Sophie, First trenches are dug along the arenas of the war were
in Serbia. A month Western Front in France and Belgium. the Western Front, IRELAND Black Sea
later, Austria-Hungary between Belgium and OTTOMAN EMPIRE
declares war on Serbia. France, and the Eastern
12 AUGUST, 1914 Front, which was mainly
One by one, countries in Russia.
take sides until war
has broken out over BRITAIN
most of Europe.
24 DECEMBER, 1914 KEY BELGIUM GERMANY
Lifebelt Neutral
from the British and German Allied Nations FRANCE AUSTRIA-
RMS soldiers call Central Powers SWITZERLAND HUNGARY
Lusitania an unofficial truce Western Front
over Christmas. Eastern Front ROMANIA
7 MAY, 1915 SERBIA
Germany sinks the APRIL 1915 – EUROPE IN 1916 PORTUGAL
RMS Lusitania, a luxury JANUARY 1916 BULGARIA
British passenger The Allies fight SPAIN Y ALBANIA
Ottoman troops at
ship, killing more Gallipoli, suffering Ottoman Mediterranean Sea CE
than 1,000 passengers. disastrous casualties. army medal ALGERIA

23 MAY, 1915 MOROCCO
Italy enters the war
12 FEBRUARY, Fortified turret, TAKING SIDES CASUALTIES
on the side of the 1916 Verdun, France OF WAR
Allies and prepares to Battle of By the end of 1914, almost all of Europe had
Verdun begins. taken sides in the war. Only a few countries The cost of the war in human
invade its neighbour, remained neutral. lives was enormous. More than
Austria-Hungary. 30 million men were killed or
31 MAY, 1916 ALLIED NATIONS CENTRAL POWERS injured, and some battles were
Italian so devastating that thousands
army The Battle of Jutland starts – the 1914 died in a single day.
ID tag only major sea battle of the war. 1915
Britain claims victory, despite 1916 AMBULANCE CART
1 JULY, 1916 suffering heavy losses. 1917
The Battle of the Somme 1918
1919
begins in France. By
the time it ends in JANUARY 1917 BRITAIN 1 JULY – 21 FEBRUARY – 11 JULY –
Britain attacks the Ottoman Empire FRANCE 18 NOVEMBER 1916 18 DECEMBER 1916 10 NOVEMBER 1917
November, more than again, this time by landing in
300,000 men will die. Palestine and pushing north through ITALY Battle of the Somme Battle of Verdun Third Battle of Ypres
the desert to the city of Damascus. RUSSIA (Passchendaele)
Battlefield site, Somme, UNITED STATES 1,219,201 976,000
France 6 APRIL, 1917 GERMANY 848,614
President Woodrow Wilson leads AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
17 DECEMBER, 1917 the USA into the war on the side OTTOMAN EMPIRE TOTAL CASUALTIES FROM THE BLOODIEST BATTLES OF WWI
Following a revolution of the Allies.

in Russia, the new 15 JULY, 1918 TRENCHES MESS TIN TRENCH AXE SEWING KIT
government makes Second Battle of the Marne
peace with Germany begins, near Paris. Both sides built long trenches GAS
and leaves the war. as a defence against long- MASK
3 AUGUST, 1918 range weapons. Soon, there
Russian The Allies win the Battle of the was stalemate, with neither
helmet Marne. The German army collapses. side able to advance into
plate the other’s territory. Life in the
11 NOVEMBER, 1918 trenches was hard. Soldiers
3 NOVEMBER, 1918 Germany agrees to an armistice fought, ate, and slept there,
German sailors mutiny. and all fighting stops. sometimes for weeks on end.
Austria-Hungary makes
Artillery BRITISH FRONT NO MAN’S LAND GERMAN FOLDING
peace with the Allies. Sandbags LINE 23 m (25 yd) to 1.6 km (1 mile) FRONT LINE SHOVEL

28 JUNE, 1919 Officers’ Barbed wire Support
The Treaty of Versailles dugout trench
Bomb
is signed and the war 1919 crater
officially ends.
Memorial to the missing (near Communication trench CROSS-SECTION OF A TYPICAL WORLD WAR I BATTLEFIELD
328 Thiepval, France), built 1932

WAR AT SEA HMS DREADNOUGHT ARMY RECRUITS
HMS SCOUT
World War I was fought Millions of young men were either
mainly on land, with very GERMAN BATTLESHIP called up or volunteered to fight in
few major naval battles. the war. Countries such as Britain
The main role of the navies also relied heavily on recruits from
on each side was to protect their overseas colonies and dominions.
merchant ships bringing
BRITISH SOPWITH PUP in essential goods, as
GERMAN ALBATROSS D.Va well as trying to stop
the enemy from receiving
WAR IN supplies by sea.
THE AIR
NKGANIETVORSAMWLSAUNWNBAEMYSA’ASPUROG-IBNRNOESEAASWTT, SEESRTE
Powered flight was
barely ten years old TANK WARFARE FRANCE GERMANY
when war broke out
but the technology ALTIMETER The tank was one of the most BRITISH MARK V TANK
developed quickly. FRENCH PILOT’S GOGGLES AND HELMET important inventions of the war.
Soon, both sides were Although early tanks were unreliable
building fast fighter and dangerous for crews working in
planes and giant them, their ability to power through
bombers capable of enemy lines meant an end to the
carrying huge bombs. stalemate of trench warfare.

TRENCH WEAPONS OTTOMAN EMPIRE USA

Trench warfare called for weapons that could be BRITISH NAIL CLUB
used at very close quarters. Soldiers on raiding BRITISH SPIKED CLUB
missions behind enemy lines carried daggers and
knives so they could attack the enemy silently. GERMAN ROD

AMERICAN BAYONET

AMERICAN KNUCKLEDUSTER KNIFE GERMAN PERCUSSION HAND GERMAN CLUB ITALY RUSSIA
BAYONET AND STICK GRENADES GRENADES

FIREARMS AUSTRIAN BOMBARDMENT
STEYR PISTOL
The most widely used weapons were rifles and Large field guns fired shells that exploded on impact.
machine-guns. Machine-guns needed only a small ITALIAN They had a long range and could be devastatingly
crew, were reliable, and had a long range. This GLISENTI effective but they were not very mobile and needed
made them essential weapons in the trenches. about ten men to operate them.
PISTOL

GERMAN GAS SHELLS RUSSIAN MAXIM M1910 HEAVY MACHINE-GUN
BRITISH MORTAR SHELLS
GERMAN GERMAN
MOUNTED LUGER PISTOL
MACHINE-GUN

BRITISH LEE
ENFIELD RIFLE

ITALIAN CARCANO CARBINE RIFLE FRENCH 75 MM
FIELD GUN

GERMAN
SCHWARZLOSE
MACHINE-GUN

GERMAN 77 MM FIELD GUN

329

THE COURSE OF 1 SEPTEMBER 10 MAY 1940 27 SEPTEMBER Statue of 8 DECEMBER 1941
THE WAR 1939 1940 Theodore
Germany, led Winston Germany, Italy, Roosevelt President Roosevelt
At the beginning of the war, the by Nazi leader Churchill and Japan join takes the USA into
Germans’ progress seemed Adolf Hitler, becomes Prime forces as the the war against the
unstoppable, until a harsh invades Poland. Minister of Axis Alliance. Axis Alliance.
winter and fierce resistance Great Britain.
halted them in Russia. When 1939 Nazi flag
the USA joined the war at the
end of 1941, the tide turned. The 3 SEPTEMBER APRIL–JUNE 1940 JULY–OCTOBER SEPTEMBER 7 DECEMBER 1941
Allies won victories in North 1939 1940 1940–MAY 1941
Africa and the Pacific, then, in Britain and Germany uses Battle of Britain: The Blitz (German Japan mounts a
1944, they landed in France and France declare German and bombing raids on surprise attack on
began to take back Europe. war on Germany. Blitzkrieg British aircraft British cities) kills
fight for control of more than 60,000 the US Navy at
“Lightning War” the skies; Britain civilians. Pearl Harbor,
is the winner. Hawaii.
tactics to take over

France and most

of Western Europe. Statue of British child’s
gas mask
Winston Churchill

AXIS vs ALLIES
World War II PRIMARY AXIS FORCES
PRIMARY ALLIED FORCESThe Axis alliance was
In September 1939 Germany, led by dictator Adolf Hitler,
invaded Poland and triggered World War II, the deadliest TRANSJORDAN formed in 1939 by Germany
conflict in history. By the end of the war six years later,
around 60 million people had been killed, more than half ALBANIA and Italy. In 1940 Japan GREAT BRITAIN
of them civilians. A large part of Europe was in ruins, and TUNISIA
two Japanese cities had been obliterated by nuclear bombs. joined and the countries

formed the Tripartite Pact. GERMANY
ITALY
The original members of JAPAN

the Allies were Britain and FRANCE
France, until 1940 when

Germany invaded France

and the French government

was exiled to London. In
1941 the Soviet Union and USA

the USA joined the Allies.

In 1943 Italy surrendered,

then changed sides to fight

on the side of the Allies. SOVIET UNION

THEATRES OF WAR AIR POWER FOCKE-WULF
FW 190 WÜRGER
For the first two years of the war, fighting raged across Western Europe, on the World War II was the first war in which fighting took place
Eastern Front in Russia, and in North Africa. By the end of 1941, when the USA as much in the air as on land or sea. There were three main Germany
and Japan joined in, the conflict had spread to the Pacific and Southeast Asia. types of planes: fighters, bombers, and transport planes.
Few nations were able to stay neutral as war engulfed the whole world.

NOVEMBER 1942 THE WAR IN
EUROPE, NORTH
ICELAND AFRICA, AND THE
MEDITERRANEAN
FINLAND USSR Germany began the JUNKERS JU87B MESSERSCHMITT YAKOVLEV YAK-3
ESTONIA war with the upper DIVE BOMBER BF 110 Soviet Union
North Atlantic Ocean NORWAY hand, rampaging Germany
PORTUGAL through Europe Germany
SWEDEN and taking over a SUPERMARINE
LATVIA series of countries. SPITFIRE MK.24
Gradually, the Allies
North Sea LITHUANIA pushed back, and UK BELL P-39-D
by 1943 Germany AIRACOBRA
IRELAND GREAT EAST was in retreat.
BRITAIN PRUSSIA USA
KEY
POLAND
Allied areas
GERMANY
Allied-occupied
CZECHOSLOVAKIA areas

FRANCE HUNGARY Axis countries

AUSTRIA ROMANIA Axis-occupied
areas
SWITZERLAND
Axis allies
VICHY ITALY Black Sea
FRANCE YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA Neutral countries
HEINKEL HE 111 HANDLEY PAGE HALIFAX II
TURKEY Germany UK

SPAIN

GREECE CYPRUS SYRIA SMALL ARMS
SICILY
ALGERIA PALESTINE Technology played a crucial HAND
Crete role in the war, with both GRENADE
MOROCCO Mediterranean Sea sides competing to produce LEE ENFIELD N0.5 MK 1
weapons more efficient and UK USA
LIBYA deadlier than ever before. WALTHER P38
Rifles, machine-guns, VICKERS MARK IV PISTOL
1941–45 ALASKA THE WAR IN THE mortars, and hand grenades MACHINE GUN Germany
(US) PACIFIC AND ASIA were all improved during UK
Japan joined the the course of the war.
USSR Axis countries in ORDNANCE QF
1941 and quickly 25-POUNDER
Bering Sea overran much of
Southeast Asia, UK
including Malaya
MONGOLIA and Singapore. The
MANCHURIA Allies fought back
on land and sea,
KOREA but it was superior FIGHTING
airpower – and the MEN
CHINA JAPAN Pacific Ocean dropping of two
atomic bombs – In most countries
BURMA that led to the men were conscripted
Allies’ victory. during the war,
THAILAND HAWAII meaning they had
INDOCHINA PHILIPPINES (US) KEY to join the armed
forces. Only those
MALAYA Southern Ocean Allied areas doing certain jobs,
such as miners or
BORNEO Axis countries farmers, or people in
poor health were not
SUMATRA EAST NEW GUINEA Axis-occupied required to join up.
INDIES PAPUA areas

JAVA Axis allies

Indian Ocean Coral Sea Limit of Japanese
advance
AUSTRALIA BRITISH AMERICAN SOVIET GERMAN JAPANESE ITALIAN
SOLDIER SOLDIER SOLDIER SOLDIER SOLDIER SOLDIER

330

4–7 JUNE 1942 Soviet medal for 2 FEBRUARY 1943 7 MARCH 1945 6–9 AUGUST 1945
The USA defeats the Battle of USA drops atomic
Japan’s navy at the Stalingrad Soviet troops are Allied troops bombs on the
Battle of Midway in the victorious at Japanese cities
Pacific Ocean, halting 19 AUGUST 1942 Stalingrad and German V1 flying 25 AUGUST 1944 cross the river of Hiroshima and
the Japanese advance. Germany begin to march bomb, 1944 Paris is liberated Rhine and enter Nagasaki.
launches an on Germany. by the Allies from
Japanese Aichi D3A attempt to take Germany. Model of “fat man” atomic 1945
bomber plane over the Soviet bomb, dropped on Nagasaki
city of Stalingrad. German occupation.

13 MAY 1943 25 JULY 1943 6 JUNE 1944 27 JANUARY 7 MAY 1945 15 AUGUST 1945
D-Day: Allied forces 1945
The Axis Italian dictator Mussolini land in Normandy, Soviet army Following Japan announces its
armies in is overthrown. A month France, and begin to liberates the Hitler’s suicide intention to surrender.
North Africa later, the Allies invade advance inland. Auschwitz death a week earlier, On 2 September they
surrender. mainland Italy, leading camp in Poland. Germany sign the Instrument of
to Italy’s surrender. Badge worn by surrenders. Surrender, and World
Jews in Latvia War II is officially over.

CASUALTIES APPROXIMATE TOTAL CASUALTIES PER COUNTRY
OF WAR
SOVIET UNION 24 MILLION
Both sides suffered terrible losses CHINA 20 MILLION
GERMANY 6.6–8.8 MILLION
GERMAN during the war. Poland lost 20 per POLAND 5.6 MILLION
JAPAN
ARMY BADGE cent of its population, and whole Y U G O SL AV I A 2.6–3.1 MILLION
ROMANIA 1 MILLION
The Nazis used cities across Europe were left HUNGARY 833,000
the swastika 580,000
cross as their in ruins. The Nazis and their FRANCE
symbol. PHILIPPINES 567,600
sympathizers executed six million ITALY 500,000–1 MILLION
UNITED KINGDOM
HITLER Jewish people. This brutal, UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 457,000
AND THE NAZIS NETHERLANDS 450,700
systematic murder is now known HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL PEACE MEMORIAL IN GREECE 418,500
as the Holocaust. In Japan two IN BERLIN, GERMANY HIROSHIMA, JAPAN FINLAND 301,000
nuclear bombs, dropped by the BELGIUM 300,000–800,000
Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi USA, caused mass destruction. MILL1DI9OUW4N0RE–IH4NRO1EG,MDMTEEHOSSERTIEBNRLOTLIYHTOEZANDNODFOAN CANADA
In the city of Hiroshima, 65,000 AUSTRALIA 97,000
(National Socialist) party. Nazis believed that people were killed, and in BULGARIA
Nagasaki 40,000 lost their lives. NORWAY 86,100
Germans were naturally superior to what they 45,400
40,500
called “inferior races”. Hitler especially hated 25,000

Jewish people, and blamed them for all of 9,500

Germany’s economic and political problems.

LAND POWER UNIVERSAL CARRIER SHERMAN FIREFLY M2 HALF-TRACK CAR BMW R12 MOTORCYCLE WHITE SCOUT CAR
UK UK/USA USA Germany USA
Advances in technology meant that
armoured vehicles and tanks played STURMGESCHUTZ III
a much bigger part in World War II Germany
than in previous conflicts. Panzer
tanks, supported by air bombers,
were the main power behind the
Germans’ swift and brutal takeover
of most of Western Europe in the
first months of the war.

CHURCHILL TANK
UK

JAGDPANZER 38(T) HETZER
Germany

PANZERKAMPFWAGEN II
Germany

PANZERKAMPFWAGEN

PANZERKAMPFWAGEN III “TIGER” II

Germany Germany

SEA POWER

Naval battles took place in

both the Atlantic and Pacific HMS AVON VALE HMS AGINCOURT U-BOAT (SUBMARINE)
oceans. In the North Atlantic, Escort destroyer, UK Battle class destroyer, UK Germany

German U-boats (submarines)

stalked and attacked the

Allies’ essential supply ships.

In the Pacific, the USA took on

the Japanese in a series of USS HORNET YAHAGI PRINZ EUGEN
Aircraft carrier, USA HMS HOOD Cruiser, Japan Heavy cruiser,
massive naval battles. I-400-CLASS SUBMARINE Battlecruiser, UK
Japan Germany

331

The Cold War NUMBER OF WARHEADSNUCLEAR ARMS

After World War II, the USA and the Soviet Union (USSR) emerged After World War II, only the United States
as the world’s most powerful countries. Although bitter enemies, had nuclear bomb technology, but in 1949
the threat of nuclear destruction stopped them from declaring war. the USSR successfully tested a nuclear
Instead, they each tried to weaken the other by spying, supporting device of its own. The nuclear arms race
other countries in conflicts, and developing new technologies. began, with both countries building more
and more powerful weapons and
THE WORLD DIVIDED WARSAW PACT stockpiling thousands of warheads.
Formed by the USSR in 1955,
As tensions grew between the two superpowers, they each tried in opposition to NATO. NUCLEAR WEAPON STOCKPILES, 1950–2010
to form alliances with other countries. By the mid-1950s, all of USA
Europe and most of the world had chosen sides in the Cold War. SOVIET ALBANIA USSR, then Russia after 1991
UNION Left 1962
NATO 40,000
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 35,000
an alliance of 12 Western democratic 30,000
countries, formed in 1949. 25,000
20,000
PAN SOUTH 15,000
SOUTH KOREA VIETNAM 10,000

NORTH 5,000
VIETNAM 0
1950 1960 1965 1975 1986 2000 2010

USS VIRGINIA (SSN-74) NUCLEAR SUBMARINE (USA)

JA

USA LUXEMBOURG GREECE NORTH KOREA MONGOLIA CHINA
Joined 1952
BULGARIA

SOVIET UNION (U AKULA-CLASS NUCLEAR SUBMARINE (USSR)

BELGIUM NETHERLANDS CZECHOSLOVAKIA

TURKEY SSR) HCPZUOEBNRLCUGOALHAMNGORADASYNLRIIOAAVAKIA Payload Payload
Joined 1952 (weapon) (weapon)

CANADA NORWAY WEST EAST Instrument One of
DENMARK PORTUGAL GERMANY GERMANY compartment four
Joined 1955 strap-on
HUNGARY boosters

CANADA EAST GERMANY POLAND
UNITED WEST GERMANY
ROMANIA
KFIRNAUGNNDICOTEEMD ITALY

STATES PORTUGAL SPAIN

FRANCE UNITED EUROPE 1955 CUBA
ICELAND KINGDOM Warsaw Pact countries
NATO countries Main
ITALY Other USSR allies engine
Other USA allies
Rudder

NATO LEADERS

In 1949 the USA brought PGM-11 REDSTONE (USA) R-7 SEMYORKA (USSR)

together a group of First missile to carry First intercontinental

countries to form a a live nuclear warhead. ballistic missile.

military union. NATO’s

aims were to stop the THE BERLIN WALL

spread of Communism After World War II, Germany’s capital was
divided up between the Allied countries – UK,
and help prevent future USA, France, and USSR. In 1961 the Soviets
built a 2 m (6.5 ft) high wall enclosing the
war in Europe. As the three sectors of West Berlin to stop people
escaping from the Communist Soviet sector
USA was the most DWIGHT D EISENHOWER JOHN F KENNEDY RICHARD NIXON RONALD REAGAN to the Allied sector. The heavily guarded wall
powerful country in was finally demolished in 1989, at the end of
NATO, the US president Became US president in When Kennedy confronted Nixon started a slight thaw The US president in charge the Cold War.
was seen as its leader. 1953. He promised help the USSR in 1962 over in the Cold War when he at the end of the Cold War,
to countries who were weapons they held in Cuba, met the Soviet leader Reagan signed a peace
under threat from the many feared that it would Leonid Brezhnev in 1972, to treaty in 1989 with Soviet
spread of Communism. trigger a third world war. discuss reducing weapons. leader Mikhail Gorbachev.

WARSAW
PACT LEADERS

The Pact was an anti- FRENCH
SECTOR
NATO alliance between

Communist nations.

Communism was BRITISH SOVIET
SECTOR SECTOR
based on the belief

that property should not JOSEPH STALIN NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV FIDEL CASTRO MIKHAIL GORBACHEV AMERICAN
be owned by individuals, SECTOR
but shared by everyone. Set the Cold War in motion Tried to establish better Led a Communist revolution Became leader of the USSR
by bringing much of Eastern relations with the USA, but in Cuba in 1959. The USA in 1985, and introduced many
Europe under Soviet control was ousted as Soviet leader supported many attempts reforms that helped bring an KEY
after World War II. by rivals in 1964. to remove him from power. end to the Cold War. Berlin Wall

332

THE ENEMY AT 1945 COLD WAR STORY
HOME AND ABROAD
FEBRUARY 1945 The Cold War divided Europe
Espionage (spying) was an Yalta conference held between democratic west and
important Cold War tactic. Communist east, and spread
Both sides developed military to decide Germany’s worldwide as both sides tried
reconnaissance spy planes and post-war future. to undermine each other by
anti-spy planes to counter the Germany is split influencing global events.
other’s surveillance planes. They also into four zones of
deployed secret agents, whose job was MARCH 1946
either to uncover political and industrial Allied occupation. British ex-prime minister Winston
information about the enemy, or to seek Churchill describes the division
out spies and traitors in their own country. MARCH 1947 between Communist and non-
US President Communist countries
Truman declares as an “iron curtain”.
the Truman Doctrine;
LOCKHEED U2 that it was the JUNE 1948
RECONNAISSANCE USA’s duty to fight
Communism all The Soviets try to
SPY PLANE over the world. squeeze the other
Allies out of Berlin
MAY–OCTOBER 1949 by blockading the city, Memorial to
Communist East forcing the Allies to Berlin Airlift
Germany and airlift in supplies.
capitalist West
LOGO OF THE CIA, LOCKHEED SR-71 OCTOBER 1949
USA’S COUNTER- BLACKBIRD Germany are founded. Mao Zedong declares
INTELLIGENCE FORCE the foundation of the
RECONNAISSANCE JUNE 1950 Communist People’s
PLANE The Korean War Republic of China.
begins; USSR and USA
take opposing sides. Book by Mao
Zedong, Chinese
OCTOBER 1956
The USSR invades communist
Hungary to put down leader
an anti-Communist
Sputnik
uprising. satellite

MIKOYAN-GUREVICH MIG-25 “FOXBAT” INTERCEPTOR PLANE AUGUST 1961 OCTOBER 1957
Soviets build the
USSR launches Sputnik,
Berlin Wall. the first satellite to
orbit Earth.
MAY 1972
USA and USSR sign a Statue of
treaty agreeing to limit
their nuclear weapons. OCTOBER 1962 Che Guevara,

DECEMBER 1987 USA and USSR face one of Cuba’s
USA and USSR agree off in the Cuban leaders at the
to remove all medium- Missile Crisis.
time of the
and short-range
LOGO OF THE KGB, nuclear missiles. Missile Crisis
SOVIET SPY AGENCY
MIKOYAN-GUREVICH MIG-23 INTERCEPTOR PLANE MARCH 1965

USA sends 200,000

SPACE RACE troops to fight in Vietnam.

Both the USA and USSR desperately VIETNAM WAR JULY–AUGUST 1980
wanted to be world leaders in space
exploration. They each poured huge In 1954 Vietnam was split when the USA boycotts the Moscow
amounts of money and resources into Communists (Vietcong) in the North split Olympic Games in protest
the race to be the first to land a man from the South. The USA sent troops to help at the Soviet invasion
on the Moon. the South Vietnamese, leading to a 20-year of Afghanistan.
war, which ended in victory for the Vietcong.

FIRST SATELLITE TO 1990 NOVEMBER 1989 Berlin Wall
ORBIT EARTH: USSR
Berlin Wall is torn down. memorial
On 4 October 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik I.
The USA launched their first satellite Explorer I US MARINES DECEMBER 1989
four months later. SUNGLASSES The Cold War is declared over.

FIRST MAN US MARINES US MARINES M16 AUTOMATIC GLOBAL FLASHPOINTS
IN SPACE: USSR HELMET ARMOURED RIFLE (USA)
The effects of the Cold War were felt all over the
On 12 April 1961, Yuri VEST world, as the USA and USSR backed different sides
Gagarin was the first in various conflicts and uprisings.
man to orbit the Earth in
his spacecraft, Vostok I.

FIRST WOMAN COMMEMORATIVE

IN SPACE: USSR STAMP SHOWING

Valentina Tereshkova YURI GAGARIN

became the first female

cosmonaut when she flew Vostok 6 in 1963. US MARINES
TROPICAL BOOTS
It took the USA another 20 years to send US MARINES CAMOUFLAGE JACKET AND TROUSERS

Sally Ride up in the space shuttle Challenger. KOREA 1950-53 CZECHOSLOVAKIA 1968

FIRST “SPACE WALK”: USSR The USA and United Nations An attempted uprising against the
backed South Korea, while USSR Communist regime was violently
On 18 March 1965, Alexei Leonov spent about put down by the USSR. The West
ten minutes floating outside his spacecraft, and China supported the disapproved, but did not intervene.
Voskhod 2. The Americans lost out Communists in the North.
again, by just three months.

FIRST PERSON VIETCONG VIETCONG FIGHTER’S TUNIC AND TROUSERS
TO LAND ON HAT
THE MOON: USA
MOON LANDING VIETCONG RUBBER VIETCONG MACHETE VIETCONG NICARAGUA 1979 AFGHANISTAN 1979
On 20 July 1969, Neil COMMEMORATIVE SANDALS AND SCABBARD GRENADE When the Soviets invaded
Armstrong, Commander LAUNCHER When Sandinista revolutionaries Afghanistan, Afghan resistance
of the Apollo 11 moon BADGE overthrew the government, the fighters (Mujahideen) were secretly
mission, stepped out of armed and funded by the USA.
the lunar landing module, USA funded a guerrilla war
Eagle, and on to the surface against the new regime. 333
of the Moon.

Spies FAMOUS SPIES TJACHFMRELEEEFASMICTBITENODIGONBNDINYAWI1LAA9SN5SP3Y

Spying, or espionage, is all about Successful spies rarely become famous, Lighter flips open
finding out secret information, known as because their cover is never blown. A to reveal camera
“intelligence”. Spies have been operating handful of spies do find fame as heroes,
for thousands of years. In ancient times, or after being found guilty of espionage.
they sneaked into enemy camps to
uncover their battle plans. If they were JOHN ANDRE
caught, they were killed. Spying is still
a dangerous business. Secret agents This British army officer was hanged as a spy in
carry weapons as well as the 1780 during the American War of Independence.
latest surveillance gadgets.
JAMES ARMISTEAD LAFAYETTE

A former African slave, Lafayette was a double
agent in the War of Independence.

MATA HARI

Dutch dancer Mata Hari was executed for spying
for Germany in World War I (1914–18).

VIRGINIA HALL

After helping the British in
World War II (1939–45), this
US spy joined the CIA.

THE ROSENBERGS

This American husband and
wife were executed in 1953
for passing secrets to the
Soviet Union.

MATA HARI

CAMERAS WRISTWATCH CAMERA INSECTOTHOPTER (FLYING
SURVEILLANCE CAMERA)
Used to photograph top-secret plans or provide
evidence of a private meeting, the camera is an
essential part of a spy’s kit. These days, a secret
agent can use a smartphone to take a snap without
attracting attention. In the past, cameras had to be
ingeniously concealed inside everyday objects.

MICRODOT DCD-1 (CIA SUBMINIATURE WRAL (CIA SUBMINIATURE MOLLY (CIA SUBMINIATURE LIGHTER CAMERA
CAMERA CAMERA) CAMERA) CAMERA)
MEZON RECORDING
RADIOS RECORDING CIA WRISTWATCH DEVICE PEN-TOP
DEVICES MICROPHONE MICROPHONE
Radio allowed secret agents of the past to communicate quickly HANDKERCHIEF WITH
over long distances – they did so in code, because radio messages With the help of bugs SECRET WRITING
can be easily intercepted. Radio waves also transmitted and other secret recording
sounds from listening devices, such as the devices, spies can ensure
one hidden in the hotel lamp below. that no conversation is ever
private. Wiretaps allow
PORTABLE an agent to listen in on
MILITARY RADIO phone conversations.

RADIO WRISTWATCH KGB CODES AND CIPHERS

Keeping communications secret and intercepting
enemy messages were prime concerns during
World War I and II. Codes allow words or
instructions to be replaced by letters, numbers,
or symbols. Ciphers are a clever kind of code,
where a secret “key” encrypts the message.

M-94 CIPHER
DEVICE

HOTEL LAMP ATTACHE CASE MORSE LETTER- GERMAN ENIGMA CIPHER GERMAN ENIGMA
TRANSCEIVER RADIO CODE KEY REMOVING MACHINE USED BY JAPANESE CIPHER MACHINE

DEVICE

334

WHO SPIES? CYBER SPIES

Most spies work for someone Computers and the Internet have changed
else – usually a government, the face of espionage. Cyber sleuths can now
a company, or another person. steal information remotely, by hacking into
Spying is their job. It involves computers. Governments and companies
finding out information that take cyber espionage very seriously.
others would rather keep
hidden, and passing those GOVERNMENTS PRIVATE COMPANIES POLITICAL GROUPS INDIVIDUALS
secrets on.
Every government runs its Private intelligence Campaigners may work to Some people spy
own intelligence agency. agencies spy on behalf find out “dirty” secrets without being hired.
The agency employs spies of individuals, companies, kept by big companies They may discover a
or the government. secret and share it.
to gather information. and governments.

...AND WHY? MONEY IDEOLOGY COMPROMISE EGO

Spying is a risky business, Most spies do what they do Some spy because of beliefs, Sometimes people fall into A small number of
so why do people do it? They for the money. Top spies or ideology. They work for a spying because they have a spies are motivated by
are usually motivated by one government or organization secret of their own. They are ego. They think being a
of four reasons. Experts are paid huge sums for the spy will be glamorous.
secrets they uncover. that shares their beliefs. blackmailed into the job.
explain these using the
term “MICE”, which stands
for Money, Ideology,
Compromise, and Ego.

SECRET COMPARTMENTS Secret INTELLIGENCE
AGENCIES
Spies need to be able to transport top- chamber
Governments need spies to tell them
secret information, tickets, or messages about threats from other countries.
Some also carry out surveillance
without them being intercepted. Spies in on their own citizens.

World War I and II used special microdot MSS, CHINA

cameras to shrink documents on to tiny In 1983 China merged existing
agencies to make its Ministry
pieces of film that could be concealed in of State Security (MSS).

the smallest hiding places. RING TO CONCEAL BOOT HEEL COIN WITH SECRET HOLLOW SOAP CASE RAW, INDIA
COMPARTMENT COMPARTMENT TO HIDE DEVICES
MICRODOTS Created in 1968, India’s
Research and Analysis Wing
WEAPONS (RAW) reports directly to the
Prime Minister, not Parliament.
Used to threaten and wring out
information, to silence an enemy for good, CIA, USA
or for self-defence, guns and other weapons
are an espionage essential. For some The Central Intelligence
missions, they may be carried openly; on Agency (CIA) focuses on
others, they must be carefully disguised. foreign threats to the USA.

.25 WEBLEY WITH ISI, PAKISTAN
SILENCER
Founded in 1948, Inter-
GAS-FIRING CARTRIDGE Strap attaches Services Intelligence (ISI)
ASSASSINATION WALLET gun to arm collects information that
affects Pakistani security.
PUSH DAGGER
FSB, RUSSIA
TIP OF POISON-PELLET CANE SINGLE-SHOT ASSASSINATION DEVICE
The Federal Security Service
Pen gun bullet TEAR-GAS PEN SLEEVE GUN CIA DEER GUN (FSB) was formed in 1995. It
took over from the KGB after
PNEUMATIC PEN GUN the fall of the Soviet Union.

GENERAL TOOLS BND, GERMANY

One challenge spies face is gaining Germany’s Federal
entry to places where secrets are Intelligence Service, or
stored. Secret agents carry kit for Bundesnachrichtendienst,
breaking and entering, including fence was founded in 1956.
cutters, key copiers, and lock picks.
DGSE, FRANCE

Formed in 1982, the Direction
Générale de la Sécurité
Extérieure (DGSE) investigates
threats to France.

MI6, UK

Formally called the Secret
Intelligence Service, MI6
reports to the UK government
and tracks terror threats.

ASIS, AUSTRALIA

The Australian Secret
Intelligence Service (ASIS)
was founded in 1952 to
protect Australia’s interests.

MOSSAD, ISRAEL

Formed in 1949, Israel’s
intelligence agency has
around 1,200 employees.

LOCK PICK GUN KEY PATTERN DEVICE WIRE FENCE CUTTER COVERT ENTRY KIT

335

Index savanna 147 Antarctica 194–5
skeletons 132 population 195
A aircraft 60–3 tree of life 68 size 178
Cold War 333 Amundsen, Roald 194, 314 wildlife 150–1
Aamodt, Kjetil Andre 262 World War I 328–9 anacondas 111, 145, 187
aardvarks 146 World War II 330 anatomy see bodies anteaters 68, 145, 147
Abdülmecid I, Sultan Anchisaurus 74 antennae
airships 63 ancient monuments 285
300 Akbar, Emperor 302 Andalucian horses 138 butterflies and moths 94
Aboriginal culture 192 Akhenaten 288 Andes Mountains 186, 187 crustaceans 90
abyssal zone, ocean 152 Akkad 286 Andorra, flag 197 anthocyanins 228
Abyssinian cats 137 Alaska, earthquake 162 André, John 334 antibiotics 45
acacia trees 146, 147 Albania, flag 197 anemonefish 98 Antigua and Barbuda, flag 196
accordions 211 albatrosses 150–1 anemones 83, 143, 153 Antonov AN-225 63
acid rain 176 Albertosaurus 77 Angel, Chriss 279 ants 93, 143, 149
acids 29 The Alchemist (Coelho) 221 Angel Falls (Venezuela) 186 Anurognathus 78
Acropolis (Athens) 189 Alcock, John 63 angelfish 98, 153, 155 Apatosaurus 74
acute angles 48 alders 85 Angkor Wat (Cambodia) 183, apes 126–7
Adams, John 318 Alexander the Great 291 219 Apollo spacecraft 15, 16, 17,
Adams, John Quincy 319 Alfred the Great 309, 325 anglerfish 153 314, 333
adaptable plants 80 algae 69 angles 48 Appaloosa horses 138
adaptation 33 algebra 47 angling 270–1 Apple Flower Festival (Denmark)
adders 111 Algeria 190 Anglo Saxons 324–5 205
addition 46 Angola, flag 196 apples 199
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer flag 196 Animal Farm (Orwell) aquamarine 169
Alhambra Palace (Spain) 219 220 aquatic snails 97
(Twain) 220 alkali metals 31 animals aqueducts, Roman 295
adzes 186 alkaline earth metals 31 biology 33 Arab Spring 317
aeroplanes 44 Allied Powers 330 coral reefs 154–5 Arabian horses 138
Afghan hounds 135 alligators 112–13 deserts 148–9 Arabian Nights 221
Afghanistan 333 Allosaurus 76, 77 endangered 177 Arabic 206
alloys 28 farm 140–1 arachnids 88–9
flag 197 alpacas 141, 187 forests 142–3 archaea 69, 159
Africa 190–1 alphabet, runic 296 how life began 70–1 Archelon 70
alpine skiing 262 life on Earth 159 archer fish 98
early man 284 amaryllis 81 migration 122–3 arches, formation of 165
European empires 322 Amazon rainforest 145, 187 Oceania 193 Archimedes 291
flags 196 Amazon River 186, 187 oceans 152–3 architecture see buildings
food 224 amber 72, 169 polar regions 150–1 arcs 48
population 180, 190 ambulances 55, 328 prehistoric 78–9 Arctic char 99
savanna 146 Amenhotep III 288 rainforest 144–5 Arctic Ocean 153, 171
size 178 American football 247, 250–1 relationships 153 Arctic poppies 151
slavery 323 American Revolution 317 savanna 146–7 Arctic terns 122, 123,
African wild ass 139 Americas, Ancient tree of life 68–9 151
African Americans, soldiers ammonites 70–1, 72–3 see also dinosaurs Arctic wildlife 150
in US Civil War 321 amnesia 41 Ankylosaurus 75 Arctic willow 151
agoutis 124 Amphibamus 71 Anne of Green Gables (Montgomery) Ardennais horses 138
agriculture see farming amphibians 104–5 220 area
Ahmet Fountain (Istanbul) 301 anole lizards 109 Africa 190
air pressure 175 frogs and toads 104–5 Anomalocaris 78 Antarctica 195
Aira Caldera (Japan) prehistoric 78, 79 anostomus 99 Asia 183
161 rainforest 144–5 Antarctic Treaty 195 Earth’s surface 178
Airbus 380 63 Europe 188
geometry 48, 49

336

North America 184 Asia 182–3 averages 47 barrier reefs 154
Oceania 193 flags 197 avocets 117 baseball 247, 252–3
South America 186 food 225 axial tilt, Earth’s 150, 178 basenjis 134
Argentavis 78 population 180, 183 Axis Powers 330 bases 29
Argentina 187 size 178 Azerbaijan, flag 197 Bashkir ponies 139
bread 232 basketball 246, 254–5
flag 196 Asian cats 137 B bass clef 212
football 248 ASIS (Australia) 335 basset hounds 135
Argentinosaurus 74 aspens 85, 143 Babbage, Charles 43 bassoons 210
Aristarchus 18 asphodels 82 baboons 127 Bastille (Paris) 317
Aristotle 18, 33, 223, ass, African wild 148 Babur, Emperor 302 bateleurs 118
291 Asteroid Belt, missions to 16 Babylon 286 baths, Roman 295
Arkwright, Richard 327 asteroids 11, 14 backgammon 276, 277 bats 133, 143, 145
armadillos 68 Aston Martin 51 bacon 238 batteries 26, 187
Armenia, flag 197 Astraspis 71, 78 bacteria 70, 159 battleships 329
arms and armour astrolabes 312, 315 bayonets 320, 329
Ancient Greece 291 astronomy 18–19 tree of life 69 beach volleyball 246
Ancient Rome 294 badgers 133, 142 beaches 164
Aztec 299 Mughal 302 badminton 257 beagles 135
early civilizations 287 Northern skies 20–1 bagels 233 beaked whales 131
medieval Europe 308–9 Southern skies 22–3 Bahά’í 203 beaks 116, 117
Mughal 302 Atacama Desert 187 Bahamas, flag 196
Ottoman 301 Athens (Greece) 189, 290 Bahrain, flag 197 birds of prey 118
Renaissance 312 athletics 260–1 balalaikas 211 beans 198
Samurai warriors 305 Atlantic Ocean 153, 171 bald eagles 116, 118, 150 bears 143, 151, 184
siege weapons 311 atmosphere, Earth’s 158, 159 baleen whales 130 Beaufort scale 173
spies 335 atmospheric circulation 172–3 Balinese-Javanese cats 137 beavers 125
US Civil War 320–1 atolls 154 ball lightning 175 Bedlington terriers 134
Viking 297 atomic bombs 330, 331 ball sports 246–7 bee orchids 83
World War I 329 atomic numbers 30 beech trees 85, 143
World War II 330–1 atoms 25, 28 water-based 266 beef 238
Armstrong, Neil 16, 314, aubergines 199 ballet 214, 216–17
333 Aucasaurus 76 ballistas 311 Argentine 187
army, Roman 294 Augean Stables 293 balloons, hot-air 62 Beehive Cluster 20
arrowheads 80 August Revolution (Vietnam) ballroom dancing 215 beekeeping 141
art and crafts 316 balls 246, 247 bees 93
Ancient Americas 299 Augustine of Hippo 223 beetles 92, 133, 143, 147, 149
Ancient Greece 290 auks 117, 151 football 248 Belarus, flag 197
early civilizations 287 Aurangzeb, Emperor racket sports 256–7 Belgium, flag 197
early human 285 302 bananas 199 Belize, flag 196
Imperial China 306, 307 aurorae 19, 26 bandfish 98 Bell, Alexander Graham 327
Imperial Japan 305 Australia 192–3 bandros 127 Belle Epoque, fashion 243
Mughal Empire 303 area 193 bandy 247 Bellerophon 293
Ottoman 301 flag 197 Bangladesh, flag 197 belly dancing 215
Renaissance 313 food 225 baobab trees 147 beluga whales 131, 151
the story of art 208–9 meat 238 Barapasaurus 75 Bengal cats 136
Viking 296–7 population 193 Barbados, flag 196 Benin, flag 196
Artemis 293 Australian Rules football 247 barbets 176 Bentley cars 50
arthropods 68 Australopithecus afarensis 284 Barents, William 315 Beowulf 221
Arthur, Chester A. Austria bark 84 Berlin Airlift 333
318 cheese 230 barley 198 Berlin Wall 317, 332
ash trees 85 flag 197 barn owls 119, 142 berries 226
Austria-Hungary, World War I Baronyx 73, 76, 77 Bhutan, flag 197
328 Baroque art 208 biathlons 263
barracudas 155

337

Bichon Frise 135 bluebottles 93 boreal evergreen forests 142 bugs, true 92
Bichon Yorkies 135 bluefish 98 Borneo 183 buildings
bicycles 64–5 BMX bikes 264 Bosnia & Herzegovina, flag 197
Big Bang 10–11 BND (Germany) 335 Boston terriers 134 castles 310–11
Bikaner Camel Festival board sports 267 Botswana, flag 196 earthquake-proof 163
boars 143, 311 Botticelli, Sandro 313 great 218–19
(India) 204 bottlebrush 80 medieval Europe 308
billy dogs 135 Erymanthian 293 bottlenose dolphins 130 Mughal 303
binary code 42 boas 110–11, 144 boules 246 Bulgaria, flag 197
biodiversity 142 boats 45 bowhead whales 150 bull boxers 135
biofuels 177 bowline 274, 275 bull terriers 134
biology 32–3 anatomy of 268–9 bowling 247 Bullard, Eugene Jacques 63
birch trees 85 Egyptian 288 bowls 247 bulldogs 135
bird-of-paradise plant 81 bob cats 129 boxer crabs 153 bullet ants 145
birds 116–17 bobsleigh 263 boxfish 98, 153 bullet trains 57
bodies boxing 272 bullfrogs 147
adaptation 33 birds 116 Boyd, Belle 321 buntings 151
desert 149 cats 136 Boyle, Robert 29 burbot 99
eggs 114–15 chemical composition 30 brachiopods 71 Burj Khalifa (Dubai)
feathers 116, 120–1 crocodilians 112 Brahms Crater (Mercury) 12 219
flight 116, 121 crustaceans 90 brain, human 34, 40–1 Burkina Faso, flag 196
forests 142–3 dogs 134 brain coral 154 Burmese cats 137
migration 122, 123 fish 98 brass instruments 210 Burundi, flag 196
polar regions 150–1 human 34–41 brassicas 198 Bush, George H.W. 319
prehistoric 78 insects 92 Brazil Bush, George W. 319
rainforest 144–5 lizards 108 bushbabies 127
savanna 146–7 meat-eating dinosaurs 76 area and population 181, 186 bustards 117
skeletons 132 plant-eating dinosaurs 74 flag 196 buttercups 83
spreading seeds 227 rodents 124 food production 198 butterflies 93, 94–5, 185
Stymphalian 293 sharks 100 football 248 migration 122
tree of life 69 slugs and snails 97 Brazilian Revolution 316 rainforest 144–5
birds of paradise 117, 121, 144 snakes 110 breaching, whales 131 butterfly fish 155
birds of prey 116, 118–19 spiders 88 bread 232–3 butterfly weeds 83
birdwing butterflies 94, 95 body systems 35 bridge 277 butterwort 81
Birman cats 137 Body-painting Festival (Austria) 204 bridles 280 buzzards 118, 132
birthstones 168 Bolívar, Simón 317 brioche 233 Byzantine art 208
bites, snake 111 Bolivia 186, 187 bristlecone pines 85
bits (tack) 280 Bollywood style 214–15 Britain see United Kingdom C
black holes 11 Bolt, Usain 261 British Empire 322
black mambas 111 Bolton Abbey (England) 308 British shorthair cats 137 cabbages 198
black smokers 153 bombardment 329 Brittany dogs 134 cacti 80, 148, 149
black widow spiders 88, 89 bombards 311 brittle stars 153 caecilians 105
blackbirds 121, 143 Bombay cats 137 broccoli 199, 228 Caesar, Julius 295
Blaine, David 279 Bombay duck 236 bromeliads 145 caimans 113, 132
blennies 98 bombers 60–1 Brown, Arthur 63 Cairn terriers 134
Blériot, Louis 63 Bond, James 334 Brunei, flag 197 caldera lakes 171
the Blitz (London) 331 bone marrow 37 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 327 calderas 160, 161
blood vessels 34 bones 34, 35, 36–7 Buchanan, James 319 calendar
blue cheeses 231 bonobos 127 Budapest (Hungary) 189
Blue Mosque (Istanbul) 219 bonsai trees 85 Buddhism 202, 214, 307 Chinese 307
blue sharks 100 bony fish 99 buffaloes 146–7 Roman 295
blue whales 131 The Book Thief (Zusak) 221 Bugatti cars 51 calligraphy
bluebells 81, 82, 143 books 220–1, 312 bugles 210 Arabic 300
bluebirds 121 Booth, John Wilkes 321 Chinese 306

338

Calypso 293 cassava 198 Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina) 186 Imperial 306–7
Camarasaurus 74 Cassini spacecraft 17 cha-cha 215 population 183
Cambodia 183 casting (fishing) 271 Chad, flag 196 revolutions 316, 317
castles 310–11 challah 233 space programme 15, 17
flag 197 Chama 71 chinchillas 125
Cambrian explosion 70 Imperial Japan 304 chambered shells 103 Chincoteague ponies 139
camels 141, 148, 190 medieval Europe 308 Chamberlain, Joshua 321 Chinese chequers 276
castor beans 81 Chamberlain, Wilt 255 Chinese New Year 205
cheese 231 Castro, Fidel 316, 332 chameleons 109, 132, 144 Chinese Revolution 316
cameras, spies 334 casualties Chandayaan-1 Spacecraft 17 chipmunks 125
Cameroon, flag 196 US Civil War 320, 321 changement 217 chipokae 99
Camptosaurus 75 World War I 328 Chantilly Tiffany cats 137 chitons 97, 103
Canaan dogs 134 World War II 331 chariots 287 chlorophyll 80, 228
Canada 184 catalytic converters 51 Charlemagne 309 chordates 69
Caterpillar crawlers 52–3 Charles I, King 316, 324 chords 48
area 181 caterpillars 95 Charles II, King 324 Chow Chows 134
flag 196 catfish 99 Charlotte’s Web (White) 221 Christ Church (London) 218
food production 198 cats 69, 133, 136–7 chars 99 Christianity 202
meat 238 wild 128–9 Chartreux cats 136 Christmas 205
canals 326 cattle 140, 187, 191, 311 Charybdis 293 chromosomes 32
canasta 277 cattle ranches 145 Château de Beynac (France) 308 chromatography 28
cancan 214 Caudipteryx 76 Château de Fougères (France) 308 chrysalis 95
cane toads 105, 147 cauliflowers 199 cheese 198, 230–1 Churchill, Winston 330, 333
canoeing 267 cavalry defence 294 cheetahs 129, 146 CIA (USA) 333, 335
canopy, rainforest 144–5 cave spiders 88 chemical reactions 29 ciabatta 232
canter 281 caves, formation of 165 chemicals, cleaning 176 ciambella mandorlata 233
Canterbury Cathedral (England) 202 caviar 237 chemistry 28–9 cinder cones 160
Canute, King 325 cavy-like rodents 124–5 cherry blossom 183 ciphers 334
Cao Dai 203 Cayley, George 63 cherry trees 85 circles 48, 49
Cape Town (South Africa) 191 cedars 85, 143 Chesapeake Bay retrievers 134 circuits 26
Cape Verde, flag 196 celebrations 204–5 chess 277 circumference 48
capuchin monkeys 126 celestial sphere 19 chestnuts 85 Citipati 76
capybaras 144–5, 147 cellos 211 Chevrolet cars 50 Citroëns 50
caracals 128, 148 cells 32, 34 Chichen Itza (Mexico) 163, 185, 296 citrus fruit 199, 226
caracaras 119 cement mixers 54 chickens 140, 199, 239, 311 city-states
carbon 31 Cenozoic Era 70–1 chicks 114–15, 117 Greek 290
carbon dioxide 80 centaurs 292 Chihuahuas 135 Italian 312
Carboniferous Period 71 centipedes 68 Chile Civil War
Carcharodon 71 Central African Republic, flag 196 English 316
Carcharodontosaurus 70–1, 77 ceramics bread 232 US 320–1
card games 276–7 Ancient Americas 299 earthquake 162 civilizations
card tricks 278, 279 Ancient Greece 209, 290 flag 196 Ancient Americas 298–9
Carnac (France) 285 early civilizations 287 pasta 235 Ancient Egypt 288–9
Carnation Revolution (Portugal) 316 Imperial China 306, 307 chillies 199 Ancient Greece 290–1
carnival 204–5 Imperial Japan 305 Chimaera 292 early 286–7
carnivores 68, 69 invention of pottery 44 chimpanzees 127, 133, 144 Imperial China 306–7
carnivorous plants 81 Mughal 303 Chimu people 298 clams 68, 97, 237
Carolinas 134 Ottoman 301 China 182, 183 clarinets 210
carotenoids 228 prehistoric 285 area 181 classical dance 214
carrots 199 ceratopsians 74–5 art 209 classification
cars 44, 50–1 Ceratosaurus 76 early civilizations 286 biology 33
Carter, Jimmy 318 cereals 198 flag 197 of life 69
Carthage 295 Ceres 19 food production 199
cartilaginous fish 99
Caspian Sea 171

339

clefs 212 collies 135 coral reefs 154–5, 158, 193 Croatia, flag 197
Cleopatra VII 288, 289 colocolos 128 coral snakes 110 crocodiles 68, 112–13, 144, 185
Cleveland, Grover 318 Colombia, flag 196 corals 71, 72, 153, 169
climate 172–3 Colosseum (Rome) 219, 295 core eggs 115
colours 25 Cromwell, Oliver 316, 324
extreme 179 Earth’s 158 croquet 247
climate change 33, 146, 172, 174 vegetables 228 Moon 14 cross-country skiing 262
Clinton, Bill 319 colubrids 110–11 core fruit 226, 227 crossbills 143
clothing Columbus, Christopher 314, 315 corgis 135 crossbreeds, dogs 135
combat sports 272–3 cormorants, fishing with 271 crotchets 212
Ancient Greeks 290 combustion 29 corncrakes 117 crows 132
Imperial China 307 comets 11 cornsnakes 110 cruisers, motorbike 58–9
medieval Europe 308 Commonwealth (1649-59) 324 Cortés, Hernán 299, 315 the Crusades 309
men’s fashions 240–1 communications, US Civil War 321 Corvus constellation 22 crust
motorbike 58 Comoros, flag 196 Corythosaurus 75
sailing 268 companion dogs 135 Costa Rica Earth 158, 159
Vikings 296–7 compasses, magnetic 268, 315 flag 196 Moon 14
women’s fashions 242–3 composite numbers 47 rainforest 185 crustaceans 90–1
cloud forest 145 computers 42–3, 45 costumes skeletons 133
clouds 171, 173 condors 118 ballet 216 tree of life 68
clover 82 conductors 27 dancing 215 Crux constellation 23
clown triggerfish 98, 152, 155 cones 49 Cottee, Kay 269 Cryolophosaurus 76
clownfish 99, 153, 155 Confederates 320–1 cotton 323 Cuba
clubs 329 Confucianism 203, 307 mills 327 Cuban Revolution 316
cluster flowers 82 Confucius 203, 222 cottongrass 151 flag 196
Clydesdale horses 138 Confuciusornis 70 countries cubed numbers 46
co-ordination 41 Congo, flag 196 biggest and smallest 181 cubes 49
coal 326 conifers 69, 80 flags 196–7 Cubism 209
coastal deserts 148 Connemara ponies 139 course plotters 268 cuboids 49
coastal redwoods 84 conservation 177 court style clothing 240–1 cuckoos 116
coatis 145 courts cucumbers 199
coats, horses 139 wild cats 128 baseball 254 culture 200–43
coats of arms 308 constellations 19, 20–3 racket sports 256–7 architecture 218–19
cobra lilies 81 constrictors 111 tennis 258 art 208–9
cobras 110, 144, 148 construction vehicles 54 covert feathers 121 celebrations 204–5
cockatoos 117 consumers 177 cows 140, 199, 311 dance 214–17
feathers 120 contemporary art 209 cheese 231 fashion 240–3
cocker spaniels 134–5 continents coyotes 143, 149 food 224–39
cockerpoos 135 crab apples 85 language 206–7
cockroaches 71, 72 Africa 190–1 Crab Nebula 20 literature 220–1
cocoa 323 Antarctica 194–5 crabs 90–1, 102, 133, 153, 237 music 210–13
cocoa trees 85, 145 Asia 182–3 cranes (birds) 117 philosophy 222–3
coconuts 199 Europe 188–9 cranes, truck-mounted 55 religion 202–3
cod 98–9 North America 184–5 craters, lunar 14 cuneiform 212
codes 334 Oceania 192–3 crawlers 52–3 curares 145
Coelophysis 76 size of 178 crayfish 91, 237 Curie, Marie 29
coffee 323 South America 186–7 Cretaceous Period 70–1 Curiosity rover 17
coins Cook, Captain James 314 cribbage 277 curlews 121
Ancient Greece 290 Cooke, William 327 cricket 246 current, electrical 26
tricks 278, 279 Coolidge, Calvin 319 crickets 92, 149 cusk eels 153
cold deserts 148 coordinates 178 crime, medieval Europe 309 cuttlefish 97, 152, 237
Cold War 332–3 coots 117 crinoids 70 Cuzco 298
cold waves 174 Copernicus, Nicolaus 18 crispbread 232 cyber spies 335
cold-blooded creatures 110 Coppélia 216 cycads 81
cor anglais 210

340

cycling 264–5 deer 143, 147 discus 261 Duomo (Florence) 313
see also bicycles defence distance events (athletics) 261 durians 227
Distichodus 99 dust storms 174
Cyclopes 293 castles 310–11 Ditomopyge 78 Dutch Revolt 316
cylinders 49 crabs 90 diving 266 dwarf planets 11
cymbals 25 fish 99 division 46
cymric cats 137 plant-eating dinosaurs 75 Diwali 204–5 E
cypress trees 85 tortoises 107 Djibouti, flag 196
Cyprus defenders DNA 34 eagle owls 116, 119
American football 251 dobermanns 135 eagles 116, 118, 132, 144
flag 197 football 248, 249 dodgeball 246 Earhart, Amelia 62
meat 238 deforestation 176, 177 dodos 33 early warning systems
Czech Republic, flag 197 Deinonychus 76, 77 dogs 134–5
Czechoslovakia 333 Deinotherium 79 (earthquakes) 163
Delhi (India) 180 fishing with 271 Earth 11, 13, 158–9
D deltas 164 Dolmabahçe Palace (Istanbul) 300–1
dementia 41 dolphins 130–1, 152, 154–5 axial tilt 150, 178
da Gama, Vasco 315 Demeter 293 how life began 70–1
dachshunds 135 Democratic Republic of Congo, fishing with 271 our physical world 178–9
daddy long-legs 88 flag 196 Dominica, flag 196 our political world 180–1
daffodils 81 Denali National Park (Alaska) 184 Dominican Republic, flag 196 water on 170–1
dahlias 81 Denmark dominoes 276 earthquakes 162–3
Daimyo 304 bread 232 Don Quixote (Cervantes) 221 detectors 307
dairy produce 198 flag 197 donkeys 139, 141 earthworms 68
daisies 82, 83 meat 238 doppler radar 173 East Timor, flag 197
Dali, Salvador 209 deposition 164 dormice 125, 143 Easter 205
Dallol (Ethiopia) 179 dermis 34 Dorudon 131 Eastern Europe, revolutions 317
dalmatians 135 Derrida, Jacques 223 double basses 211 echidnas 148
damselflies 93 dervishes 214 doves 117, 121 echinoderms 71
dance 214–15 Descartes, René 222 dragonflies 93, 133 skeletons 133
desert cats, Indian 129 Drake, Sir Francis 314 tree of life 68
ballet 216–17 desert roses 148 draughts 276, 277 Echmatocrinus 70
dandelions 143 deserts 148–9, 158–9, 176 Dream of the Red Chamber (Cao economy, and empires 322
dandies 241 Devon rex 137 Ecuador, flag 196
dandy horses 65 Devonian Period 71 Xueqin) 221 Edinburgh Festival (Scotland) 204
Danish warmbloods 138 DGSE (France) 335 dressage 281 Edison, Thomas Alva 27
Dante the Great 279 diameter 48 dresses 242–3 Edmontia 75
Danube River 189 diamonds 166, 169, 191 dribbling Edmontosaurus 75
Daoism 307 The Diary of a Young Girl (Frank) 220 Edward I (“Longshanks”), King 325
dark energy 11 Dicraeosaurus 75 basketball 255 Edward VII, King 325
dark matter 11 diesel trains 56–7 football 249 eels 98–9, 122, 152
dark zone, ocean 152–3 digestive system 35 dried fish 236 Efraasia 74
Darwin, Charles 33, 315 diggers 55 droughts 174 Egbert 324
Davis, Jefferson 321 digital telescopes 43 drums 210, 211 egg-laying mammals 68
Davy, Sir Humphry 327 Dimetrodon 70–1, 78 Dry Valleys (Antarctica) 179 eggs 114–15
Day of the Dead (Mexico) 205 Dimorphodon 78 Dryosaurus 75 amphibians 104, 105
de Beauvoir, Simone 223 dinosaurs 70–1 Dubois, W.E.B. 223 birds 114–15,
Dead Sea (Israel) 183 extinction 33 Dubreuillosaurus 77 116, 117
deadly nightshade 81 fossils 72–3 ducks 117, 132, 140, 143, 239 butterflies 95
deadly webcap 87 meat-eating 76–7 feathers 121 crocodilians 112
Dean, Christopher 263 plant-eating 74–5 dugongs 68, 152 fish 237
deathcap 87 Dior, Christian 242 Dumbbell nebula 20 insects 93
decathlon 261 Diplodocus 74, 75 dumpers 54 reptiles 115
deciduous trees 85, 142 dunes 148 turtles 107
decimals 47 dung beetles 147
dunnocks 117

341

Egypt, Ancient 286, 288–9 Enigma machines 334 European eels 122 fashion
art 209 environment, danger to 176–7 European Revolutions 317 men’s 240–1
Book of the Dead 220 Eocaecilia 70 even-toed hoofed animals 68 women’s 242–3
trade 314 Eomaia 70 eventing 281
Eoraptor 76 events Fatehpur Sikri (India) 303
Egypt, flag 196 Eothyris 71 fault lakes 171
Egyptian mau 137 Epic of Gilgamesh 220 cycling 264, 265 faults, geological 59, 162
Eid-al-Fitr 204 epidermis 34 sprint 261 feathers 116, 120–1
Eiffel Tower (France) 189 Equatorial Guinea, flag 196 Everglades (Florida) 185 Federer, Roger 259
Einstein, Albert 25, 41 equipment evergreen trees 85, 142 fencing 272, 273
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 318, 332 Evert, Chris 259 fennec foxes 148
El Greco 208 American football 250 evolution 33 fer-de-lance 110, 111
El Salvador, flag 196 baseball 252 first humans 284 ferns 69, 70, 71, 81, 143
Elasmosaurus 79 basketball 254 horses 138 Ferrari cars 50–1
electric eels 26 fishing 270–1 prehistoric animals 79 Ferrel cell 173
electric trains 57 racket sports 256–7 whales 131 fertilizers 52
electricity 26–7 skiing 262 wolves and dogs 134 Festival of the Pig (France) 24
spies 334–5 excavators 55 festivals 204–5
hydroelectric power 171 tennis 258 Exmoor ponies 139 Feynman, Richard 25
electromagnetic spectrum 25 US Civil War 320–1 exoskeletons 132, 133 Fibonacci Sequence 46
electromagnetism 26 Equus 138 exosphere 159 fiddler crabs 91
electrons 28 Erasthenes 18 Exotic Shorthair cats 137 field guns 329
elements 30–1 Erik the Red 297 exploration 314–15, 322 fields
elephants 68, 147, 191 Eriskay ponies 139 Expressionism 209
Eritrea, flag 196 extinction 33, 78 American football 250
evolution 79 ermines 150 eye glasses 45 baseball 252
skeleton 132–3 erosion 164–5 eyes FIFA World Cup 249
Elizabeth I, Queen 324 eruption styles, volcanoes 160 birds of prey 118 fig trees 85
Elizabeth II, Queen 325 Erta Ale (Ethiopia) 160 cats 136 figure skating 263
Elizabethan clothing 241 ESA 15, 17 dogs 135 Fiji, flag 197
elms 85 escapology 279 horses 139 Fillmore, Millard 318
elves 175 Eskimo rolls 267 human 35 filtering 28
Ely, Eugene Burton 63 eskrima 272 insects 92, 93 filters, whales 130
email 43 Estonia, flag 197 sharks 101 finches 143
embryos 114 Etemenaki Ziggurat (Babylon) 286 snakes 110 fingers 36
emeralds 168 Ethiopia Finland
emergency vehicles 55 Ethiopian Revolution 316 F cheese 230
emergent layer, rainforest 144–5 flag 196 flag 197
emotions 41 eucalyptus 143 facial expressions 38 fins 98, 100
Empire State Building (New York) eudicots 83 factories 327 fire engines 55
218 Eudimorphodon 78 falcons 119, 149, 151 firearms 329, 330
emus 146, 193 Euoplocephalus 74, 75 family (classification of life) 69 The Firebird 216
Encrinus 78 Euparkeria 78 fangtooth 152 firefish 154
endangered species 177 Europe 181, 188–9 fans 305 firs 85
endocrine system 35 empires 322–3 Faraday, Michael 27 fish 98–101
energy flags 197 farming coral reefs 154–5
electricity 26–7 food 225 eggs 115
for life 32 medieval 308–9 domestic animals 141 as food 236–7
renewable 177 population 180, 188 early civilizations 286 oceans 152–3
types of 25 Renaissance 312–13 first humans 285 polar regions 150
England revolutions 316, 317 and habitat loss 145, 146 prehistoric 78–9
English Revolution 316 size 178 Industrial Revolution 327 sharks 100–1
football 248 space programme 15, 17 tractors 52–3 skeletons 132
monarchs 324–5 year on the farm 52 tree of life 68
English language 206

342

fish owls 119 food web 33 forests 143 Geoffroy’s cats 128
fishing 270–1 football 247, 248–9 tree of life 68–9 geography 156–99
fishing cat 128 Forbidden City (Beijing) 306 funnel-web spiders 88, 89
fjords 189 force 24 climate and weather 172–5
flags 196–7 Ford, Gerald 318 G continents 182–95
Ford cars 50 Earth 158–9
prayer 202 forest floor, rainforest 144–5 Gabon, flag 196 earthquakes 162–3
flamingoes 121, 185 forests 142–3, 159 Gaboon vipers 145 environment in danger 176–7
flatbreads 232 Gaelic football 247 flags 196–7
flat fish 237 destruction of 177 Gagarin, Yuri 16, 314, 333 food production 198–9
flavours rainforest 144–5 galagos 127 landscape 164–5
see also trees galahs 149 our physical world 178–9
bread 232–3 the Forties, clothing 240, 242 Galápagos Islands 186 our political world 180–1
cheese 230 fossil fuels, burning 176 Galápagos tortoise 106 rocks and minerals 166–9
fledglings 117 fossils 70, 71, 72–3, 89 galaxies 10, 22 volcanoes 160–1
Fleming, Ian 334 Fox Talbot, William 327 Galilei, Galileo 18 geometry 48–9
flies 93 fox terriers 134 Gallimimus 76 George I, King 324
flight foxes 143, 148, 151 gallinules 117 George III, King 325
aircraft 60–3, 312 foxface fish 98 gallop 281 George VI, King 325
birds 116, 121 fractions 47 Galunggung (Java) 161 Georgia, flag 197
flightless birds 116 France Gambia, flag 196 Geosaurus 78
floats (fishing) 271 cheese 230 game birds 116 geothermal energy 177
flooded rainforest 145 cycling 265 gerbils 124
flooded savanna 146 flag 197 feathers 120 Germany
floodplains 164 football 248 meat 239 bread 232
floods 174 French Empire 322 games cheese 230
Florence (Italy) 313 French Revolution 317 Aztec 299 Cold War 332–3
flowers 82–3 meat 238 board 276–7 flag 197
flowering plants 69, 80–1 World War I 328, 329 card 276–7 football 248
vegetables 228 World War II 330–1 computer 43 German Revolution 316
Flowers, Thomas 43 Franco, General Francisco Gandhi, Mahatma 322 World War I 329
flutes 25, 210 316 Ganesh 202 World War II 330–1
fly-fishing 271 Franklin, Benjamin 27 Ganges, River (India) 182 germination 80
flying foxes 145 freestyle skiing 262 Gangnam style 214 Geryon, cattle of 293
Flying Scotsman 56 French horns 210 Garfield, James 319 Ggantija Temples (Malta) 285
flying snakes 111 French Polynesia, fish 236 garfish 98–9, 152 Ghana, flag 196
flying squirrels 124, 125 frescoes 209 Gargoyleosaurus 75 gharials 112, 113
focaccia 232 freshwater crocodile 113 garlic 198 gherkins 199
fog 174 freshwater fish 99 garter snakes 111 Ghirlandaio, Domenico 313
folding bicycles 65 freshwater fishing 270 Gasosaurus 76 ghost crabs 90
folk dancing 214 friction 24 Gastonia 75 giant clams 97, 102, 153
food frigatebirds 186 gatehouses 310 giant tortoises 186
Antarctic food web 150 frilled lizards 109 gazelles 146 gibbons 127, 145
around the world 224–5 fringing reefs 154 geckos 108, 132, 144 gila monsters 148
bread 232–3 Frobisher, Martin 314 geese 117, 140, 151, 311 gills 98, 104
cheese 230–1 frogs 68, 104–5, 147 feathers 121 ginkgo trees 69, 81, 85
fish 236–7 frogspawn 104 migration 123 Giraffatitan 74
fruit 226–7 the Fronde 316 gemstones 166, 168–9 giraffes 146, 147
horses 280 fronts, weather 172–3 genes 32 Giselle 216
meat 238–9 fruit 83, 199, 226–7, 228 Genesis spacecraft 17 glaciation 164, 167
pasta 234–5 FSB (Russia) 335 Genghis Khan 302 gladiators 295
plants 80 fuel injection systems 51 gentlemen’s clothing 241 gladioli 81, 82
vegetables 228–9 fungi 33, 86–7, 159 genus 69 glass 29
where food comes from 198–9

343

gliders 63 Great Red Spot (Jupiter) 12 oceans 152–3 hatchlings 115, 117
global warming 174, 176 Great Wall of China 183, 218, 306–7 polar 150–1 hats 240–1, 242–3
globes 315 great white shark 101 rainforest 144–5 Hatshepsut 288
glockenspiels 211 Greece savanna 146–7 haulage vehicles 54
gloves, baseball 252 slugs and snails 97 hawk-moths 95
Glyptodon 79 Ancient 286, 290–1 hadal zone, ocean 153 hawkfish 155
gnus 147 art 209 Haflinger ponies 139 hawks 118
Go game 276 bread 232 Hagia Sophia (Istanbul) 219 hay fever 83
goal posts, American football 250 cheese 230 hailstones 175 Hayes, Rutherford B. 319
goalkeepers, football 248, 249 flag 197 hailstorms 174 hazardous waste 176
goats 141, 239, 311 myths 292–3 hair 38 heart
pasta 235 hairless cats 137
cheese 231 greenhouse effect 176 hairless dogs 134 human 34
Göbekli Tepe (Turkey) 285 greenhouse gases 175 hairstreak butterflies 95 snakes 110
gods and goddesses Greenland dogs 134 Haiti heat 25
Grenada, flag 196 flag 196 heatwaves 174
Ancient Americas 299 grenades 329 Haitian Revolution 317 heavy horses 138
Ancient Egypt 289 grenadiers, Pacific 152 Haka 215 hedgehogs 68, 142
Ancient Greece 291, 292 greyhounds 135 Hakouichthys 78 heels 37
early civilizations 287 Griffith-Joyner, Florence 260 Halley’s Comet 18 height, horses 139
godwits, bar-tailed 123 Grimms’ Fairy Tales 221 Hall, Virginia 334 helicopters 61, 62
gold 323 grooming tools, horses 280 Halloween 205 Helios 293
Golden Fleece 293 ground squirrels 125 Hallucigenia 71 hellebores 82
Golden Gate (San Francisco) 185 group behaviour, monkeys and apes halogens 31 helleborines 82
golden retrievers 134 126 ham 239 helmets
Golden Temple (Amritsar) 203 groupers 153 hammer throwing 261 Ancient Greek 291
goldendoodles 135 grouse 116, 120, 239 hamsters 124–5 Ancient Roman 294
goldfish 99 guerezas 127, 145 Han Wudi 306 medieval European 308–9
golf 146 Guevara, Che 316, 333 hand-pelota 247 Mughal 302
goliath birdeater tarantulas 89 Guggenheim Museum (Bilbao) 218–19 handaxes 44, 184–5 Ottoman 301
Goniatites 78 Guinea, flag 196 handball 246 Samurai 304
Gorbachev, Mikhail 332 guinea fowl 120 Hanging Gardens of Babylon 286 Viking 297
Gordon, John Brown 321 guinea pigs 124, 141 Hannibal 295 hemlock 85
gorges 164, 165 Guinea-Bissau, flag 196 Hanoverians 324–5 Henie, Sonja 263
gorillas 127, 133, 144–5, 284 guitars 211 Hanukkah 205 Henry III, King 325
Gormley, Antony 209 gulls 117, 121 hard cheese 230–1 Henry IV, King 325
goshawks 118 gum trees 85, 147 Harding, Warren B. 319 Henry V, King 325
Goths 295 gundogs 134 Hardiwar (India) 182 Henry VI, King 324
Gotland ponies 139 gunpowder 45, 307 hares 133, 150 Henry VIII, King 324
Graf, Steffi 259 guns 312, 320–1, 329, 335 harlequin sweetlips 98 heptathlon 261
Grafström, Gillis 263 gurnards 98, 152 Harley-Davidson motorbikes 58, 59 Heracles, labours of 293
Grand Canyon (USA) 185 Guru Granth Sahib 203 harmony 212 hermit crabs 91, 102, 155
granite 166–7 Guyana harness races 281 herons 116
Grant, Ulysses S. 319, 321 fish 236 Harold II, King 325 Herrerasaurus 72, 78
grapes 199 flag 196 harriers 118 Herschel, William 19
grass 82–3 Harrison, Benjamin 318 Hesperides, golden apples of 293
grasshoppers 92 H Harrison, William Henry 318 Heterodontosaurus 75
grasslands 146–7, 158 Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s hibiscus 81
gravity 24 habitats 158–9 Stone (Rowling) 221 hieroglyphs 289
Great Barrier Reef (Australia) 193 coral reefs 154–5 Harvest Festival 204 high jump 260
Great Dark Spot (Neptune) 13 deserts 148–9 harvesting 52 Hildegard of Bingen 223
Great Expectations (Dickens) 220 destruction/loss 33, 146 hatchetfish 99 Himalayan sheepdogs 135
The Great Lafayette 279 forests 142–3 Himalayas 13
Great Pyramid (Egypt) 218

344

Himeji Castle (Japan) 219 homes, electricity 28 meat-eating dinosaurs 77 food production 199
Hindi 206 Homo erectus 284 spiders 89 Mughal Empire 302–3
Hinduism 202 Homo neanderthalensis 284 hurdles 261 space programme 15, 17
hinged shells 102–3 Homo sapiens 284 hurling 246 Indian epics 220
Hippolyta, belt of 293 Honda cars 50 hurricanes 174, 175 Indian Ocean 153, 171
hippopotamuses 147, 191 Honduras, flag 196 huskies 134 Indonesia
hippy style 243 honey 141 hyacinths 82 flag 197
Hiroshige, Utagawa 305 Hoover, Herbert 319 Hyades star cluster 20 food production 199
Hiroshima (Japan) 331 hoplites 291 Hybodus 78, 79 tsunami 163
history 282–335 Hoplopteryx 70 hybrid cars 51 Industrial Revolution 326–7
hornbeams 85 Hydra 293 Infrared Astronomical Satellite 19
Ancient Americas 298–9 horncone, Mexican 81 hydraulics 55 infrared telescopes 18
Ancient Egyptians 288–9 hornets 143 hydroelectric power 171, 177 insects 92–3
Ancient Greeks 190–3 horse riding 280–1 hydrogen 30 butterflies and moths 94–5
Ancient Rome 294–5 horseball 281 hydrostatic skeletons 133 desert 149
British monarchs 324–5 horses 133, 138–9 hyenas 146, 147 eggs 115
castles and fortresses 310–11 Hypsilophodon 75 forests 143
Cold War 332–3 cheese 231 hyrachotherium 138 rainforest 144–5
early empires 286–7 horseshoe crabs 153 savanna 147
European empires 322–3 horsetail 81 IJ skeletons 133
exploration 314–15 hot cross buns 233 tree of life 68
first humans 284–5 hot deserts 148 Iberomesornis 78 instruments, musical 210–11
Imperial China 306–7 hot springs 193 ibises 116, 145 insulators 27
Imperial Japan 304–5 Houdini, Harry 279 Ibizan hounds 134 intelligence agencies 335
Industrial Revolution 326–7 houseflies 93 Ibn-Rushd (Averroes) 223 international instruments 210
medieval Europe 308–9 Houses of Parliament (London) Icaronycteris 71, 78 International Space Station 17
Ottoman Empire 300–1 ice dancing 263 international tractors 52–3
Renaissance 312–13 218 ice sheets 194 internet 43, 45
revolutions 316–17 howler monkeys 126 ice skating 263 Inuits 267, 315
spies 334–5 Huangosaurus 74 icebergs 194 inventions 44–5
United States 318–21 Hubble Space Telescope 17 Iceland Chinese 306–7
Vikings 296–7 human body 30, 34–41 Renaissance 312
World War I and II 328–31 humans, first 284–5 cheese 230 invertebrates 78
Hitler, Adolf 330, 331 Hume, David 222 fish 236 desert 149
Ho Chi Minh 316 Hummers 51 flag 197 forests 143
Hobbes, Thomas 223 hummingbirds 117 Ichthyosaurus 78 fossils 72–3
hobbies humpback whales 122, 130 icons 202 rainforest 144–5
games 276–7 The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Hugo) Ieyasu, Tokugawa 304, 305 reef 154–5
knots 274–5 igneous rocks 166 tree of life 68
magic 278–9 221 iguanas 108–9, 186 Io 161
see also sports Hungarian pulis 135 Iguanodon 75 Iraq, flag 197
The Hobbit (Tolkien) 220 Hungarian vizslas 134 immune system 35 Ireland
hockey 246 Hungary imperialism 322 bread 232
underwater 266 Impressionism 208–9 flag 197
Hodgkin, Dorothy 29 bread 232 Inca civilization 298, 299 meat 238
hogweed 82 flag 197 incubation, eggs 115 irises 82
Hohenzollern Castle (Germany) 311 revolution 316, 317 Independence Day (USA) 204 Irish setters 134
Holi 205 Soviet invasion 333 independence movements 322 Irish wolfhounds 135
Hollerith, Herman 43 hunter-gatherers 285 India 182 iron 326
hollyhocks 81 hunting 33 art 209 Irritator 76
Holocaust Memorial (Berlin) 331 birds of prey 118 British rule 322 Isanosaurus 74
Holy Trinity Church (Slovenia) 308 crocodilians 112 early civilizations 286 Ishtar Gate (Babylon) 286
Homeosaurus 73 early civilizations 286 flag 197
first humans 285
frogs 105
lions 129

345

ISI (Pakistan) 335 crocodilians 112 KL kites 116, 119, 307
Islam 202, 309 sharks 101 kitesurfing 267
jays 121 K2 179 kittens 136
art 208 Jazz Age, fashion 243 Kabuki 214 kiwis 116, 193
island chains, volcanic 161 jeeps 51 Kalahari Desert 191 Kiyomasa, Kato 304
Israel, flag 197 Jefferson, Thomas 319 kalaripayit 272 Knabstrup horses 138
Istanbul (Turkey) 188, 300–1 jellyfish 133 kangaroo rats 149 knifefish 99
Italy jet stream 72 kangaroos 147, 148, 193 knights 311
jets (weather) 175 Kangchenjunga 179 Knossos, Palace of (Crete) 218
cheese 230 Jewel Box cluster 22 Kangxi 306 knots 274–5
flag 197 jewelfish 155 Kant, Immanuel 222 Knox-Johnston, Robin 269
football 248 jewelled amanitas 87 kapok trees 145 koalas 143, 193
Italian Empire 322 jewellery Karabakh horses 138 koi carp 98, 99
pasta 235 Ancient Egypt 289 karate 272 Komodo dragon 108, 109
Renaissance 312–13 Ancient Greece 290 Kastelholm Castle (Finland) 311 Konming lanterns 62
World War I 328, 329 early civilizations 209, 287 kayaking 267 Korat cats 137
World War II 330–1 Mughal 303 Kazakhstan, flag 197 Korea 333
Ivar the Boneless 297 Ottoman 301 Kelut (Java) 161
ivory 323 Viking 296 kendo 272 Korean War 333
Ivory Coast, flag 196 Jews Kennedy, John F. 318, 332 Kosovo, flag 197
Jack Russell terriers 134 Judaism 203 Kentrosaurus 70, 74 Kostelic, Janica 262
jackfruit 227 World War II 331 Kenya, flag 196 Krakatau (Indonesia) 161, 163
Jackson, Andrew 319 Jin Mao Tower (Shanghai) 219 Kepler, Johannes 18 krill 91, 150, 153
Jacquard, Joseph 43 jirds 124 kestrels 119, 132 Krishna 202
jaguars 128, 129, 145, 147, 187 jitterbug 214 kettle lakes 171 Kronosaurus 79
Jahangir, Emperor 302 jive 215 Kevlar 29 Kublai Khan 306
Jainism 203 John Deere 52 keyboards 211, 212–13 Kuiper Belt, missions to 17
Jakarta (Indonesia) 180 John Dory 98 KGB 333 kung fu 272
Jamaica, flag 196 Johnson, Amy 63 Khafra 288 Kurilian bobtails 137
James I, King 324 Johnson, Andrew 319 Khrushchev, Nikita 332 Kuwait, flag 197
James Webb Space Telescope Johnson, Lyndon B. 318 Khufu 288 Kyrgyzstan, flag 197
19 joints 37 kicking kyudo 272
Jane Eyre (Bronte) 220 Jolly Roger 197 labradoodles 135
janissaries 300 Jordan 182 American football 251 lacrosse 247
Jantar Mantar Observatory (Delhi) flag 197 football 249 ladybirds 92, 143
302 jousting 309 Kilauea (Hawaii) 160 Laestrygonians 293
Japan Joyon, Francis 269 killer whales 130–1 Lafayette, James Armistead 334
art 209 Judas trees 85 Kimetto, Dennis Kipruto 260 Lagos (Nigeria) 190
cherry blossom 183 judo 272, 273 King Charles spaniels 135 lagotto romagnolo 134
earthquakes and tsunamis 162, jujitsu 272 king cobra 110, 111 laikas 134
163 Julius II, Pope 312 Kingcycle 64 Lake Eyre (Australia) 193
fish 236 jumping 260 Kingdoms, Egyptian 289 Lake Huron (Canada/USA) 171
flag 197 horse 281 kingdoms, tree of life 69 Lake Lagoda (Russian Federation)
Imperial 304–5 jumping spiders 88 kingfishers 117, 121, 143
Meiji Restoration 317 jungle cat 129 Kingsley, Mary 315 188
space programme 15, 17 junipers 85 kingsnakes 110–11, 148 Lake Michigan (USA) 171
World War II 330–1 Juno spacecraft 16 kinkajou 145 Lake Superior (Canada/USA) 171,
Japanese bobtails 137 Jupiter 12 kinkalows 137
Jarnsmida Bjorn 297 missions to 16 Kiribati 184
Jason, and the Golden Fleece 293 Jurassic Period 70 fish 236 Lake Taupo (New Zealand) 161
javelin 261 Jutland horses 138 flag 197 Lake Titicaca (Bolivia/Peru) 186, 187
jawbones 36 kirmish formation 294 Lake Toba (Sumatra) 161
jawless fish 99 Lake Victoria (Uganda/Kenya/
jaws
Tanzania) 171, 190
Lake Vostok (Russia) 195

346

lakes 164, 165, 171 Lesotho, flag 196 Locke, John 222 Madagascar, flag 196
Laki (Iceland) 161 Lesothosaurus 75 locusts 92, 122, 123, 149 Madison, James 319
lamb 239 lettuce 198 lodestones 315 Magellan, Ferdinand 314, 315
Lamborghini cars 51 levitation tricks 279 Loganellia 71 Magellan spacecraft 17
Lancastrians 324–5 Lhasa apsos 135 loggerhead sea turtles 106 Magellanic clouds 22
lancetfish 153 Lhotse 1 179 logging 145 magic 278–9
land iguanas, Galápagos 186 Liberia, flag 196 long jump 260 magma 159, 160
Land Rover cars 51 Libya, flag 196 Long Valley Caldera (USA) 161 magnetic field 158
land slugs 96 lichens 68, 143 long-distance running 261 magnetic trains 57
land snails 96 Liechtenstein, flag 197 long-haired cats 136–7 magnetism 24, 28
land speed record 51 life longhorn beetles 92, 93 magnolias 80, 85
landscape, shaping of 164–5 longitude 178 magpies 143
language 40, 206–7 beginning of 70–1 Lotus Eaters 293 mahjong 276
Laos, flag 197 on Earth 159 Lotus Temple (Delhi) 203 Mahmud II, Sultan 300
Laperm longhairs 137 essentials for 32 Louis XIV, King of France 216, 316 Maiasaura 75
larch 80 tree of 68–9 Louis XVI, King of France 317 Maine coons 137
Large Magellanic Cloud 22 lifecycle L’Ouverture, Toussaint 317 maize (corn) 198
Lariosaurus 78 butterflies 95 lowland rainforest 145 Malawi, flag 196
larvae 93, 133 crabs 90 Lucas terriers 135 Malaysia
Latin 295 frogs 104 Lufengosaurus 74
Latin American Revolutions 317 insects 93 luge 263 fish 236
latitude 178 mushrooms 87 Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 16–17 flag 197
Latvia, flag 197 turtles 107 Lunar Roving Vehicle 15 Maldives
laurels 85 light 25 lungs 34 fish 236
lava 160, 161 light bulbs 44 lupins 83 flag 197
Lavoisier, Antoine 29 lightning 26, 174 lurchers 135 Mali, flag 196
law, early civilizations 287 Liliensternus 76 lures (fishing) 271 Mallard 56
laws of motion 24 Lilienthal, Otto 63 lutes 313 Malta, flag 197
leaf frogs 104–5 lilies 81, 82 Luther, Martin 312 Mamenchisaurus 74
leafy vegetables 228–9 limbic system 40 Luxembourg, flag 197 mammals 124–41
Leakey, Louis 33 limes 199 lymphatic system 35 cats 136–7
leatherback turtles 123 limestone landscapes 165 lynxes 128, 129, 143 desert 148
leavened bread 232 limpets 102 lycopene 228 dogs 134–5
leaves Lincoln, Abraham 319, 320, 321 Lyra constellation 20 egg-laying 68
Lindbergh, Charles 63 Lystrosaurus 78 evolution 78, 79
plants 80 line dancing 214 farm animals 140–1
trees 84 lines, fishing 270 MN forests 142–3
Lebanon, flag 197 The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe horses 138–9
Lee, Robert E. 321 (Lewis) 221 M4 globular cluster 22 monkeys and apes 126–7
Leedsichthys 79 lionfish 99, 152, 155 M13 star cluster 20 polar regions 150–1
legless lizards 109 lions 69, 128, 129, 146–7 M15 star cluster 20 rainforest 144–5
legumes 228–9 Liopleurodon 78 M71 star cluster 20 rodents 124–5
Leif the Lucky 297 literature 220–1 Maalu 1 179 savanna 146–7
lemmings 150 Lithuania, flag 197 Maat Mons (Venus) 12 skeletons 132–3
lemon trees 85 The Little Prince (Saint-Exupéry) 220 macaques 126–7 tree of life 68, 69
lemons 199 liverwort 81 MacArthur, Ellen 269 whales and relatives 130–1
lemurs 127 lizardfish 98, 152 Macedonia, flag 197 wild cats 128–9
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 316–17 lizards 68, 108–9, 132, 147, 148 Machiavelli, Niccolò 223, 312 mammoths 71, 73, 79
Leo constellation 20 eggs 115 Machu Picchu (Peru) 298 man-made elements 30
Leonardo da Vinci 62, 208, 312, 313 llamas 141 mackerel 98–9 man-made lakes 171
leopard cats 129 loaches 99 McKinley, William 318 manatees 68
leopards 69, 128–9 lobsters 90–1, 133, 237 McLaren 51 mancala 276, 277
Lepanto, Battle of 300 Local Group 10 Manchester terriers 134

347

mandarin fish 155 Marrella 71 melons 226, 227 Minis 51
Mandarin language 206 Mars 13, 19, 161 memory 40, 41 minke whales 130
mandarins 199 Mendel, Gregor 33 minks 142
mandolins 211 missions to 17 Mendeleev, Dmitri 31 Minmi 75
mandrills 127, 144 Marshall Islands, flag 197 menorahs 203 Minoan civilization 290
mango trees 85 marsupials 68, 193 men’s fashion 240–1 Minos, King 293
mangroves 80 martens 142 Mercalli scale 162, 163 Minotaur 293
Manila (Philippines) 180 Marx, Karl 222 Mercedes-Benz cars 50–1 Miohippus 138
manta rays 101, 153, 154–5 Mary I, Queen 324 Mercury 12 Mir space station 17
mantle Masai Mara 191 missiles, nuclear 333
Maseratis 50 missions to 16 Mississippi River (USA) 184
Earth 158, 159 masks, baseball 252 Merychippus 138 Mixosaurus 78
Moon 14 mass 24 Mesopotamia 286 mixtures 28
manuscripts, illuminated 208 mass dampers 163 mesosphere 159 moats 310
Manx cats 137 Massey Ferguson tractors 52–3 Mesozoic Era 70–1 mobile phones 43, 45
Mao Zedong 316, 333 mastiffs 135 Messenger spacecraft 16 Moche people 298
maples 85, 142 Mata Hari 334 metalloids 31 Moctezuma II 299
maps materials 29 metals 29, 31 modern art 209
Africa 190–1 mathematics metalware Moeritherium 79
age of exploration 314–15 Mohs hardness scale 167
animal migration 142–3 geometry 48–9 Ancient Americas 299 Moldova, flag 197
Antarctica 194–5 numbers 46–7 Vikings 296–7 mole-rats 125
Asia 182–3 matter 11, 25 metamorphic rocks 167 molecules 28
climate and weather 172–3 states of 28 metamorphosis 95 molluscs 68, 96–7, 102–3
Europe 188–9 matzah 233 meteors 19 Monaco 181
European empires 322–3 Mauna Loa (Hawaii) 160 Mexico
exploration 314–15 Mauritania, flag 196 flag 196 flag 197
food production 198–9 Mauritius, flag 196 history 298–9 monarch butterflies 95, 122
North America 184–5 Mawsynram (India) 179 Mexican Revolution 317 monarchs, British 324–5
Oceania 192–3 May Day 205 Mexico City 184 Monet, Claude 209
our physical world 178–9 Maya civilization 298, 299 MI6 (UK) 335 Mongolia, flag 197
our political world 180–1 meagres 98 mice 124–5, 148 Mongols 305, 306
South America 186–7 mealworms 133 Michelangelo 208, 312, 313 Monitor lizards 108
water on Earth 170–1 meanders 164, 165 Micronesia 192 monkey puzzle trees 85
World War I 328 meat 199, 238–9 flag 197 monkeys 126–7, 133, 145
World War II 330 meat-eating dinosaurs 76–7 microscopes 45, 315 monocots 82
maras 125 Mecca 202 microwave ovens 43 Monolophosaurus 76
marbles 246 Medici, Catherine de 216 Midas, King 293 Monroe, James 319
Marcos, Ferdinand 317 Medici family 312 middle-distance running 261 monsoons 174
margays 129 medicine, US Civil War 321 midsummer 204–5 Mont Saint-Michel (France) 308
Mariana Trench 159 medieval period midwife toads 105 montane savanna 146
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France art 208 migration, animal 122–3 Montenegro, flag 197
243, 317 clothing 240, 242 military tactics, Roman 294 Montgolfier brothers 62
Mariinsky Theatre (St Petersburg) Europe 308–9 milk 140, 198 Moon 11, 14–15, 19
216 Mediterranean 189 cheese-making 230, 231
marine life Medusa 293 Milky Way 11, 19, 22 flag 197
oceans 152–3 meerkats 148 Mill, John Stuart 222 landings 15, 333
polar regions 150–1 megacities 180 millet 198 missions to 15, 16–17
see also crustaceans; fish; Megalodon 78, 79 millipedes 133 Moon Festival (China) 204
seashells; whales Mehmed II (The Conqueror), Sultan minerals 166–7 moon moths 94, 95
Mariner spacecraft 16 300 Ming dynasty 306 Moondog 19
marmosets 126 Meiji, Emperor 317 minims 212 moons 11
marmots 125 Meiji Restoration 317 mining 145, 327 morays 98–9
Melanesia 12 gemstones 169 Morganucodon 70

348